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Laboratory instrument Summary Chemical_laboratory A laboratory (UK: ; US: ; colloquially lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Laboratories are found in a variety of settings such as schools, universities, pri... |
Matrix determinant Square matrices over commutative rings Matrix_determinant > Abstract algebraic aspects > Square matrices over commutative rings The above definition of the determinant using the Leibniz rule holds works more generally when the entries of the matrix are elements of a commutative ring R {\displaystyle ... |
Gravimetry Summary Satellite_gravimetry Gravimetry is the measurement of the strength of a gravitational field. Gravimetry may be used when either the magnitude of a gravitational field or the properties of matter responsible for its creation are of interest. |
Classifier constructions in sign languages History Classifier_constructions_in_sign_languages > History Linguists started focusing on proving that sign languages were real languages. They started paying less attention to their iconic properties and more to the way they are organized.Frishberg was the first to use the t... |
HTTP compression Summary HTTP_compression HTTP compression is a capability that can be built into web servers and web clients to improve transfer speed and bandwidth utilization.HTTP data is compressed before it is sent from the server: compliant browsers will announce what methods are supported to the server before do... |
Pneumatic tool Advantages and disadvantages Pneumatic_tool > Advantages and disadvantages Pneumatic tools have many benefits which have contributed to their rise in popularity. The benefits of using compressed air to power tools are: Inexpensive Safe to use Easy to operate Portable Low theft ratesThe primary disadvanta... |
Ecogenetics Summary Ecogenetics Ecogenetics is a branch of genetics that studies genetic traits related to the response to environmental substances. Or, a contraction of ecological genetics, the study of the relationship between a natural population and its genetic structure.Ecogenetics principally deals with effects o... |
Spectrophotometer UV-visible spectrophotometry Spectrophotometry > UV-visible spectrophotometry This method requires a spectrophotometer capable of measuring in the UV region with quartz cuvettes. : 135 Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy involves energy levels that excite electronic transitions. Absorption of UV... |
Crankshaft Piston stroke Flying_arm > Design > Piston stroke The distance between the axis of the crankpins and the axis of the crankshaft determines the stroke length of the engine.Most modern car engines are classified as "over square" or short-stroke, wherein the stroke is less than the diameter of the cylinder bore... |
Floating ecopolis Design Floating_ecopolis > Design The floating structure has a capacity to shelter 50,000 individuals. It consists of three marinas and three "mountains", which are meant for entertainment purposes, surrounding a centrally located artificial lagoon that performs the task of collecting and purifying wa... |
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate Mechanism of action Docusate_sodium > Medical use > Mechanism of action Docusate is an anionic surfactant, which works by reducing the surface tension of the stool, allowing more intestinal water and fat to combine with the stool. This decreases the strain and discomfort associated with co... |
Group development Summary Group_development Listed below are some of the most common models. In some cases, the type of group being considered influenced the model of group development proposed as in the case of therapy groups. In general, some of these models view group change as regular movement through a series of "... |
Lysogenic cycle Summary Lysogenic_cycle When the bacterium reproduces, the prophage is also copied and is present in each of the daughter cells. The daughter cells can continue to replicate with the prophage present or the prophage can exit the bacterial chromosome to initiate the lytic cycle. In the lysogenic cycle th... |
Lactase persistence Genetics Digest_lactase > Genetics Multiple studies indicate that the presence of the two phenotypes "lactase persistent" (derived phenotype) and "lactase nonpersistent" (hypolactasia) is genetically programmed, and that lactase persistence is not necessarily conditioned by the consumption of lactos... |
Polymer characterization Mechanical properties Polymer_characterization > Mechanical properties Both energy recovered and lost are considered during each deformation and described quantitatively by the elastic modulus (E’) and the loss modulus (E’’) respectively. The applied stress and the strain on the sample exhibit ... |
Open mapping theorem (functional analysis) Consequences Open_mapping_theorem_(functional_analysis) > Classical (Banach space) form > Consequences The open mapping theorem has several important consequences: If A: X → Y {\displaystyle A:X\to Y} is a bijective continuous linear operator between the Banach spaces X {\disp... |
