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Measurement systems analysis Summary Measurement_systems_analysis A measurement systems analysis (MSA) is a thorough assessment of a measurement process, and typically includes a specially designed experiment that seeks to identify the components of variation in that measurement process. Just as processes that produce a product may vary, the process of obtaining measurements and data may also have variation and produce incorrect results. A measurement systems analysis evaluates the test method, measuring instruments, and the entire process of obtaining measurements to ensure the integrity of data used for analysis (usually quality analysis) and to understand the implications of measurement error for decisions made about a product or process. Proper measurement system analysis is critical for producing a consistent product in manufacturing and when left uncontrolled can result in a drift of key parameters and unusable final products. |
Thraustochytrids Asexual reproduction Thraustochytrids > Life cycle > Asexual reproduction All thraustochytrids undergo a main vegetative life cycle, beginning as a mononucleated cell that undergoes nuclear division to become multinucleated and maturing into a sporangia which release zoospores to begin the cycle again. Branching off of the main vegetative life cycle, additional paths can be taken based on the strain. Traustochytrids undergo cell division in two main ways: through a zoosporangium or through successive bipartition. These methods can occur in the same species and at different stages of the lifecycle. |
Slot machines Terminology Video_slots > Terminology It flashes to alert the operator that change is needed, hand pay is requested or a potential problem with the machine. It can be lit by the player by pressing the "service" or "help" button. Carousel refers to a grouping of slot machines, usually in a circle or oval formation. |
Catalytic heater Summary Catalytic_heater A catalytic heater is a flameless heater which relies on catalyzed chemical reactions to break down molecules and produce califaction (heat). When the catalyst, fuel (e.g., natural gas), and oxygen combine together, they react at a low enough temperature that a flame is not produced. This process keeps repeating itself until either oxygen or the fuel source is taken out of the equation. |
S orbital Formal quantum mechanical definition P_orbitals > Electron properties > Formal quantum mechanical definition Nevertheless, one has to keep in mind that electrons are fermions ruled by the Pauli exclusion principle and cannot be distinguished from each other. Moreover, it sometimes happens that the configuration interaction expansion converges very slowly and that one cannot speak about simple one-determinant wave function at all. This is the case when electron correlation is large. Fundamentally, an atomic orbital is a one-electron wave function, even though many electrons are not in one-electron atoms, and so the one-electron view is an approximation. When thinking about orbitals, we are often given an orbital visualization heavily influenced by the Hartree–Fock approximation, which is one way to reduce the complexities of molecular orbital theory. |
Transition metal carbonate and bicarbonate complexes Carbonate Transition_metal_carbonate_and_bicarbonate_complexes > Bonding modes > Carbonate To a single metal ion, carbonate is observed to bind in both unidentate (κ1-) and bidentate (κ2-) fashions. In the covalent bond classification method, κ1-carbonate is anX ligand and κ2-carbonate is an X2 ligand. With two metals, the number of bonding modes increases because carbonate often serves as a bridging ligand. |
Rational difference equation Second approach Rational_difference_equation > Solving a first-order equation > Second approach This approach gives a first-order difference equation for x t {\displaystyle x_{t}} instead of a second-order one, for the case in which ( d − a ) 2 + 4 b c {\displaystyle (d-a)^{2}+4bc} is non-negative. Write x t = 1 / ( η + w t ) {\displaystyle x_{t}=1/(\eta +w_{t})} implying w t = ( 1 − η x t ) / x t {\displaystyle w_{t}=(1-\eta x_{t})/x_{t}} , where η {\displaystyle \eta } is given by η = ( d − a + r ) / 2 c {\displaystyle \eta =(d-a+r)/2c} and where r = ( d − a ) 2 + 4 b c {\displaystyle r={\sqrt {(d-a)^{2}+4bc}}} . Then it can be shown that x t {\displaystyle x_{t}} evolves according to x t + 1 = ( d − η c η c + a ) x t + c η c + a . {\displaystyle x_{t+1}=\left({\frac {d-\eta c}{\eta c+a}}\right)\!x_{t}+{\frac {c}{\eta c+a}}.} |
Electrical networks Classification of sources Electrical_Circuit > Classification of sources Sources can be classified as independent sources and dependent sources. |
Program flow Summary Control_variable_(programming) A set of statements is in turn generally structured as a block, which in addition to grouping, also defines a lexical scope. Interrupts and signals are low-level mechanisms that can alter the flow of control in a way similar to a subroutine, but usually occur as a response to some external stimulus or event (that can occur asynchronously), rather than execution of an in-line control flow statement. At the level of machine language or assembly language, control flow instructions usually work by altering the program counter. For some central processing units (CPUs), the only control flow instructions available are conditional or unconditional branch instructions, also termed jumps. |
Rotational-vibrational spectroscopy Appendix Ro-vibrational_spectroscopy > Appendix The method of combination differences uses differences of wavenumbers in the P- and R- branches to obtain data that depend only on rotational constants in the vibrational ground or excited state. For the excited state Δ 2 ′ F ( J ) o b s e r v e d = ν ¯ − ν ¯ {\displaystyle \Delta _{2}^{\prime }F(J)^{observed}={\bar {\nu }}-{\bar {\nu }}} This function can be fitted, using the method of least-squares to data for carbon monoxide, from Harris and Bertolucci. The data calculated with the formula Δ 2 ′ F ( J ) c a l c u l a t e d = 2 B ′ ′ ( 2 J + 1 ) {\displaystyle \Delta _{2}^{\prime }F(J)^{calculated}=2B^{\prime \prime }\left(2J+1\right)} in which centrifugal distortion is ignored, are shown in the columns labelled with (1). This formula implies that the data should lie on a straight line with slope 2B′′ and intercept zero. |
Cyclin Function Cyclin > Function Cyclins can be divided into four classes based on their behaviour in the cell cycle of vertebrate somatic cells and yeast cells: G1 cyclins, G1/S cyclins, S cyclins, and M cyclins. This division is useful when talking about most cell cycles, but it is not universal as some cyclins have different functions or timing in different cell types. G1/S Cyclins rise in late G1 and fall in early S phase. |
Introduction to angular momentum Definition in classical mechanics Canonical_angular_momentum > Definition in classical mechanics In the case of the Earth the primary conserved quantity is the total angular momentum of the solar system because angular momentum is exchanged to a small but important extent among the planets and the Sun. The orbital angular momentum vector of a point particle is always parallel and directly proportional to its orbital angular velocity vector ω, where the constant of proportionality depends on both the mass of the particle and its distance from origin. The spin angular momentum vector of a rigid body is proportional but not always parallel to the spin angular velocity vector Ω, making the constant of proportionality a second-rank tensor rather than a scalar. |
