page_content stringlengths 51 3.15k |
|---|
P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis Structure P53_upregulated_modulator_of_apoptosis > Structure The PUMA protein is part of the BH3-only subgroup of Bcl-2 family proteins. This group of proteins only share sequence similarity in the BH3 domain, which is required for interactions with Bcl-2-like proteins, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Structural analysis has shown that PUMA directly binds to antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins via an amphiphatic α-helical structure which is formed by the BH3 domain. The mitochondrial localization of PUMA is dictated by a hydrophobic domain on its C-terminal portion. PUMA protein degradation is regulated by phosphorylation at a conserved serine residue at position 10. |
Normal distributions Quantile function Normal_probability_distribution > Definitions > Cumulative distribution functions > Quantile function {\displaystyle F^{-1}(p)=\mu +\sigma \Phi ^{-1}(p)=\mu +\sigma {\sqrt {2}}\operatorname {erf} ^{-1}(2p-1),\quad p\in (0,1).} The quantile Φ − 1 ( p ) {\displaystyle \Phi ^{-1}(p)} of the standard normal distribution is commonly denoted as z p {\displaystyle z_{p}} . These values are used in hypothesis testing, construction of confidence intervals and Q–Q plots. |
Oppenheimer (film) Plot Oppenheimer_(film) > Plot In 1926, 22-year-old doctoral student J. Robert Oppenheimer grapples with anxiety and homesickness while studying under experimental physicist Patrick Blackett at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. Oppenheimer, upset with the demanding Blackett, leaves him a poison-laced apple, but retrieves it the following morning. Visiting scientist Niels Bohr recommends that Oppenheimer should instead study theoretical physics at Göttingen, where Oppenheimer completes his PhD and meets Isidor Isaac Rabi. |
Compiler optimization Types of optimization Compiler_optimizations > Types of optimization In languages where functions are allowed to have side effects, another strategy is possible. The optimizer can determine which function has no side effects and restrict such optimizations to side effect free functions. This optimization is only possible when the optimizer has access to the called function. |
Equilibrium state Cited bibliography Thermodynamical_equilibrium > Cited bibliography (1971). Survey of Fundamental Laws, chapter 1 of Thermodynamics, pages 1–97 of volume 1, ed. W. Jost, of Physical Chemistry. |
Linear entropy Inverse Participation Ratio (IPR) Quantum_purity > Relation to other concepts > Inverse Participation Ratio (IPR) Localized and delocalized (extended) states in the framework of condensed matter physics then correspond to insulating and metallic states, respectively, if one imagines an electron on a lattice not being able to move in the crystal (localized wave function, IPR is close to one) or being able to move (extended state, IPR is close to zero). In the context of localization, it is often not necessary to know the wave function itself; it often suffices to know the localization properties. This is why the IPR is useful in this context. |
Neurotechnology Pharmaceuticals Neurotechnology > Types > Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals play a vital role in maintaining stable brain chemistry, and are the most commonly used neurotechnology by the general public and medicine. Drugs like sertraline, methylphenidate, and zolpidem act as chemical modulators in the brain, and they allow for normal activity in many people whose brains cannot act normally under physiological conditions. While pharmaceuticals are usually not mentioned and have their own field, the role of pharmaceuticals is perhaps the most far-reaching and commonplace in modern society. Movement of magnetic particles to targeted brain regions for drug delivery is an emerging field of study and causes no detectable circuit damage. |
Launching gantry Truss girder Launching_gantry > Operation and design > Truss girder The main girder of a truss girder is fabricated from welded steel poles. The welds in a truss girder are point-to-point (joining steel poles to other poles), which requires more stringent welding technology and technique. With small self-weight and large deflection, the truss girder launching gantry is suitable for highway bridge construction projects. |
AppleScript Loops AppleScript > Language essentials > Language structures > Loops The repeat loop of AppleScript comes in several slightly different flavors. They all execute the block between repeat and end repeat lines a number of times. The looping can be prematurely stopped with command exit repeat. Repeat forever. |
Lie algebra homology Definition Lie_algebra_cohomology > Definition Analogously, one can define Lie algebra homology as H n ( g ; M ) := T o r n U g ( R , M ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {H} _{n}({\mathfrak {g}};M):=\mathrm {Tor} _{n}^{U{\mathfrak {g}}}(R,M)} (see Tor functor for the definition of Tor), which is equivalent to the left derived functors of the right exact coinvariants functor M ↦ M g := M / g M . {\displaystyle M\mapsto M_{\mathfrak {g}}:=M/{\mathfrak {g}}M.} Some important basic results about the cohomology of Lie algebras include Whitehead's lemmas, Weyl's theorem, and the Levi decomposition theorem. |
Object system Composition, inheritance, and delegation Object_Oriented_Programming > Features > Composition, inheritance, and delegation Abstract classes cannot be instantiated into objects; they exist only for the purpose of inheritance into other "concrete" classes that can be instantiated. In Java, the final keyword can be used to prevent a class from being subclassed.The doctrine of composition over inheritance advocates implementing has-a relationships using composition instead of inheritance. For example, instead of inheriting from class Person, class Employee could give each Employee object an internal Person object, which it then has the opportunity to hide from external code even if class Person has many public attributes or methods. |
Organic acid Summary Organic_acids The relative stability of the conjugate base of the acid determines its acidity. Other groups can also confer acidity, usually weakly: the thiol group –SH, the enol group, and the phenol group. In biological systems, organic compounds containing these groups are generally referred to as organic acids. A few common examples include: Lactic acid Acetic acid Formic acid Citric acid Oxalic acid Uric acid Malic acid Tartaric acid Butyric acid Folic acid |
Double monochromator Collimation Double_monochromator > Techniques > Collimation The dispersion or diffraction is only controllable if the light is collimated, that is if all the rays of light are parallel, or practically so. A source, like the sun, which is very far away, provides collimated light. Newton used sunlight in his famous experiments. |
Nervous system network models Signaling modes Nervous_system_network_models > Network characteristics > Signaling modes Gerstner, W., & Kistler, W. (2002), and Sterratt, D., Graham, B., Gillies, A., & Willshaw, D. (2011) are good sources for a detailed treatment of spiking neuron models and rate neuron models. |