Diffusion constant Generalizations Fick's_laws_of_diffusion > Example solutions and generalization > Generalizations It is needed to make the right hand side operator elliptic. For inhomogeneous anisotropic media these two forms of the diffusion equation should be combined in The approach based on Einstein's mobility a... |
Hutch table Summary Hutch_table A monks bench or hutch table is a piece of furniture where a tabletop is set onto a chest in such a way that when the table was not in use, the top pivots to a vertical position and becomes the back of a Settle, and this configuration allows easy access to the chest lid which forms the s... |
Mathematical crystallography Theory Mathematical_crystallography > Theory With conventional imaging techniques such as optical microscopy, obtaining an image of a small object requires collecting light with a magnifying lens. The resolution of any optical system is limited by the diffraction-limit of light, which depen... |
Visual Paradigm UML Modeling Visual_Paradigm > UML Modeling Visual Paradigm supports 13 types of diagrams: Class diagram Use case diagram Sequence diagram Communication diagram State machine diagram Activity diagram Component diagram Deployment diagram Package diagram Object diagram Composite structure diagram Timing d... |
Infinite-dimensional-vector-valued function Functions with values in a Hilbert space Infinite-dimensional-vector-valued_function > Integral and derivative > Derivatives > Functions with values in a Hilbert space If f {\displaystyle f} is a function of real numbers with values in a Hilbert space X , {\displaystyle X,} t... |
Hybrid Access Networks Technology Hybrid_Access_Networks > Technology The second approach uses Multipath TCP, a recent TCP extension that has been designed to enable the transmission of the packets that belong to a single session across different links. This approach leverages the ability of MPTCP to efficiently handle... |
Constraint learning Definition Constraint_learning > Definition Backtracking algorithms work by choosing an unassigned variable and recursively solve the problems obtained by assigning a value to this variable. Whenever the current partial solution is found inconsistent, the algorithm goes back to the previously assign... |
Attribute grammar Summary Attribute_grammar An attribute grammar is a formal way to supplement a formal grammar with semantic information processing. Semantic information is stored in attributes associated with terminal and nonterminal symbols of the grammar. The values of attributes are result of attribute evaluation ... |
Fluid physics Summary Continuum_assumption Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. : 3 It has applications in a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, chemical, and biomedical engineering, as well a... |
Ugi reaction Reaction mechanism Ugi_reaction > Reaction mechanism One plausible reaction mechanism is depicted below: Amine 1 and ketone 2 form the imine 3 with loss of one equivalent of water. Proton exchange with carboxylic acid 4 activates the iminium ion 5 for nucleophilic addition of the isocyanide 6 with its term... |
Indefinite integral Uses and properties Indefinite_integration > Uses and properties Antiderivatives can be used to compute definite integrals, using the fundamental theorem of calculus: if F is an antiderivative of the integrable function f over the interval {\displaystyle } , then: Because of this, each of the infin... |
Boundary-value analysis Application Boundary-value_analysis > Application The boundary value is the minimum (or maximum) value that is at the boundary. The number 0 is the maximum number in the first partition, the number 1 is the minimum value in the second partition, both are boundary values. Test cases should be cre... |
Human population Summary Human_population The highest global population growth rates, with increases of over 1.8% per year, occurred between 1955 and 1975, peaking at 2.1% between 1965 and 1970. The growth rate declined to 1.1% between 2015 and 2020 and is projected to decline further in the 21st century. The global po... |
Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera Cars 360-degree_camera > Applications > Cars Cars with omnidirectional camera include Nissan Qashqai, Volvo S90, Range Rover, Peugeot 3008 and Kia Stinger. |
Code Project Languages Code_Project > Languages Code Project contains articles and code pertaining to the following programming languages: C/C++ (emphasis on Microsoft Foundation Classes, but many other domains are dealt with) C# VB.NET ASP JavaScript Common Lisp Ajax SQL Delphi Java Perl Python |
Friendly number Summary Friendly_number The "abundancy" index of n is the rational number σ(n) / n, in which σ denotes the sum of divisors function. A number n is a "friendly number" if there exists m ≠ n such that σ(m) / m = σ(n) / n. "Abundancy" is not the same as abundance, which is defined as σ(n) − 2n. |
Haber–Weiss reaction Hydroperoxyl and superoxide radicals Haber–Weiss_reaction > Hydroperoxyl and superoxide radicals With time, various chemical notations for the hydroperoxyl (perhydroxyl) radical coexist in the literature. Haber, Wilstätter and Weiss simply wrote HO2 or O2H, but sometimes HO2• or •O2H can also be fo... |