Work (electric field) Mathematical description Work_(electric_field) > Mathematical description In the example both charges are positive; this equation is applicable to any charge configuration (as the product of the charges will be either positive or negative according to their (dis)similarity). If one of the charges were to be negative in the earlier example, the work taken to wrench that charge away to infinity would be exactly the same as the work needed in the earlier example to push that charge back to that same position. This is easy to see mathematically, as reversing the boundaries of integration reverses the sign. |
Thermodynamic energy Internal energy of the ideal gas Thermodynamic_energy > Internal energy of the ideal gas Thermodynamics often uses the concept of the ideal gas for teaching purposes, and as an approximation for working systems. The ideal gas consists of particles considered as point objects that interact only by elastic collisions and fill a volume such that their mean free path between collisions is much larger than their diameter. Such systems approximate monatomic gases such as helium and other noble gases. For an ideal gas the kinetic energy consists only of the translational energy of the individual atoms. |
On-board vehicle diagnostics OBD-I Diagnostic_Trouble_Code > Standard interfaces > OBD-I Some Honda engine computers are equipped with LEDs that light up in a specific pattern to indicate the DTC. General Motors, some 1989-1995 Ford vehicles (DCL), and some 1989-1995 Toyota/Lexus vehicles have a live sensor data stream available; however, many other OBD-I equipped vehicles do not. OBD-I vehicles have fewer DTC's available than for OBD-II equipped vehicles. |
History of artificial neural networks Transformers and their variants History_of_artificial_neural_networks > Transformers and their variants Many modern large language models such as ChatGPT, GPT-4, and BERT use a feedforward neural network called Transformer by Ashish Vaswani et. al. in their 2017 paper "Attention Is All You Need." Transformers have increasingly become the model of choice for natural language processing problems, replacing recurrent neural networks (RNNs) such as long short-term memory (LSTM).Basic ideas for this go back a long way: in 1992, Juergen Schmidhuber published the Transformer with "linearized self-attention" (save for a normalization operator), which is also called the "linear Transformer." He advertised it as an "alternative to RNNs" that can learn "internal spotlights of attention," and experimentally applied it to problems of variable binding. |
Multitenancy Data aggregation/data mining Multitenancy > Economics of multitenancy > Data aggregation/data mining One of the most compelling reasons for vendors/ISVs to utilize multitenancy is for the inherent data aggregation benefits. Instead of collecting data from multiple data sources, with potentially different database schemas, all data for all customers is stored in a single database schema. Thus, running queries across customers, mining data, and looking for trends is much simpler. This reason is probably overhyped as one of the core multitenancy requirements is the need to prevent Service Provider access to customer (tenant) information. Further, it is common to separate the operational database from the mining database (usually because of different workload characteristics), thus weakening the argument even more. |
Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer IASI processing levels Infrared_Atmospheric_Sounding_Interferometer > Data processing system > IASI processing levels There are three such processing levels for the IASI data, numbered from 0 to 2. First, Level 0 data gives the raw output of the detectors, which Level 1 transforms into spectra by applying FFT and the necessary calibrations, and finally, Level 2 executes retrieval techniques so as to describe the physical state of the atmosphere that was observed. The first two levels are dedicated to transforming the interferograms into spectra that are fully calibrated and independent of the state of the instrument at any given time. By contrast, the third is dedicated to the retrieval of meaningful parameters not only from IASI, but from other instruments from MetOp as well.For example, since the instrument is expected to be linear in energy, a non linearity correction is applied to the interferograms before the computation of the spectra. Next, the two reference views are used for the first step of radiometric calibration. A second step, performed on ground, is used to compensate for certain physical effects that have been ignored in the first (e.g., incidence correction for the scanning mirror, non-blackness effect etc.).A digital processing subsystem executes a radiometric calibration and an inverse Fourier transform in order to obtain the raw spectra. |
Quantum gates Classical control Hadamard_operation > Notable examples > Controlled gates > Classical control Gates can also be controlled by classical logic. A quantum computer is controlled by a classical computer, and behave like a coprocessor that receives instructions from the classical computer about what gates to execute on which qubits. : 42–43 Classical control is simply the inclusion, or omission, of gates in the instruction sequence for the quantum computer. : 26–28: 87–88 |
Improper Riemann integral Types of integrals Improper_Riemann_integral > Types of integrals In some situations, however, it may be convenient to employ improper Lebesgue integrals as is the case, for instance, when defining the Cauchy principal value. The Lebesgue integral is more or less essential in the theoretical treatment of the Fourier transform, with pervasive use of integrals over the whole real line. For the Henstock–Kurzweil integral, improper integration is not necessary, and this is seen as a strength of the theory: it encompasses all Lebesgue integrable and improper Riemann integrable functions. |
Carboxyhemoglobin Mode of toxic action Carboxyhemoglobin > Carbon monoxide poisoning > Mode of toxic action In absence of oxygen, cells switch to anaerobic respiration which if prolonged may significantly increase lactic acid leading to metabolic acidosis.To provide a simplified synopsis of the molecular mechanism of systemic gas exchange, upon inhalation of air it was widely thought oxygen binding to any of the heme sites triggers a conformational change in the protein unit of hemoglobin which then enables the binding of additional oxygen to each of the other heme sites. Upon arrival to the cellular region, oxygen is released at the tissue due to a conformational change in hemoglobin as caused by ionization of hemoglobin's surface due to the "acidification" of the tissue's local pH (meaning a relatively higher concentration of 'acidic' protons / hydrogen ions annotated as H+; an acidic pH is commonly referenced to as either low pH based on the acidity of pH 1-7 having a low number, or, referred to as a high pH due to the high concentration of H+ ions as the scale approaches pH 1); the local acidity is caused by an increase in the biotransformation of carbon dioxide waste into carbonic acid via carbonic anhydrase. In other words, oxygenated arterial blood arrives to cells in the "hemoglobin R-state" which has deprotonated/unionized amino acid residues (regarding hemoglobin's amines transitioning between the deprotonated/unionized Hb-NH2 to the protonated/ionized Hb-NH3+ state) based on the less-acidic pH (arterial blood averages pH 7.407 whereas venous blood is slightly more acidic at pH 7.371). |