Writing direction General properties Writing_system > General properties Writing systems are distinguished from other possible symbolic communication systems in that a writing system is always associated with at least one spoken language. In contrast, visual representations such as drawings, paintings, and non-verbal items on maps, such as contour lines, are not language-related. Some symbols on information signs, such as the symbols for male and female, are also not language related, but can grow to become part of language if they are often used in conjunction with other language elements. Some other symbols, such as numerals and the ampersand, are not directly linked to any specific language, but are often used in writing and thus must be considered part of writing systems. |
Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis Diagnosis Extensively_drug_resistant_tuberculosis > Diagnosis DST is capable of determining how well four primary antitubercular drugs inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The four primary antitubercular drugs are Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide. Drug Susceptibility testing is done by making a Lowenstein-Jensen medium plate and spreading the bacteria on the plate. |
Rubber tired metro Advantages Rubber-tyred_metro > Technology > Advantages Compared to steel wheel on steel rail, the advantages of rubber-tyred metro systems are: Faster acceleration, along with the ability to climb or descend steeper slopes (approximately a gradient of 13%) than would be feasible with conventional rail tracks, which would likely need a rack instead.For example, the rubber-tyred Line 2 of the Lausanne Metro has grades of up to 12%. Shorter braking distances, allowing trains to be signalled closer together. Quieter rides in open air (both inside and outside the train). Greatly reduced rail wear with resulting reduced maintenance costs of those parts. |
Negative exponential distribution Occurrence of events Exponentially_distributed > Occurrence and applications > Occurrence of events In physics, if you observe a gas at a fixed temperature and pressure in a uniform gravitational field, the heights of the various molecules also follow an approximate exponential distribution, known as the Barometric formula. This is a consequence of the entropy property mentioned below. In hydrology, the exponential distribution is used to analyze extreme values of such variables as monthly and annual maximum values of daily rainfall and river discharge volumes. The blue picture illustrates an example of fitting the exponential distribution to ranked annually maximum one-day rainfalls showing also the 90% confidence belt based on the binomial distribution. The rainfall data are represented by plotting positions as part of the cumulative frequency analysis.In operating-rooms management, the distribution of surgery duration for a category of surgeries with no typical work-content (like in an emergency room, encompassing all types of surgeries). |
Bacterial swimming Mathematical modelling Bacterial_swimming > Mathematical modelling The mathematical models used to describe the bacterial swimming dynamics can be classified into two categories. The first category is based on a microscopic (i.e. cell-level) view of bacterial swimming through a set of equations where each equation describes the state of a single agent. The second category provides a macroscopic (i.e. population-level) view via continuum-based partial differential equations that capture the dynamics of population density over space and time, without considering the intracellular characteristics directly.Among the present models, Schnitzer uses the Smoluchowski equation to describe the biased random walk of the bacteria during chemotaxis to search for food. |
MgH Spectrum MgH > Properties > Spectrum The far infrared contains the rotational spectrum of MgH ranging from 0.3 to 2 THz. This also contains hyperfine structure. 24MgH is predicted to have spectral lines for various rotational transition for the following vibrational levels. |
Mitophagy Summary Mitophagy Ashford and Porter used electron microscopy to observe mitochondrial fragments in liver lysosomes by 1962, and a 1977 report suggested that "mitochondria develop functional alterations which would activate autophagy." The term "mitophagy" was in use by 1998.Mitophagy is key in keeping the cell healthy. It promotes turnover of mitochondria and prevents accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria which can lead to cellular degeneration. |
Ambient Vibrations Characterization of the vibration properties of civil engineering structures Seismic_noise > Current uses of seismic noise > Characterization of the vibration properties of civil engineering structures Like earthquakes, ambient vibrations force into vibrations the civil engineering structures like bridges, buildings or dams. This vibration source is supposed by the greatest part of the used methods to be a white noise, i.e. with a flat noise spectrum so that the recorded system response is actually characteristic of the system itself. The vibrations are perceptible by humans only in rare cases (bridges, high buildings). Ambient vibrations of buildings are also caused by wind and internal sources (machines, pedestrians...) but these sources are generally not used to characterize structures. |
Forms of energy Open systems Forms_of_energy > Energy transfer > Open systems Beyond the constraints of closed systems, open systems can gain or lose energy in association with matter transfer (this process is illustrated by injection of an air-fuel mixture into a car engine, a system which gains in energy thereby, without addition of either work or heat). Denoting this energy by E matter {\displaystyle E_{\text{matter}}} , one may write |
Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015) Short-term concerns Open_letter_on_artificial_intelligence_(2015) > Concerns raised by the letter > Short-term concerns Some near-term concerns relate to autonomous vehicles, from civilian drones and self-driving cars. For example, a self-driving car may, in an emergency, have to decide between a small risk of a major accident and a large probability of a small accident. Other concerns relate to lethal intelligent autonomous weapons: Should they be banned? |
Dynamic decision-making Characteristics of dynamic decision-making environments Dynamic_decision-making > Overview > Characteristics of dynamic decision-making environments But the definition of complexity could still have problems as system components can vary in terms of how many components there are in the system, number of relationships between them, and the nature of those relationships. Complexity may also be a function of the decision maker's ability. Opaqueness refers to the physical invisibility of some aspects of a dynamic system and it might also be dependent upon a decision maker's ability to acquire knowledge of the components of the system. |