Space travel using constant acceleration In fiction Space_travel_using_constant_acceleration > In fiction In The Sparrow, by Mary Doria Russell, interstellar travel is achieved by converting a small asteroid into a constant acceleration spacecraft. Force is applied by ion engines fed with material mined from the astero... |
Lorentz transform Summary Lorentz_transforms Expressing the speed as β = v c , {\textstyle \beta ={\frac {v}{c}},} an equivalent form of the transformation is Frames of reference can be divided into two groups: inertial (relative motion with constant velocity) and non-inertial (accelerating, moving in curved paths, rot... |
Serial analysis of gene expression miRNA cloning Serial_analysis_of_gene_expression > Variant protocols > miRNA cloning Following this, the linkers, containing internal restriction sites, are digested with the appropriate restriction enzyme and the sticky ends are ligated together into concatamers. Following concatenat... |
Machine learning Artificial neural networks Machine_learning > Approaches > Models > Artificial neural networks Artificial neural networks have been used on a variety of tasks, including computer vision, speech recognition, machine translation, social network filtering, playing board and video games and medical diagnos... |
Pulse oximetry Mechanism Pulse_oximetry > Mechanism A blood-oxygen monitor displays the percentage of blood that is loaded with oxygen. More specifically, it measures what percentage of hemoglobin, the protein in blood that carries oxygen, is loaded. Acceptable normal SaO2 ranges for patients without pulmonary patholog... |
Boundary layer theory Types of boundary layer Boundary-layer_effect > Types of boundary layer There are two different types of boundary layer flow: laminar and turbulent.Laminar boundary layer flow The laminar boundary is a very smooth flow, while the turbulent boundary layer contains swirls or "eddies." The laminar fl... |
Renewable Energy (journal) Summary Renewable_Energy_(journal) Renewable Energy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on renewable energy, sustainable energy and the energy transition. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Soteris Kalogirou (Cyprus University of Technology). Ac... |
BKM algorithm Logarithm function BKM_algorithm > Logarithm function Example program for natural logarithm in C++ (see A_e for table): Logarithms for bases other than e can be calculated with similar effort. Example program for binary logarithm in C++ (see A_2 for table): The allowed argument range is the same for both ... |
Sort algorithms Counting sort Sort_algorithm > Popular sorting algorithms > Distribution sorts > Counting sort Afterward, the counting array is looped through to arrange all of the inputs in order. This sorting algorithm often cannot be used because S needs to be reasonably small for the algorithm to be efficient, but ... |
Antarctic circumpolar current Summary Antarctic_circumpolar_current Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the Antarctic Convergence, where the cold Antarctic waters meet the warmer waters of the subantarctic, creating a zone of upwelling nutrients. These nurture high levels of phytoplankton with associated copepod... |
Magnetic sense Summary Magnetic_sense Magnetoreception is a sense which allows an organism to detect the Earth's magnetic field. Animals with this sense include some arthropods, molluscs, and vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). The sense is mainly used for orientation and navigation, but it ma... |
Science and Hypothesis Summary Science_and_Hypothesis Reading this book inspired Albert Einstein's subsequent Annus Mirabilis papers published in 1905. A new translation was published in November 2017. == References == |
Mosaic crystal Summary Rocking_curve In crystallography, mosaicity is a measure of the spread of crystal plane orientations. A mosaic crystal is an idealized model of an imperfect crystal, imagined to consist of numerous small perfect crystals (crystallites) that are to some extent randomly misoriented. Empirically, mo... |
Balance of angular momentum Kinetics of rotation Balance_of_angular_momentum > Kinetics of rotation Should the above law be formulated more generally for any axis of rotation then the inertia tensor must be used. With the two-dimensional special case, a torque only results in an acceleration or slowing down of a rotati... |
Elementary algebra Linear equations with one variable Elementary_algebra > Solving algebraic equations > Linear equations with one variable Linear equations are so-called, because when they are plotted, they describe a straight line. The simplest equations to solve are linear equations that have only one variable. They... |
Prevalence effect Eye-tracking experiments Prevalence_effect > Past experience or future prospect > Eye-tracking experiments Eye tracking experiments demonstrate that a large prevalence effect can occur across a group of participants with targets of similar appearance. In the experiment, participants had to discriminat... |
Difference due to memory Theory Difference_due_to_memory > Theory Considering that the Dm is a comparison of neural activity during encoding, and that this activity is predictive of subsequent memory, it is likely the Dm indexes some difference between subsequently remembered vs. forgotten materials at encoding, presum... |