History of quantum mechanics Radiation theory Modern_quantum_theory > Triumph and trouble at the end of the classical era > Radiation theory Throughout the 1800's many studies investigated details in the spectrum of intensity versus frequency for light emitted by flames, by the Sun, or red-hot objects. : 367 Rydberg's formula effectively summarized the dark lines seen in the spectrum, but the provided no physical model to explain them. The spectrum emitted by red-hot objects could be explained at high or low wavelengths but the two theories differed. |
Core (graph theory) Computational complexity Core_(graph_theory) > Computational complexity It is NP-complete to test whether a graph has a homomorphism to a proper subgraph, and co-NP-complete to test whether a graph is its own core (i.e. whether no such homomorphism exists) (Hell & Nešetřil 1992). |
Branch stacking Methods Branch_stacking > Methods Activities commonly considered to be branch stacking include the following: Paying others' party membership fee with or without their knowledge. Recruiting members on the condition of voting a particular way. Recruiting members for the express purpose of influencing the outcome of a ballot within the party. Recruiting members who do not live at the claimed address of enrolment. |
Windows NT Major features Windows_NT > Major features The full preemptive multitasking kernel could interrupt running tasks to schedule other tasks, without relying on user programs to voluntarily give up control of the CPU, as in Windows 3.1 Windows applications (although MS-DOS applications were preemptively multitasked in Windows starting with Windows/386). Notably, in Windows NT 3.x, several I/O driver subsystems, such as video and printing, were user-mode subsystems. In Windows NT 4, the video, server, and printer spooler subsystems were moved into kernel mode. |
Unisys MCP programming languages Process management Unisys_MCP_programming_languages > Process management They are called upon e.g. by HARDWAREINTERRUPT when a process addresses an uninitialized array or by FILEOPEN. HARDWAREINTERRUPT handles hardware interrupts and may call upon GETSPACE, IO_FINISH or the like. BLOCKEXIT is called upon by a task exiting a block. |
Absolutely convergent Proof that any absolutely convergent series in a Banach space is convergent Absolute_convergence > Relation to convergence > Proof that any absolutely convergent series in a Banach space is convergent The above result can be easily generalized to every Banach space ( X , ‖ ⋅ ‖ ) . {\displaystyle (X,\|\,\cdot \,\|).} Let ∑ x n {\textstyle \sum x_{n}} be an absolutely convergent series in X . {\displaystyle X.} As ∑ k = 1 n ‖ x k ‖ {\textstyle \sum _{k=1}^{n}\|x_{k}\|} is a Cauchy sequence of real numbers, for any ε > 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} and large enough natural numbers m > n {\displaystyle m>n} it holds: By the triangle inequality for the norm ǁ⋅ǁ, one immediately gets: which means that ∑ k = 1 n x k {\textstyle \sum _{k=1}^{n}x_{k}} is a Cauchy sequence in X , {\displaystyle X,} hence the series is convergent in X . {\displaystyle X.} |
Freshwater phytoplankton Chlorophyll α Freshwater_phytoplankton > Ecology > Chlorophyll α Chlorophyll α is the core photosynthetic pigment that all phytoplankton possess. Concentrations of this pigment, which can be measured remotely, is used as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass in a given location general, the more chlorophyll a, the more phytoplankton biomass, although the CHL a to C ratio May vary between species, and even within the species. |
Control store Timing, latching and avoiding a race condition Writable_control_store > Implementation > Timing, latching and avoiding a race condition The control store usually has a register on its outputs. The outputs that go back into the sequencer to determine the next address have to go through some sort of register to prevent the creation of a race condition. In most designs all of the other bits also go through a register. This is because the machine will work faster if the execution of the next microinstruction is delayed by one cycle. |
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Zero field NMR Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance > Applications > Zero field NMR In zero field NMR all magnetic fields are shielded such that magnetic fields below 1 nT (nanotesla) are achieved and the nuclear precession frequencies of all nuclei are close to zero and indistinguishable. Under those circumstances the observed spectra are no-longer dictated by chemical shifts but primarily by J-coupling interactions which are independent of the external magnetic field. Since inductive detection schemes are not sensitive at very low frequencies, on the order of the J-couplings (typically between 0 and 1000 Hz), alternative detection schemes are used. Specifically, sensitive magnetometers turn out to be good detectors for zero field NMR. A zero magnetic field environment does not provide any polarization hence it is the combination of zero field NMR with hyperpolarization schemes that makes zero field NMR desirable. |
Crystallographic databases Summary Crystallographic_database (Molecules need to crystallize into solids so that their regularly repeating arrangements can be taken advantage of in X-ray, neutron, and electron diffraction based crystallography.) Crystal structures of crystalline material are typically determined from X-ray or neutron single-crystal diffraction data and stored in crystal structure databases. They are routinely identified by comparing reflection intensities and lattice spacings from X-ray powder diffraction data with entries in powder-diffraction fingerprinting databases. |
History of numerical solution of differential equations using computers Summary History_of_numerical_solution_of_differential_equations_using_computers According to Croarken, the Ministry was also interested in the new arrival of a differential analyzer accommodating eight integrators. This exotic computing device built by Metropolitan-Vickers in 1939 consisted of wheel and disk mechanisms that could provide descriptions and solutions for differential equations. Output resulted in a plotted graph. |
Effector memory T cell Homeostatic maintenance Memory_T-cells > Function > Homeostatic maintenance Activation through the T cell receptor may play a role. It is found that memory T cells can sometimes react to novel antigens, potentially caused by intrinsic the diversity and breadth of the T cell receptor binding targets. These T cells could cross-react to environmental or resident antigens in our bodies (like bacteria in our gut) and proliferate. |
Self identification Summary Sense_of_self In the psychology of self, one's self-concept (also called self-construction, self-identity, self-perspective or self-structure) is a collection of beliefs about oneself. Generally, self-concept embodies the answer to the question "Who am I? ".The self-concept is distinguishable from self-awareness, which is the extent to which self-knowledge is defined, consistent, and currently applicable to one's attitudes and dispositions. Self-concept also differs from self-esteem: self-concept is a cognitive or descriptive component of one's self (e.g. "I am a fast runner"), while self-esteem is evaluative and opinionated (e.g. "I feel good about being a fast runner"). |