Modello Background Modello > Background The French version of the word, modèle, may be used of French works, and is normally italicised. Especially in the case of oil sketches, many modelli are greatly valued in their own right, as they may show a freedom in execution and freshness of inspiration missing in the final work, and also may show changes in composition from the finished work, throwing light on the process of artistic creation. Earlier stages of the creative process may be recorded in "preparatory drawings" or "studies", either for the whole composition, or a part of it, such as a single figure. |
Convective acceleration Summary Convective_acceleration The Navier–Stokes equations ( nav-YAY STOHKS) are partial differential equations which describe the motion of viscous fluid substances, named after French engineer and physicist Claude-Louis Navier and Irish physicist and mathematician George Gabriel Stokes. They were developed over several decades of progressively building the theories, from 1822 (Navier) to 1842-1850 (Stokes). The Navier–Stokes equations mathematically express momentum balance and conservation of mass for Newtonian fluids. They are sometimes accompanied by an equation of state relating pressure, temperature and density. |
Bentley–Ottmann algorithm Detailed algorithm Bentley–Ottmann_algorithm > Detailed algorithm The Bentley–Ottmann algorithm performs the following steps. Initialize a priority queue Q of potential future events, each associated with a point in the plane and prioritized by the x-coordinate of the point. So, initially, Q contains an event for each of the endpoints of the input segments. Initialize a self-balancing binary search tree T of the line segments that cross the sweep line L, ordered by the y-coordinates of the crossing points. |
Alliance for Automotive Innovation Advanced driver assistance systems Alliance_for_Automotive_Innovation > Activities > Safety and consumer protection > Advanced driver assistance systems In 2021, the organization proposed a set of driver monitoring safety principles for vehicles equipped with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to make sure the technology is effective and safe. The alliance recommends that consumers understand that driver assists do not imply more capability, and states that driver monitoring should be a standard feature with assists. NHTSA has not issued specific regulations. Vehicles that are “self-driving” are not sold by any existing manufacturers. |
Differentiated Services DiffServ RFCs Differentiated_Services_Code_Point > DiffServ RFCs RFC 5865 — A differentiated services code point (DSCP) for capacity-admitted traffic. (Updates RFC 4542 and RFC 4594.) RFC 8622 — A Lower-Effort Per-Hop Behavior (LE PHB) for Differentiated Services. (Updates RFC 4594 and RFC 8325, obsoletes RFC 3662.) |
David Schmeidler Main contributions David_Schmeidler > Main contributions While in the experiments, drawing balls from urns, one may adopt a probabilistic belief, in real life one often couldn't find a natural candidate for one's beliefs.With Elisha Pazner, he introduced the notion of egalitarian equivalence - a criterion for fair division of homogeneous resources, that has advantages over the previously studied criterion of envy-freeness. With his student, Itzhak Gilboa, David Schmeidler also developed the theory maxmin expected utility and case-based decision theory. He has also served as the advisor of Peter Wakker, Shiri Alon, and Xiangyu Qu. |
Cache thrashing Overview Cache_thrashing > Overview This frequently leads to high, runaway CPU utilization that can grind the system to a halt. In modern computers, thrashing may occur in the paging system (if there is not sufficient physical memory or the disk access time is overly long), or in the I/O communications subsystem (especially in conflicts over internal bus access), etc. Depending on the configuration and algorithms involved, the throughput and latency of a system may degrade by multiple orders of magnitude. Thrashing is when the CPU performs 'productive' work less and 'swapping' work more. |
Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation Summary Non-invasive_cerebellar_stimulation Due to the success of clinical trials in response to rehabilitating sensorimotor functions and cognition, more NICS research is being invested into. NICS has the potential to attack multiple neurological and psychiatric disorders, although NICS are still not included and heavily advocated in clinical treatment. This is due to contingent conclusions regarding NICS effects. Further research is still required to confirm and identify the optimal parameters to target these regions. |
Radio noise Summary Radio_noise The limiting noise source in a receiver depends on the frequency range in use. At frequencies below about 40 MHz, particularly in the mediumwave and longwave bands and below, atmospheric noise and nearby radio frequency interference from electrical switches, motors, vehicle ignition circuits, computers, and other man-made sources tend to be above the thermal noise floor in the receiver's circuits. These noises are often referred to as static. |
Formal reduction potential Using thermodynamics (chemical potential) Formal_reduction_potential > Derivation > Using thermodynamics (chemical potential) We can, therefore, write the entropy of an arbitrary molecule A as where S ⊖ {\displaystyle S^{\ominus }} is the entropy at standard conditions and denotes the concentration of A. The change in entropy for a reaction is then given by We define the ratio in the last term as the reaction quotient: where the numerator is a product of reaction product activities, aj, each raised to the power of a stoichiometric coefficient, νj, and the denominator is a similar product of reactant activities. All activities refer to a time t. Under certain circumstances (see chemical equilibrium) each activity term such as aνjj may be replaced by a concentration term, .In an electrochemical cell, the cell potential E is the chemical potential available from redox reactions (E = μc/e). E is related to the Gibbs free energy change ΔG only by a constant: ΔG = −zFE, where n is the number of electrons transferred and F is the Faraday constant. |
Pumping lemma for regular languages Use of the lemma to prove non-regularity Pumping_lemma_for_regular_languages > Use of the lemma to prove non-regularity The proof that the language of balanced (i.e., properly nested) parentheses is not regular follows the same idea. Given p {\displaystyle p} , there is a string of balanced parentheses that begins with more than p {\displaystyle p} left parentheses, so that y {\displaystyle y} will consist entirely of left parentheses. By repeating y {\displaystyle y} , a string can be produced that does not contain the same number of left and right parentheses, and so they cannot be balanced. |
Hippocrates of Chios Mathematics Hippocrates_of_Chios > Mathematics This was part of a research program to square the circle, that is, to construct a square with the same area as a circle. The strategy, apparently, was to divide a circle into a number of crescent-shaped parts. If it were possible to calculate the area of each of those parts, then the area of the circle as a whole would be known too. |