Mean-value theorem Implications Mean-value_theorem > Implications Theorem 1: Assume that f is a continuous, real-valued function, defined on an arbitrary interval I of the real line. If the derivative of f at every interior point of the interval I exists and is zero, then f is constant in the interior. Proof: Assume th... |
Internet Of Things Energy management Internet_Of_Things > Applications > Infrastructure > Energy management Significant numbers of energy-consuming devices (e.g. lamps, household appliances, motors, pumps, etc.) already integrate Internet connectivity, which can allow them to communicate with utilities not only to bala... |
Ring Learning with Errors Security Reduction Ring_Learning_with_Errors > Security Reduction It is widely believed that solving SVP (and all other lattice problems) in ideal lattices is as hard as in regular lattices." The difficulty of these problems on regular lattices is provably NP-hard. There are, however, a minori... |
Determinant of a matrix History Determinant_of_a_matrix > History Laplace (1772) gave the general method of expanding a determinant in terms of its complementary minors: Vandermonde had already given a special case. Immediately following, Lagrange (1773) treated determinants of the second and third order and applied it... |
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Summary Powder_diffraction Powder diffraction is a scientific technique using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction on powder or microcrystalline samples for structural characterization of materials. An instrument dedicated to performing such powder measurements is called a powder diffractome... |
StatView Summary StatView StatView is a statistics application originally released for Apple Macintosh computers in 1985.StatView was one of the first statistics applications to have a graphical user interface, capitalizing on the Macintosh's. A user saw a spreadsheet of his or her data, comprising columns that could b... |
Public transport accessibility level Lucknow, India Public_transport_accessibility_level > Application in other areas > Lucknow, India The third application is aimed at making public transport more inclusive. The study found that the proposed public affordable housing projects are in areas having poor PTAL, which could... |
Elementary modes Summary Elementary_modes Given the fundamental nature of elementary modes in relation to uniqueness and non-decomposability, the term `pathway' can be defined as an elementary mode. Note that the set of elementary modes will change as the set of expressed enzymes change during transitions from one cell... |
Progeny testing Progeny Testing Progeny_testing > Progeny Testing A progeny test is performed by mating the male with a number of females to produce many progenies in a different environment and over a long time period involving different seasons to nullify the impact of season, management and environment in breeding v... |
Nuclear hormone receptor Coactivators Ligand_binding_domain > Coregulatory proteins > Coactivators Binding of agonist ligands (see section below) to nuclear receptors induces a conformation of the receptor that preferentially binds coactivator proteins. These proteins often have an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (... |
Least squares fitting Problem statement Least-squares_fit > Problem statement For example, when fitting a plane to a set of height measurements, the plane is a function of two independent variables, x and z, say. In the most general case there may be one or more independent variables and one or more dependent variables... |
Insulin receptor substrate 1 Summary Insulin_receptor_substrate_1 40 residues downstream of this, followed by a poorly conserved C-terminus tail. Together with IRS2, IRS3 (pseudogene) and IRS4, it is homologous to the Drosophila protein chico, whose disruption extends the median lifespan of flies up to 48%. Similarly, ... |
Alport syndrome Chronic kidney disease Alport_syndrome > Signs and symptoms > Chronic kidney disease Blood in urine is a usual feature of Alport syndrome from early infancy, identifiable on urine dipsticks. In young children, episodes of visible (macroscopic) haematuria may occur. Protein begins to appear in urine as t... |
Soil resistivity Summary Soil_resistivity Typical values are: Usual values: from 10 up to 1000 (Ω-m) Exceptional values: from 1000 up to 10000 (Ω-m)The SI unit of resistivity is the Ohm-meter (Ω-m); in the United States the Ohm-centimeter (Ω-cm) is often used instead. One Ω-m is 100 Ω-cm. |
Standard enthalpy of atomization Definition Standard_enthalpy_of_atomization > Definition The enthalpy of atomization of an elemental solid is exactly the same as the enthalpy of sublimation for any elemental solid that becomes a monatomic gas upon evaporation. When a diatomic element is converted to gaseous atoms, onl... |
Tissue hypoxia Tests Tissue_hypoxia > Diagnosis > Tests However, in states of ventilation perfusion mismatch, such as pulmonary embolism or right-to-left shunt, oxygen is not effectively transferred from the alveoli to the blood which results in an elevated A-a gradient. PaO2 can be obtained from the arterial blood gas... |