Thalamic bodies Function Human_thalamus > Function The thalamus is functionally connected to the hippocampus as part of the extended hippocampal system at the thalamic anterior nuclei with respect to spatial memory and spatial sensory datum they are crucial for human episodic event memory. The thalamic region's connection to the mesio-temporal lobe provide differentiation of the functioning of recollective and familiarity memory.The neuronal information processes necessary for motor control were proposed as a network involving the thalamus as a subcortical motor center. Through investigations of the anatomy of the brains of primates the nature of the interconnected tissues of the cerebellum to the multiple motor cortices suggested that the thalamus fulfills a key function in providing the specific channels from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cortical motor areas. |
Content-addressable memory Summary Content-addressable_memory Content-addressable memory (CAM) is a special type of computer memory used in certain very-high-speed searching applications. It is also known as associative memory or associative storage and compares input search data against a table of stored data, and returns the address of matching data.CAM is frequently used in networking devices where it speeds up forwarding information base and routing table operations. This kind of associative memory is also used in cache memory. In associative cache memory, both address and content is stored side by side. When the address matches, the corresponding content is fetched from cache memory. |
Riemannian symmetric space Riemannian symmetric spaces satisfy the Lie-theoretic characterization Riemann_symmetric_space > Riemannian symmetric spaces satisfy the Lie-theoretic characterization Thus sp is a geodesic symmetry and, since p was arbitrary, M is a Riemannian symmetric space. If one starts with a Riemannian symmetric space M, and then performs these two constructions in sequence, then the Riemannian symmetric space yielded is isometric to the original one. This shows that the "algebraic data" (G,K,σ,g) completely describe the structure of M. |
Hash calendar Construction of a hash calendar Hash_calendar > Construction of a hash calendar There are different algorithms that can be used to build a hash calendar and extract a relevant hash chain per second. The easiest is to imagine the calendar being built in two phases. In the first phase, the leaves are collected into complete binary trees, starting from left, and making each tree as large as possible. In the second phase, the multiple unconnected trees are turned into a single tree by merging the roots of the initial trees, but this time starting from the right and adding new parent nodes as needed (red nodes). |
Acoustic fluidization Earthquake liquefaction Acoustic_fluidization > Earthquake liquefaction The failure of ground in this manner is called 'lateral spreading' and may occur on very shallow slopes with angles only 1 or 2 degrees from the horizontal. One positive aspect of soil liquefaction is the tendency for the effects of earthquake shaking to be significantly damped (reduced) for the remainder of the earthquake. This is because liquids do not support a shear stress and so once the soil liquefies due to shaking, subsequent earthquake shaking (transferred through ground by shear waves) is not transferred to buildings at the ground surface. Studies of liquefaction features left by prehistoric earthquakes, called paleoliquefaction or paleoseismology, can reveal information about earthquakes that occurred before records were kept or accurate measurements could be taken.Soil liquefaction induced by earthquake shaking is a major contributor to urban seismic risk. |
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Segmental and molecular motions Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance > Applications > Segmental and molecular motions In addition to providing static information on molecules by determining their 3D structures, one of the remarkable advantages of NMR over X-ray crystallography is that it can be used to obtain important dynamic information. This is due to the orientation dependence of the chemical-shift, dipole-coupling, or electric-quadrupole-coupling contributions to the instantaneous NMR frequency in an anisotropic molecular environment. When the molecule or segment containing the NMR-observed nucleus changes its orientation relative to the external field, the NMR frequency changes, which can result in changes in one- or two-dimensional spectra or in the relaxation times, depending on the correlation time and amplitude of the motion. |
Bristol Standard Asynchronous Protocol Summary Bristol_Standard_Asynchronous_Protocol The polling scheme used by BSAP makes sure that each node in the network has an equal priority for requests and responses. BSAP also provides a mechanism of global addressing of all nodes connected for special messages like time synchronization apart from the normal individual addressing schemes. BSAP supports remote database access methods for reading and writing the memory in groups. It also supports multiple messaging schemes in which each node can transfer the node to other networks transparently and can transmit the responses in similar manner. |
Bridge circuit Summary Bridge_circuit It is constructed from four resistors, two of known values R1 and R3 (see diagram), one whose resistance is to be determined Rx, and one which is variable and calibrated R2. Two opposite vertices are connected to a source of electric current, such as a battery, and a galvanometer is connected across the other two vertices. The variable resistor is adjusted until the galvanometer reads zero. |
Molar configuration Summary Molar_configuration His concept is distinguished from that of Deleuze and Guattari in that minorities are treated from the point of view (so to speak) of minorities and not via an ensemble of (ultimately) reversible becomings that ends up subordinating the minorities to the Authorities in general (the State, History, Sexuality, ...). Ultimately, in Laruelle's work, the minorities determine the Authorities unilaterally without being determined by them in turn and, as such, escapes from the philosophical and socio-logical significations of the term. In Le Principe de minorité (1981), he develops the Minority Principle as Unilaterality and then deepens this work in A Biography of Ordinary Man: On Authorities and Minorities (1985; trans. 2018 by Jessie Hock & Alex Dubilet). |
Artificial life form European Union Synthetic_Biology > Ethics > European Union To better communicate synthetic biology and its societal ramifications to a broader public, COSY and SYNBIOSAFE published SYNBIOSAFE, a 38-minute documentary film, in October 2009.The International Association Synthetic Biology has proposed self-regulation. This proposes specific measures that the synthetic biology industry, especially DNA synthesis companies, should implement. In 2007, a group led by scientists from leading DNA-synthesis companies published a "practical plan for developing an effective oversight framework for the DNA-synthesis industry". |
Higher-dimensional supergravity A 12-dimensional two-time theory Yang–Mills–Einstein_supergravity > Examples > A 12-dimensional two-time theory Some other two time theories describe low-energy behavior, such as Cumrun Vafa's F-theory that is also formulated with the help of 12 dimensions. F-theory itself however is not a two-time theory. One can understand 2 of the 12-dimensions of F-theory as a bookkeeping device; they should not be confused with the other 10 spacetime coordinates. These two dimensions are somehow dual to each other and should not be treated independently. |