Management of multiple sclerosis Side effects Management_of_multiple_sclerosis > Disease-modifying treatments > Medications > Side effects Nevertheless, recommendation is that all patients should be monitored through laboratory blood analyses, including liver function tests, to ensure safe use of interferons.Glatiramer acetate is generally well tolerated. The most common secondary effect with glatiramer acetate after skin problem is a post-injection reaction manifested by flushing, chest tightness, heart palpitations, breathlessness, and anxiety, which usually lasts less than thirty minutes and does not require additional treatment.Mitoxantrone therapy may be associated with immunosuppressive effects and liver damage; however its most dangerous side effect is its dose-related cardiac toxicity. Careful adherence to the administration and monitoring guidelines is therefore essential; this includes obtaining an echocardiogram and a complete blood count before treatment to decide whether the therapy is suitable for the patient or the risks are too great. |
Communication complexity Collapse of Randomized Communication Complexity Quantum_communication_complexity > Randomized communication complexity > Collapse of Randomized Communication Complexity A resource R {\displaystyle R} is said to be "collapsing" if, using that resource R {\displaystyle R} , only one bit of classical communication is enough for Alice to know the evaluation f ( x , y ) {\displaystyle f(x,y)} in the worst case scenario for any Boolean function f {\displaystyle f} . The surprising fact of a collapse of communication complexity is that the function f {\displaystyle f} can have arbitrarily large entry size, but still the number of communication bit is constant to a single one. Some resources are shown to be non-collapsing, such as quantum correlations or more generally almost-quantum correlations, whereas on the contrary some other resources are shown to collapse randomized communication complexity, such as the PR-box, or some noisy PR-boxes satisfying some conditions. |
Virtual leak S Glossary_of_engineering:_M–Z > S Strain is the ratio of change in length to the original length, when a given body is subjected to some external force (Strain= change in length÷the original length). Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). |
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry Isotope ratio and fractional abundance Hydrogen_isotope_biogeochemistry > Important concepts > Isotope notation > Isotope ratio and fractional abundance The most fundamental description of hydrogen isotopes in a system is the relative abundance of deuterium and protium. This value can be reported as the isotope ratio 2R or the fractional abundance 2F defined as: R 2 = H 2 H 1 {\displaystyle {\ce {^2R\ =\ {\frac {^2H}{^1H}}}}} and F 2 = H 2 H 1 + H 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {^{2}F\ =\ {\frac {^{2}H}{{^{1}H}+{^{2}H}}}}}} where 2H and 1H are the amounts of deuterium and protium, respectively. Fractional abundance is equivalent to mole fraction, and yields atom percent when multiplied by 100. In some instances atom percent excess is used, which reports the atom percent of a sample minus the atom percent of a standard. |
Variational autoencoder Summary Variational_autoencoder The first neural network maps the input variable to a latent space that corresponds to the parameters of a variational distribution. In this way, the encoder can produce multiple different samples that all come from the same distribution. |
Euclidean quantum gravity The Wick rotation Euclidean_quantum_gravity > Introduction in layperson's terms > The Wick rotation In physics, a Wick rotation, named after Gian-Carlo Wick, is a method of finding a solution to dynamics problems in n {\displaystyle n} dimensions, by transposing their descriptions in n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} dimensions, by trading one dimension of space for one dimension of time. More precisely, it substitutes a mathematical problem in Minkowski space into a related problem in Euclidean space by means of a transformation that substitutes an imaginary-number variable for a real-number variable. It is called a rotation because when complex numbers are represented as a plane, the multiplication of a complex number by i {\displaystyle i} is equivalent to rotating the vector representing that number by an angle of π / 2 {\displaystyle \pi /2} radians about the origin. |
Polyclonal response Summary Polyclonal_response Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. |
Table (furniture) Specialized types End_table > Specialized types One account attributes the design of the Pembroke table to Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke (1693-1751).Sofa tables are similar to Pembroke tables and usually have longer and narrower tops. They were specifically designed for placement directly in front of sofas for serving tea, writing, dining, or other convenient uses. Generally speaking, a sofa table is a tall, narrow table used behind a sofa to hold lamps or decorative objects. |
Derived quantity Summary Derived_quantity The International System of Quantities (ISQ) consists of the quantities used in physics and in modern science in general, starting with basic quantities such as length and mass, and the relationships between those quantities. This system underlies the International System of Units (SI) but does not itself determine the units of measurement used for the quantities. The system is formally described in a multi-part ISO standard ISO/IEC 80000 (which also defines many other quantities used in science and technology), first completed in 2009 and subsequently revised and expanded. |
Electricity Summary Electrical_units Electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used for: Electric power where electric current is used to energise equipment; Electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies.Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the 17th and 18th centuries. The theory of electromagnetism was developed in the 19th century, and by the end of that century electricity was being put to industrial and residential use by electrical engineers. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution. Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. Electrical power is now the backbone of modern industrial society. |
Evolutionary approaches to schizophrenia Benefits to kin Evolutionary_approaches_to_schizophrenia > Schizophrenia as advantageous to individual, kin, and group > Benefits to kin Further research also conveyed that there was no survival advantages for children whose parents were experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia.Similarly, Carter and Watts' study theorized a possible physiologic advantage of schizophrenia, that conveyed a decreased prevalence of virus infections among relatives of schizophrenic patients. The perceived connection between the mental illness and this advantage is possibly due to the genes associated with schizophrenia. However, criticism points to the failure to replicate such results.This view of schizophrenia being advantageous partially corresponds to the public fantasy of mentally ill patients being tormented geniuses. |