Digital network Wireless Data_networks > Network links > Wireless Free-space optical communication uses visible or invisible light for communications. In most cases, line-of-sight propagation is used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices. Extending the Internet to interplanetary dimensions via... |
DirectSound Features DirectSound > Features The DirectSound architecture features a concept of the "ring buffer" which would be continuously played in a cycle. The application programmer creates the sound buffer then continuously queries its state through the "read cursor" and updates it with the "write cursor". There ... |
Bibliography of biology Genetics Bibliography_of_biology > Genetics Crick, Francis; Watson, James D. (1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". |
Osmotic gradient Description Osmotic_gradient > Description Osmosis is the movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solute. In biological systems, the solvent is typically water, but osmosis can occur in other liquids, supercritical liquids, and even gases. When a cell is s... |
Control theorist Nonlinear systems control Closed-_loop > System classifications > Nonlinear systems control Processes in industries like robotics and the aerospace industry typically have strong nonlinear dynamics. In control theory it is sometimes possible to linearize such classes of systems and apply linear techniq... |
Terahertz spectroscopy Terahertz-induced plasma and exciton transitions Terahertz_spectroscopy_and_technology > Terahertz-induced plasma and exciton transitions These insights are very important to understand how electronic plasma behaves in solids. The Coulomb interaction can also pair electrons and holes into exciton... |
Round-off errors Summary Round-off_errors When using approximation equations or algorithms, especially when using finitely many digits to represent real numbers (which in theory have infinitely many digits), one of the goals of numerical analysis is to estimate computation errors. Computation errors, also called numeri... |
Mitochondrial biogenesis Fusion and fission Mitochondrial_biogenesis > Fusion and fission For example, an increase in mitochondrial fission would create many fragmented mitochondria, which has been shown to be useful for eliminating damaged mitochondria and for creating smaller mitochondria for efficient transporting t... |
Line rate Information rate Data_transfer_rates > In data communications > Information rate A lower bit rate may be chosen during the connection establishment phase due to adaptive modulation – slower but more robust modulation schemes are chosen in case of poor signal-to-noise ratio. Due to data compression, the actual... |
Expressed gene Definitions Gene > Definitions ""A gene is a DNA sequence that codes for a diffusible product. This product may be protein (as is the case in the majority of genes) or may be RNA (as is the case of genes that code for tRNA and rRNA). The crucial feature is that the product diffuses away from its site of ... |
Absorbed radiation dose Summary Absorbed_dose Absorbed dose is a dose quantity which is the measure of the energy deposited in matter by ionizing radiation per unit mass. Absorbed dose is used in the calculation of dose uptake in living tissue in both radiation protection (reduction of harmful effects), and radiology (... |
Eukaryotic DNA replication Initiation Eukaryotic_DNA_replication > Initiation Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication is the first stage of DNA synthesis where the DNA double helix is unwound and an initial priming event by DNA polymerase α occurs on the leading strand. The priming event on the lagging strand establis... |
Preprophase Transition into prophase Preprophase > Transition into prophase During progression from preprophase into prophase, the randomly oriented microtubules align parallel along the nuclear surface according to the spindle axis. This structure is called the prophase spindle. Triggered by nuclear membrane breakdown... |
Formal group Lazard ring Formal_group_law > Lazard ring There is a universal commutative one-dimensional formal group law over a universal commutative ring defined as follows. We let F(x,y)be x + y + Σci,j xiyjfor indeterminates ci,j,and we define the universal ring R to be the commutative ring generated by the element... |
Haven (graph theory) In infinite graphs Haven_(graph_theory) > In infinite graphs If a graph G contains a ray, a semi-infinite simple path with a starting vertex but no ending vertex, then it has a haven of order ℵ0: that is, a function β that maps each finite set X of vertices to an X-flap, satisfying the consistency ... |
AI ethics Impact on technological development AI_ethics > Role and impact of fiction > Impact on technological development Hoffmann.) The theme of coexistence with artificial sentient beings is also the theme of two recent novels: Machines Like Me by Ian McEwan, published in 2019, involves, among many other things, a l... |
Urate nephropathy Diagnosis Urate_nephropathy > Diagnosis The picture of acute kidney failure is observed: decreased urine production and rapidly rising serum creatinine levels. Acute uric acid nephropathy is differentiated from other forms of acute kidney failure by the finding of a urine uric acid/creatinine ratio > ... |