Hydrostatic bearings Examples Gas_bearing > Some fluid bearings > Air bearings > Examples Air hockey is a game based on an aerostatic bearing which suspends the puck and players' paddles to provide low friction and thus sustain high puck speeds. The bearing uses a flat plane with periodic orifices which deliver air just over ambient pressure. The puck and paddles rest on air. |
Church–Turing thesis Summary Church–Turing_thesis In the 1930s, several independent attempts were made to formalize the notion of computability: In 1933, Kurt Gödel, with Jacques Herbrand, formalized the definition of the class of general recursive functions: the smallest class of functions (with arbitrarily many arguments) that is closed under composition, recursion, and minimization, and includes zero, successor, and all projections. In 1936, Alonzo Church created a method for defining functions called the λ-calculus. Within λ-calculus, he defined an encoding of the natural numbers called the Church numerals. |
Succinate - coenzyme Q reductase Heme prosthetic group Respiratory_complex_II > Mechanism > Heme prosthetic group Although the functionality of the heme in succinate dehydrogenase is still being researched, some studies have asserted that the first electron delivered to ubiquinone via may tunnel back and forth between the heme and the ubiquinone intermediate. In this way, the heme cofactor acts as an electron sink. Its role is to prevent the interaction of the intermediate with molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). |
Power stealing Ocean energy Energy_Harvesting > Energy sources > Ocean energy A relatively new concept of generating energy is to generate energy from oceans. Large masses of waters are present on the planet which carry with them great amounts of energy. The energy in this case can be generated by tidal streams, ocean waves, difference in salinity and also difference in temperature. |
Cognitive training Cognitive training for Parkinson's disease Brain_training > Effectiveness > Cognitive training for Parkinson's disease A 2020 Cochrane review found no certain evidence that cognitive training is beneficial for people with Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) or Parkinson's disease-related mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), however the authors also note that their conclusion was based on a small number of studies with few participants, limitations of study design and execution, and imprecise results, and that there is still an overall need for more robust studies involving cognitive training as it pertains to PDD and PD-MCI. |
Circle's circumference Circle Circle's_circumference > Circle The circumference of a circle is the distance around it, but if, as in many elementary treatments, distance is defined in terms of straight lines, this cannot be used as a definition. Under these circumstances, the circumference of a circle may be defined as the limit of the perimeters of inscribed regular polygons as the number of sides increases without bound. The term circumference is used when measuring physical objects, as well as when considering abstract geometric forms. |
Electric automobile Energy efficiency Battery_electric_car > Energy efficiency To allow for this, some cars with dual electric motors have one electric motor with a gear optimised for city speeds and the second electric motor with a gear optimised for highway speeds. The electronics select the motor that has the best efficiency for the current speed and acceleration. Regenerative braking, which is most common in electric vehicles, can recover as much as one fifth of the energy normally lost during braking. |
Orbital vehicle Summary Space_craft A spacecraft (PL: spacecraft) is a vehicle that is designed to fly in outer space and operate there. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. All spacecraft except single-stage-to-orbit vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle (carrier rocket). On a sub-orbital spaceflight, a space vehicle enters space and then returns to the surface without having gained sufficient energy or velocity to make a full Earth orbit. |
Unsupervised learning Specific Networks Unsupervised_learning > Neural networks > Specific Networks Deep Belief Network Introduced by Hinton, this network is a hybrid of RBM and Sigmoid Belief Network. The top 2 layers is an RBM and the second layer downwards form a sigmoid belief network. One trains it by the stacked RBM method and then throw away the recognition weights below the top RBM. |
IP network Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI layering Internet_technologies > Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI layering This often results in a model with five layers, where the link layer or network access layer is split into the OSI model's layers 1 and 2. The IETF protocol development effort is not concerned with strict layering. Some of its protocols may not fit cleanly into the OSI model, although RFCs sometimes refer to it and often use the old OSI layer numbers. |
Fixed focus Concept Focus_free_lens > Concept The amount of collected light can be increased by opening the angle of view, which is achieved with an even shorter focal length resulting in a wide-angle lens. Telephoto lenses are not feasible at a reasonable lens speed. The advantage of this design is that it can be produced very inexpensively, more so than autofocus or manual focus systems. The system is also effectively automatic; the photographer need not worry about the focal point for a given scene. Fixed-focus lenses are unable to produce sharp close-ups, or images of objects that are only a fraction of the hyperfocal distance from the camera which, depending on factors including the size of the camera, may be within 2.4 – 3.7 meters (8–12 feet). |
Aircraft engine starting Inertia starter Aircraft_engine_starting > Piston engines > Inertia starter An aero engine inertia starter uses a pre-rotated flywheel to transfer kinetic energy to the crankshaft, normally through reduction gears and a clutch to prevent over-torque conditions. Three variations have been used, hand driven, electrically driven and a combination of both. When the flywheel is fully energised either a manual cable is pulled or a solenoid is used to engage the starter. |
Alendronic acid Side effects Alendronic_acid > Side effects Gastrointestinal tract: Ulceration and possible rupture of the esophagus; this may require hospitalization and intensive treatment. Gastric and duodenal ulceration may also occur. Esophageal cancer, a meta-analysis concluded that bisphosphonate treatment is NOT associated with excess risk of esophageal cancer. |
Principal quantum numbers Derivation Principal_quantum_level > Derivation There is a set of quantum numbers associated with the energy states of the atom. The four quantum numbers n, ℓ, m, and s specify the complete and unique quantum state of a single electron in an atom, called its wave function or orbital. Two electrons belonging to the same atom cannot have the same values for all four quantum numbers, due to the Pauli exclusion principle. The Schrödinger wave equation reduces to the three equations that when solved lead to the first three quantum numbers. |