Identical twin Management of birth Fraternal_twin > Management of birth For otherwise healthy twin pregnancies where both twins are head down a trial of vaginal delivery is recommended at between 37 and 38 weeks. Vaginal delivery in this case does not worsen the outcome for the infant as compared with Caesarean section. There is controversy on the best method of delivery where the first twin is head first and the second is not. When the first twin is not head down a caesarean section is often recommended. |
Power posing Initial claims Power_posing > Initial claims The initial research on power posing was published in 2010. Dana Carney, Amy Cuddy, and Andy Yap claimed that high-power poses "produce power". The study included 42 participants, who were coached by researchers to assume a physical position of power. Hormone levels were measured before and after, and the authors stated that they found an increase in testosterone and a decrease in cortisol after posing. |
DIDO1 Function DIDO1 > Function Apoptosis, a major form of cell death, is an efficient mechanism for eliminating unwanted cells and is of central importance for development and homeostasis in metazoan animals. In mice, the death inducer-obliterator-1 gene is upregulated by apoptotic signals and encodes a cytoplasmic protein that translocates to the nucleus upon apoptotic signal activation. When overexpressed, the mouse protein induced apoptosis in cell lines growing in vitro. This gene is similar to the mouse gene and therefore is thought to be involved in apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcripts have been found for this gene, encoding multiple isoforms. |
Convergent (continued fraction) Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Continued_fraction > Applications > Eigenvalues and eigenvectors The Lanczos algorithm uses a continued fraction expansion to iteratively approximate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a large sparse matrix. |
He Jiankui affair Related research He_Jiankui_affair > Related research In 2018, his team reported an induction of mutation to produce muscular dystrophy, and simultaneously by another independent Chinese team an induction of growth retardation in monkeys using CRISPR editing. In February 2018, scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences reported the creation of five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys, using the same cloning technique that was used by them to create the first cloned primates Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua in 2018 and Dolly the sheep. The mutant monkeys and clones were made for understanding several medical diseases and not for disease resistance.The first clinical trials of CRISPR-Cas9 for the treatment of genetic blood disorders was started in August 2018. |
Dataveillance Cons Dataveillance > Benefits and concerns > Cons Many social networks have argued that their users forfeit part of their privacy in order to provide their service for free. Several of these companies choose not to fully disclose what data is collected and who it is shared with. When data is volunteered to companies it is difficult to know what companies have gained data about you and your online activity. |
Helly's theorem Proof Helly's_theorem > Proof We claim that p ∈ ⋂ j = 1 n X j . {\displaystyle p\in \bigcap _{j=1}^{n}X_{j}.} Indeed, consider any j ∈ {1, ..., n}. |
Gauge–gravity duality Monstrous moonshine String_Theory > Connections to mathematics > Monstrous moonshine Group theory is the branch of mathematics that studies the concept of symmetry. For example, one can consider a geometric shape such as an equilateral triangle. There are various operations that one can perform on this triangle without changing its shape. One can rotate it through 120°, 240°, or 360°, or one can reflect in any of the lines labeled S0, S1, or S2 in the picture. |
Video memory Technologies Video_RAM > Technologies Dual-ported video RAM, used in the 1990s and at the time often called "VRAM". SGRAM GDDR SDRAM High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) |
Atomic Physics Electronic configuration Atomic_Physics > Electronic configuration After a certain time, the electron in an excited state will "jump" (undergo a transition) to a lower state. In a neutral atom, the system will emit a photon of the difference in energy, since energy is conserved. If an inner electron has absorbed more than the binding energy (so that the atom ionizes), then a more outer electron may undergo a transition to fill the inner orbital. |
48-bit computing Summary 48-bit_computing In computer architecture, 48-bit integers can represent 281,474,976,710,656 (248 or 2.814749767×1014) discrete values. This allows an unsigned binary integer range of 0 through 281,474,976,710,655 (248 − 1) or a signed two's complement range of -140,737,488,355,328 (-247) through 140,737,488,355,327 (247 − 1). A 48-bit memory address can directly address every byte of 256 terabytes of storage. 48-bit can refer to any other data unit that consumes 48 bits (6 octets) in width. Examples include 48-bit CPU and ALU architectures that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. |
Industrial system Selected bibliography of industrial society theory Industrial_society > Selected bibliography of industrial society theory Paris: Gallimard, 1961. Aron, Raymond. La lutte des classes: nouvelles leçons sur les sociétés industrielles. |
Gnome sort Example Gnome_sort > Pseudocode > Example Given an unsorted array, a = , the gnome sort takes the following steps during the while loop. The current position is highlighted in bold and indicated as a value of the variable pos. |
Lazy caterer's sequence Proof Lazy_caterer's_sequence > Proof {\displaystyle f(n)=n+(n-1)+f(n-2).} Expansion of the term f (n − 2) can continue until the last term is reduced to f (0), thus, f ( n ) = n + ( n − 1 ) + ( n − 2 ) + ⋯ + 1 + f ( 0 ) . {\displaystyle f(n)=n+(n-1)+(n-2)+\cdots +1+f(0).} |
Conical refraction Background: Emissionism and selectionism Augustin-Jean_Fresnel > Contributions to physical optics > Polarization > Background: Emissionism and selectionism According to this framework, polarization and the related phenomena of double refraction and partial reflection involved altering the orientations of the rays and/or selecting them according to orientation, and the state of polarization of a beam (a bundle of rays) was a question of how many rays were in what orientations: in a fully polarized beam, the orientations were all the same. This approach, which Jed Buchwald has called selectionism, was pioneered by Malus and diligently pursued by Biot. : 110–113 Fresnel, in contrast, decided to introduce polarization into interference experiments. |
Victor J. Stenger Other essays Victor_J._Stenger > Publications by Stenger > Other essays 21, no. 2, pp. 42–69 Stenger, Victor (2001), "Time's Arrows Point Both Ways: The View From Nowhen" (PDF), Skeptic, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. |
Complex power Reactive power AC_power > Reactive power This allows all reactive power needed by the load to be supplied by the capacitor and not have to be transferred over the transmission lines. This practice saves energy because it reduces the amount of energy that is required to be produced by the utility to do the same amount of work. Additionally, it allows for more efficient transmission line designs using smaller conductors or fewer bundled conductors and optimizing the design of transmission towers. |