Qualitative organic analysis Applications Analytical_Chemistry > Applications Microscale chemistry reduces the amounts of chemicals used. Many developments improve the analysis of biological systems. Examples of rapidly expanding fields in this area are genomics, DNA sequencing and related research in genetic fingerpri... |
Energy profile (chemistry) Applications Energy_profile_(chemistry) > Applications The purpose of a catalyst is to alter the activation energy. Figure 12 illustrates the purpose of a catalyst in that only the activation energy is changed and not the relative thermodynamic stabilities, shown in the figure as ΔH, of the p... |
Multidimensional filter design Fourier Analysis Multidimensional_filter_design > Fourier Analysis A multidimensional signal can be represented in terms of sinusoidal components. This is typically done with a type of Fourier transform. The m-D Fourier transform transforms a signal from a signal domain representation to ... |
Modular square root Composite modulus Quadratic_residue > Complexity of finding square roots > Composite modulus just the smallest one? a random one? |
Transient electromagnetic device Types of energy Electromagnetic_bomb > General characteristics > Types of energy EMP energy may be transferred in any of four forms: Electric field Magnetic field Electromagnetic radiation Electrical conductionAccording to Maxwell's equations, a pulse of electric energy will always be a... |
Garbage (computer science) Classification Garbage_(computer_science) > Classification More precisely, syntactic garbage is data that is unreachable due to the reference graph (there is no path to it), which can be determined by many algorithms, as discussed in tracing garbage collection, and only requires analyzing the... |
Race and genetics Research methods Race_and_genetics > Research methods Scientists investigating human variation have used a series of methods to characterize how different populations vary. |
Calculus of moving surfaces Time differentiation of integrals Calculus_of_moving_surfaces > Time differentiation of integrals The CMS provides rules for time differentiation of volume and surface integrals. == References == |
Symmetry transformation Summary Symmetry Symmetry (from Ancient Greek συμμετρία (summetría) 'agreement in dimensions, due proportion, arrangement') in everyday language refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance. In mathematics, the term has a more precise definition and is usually used to ref... |
Introduction to entropy Summary Introduction_to_entropy If a movie that shows coffee being mixed or wood being burned is played in reverse, it would depict processes impossible in reality. Mixing coffee and burning wood are "irreversible". |
Number system Complex numbers Number_systems > History > Complex numbers This was doubly unsettling since they did not even consider negative numbers to be on firm ground at the time. When René Descartes coined the term "imaginary" for these quantities in 1637, he intended it as derogatory. (See imaginary number for a ... |
Phase-space formulation Summary Phase-space_formulation The theory was fully developed by Hilbrand Groenewold in 1946 in his PhD thesis, and independently by Joe Moyal, each building on earlier ideas by Hermann Weyl and Eugene Wigner.The chief advantage of the phase-space formulation is that it makes quantum mechanics ... |
Java ConcurrentMap ConcurrentHashMap Java_ConcurrentMap > Implementations > ConcurrentHashMap For unordered access as defined in the java.util.Map interface, the java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap implements java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap. The mechanism is a hash access to a hash table with lists of entries, ea... |
Off-target effects of genome editing Fok1-dCas9 and dimerization nucleases Off-target_genome_editing > Improvements > Methods to increase specificity > Fok1-dCas9 and dimerization nucleases As monomeric nucleases often involve high levels of off-target effects, dimerization is an attractive strategy. In a dimer system,... |
Chemotherapy medication Alkylating agents Chemotherapy_agent > Treatment strategies > Types > Alkylating agents Nitrogen mustards include mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, ifosfamide and busulfan. Nitrosoureas include N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU) and semust... |
Solution polymerization Summary Solution_polymerization Solution polymerization is a method of industrial polymerization. In this procedure, a monomer is dissolved in a non-reactive solvent that contains a catalyst or initiator. The reaction results in a polymer which is also soluble in the chosen solvent. Heat release... |
Gastric fluid Neutralization Gastric_fluid > Neutralization In the duodenum, gastric acid is neutralized by bicarbonate. This also blocks gastric enzymes that have their optima in the acid range of pH. The secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas is stimulated by secretin. This polypeptide hormone gets activated and ... |
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