Unattended Ground Sensors Tactical unattended ground sensor Unattended_ground_sensor > Future combat systems UGS > Tactical unattended ground sensor T-UGS are small ground-based sensors that collect intelligence through seismic, acoustic, radiological nuclear and electro-optic means. These sensors are networked devices that provide an early warning system to supplement a platoon size element and are capable of remote operation. To an extent T-UGS will detect, track, classify, and identify personnel and vehicles within its coverage area and report to the FCS Network in near real-time. T-UGS comprises the following sensor systems: The gateway node, which is a router and data collector that sends information back to a FCS Network equipped vehicle. |
Turing computability Generalizations of Turing computability Computability_theory_(computation) > Areas of research > Generalizations of Turing computability Computability theory includes the study of generalized notions of this field such as arithmetic reducibility, hyperarithmetical reducibility and α-recursion theory, as described by Sacks in 1990. These generalized notions include reducibilities that cannot be executed by Turing machines but are nevertheless natural generalizations of Turing reducibility. These studies include approaches to investigate the analytical hierarchy which differs from the arithmetical hierarchy by permitting quantification over sets of natural numbers in addition to quantification over individual numbers. |
Light-front computational methods Renormalization group procedure for effective particles Light-front_computational_methods > Renormalization group procedure for effective particles In principle, if one had solved the RGPEP equation for the front form Hamiltonian of QCD exactly, the eigenvalue problem could be written using effective quarks and gluons corresponding to any s {\displaystyle s} . In particular, for s {\displaystyle s} very small, the eigenvalue problem would involve very large numbers of virtual constituents capable of interacting with large momentum transfers up to about the bandwidth λ ∼ 1 / s {\displaystyle \lambda \sim 1/s} . In contrast, the same eigenvalue problem written in terms of quanta corresponding to a large s {\displaystyle s} , comparable with the size of hadrons, is hoped to take the form of a simple equation that resembles the constituent quark models. To demonstrate mathematically that this is precisely what happens in the RGPEP in QCD is a serious challenge. |
Brainfuck Language design Brainfuck > Language design A variety of Brainfuck programs have been written. Although Brainfuck programs, especially complicated ones, are difficult to write, it is quite trivial to write an interpreter for Brainfuck in a more typical language such as C due to its simplicity. There even exist Brainfuck interpreters written in the Brainfuck language itself.Brainfuck is an example of a so-called Turing tarpit: It can be used to write any program, but it is not practical to do so, because Brainfuck provides so little abstraction that the programs get very long or complicated. |
Management of multiple sclerosis Medical treatments for symptoms Management_of_multiple_sclerosis > Managing the effects of MS > Medical treatments for symptoms These symptoms can be treated with antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy; however, high quality studies on efficacy are lacking. For example, in the specific case of antidepressants and depression, only two studies were considered worth considering as of 2011 by the Cochrane collaboration and they only showed a trend towards efficacy. While non-invasive brain stimulation with techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation could prove beneficial for depression in multiple sclerosis, disease specific studies have been limited and may require targeting of specific brain networks associated with depression in multiple sclerosis. |
Time-Sensitive Networking IEEE 802.1Qcr Asynchronous Traffic Shaping Time-Sensitive_Networking > TSN scheduling and traffic shaping > IEEE 802.1Qcr Asynchronous Traffic Shaping UBS queuing has two levels of hierarchy: per-flow shaped queues, with fixed priority assigned by the upstream sources according to application-defined packet transmission times, allowing arbitrary transmission period for each stream, and shared queues that merge streams with the same internal priority from several shapers. This separation of queuing has low implementation complexity while ensuring that frames with higher priority will bypass the lower priority frames. The shared queues are highly isolated, with policies for separate queues for frames from different transmitters, the same transmitter but different priority, and the same transmitter and priority but a different priority at the receiver. |
Modifier gene Summary Genetic_interactions Originally, the term epistasis specifically meant that the effect of a gene variant is masked by that of a different gene.The concept of epistasis originated in genetics in 1907 but is now used in biochemistry, computational biology and evolutionary biology. The phenomenon arises due to interactions, either between genes (such as mutations also being needed in regulators of gene expression) or within them (multiple mutations being needed before the gene loses function), leading to non-linear effects. Epistasis has a great influence on the shape of evolutionary landscapes, which leads to profound consequences for evolution and for the evolvability of phenotypic traits. |
Homomorphic encryption Fourth-generation FHE Homomorphic_encryption > History > Fourth-generation FHE The scheme introduces several approximation errors, both nondeterministic and deterministic, that require special handling in practice.A 2020 article by Baiyu Li and Daniele Micciancio discusses passive attacks against CKKS, suggesting that the standard IND-CPA definition may not be sufficient in scenarios where decryption results are shared. The authors apply the attack to four modern homomorphic encryption libraries (HEAAN, SEAL, HElib and PALISADE) and report that it is possible to recover the secret key from decryption results in several parameter configurations. The authors also propose mitigation strategies for these attacks, and include a Responsible Disclosure in the paper suggesting that the homomorphic encryption libraries already implemented mitigations for the attacks before the article became publicly available. Further information on the mitigation strategies implemented in the homomorphic encryption libraries has also been published. |
Ledger (journal) Summary Ledger_(journal) The focus according to Wilmer is "blockchain technology research." It is funded by Coin Center, a nonprofit.The journal is open access. It is published by the University Library System of the University of Pittsburgh and is cosponsored by the University of Pittsburgh Press. |
Combination chemotherapy Beginnings Combination_chemotherapy > Beginnings Dr. Stewart Francis Alexander, a lieutenant colonel who was an expert in chemical warfare, was subsequently deployed to investigate the aftermath. Autopsies of the victims suggested that profound lymphoid and myeloid suppression had occurred after exposure. |