Exact diagonalization Memory requirements Exact_diagonalization > Memory requirements The dimension of the Hilbert space describing a quantum system scales exponentially with system size. For example, consider a system of N {\displaystyle N} spins localized on fixed lattice sites. The dimension of the on-site basis is 2, because the state of each spin can be described as a superposition of spin-up and spin-down, denoted | ↑ ⟩ {\displaystyle \left|\uparrow \right\rangle } and | ↓ ⟩ {\displaystyle \left|\downarrow \right\rangle } . |
Instantaneous speed Instantaneous speed Speed > Definition > Instantaneous speed Speed at some instant, or assumed constant during a very short period of time, is called instantaneous speed. By looking at a speedometer, one can read the instantaneous speed of a car at any instant. A car travelling at 50 km/h generally goes for less than one hour at a constant speed, but if it did go at that speed for a full hour, it would travel 50 km. If the vehicle continued at that speed for half an hour, it would cover half that distance (25 km). If it continued for only one minute, it would cover about 833 m. In mathematical terms, the instantaneous speed v {\displaystyle v} is defined as the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity v {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}} , that is, the derivative of the position r {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {r}}} with respect to time: If s {\displaystyle s} is the length of the path (also known as the distance) travelled until time t {\displaystyle t} , the speed equals the time derivative of s {\displaystyle s}: In the special case where the velocity is constant (that is, constant speed in a straight line), this can be simplified to v = s / t {\displaystyle v=s/t} . The average speed over a finite time interval is the total distance travelled divided by the time duration. |
Undecidable problem Summary Algorithmically_unsolvable_problem In computability theory and computational complexity theory, an undecidable problem is a decision problem for which it is proved to be impossible to construct an algorithm that always leads to a correct yes-or-no answer. The halting problem is an example: it can be proven that there is no algorithm that correctly determines whether arbitrary programs eventually halt when run. |
Baryogenesis GUT Baryogenesis under Sakharov conditions Baryogenesis > GUT Baryogenesis under Sakharov conditions To account for baryon violation in baryogenesis, such events (including proton decay) can occur in Grand Unification Theories (GUTs) and supersymmetric (SUSY) models via hypothetical massive bosons such as the X boson. The second condition – violation of CP-symmetry – was discovered in 1964 (direct CP-violation, that is violation of CP-symmetry in a decay process, was discovered later, in 1999). Due to CPT symmetry, violation of CP-symmetry demands violation of time inversion symmetry, or T-symmetry. In the out-of-equilibrium decay scenario, the last condition states that the rate of a reaction which generates baryon-asymmetry must be less than the rate of expansion of the universe. In this situation the particles and their corresponding antiparticles do not achieve thermal equilibrium due to rapid expansion decreasing the occurrence of pair-annihilation. |
Data mesh Data mesh in practice Data_mesh > Data mesh in practice Cross-domain unit Addressing C1, organizations should introduce a cross-domain steering unit responsible for strategic planning, use case prioritization, and the enforcement of specific governance rules—especially concerning security, regulatory, and privacy-related topics. Nevertheless, a cross-domain steering unit can only complement and support the federated governance structure and may grow obsolete with the increasing maturity of the data mesh. BP2. |
Scalar theories of gravitation Additional variations Scalar_theories_of_gravitation > Additional variations Moreover, the Brans–Dicke theory is equal to the independently derived theory of Jordan (hence it is often referred to as the Jordan-Brans–Dicke or JBD theory). The Brans–Dicke theory couples a scalar field with the curvature of space-time and is self-consistent and, assuming appropriate values for a tunable constant, this theory has not been ruled out by observation. The Brans–Dicke theory is generally regarded as a leading competitor of general relativity, which is a pure tensor theory. |
Rosalind Franklin rover Panoramic Camera (PanCam) Rosalind_Franklin_rover > Pasteur payload > Panoramic Camera (PanCam) PanCam has been designed to perform digital terrain mapping for the rover and to search for morphological signatures of past biological activity preserved on the texture of surface rocks. The PanCam Optical Bench (OB) mounted on the Rover mast includes two wide angle cameras (WACs) for multi-spectral stereoscopic panoramic imaging, and a high resolution camera (HRC) for high-resolution colour imaging. PanCam will also support the scientific measurements of other instruments by taking high-resolution images of locations that are difficult to access, such as craters or rock walls, and by supporting the selection of the best sites to carry out exobiology studies. In addition to the OB, PanCam includes a calibration target (PCT), Fiducial Markers (FidMs) and Rover Inspection Mirror (RIM). The PCT's stained glass calibration targets will provide a UV-stable reflectance and colour reference for PanCam and ISEM, allowing for the generation of calibrated data products. |
Molecular Biology Modern molecular biology Biochemical_genetics > Modern molecular biology In the early 2020s, molecular biology entered a golden age defined by both vertical and horizontal technical development. Vertically, novel technologies are allowing for real-time monitoring of biological processes at the atomic level. Molecular biologists today have access to increasingly affordable sequencing data at increasingly higher depths, facilitating the development of novel genetic manipulation methods in new non-model organisms. Likewise, synthetic molecular biologists will drive the industrial production of small and macro molecules through the introduction of exogenous metabolic pathways in various prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell lines.Horizontally, sequencing data is becoming more affordable and used in many different scientific fields. This will drive the development of industries in developing nations and increase accessibility to individual researchers. Likewise, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing experiments can now be conceived and implemented by individuals for under $10,000 in novel organisms, which will drive the development of industrial and medical applications. |
Cell division Degradation Daughter_cells > Degradation With each division the cells telomeres, protective sequences of DNA on the end of a chromosome that prevent degradation of the chromosomal DNA, shorten. This shortening has been correlated to negative effects such as age-related diseases and shortened lifespans in humans. Cancer cells, on the other hand, are not thought to degrade in this way, if at all. An enzyme complex called telomerase, present in large quantities in cancerous cells, rebuilds the telomeres through synthesis of telomeric DNA repeats, allowing division to continue indefinitely. |