Suppression capacitor Standardization of film capacitors Polymer_film_capacitor > Standardization of film capacitors The standardization for all electrical, electronic components and related technologies follows the rules given by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), a non-profit, non-governmental international standards organization. The IEC standards are harmonized with European standards EN. The definition of the characteristics and the procedure of the test methods for capacitors for use in electronic equipment are set out in the generic specification: IEC/EN 60384–1, Fixed capacitors for use in electronic equipment - Part 1: Generic specificationThe tests and requirements to be met by film capacitors for use in electronic equipment for approval as standardized types are set out in the following sectional specifications: The standardization of power capacitors is strongly focused on rules for the safety of personnel and equipment, given by the local regulating authority. The concepts and definitions to guarantee safe application of power capacitors are published in the following standards: IEC/EN 61071; Capacitors for power electronics IEC/EN 60252-1; AC motor capacitors. |
Multiwavelength anomalous diffraction Computer programs Multiwavelength_anomalous_dispersion > External links > Computer programs pp. 401–411. ISBN 0-7923-4949-0. |
Theoretical Computer Science Data structures Theoretical_computer_scientist > Topics > Data structures A data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to specific tasks. For example, databases use B-tree indexes for small percentages of data retrieval and compilers and databases use dynamic hash tables as look up tables. Data structures provide a means to manage large amounts of data efficiently for uses such as large databases and internet indexing services. |
Shear joint Bolt banging Bolted_joint > Bolt banging Such joints require less clamping force, because a high level of friction between the clamped surfaces is not required. The clearance between the bolt and the holes means that some lateral movement may occur before the bolt bears against the sides of the holes. Even when designed as a bearing joint, the surface friction between the clamped elements may be sufficient to resist movement for some time, especially when the building may not yet be fully loaded – thus it operates initially as a friction joint. When the lateral force becomes sufficient to overcome this friction, the clamped elements move until the sides of the holes bear against the shank of the bolt. This movement – "slip into bearing" – usually starts and stops very suddenly, often releasing elastic energy in the associated elements, resulting in a loud but harmless bang. |
Imperial system of units United Kingdom Imperial_measurement_system > Current use > United Kingdom The original railways (many built in the Victorian era) are a big user of imperial units, with distances officially measured in miles and yards or miles and chains, and also feet and inches, and speeds are in miles per hour. Some British people still use one or more imperial units in everyday life for distance (miles, yards, feet, and inches) and some types of volume measurement (especially milk and beer in pints; rarely for canned or bottled soft drinks, or petrol). As of February 2021, many British people also still use imperial units in everyday life for body weight (stones and pounds for adults, pounds and ounces for babies). |
Emulation (observational learning) Current theory Emulation_(observational_learning) > Current theory In object movement reenactment "when an observer sees an object or its parts move, and that movement leads to a salient outcome, seeing the object movement might motivate the observer to reproduce the outcome". Emulation via affordance learning "refers to a process whereby an observer detects stimulus consequences, such as dynamic properties and temporal–spatial causal relations of objects, through watching the object movements". Byrne (2002) has come up with a slightly different classification, and which is looking more closely at the learning on the object level. He distinguishes three forms: 1) learning physical properties of objects 2) learning the relationships among objects 3) understanding cause-and-effect relationships and changes of state of objects (e.g. "that a stick can be used as a rake"). |
Fuzzy finite element Summary Fuzzy_finite_element The fuzzy finite element method combines the well-established finite element method with the concept of fuzzy numbers, the latter being a special case of a fuzzy set. The advantage of using fuzzy numbers instead of real numbers lies in the incorporation of uncertainty (on material properties, parameters, geometry, initial conditions, etc.) in the finite element analysis. One way to establish a fuzzy finite element (FE) analysis is to use existing FE software (in-house or commercial) as an inner-level module to compute a deterministic result, and to add an outer-level loop to handle the fuzziness (uncertainty). This outer-level loop comes down to solving an optimization problem. If the inner-level deterministic module produces monotonic behavior with respect to the input variables, then the outer-level optimization problem is greatly simplified, since in this case the extrema will be located at the vertices of the domain. |
Rigidity (electromagnetism) Summary Beam_rigidity The unit of the rigidity R is volts(N·m/C), a convenient unit is GV (109 V). In this case, unit of B is in the unit T(N·s/C·m), ρ is in the unit m, p is in the unit kg· m/s, c is in the unit m/s, q is in the unit C.The rigidity is defined by the action of a static magnetic field, whose direction is perpendicular to the velocity vector of the particle. This will cause a force perpendicular both to the velocity vector, and to the field, defining a plane through which the particle moves. |
Chronic viral hepatitis Hepatitis C Chronic_viral_hepatitis > Epidemiology > Viral hepatitis > Hepatitis C Chronic hepatitis C is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is a common medical reason for liver transplantation due to its severe complications. It is estimated that 130–180 million people in the world are affected by this disease representing a little more than 3% of the world population. In the developing regions of Africa, Asia and South America, prevalence can be as high as 10% of the population. |
Isosorbide dinitrate Other side effects Isosorbide_dinitrate > Side effects > Other side effects In the short run, isosorbide dinitrate can cause severe headaches, necessitating analgesic administration for relief of pain, as well as severe hypotension, and, in certain cases, bradycardia. Rarely occurring are allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); fainting; fast or slow heartbeat; nausea; new or worsening chest pain; vomiting. |
Turbidite Formation Turbidite > Formation This condition occurs in many environments aside from simply the deep ocean, where turbidites are particularly well represented. Lahars on the side of volcanoes, mudslides and pyroclastic flows all create density-based flow situations and, especially in the latter, can create sequences which are strikingly similar to turbidites. Turbidites in sediments can occur in carbonate as well as siliciclastic sequences. |
Marine bacterium Marine archaea Marine_bacteria > Marine archaea Archaeal cells have unique properties separating them from the other two domains of life, Bacteria and Eukaryota. The Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla. Classification is difficult because the majority have not been isolated in the laboratory and have only been detected by analysis of their nucleic acids in samples from their environment. |