Protein detection Summary Protein_detection Protein detection is used for clinical diagnosis, treatment and biological research. Protein detection evaluates the concentration and amount of different proteins in a particular specimen. There are different methods and techniques to detect protein in different organisms. |
Biogen Idec Summary Biogen Biogen Inc. is an American multinational biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, specializing in the discovery, development, and delivery of therapies for the treatment of neurological diseases to patients worldwide. |
Glossary of power electronics A Glossary_of_power_electronics > A (electronic) AC (power) conversion Electronic conversion from AC to AC (electronic) AC/DC (power) conversion Electronic conversion from AC to DC or vice versa. AC/DC converter An electronic converter for rectification or inversion or both. angle of overlap The commutation interval expressed in angular measure. |
History of quantum mechanics Application to the hydrogen atom Modern_quantum_theory > Development of modern quantum mechanics > Application to the hydrogen atom The "spin" of the electron. The collective name for these properties is the quantum state of the electron. The quantum state can be described by giving a number to each of these properties; these are known as the electron's quantum numbers. |
Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute Immunity and Pathogenesis Program Sanford_Burnham_Prebys_Medical_Discovery_Institute > Research > Immunity and Pathogenesis Program Research to understand the regulation and interplay of host immune responses and microbial pathogenesis; also studying viral-host interactions, innate and humoral immunity, inflammation and T cell checkpoint regulation. This research provides therapeutic opportunities to address medical needs, including the treatment of endemic and pandemic infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, cancer and inflammatory diseases. |
Fair division Procedures Fair_division > Procedures A discrete procedure would for instance only involve one person at a time cutting or marking a cake. Continuous procedures involve things like one player moving a knife and the other saying "stop". Another type of continuous procedure involves a person assigning a value to every part of the cake. |
Transcript variants Discovery Splice_variant_analysis > Discovery Another mRNA is produced from this pre-mRNA by skipping exon 4, and includes exons 1–3, 5, and 6. It encodes a protein known as CGRP (calcitonin gene related peptide). |
Deterministic algorithm Formal definition Deterministic_algorithm > Formal definition Deterministic algorithms can be defined in terms of a state machine: a state describes what a machine is doing at a particular instant in time. State machines pass in a discrete manner from one state to another. Just after we enter the input, the machine is in its initial state or start state. |
FOUNDATION fieldbus Summary FOUNDATION_fieldbus Type 1 is Foundation Fieldbus H1, while Type 5 is Foundation Fieldbus HSE. A typical fieldbus segment consists of the following components. H1 card - fieldbus interface card (It is common practice to have redundant H1 cards, but ultimately this is application specific) PS - Bulk power (Vdc) to Fieldbus Power Supply FPS - Fieldbus Power Supply and Signal Conditioner (Integrated power supplies and conditioners have become the standard nowadays) T - Terminators (Exactly 2 terminators are used per fieldbus segment. One at the FPS and one at the furthest point of a segment at the device coupler) LD - Linking Device, alternatively used with HSE networks to terminate 4-8 H1 segments acting as a gateway to an HSE backbone network. And fieldbus devices, (e.g. transmitters, transducers, etc.)segment diagram on flickr An explanation of how Foundation Fieldbus works and how it is used in continuous process control is in the Foundation Fieldbus Primer which may be found at the Fieldbus Inc. website. |
NetBIOS over TCP/IP Name service NetBIOS_over_TCP/IP > Services > Name service They are encapsulated in UDP. Later implementation includes an optional Scope part of the name, making NetBIOS name hierarchical like DNS, but this is seldom used. |
Caudate nucleus Parkinson's disease Caudate_nucleus > Clinical significance > Parkinson's disease Parkinson's disease is likely the most studied basal ganglia disorder. Patients with this progressive neurodegenerative disorder often first experience movement related symptoms (the three most common being tremors at rest, muscular rigidity, and akathisia) which are later combined with various cognitive deficiencies, including dementia. Parkinson's disease depletes dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal tract, a dopamine pathway that is connected to the head of the caudate. As such, many studies have correlated the loss of dopaminergic neurons that send axons to the caudate nucleus and the degree of dementia in Parkinson's patients. |
Triangle geometry Points, lines, and circles associated with a triangle Triangle_(geometry) > Points, lines, and circles associated with a triangle A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is a straight line passing through the midpoint of the side and being perpendicular to it, i.e. forming a right angle with it. The three perpendicular bisectors meet in a single point, the triangle's circumcenter, usually denoted by O; this point is the center of the circumcircle, the circle passing through all three vertices. The diameter of this circle, called the "circumdiameter", can be found from the law of sines stated above. |
Resonant tunneling diode Operation Resonant_tunneling_diode > Operation The following process is also illustrated from rightside figure. Depending on the number of barriers and number of confined states inside the well, the process described below could be repeated. |
List of prime numbers Palindromic primes List_of_prime_numbers > Lists of primes by type > Palindromic primes Primes that remain the same when their decimal digits are read backwards. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, 10301, 10501, 10601, 11311, 11411, 12421, 12721, 12821, 13331, 13831, 13931, 14341, 14741 (OEIS: A002385) |
Hash function (cryptography) BLAKE3 Cryptographic_hash > Cryptographic hash algorithms > BLAKE3 BLAKE3, an improved version of BLAKE2, was announced on January 9, 2020. It was created by Jack O'Connor, Jean-Philippe Aumasson, Samuel Neves, and Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn. BLAKE3 is a single algorithm, in contrast to BLAKE and BLAKE2, which are algorithm families with multiple variants. The BLAKE3 compression function is closely based on that of BLAKE2s, with the biggest difference being that the number of rounds is reduced from 10 to 7. Internally, BLAKE3 is a Merkle tree, and it supports higher degrees of parallelism than BLAKE2. |
Factorial function Factorial of zero Factorial > Definition > Factorial of zero 0 ! = 1 , {\textstyle {\tbinom {n}{n}}={\tfrac {n!}{n!0! }}=1,} a binomial coefficient identity that would only be valid with 0 ! |
Interpreted language Just-in-time compilation Interpreted_language > Variations > Just-in-time compilation Further blurring the distinction between interpreters, bytecode interpreters and compilation is just-in-time (JIT) compilation, a technique in which the intermediate representation is compiled to native machine code at runtime. This confers the efficiency of running native code, at the cost of startup time and increased memory use when the bytecode or AST is first compiled. The earliest published JIT compiler is generally attributed to work on LISP by John McCarthy in 1960. Adaptive optimization is a complementary technique in which the interpreter profiles the running program and compiles its most frequently executed parts into native code. The latter technique is a few decades old, appearing in languages such as Smalltalk in the 1980s.Just-in-time compilation has gained mainstream attention amongst language implementers in recent years, with Java, the .NET Framework, most modern JavaScript implementations, and Matlab now including JIT compilers. |
Theory of imputation Principles Theory_of_imputation > Principles In economics, the theory of imputation, first expounded by Carl Menger, maintains that factor prices are determined by output prices (i.e. the value of factors of production is the individual contribution of each in the final product, but its value is the value of the last contributed to the final product (the marginal utility before reaching the point Pareto optimal). Thus, Friedrich von Wieser identified a flaw in the theory of imputation as expounded by his teacher, Carl Menger: overvaluation may occur if one is confronted with economies where profits jump (maximums and minimums in his utility function, where its first derivative equals 0). Wieser thus suggested as an alternative, the simultaneous solution of a system of industrial equations: Industry 1: X + Y = 300 Industry 2: 6X + Z = 900 Industry 3: 4Y + 3Z = 1700 ⇒ X = 100, Y = 200, Z = 300.Given that a factor is used in the production of a range of first-order goods, its value is determined by the good that is worth the least among all the goods in the range. |
Replisome Solving the challenges of DNA replication Replisome > Solving the challenges of DNA replication Many of the structural and chemical problems associated with DNA replication are managed by molecular machinery that is highly conserved across organisms. This section discusses how replisome factors solve the structural and chemical challenges of DNA replication. |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution Acid halides Nucleophilic_acyl_substitution > Reactions of acyl derivatives > Acid halides While a carbon nucleophile will react with the acid halide first to produce a ketone, the ketone is also susceptible to nucleophilic attack, and can be converted to a tertiary alcohol. For example, when benzoyl chloride (1) is treated with two equivalents of a Grignard reagent, such as methyl magnesium bromide (MeMgBr), 2-phenyl-2-propanol (3) is obtained in excellent yield. |
Power literacy Other theories Power_(social_and_political) > Theories > Other theories Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) defined power as a man's "present means, to obtain some future apparent good" (Leviathan, Ch. 10). The thought of Friedrich Nietzsche underlies much 20th century analysis of power. Nietzsche disseminated ideas on the "will to power," which he saw as the domination of other humans as much as the exercise of control over one's environment. Some schools of psychology, notably that associated with Alfred Adler, place power dynamics at the core of their theory (where orthodox Freudians might place sexuality). A generalization of power is given as "what counts as a means of determining a subject's position in a given competition". |
John von Neumann Quantum logic John_von_Neumann > Physics > Quantum mechanics > Quantum logic This latter property can be illustrated by a simple example. Suppose we are dealing with particles (such as electrons) of semi-integral spin (spin angular momentum) for which there are only two possible values: positive or negative. Then, a principle of indetermination establishes that the spin, relative to two different directions (e.g., x and y) results in a pair of incompatible quantities. |
Packed storage matrix Code examples (Fortran) Packed_storage_matrix > Code examples (Fortran) the band of A is stored column-by-column in AP. Some elements of AP are unused. ! unpacking the matrix AP to A do j=1,n forall(i=max(1,j-kl):min(m,j+ku)) A(i,j) = AP(i-j,j) end do print *,AP(0,:) ! the diagonal |
Order type Summary Order_type In mathematics, especially in set theory, two ordered sets X and Y are said to have the same order type if they are order isomorphic, that is, if there exists a bijection (each element pairs with exactly one in the other set) f: X → Y {\displaystyle f\colon X\to Y} such that both f and its inverse are monotonic (preserving orders of elements). In the special case when X is totally ordered, monotonicity of f already implies monotonicity of its inverse. One and the same set may be equipped with different orders. Since order-equivalence is an equivalence relation, it partitions the class of all ordered sets into equivalence classes. |
Active safety Summary Active_safety The term active safety (or primary safety) is used in two distinct ways. The first, mainly in the United States, refers to automobile safety systems that help avoid accidents, such as good steering and brakes. In this context, passive safety refers to features that help reduce the effects of an accident, such as seat belts, airbags and strong body structures. This use is essentially interchangeable with the terms primary and secondary safety that tend to be used worldwide in standard UK English. |
Misoprostol Ulcer prevention Misoprostol > Medical uses > Ulcer prevention Misoprostol is used for the prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers. It acts upon gastric parietal cells, inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid by G-protein coupled receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase, which leads to decreased intracellular cyclic AMP levels and decreased proton pump activity at the apical surface of the parietal cell. Because other classes of drugs, especially H2-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors, are more effective for the treatment of acute peptic ulcers, misoprostol is only indicated for use by people who are both taking NSAIDs and are at high risk for NSAID-induced ulcers, including the elderly and people with ulcer complications. Misoprostol is sometimes coprescribed with NSAIDs to prevent their common adverse effect of gastric ulceration (e.g., with diclofenac in Arthrotec).However, even in the treatment of NSAID-induced ulcers, omeprazole proved to be at least as effective as misoprostol, but was significantly better tolerated, so misoprostol should not be considered a first-line treatment. Misoprostol-induced diarrhea and the need for multiple daily doses (typically four) are the main issues impairing compliance with therapy. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.