Leader election Yo-yo Leader_election > Algorithms > Universal leader election techniques > Yo-yo When a node x sends NO to an in-neighbour y, the logical direction of that edge is reversed. When a node y receives NO from an out-neighbour, it flips the direction of that link.After the final stage, any source who receives a NO is no longer a source and becomes a sink. An additional stage, pruning, also is introduced to remove the nodes that are useless, i.e. their existence has no impact on the next iterations. |
Joint probability density function Families of densities Probability_density > Families of densities It is common for probability density functions (and probability mass functions) to be parametrized—that is, to be characterized by unspecified parameters. For example, the normal distribution is parametrized in terms of the mean and the variance, denoted by μ {\displaystyle \mu } and σ 2 {\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}} respectively, giving the family of densities Different values of the parameters describe different distributions of different random variables on the same sample space (the same set of all possible values of the variable); this sample space is the domain of the family of random variables that this family of distributions describes. A given set of parameters describes a single distribution within the family sharing the functional form of the density. From the perspective of a given distribution, the parameters are constants, and terms in a density function that contain only parameters, but not variables, are part of the normalization factor of a distribution (the multiplicative factor that ensures that the area under the density—the probability of something in the domain occurring— equals 1). This normalization factor is outside the kernel of the distribution. Since the parameters are constants, reparametrizing a density in terms of different parameters to give a characterization of a different random variable in the family, means simply substituting the new parameter values into the formula in place of the old ones. |
Pisaura mirabilis Life cycle Pisaura_mirabilis > Life cycle Their offspring are sexually mature in the following spring. Spiders from the north have a two-year cycle, having to go through two hibernations before reaching sexual maturity. Spiders in Western and Central Europe have a mix of both one- and two-year cycles. Males have a two-month period to reproduce; females three and a half. |
Airplane Wings Airplane > Characteristics > Wings The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an airfoil and is shaped like a bird's wing. |
In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy Summary In_vivo_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a specialized technique associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), also known as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, is a non-invasive, ionizing-radiation-free analytical technique that has been used to study metabolic changes in brain tumors, strokes, seizure disorders, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and other diseases affecting the brain. It has also been used to study the metabolism of other organs such as muscles. In the case of muscles, NMR is used to measure the intramyocellular lipids content (IMCL).Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an analytical technique that can be used to complement the more common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the characterization of tissue. Both techniques typically acquire signal from hydrogen protons (other endogenous nuclei such as those of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus are also used), but MRI acquires signal primarily from protons which reside within water and fat, which are approximately a thousand times more abundant than the molecules detected with MRS. As a result, MRI often uses the larger available signal to produce very clean 2D images, whereas MRS very frequently only acquires signal from a single localized region, referred to as a "voxel". MRS can be used to determine the relative concentrations and physical properties of a variety of biochemicals frequently referred to as "metabolites" due to their role in metabolism. |
Pseudoreflection Transvections Pseudoreflection > Transvections If the pseudoreflection g is not diagonalizable then r = 1 and g has Jordan normal form {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&\cdots &0\\0&1&0&\cdots &0\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots &\vdots \\0&0&\cdots &1&1\\0&0&0&\cdots &1\\\end{bmatrix}}} In such case g is called a transvection. A pseudoreflection g is a transvection if and only if the characteristic p of the field K is positive and the order of g is p. Transvections are useful in the study of finite geometries and the classification of their groups of motions. == References == |
Peridynamics Definition and basic terminology Peridynamics > Definition and basic terminology The vector valued function f {\displaystyle {\bf {f}}} is the force density that x ′ {\displaystyle {\bf {x'}}} exerts on x {\displaystyle {\bf {x}}} . This force density depends on the relative displacement and relative position vectors between x ′ {\displaystyle {\bf {x'}}} and x {\displaystyle {\bf {x}}} . The dimension of f {\displaystyle {\bf {f}}} is {\displaystyle } . |
G. M. B. Dobson Summary G._M._B._Dobson Gordon Miller Bourne Dobson (25 February 1889 – 10 March 1976) was a British physicist and meteorologist who did important work on ozone. |
Collections management Cataloging Collections_management > Collections management systems > Cataloging Cataloging is the process of entering informational data about an object into a collection catalog or database. This process involves assigning unique identification numbers to individual objects within a collection, and attaching relevant accompanying documentation to the item such as curatorial worksheets, photographs, condition assessments, and accession and/or deaccession information. A catalog is meant to serve as a systematic written or digital record of every object within a collection, and should at the very least, include an object description that will allow for easy identification of an object.Cataloging is an important aspect of collections management as it provides the individual records associated with each object within a collection. |
Temporal Difference Learning Summary Temporal_Difference_Learning Temporal difference (TD) learning refers to a class of model-free reinforcement learning methods which learn by bootstrapping from the current estimate of the value function. These methods sample from the environment, like Monte Carlo methods, and perform updates based on current estimates, like dynamic programming methods.While Monte Carlo methods only adjust their estimates once the final outcome is known, TD methods adjust predictions to match later, more accurate, predictions about the future before the final outcome is known. This is a form of bootstrapping, as illustrated with the following example: Suppose you wish to predict the weather for Saturday, and you have some model that predicts Saturday's weather, given the weather of each day in the week. |
Pleural empyema Diagnosis Pleural_empyema > Diagnosis Clinical guidelines for adult patients therefore advocate diagnostic pleural fluid aspiration in patients with pleural effusion in association with sepsis or pneumonic illness. Because pleural effusion in the pediatric population is almost always parapneumonic and the need for chest tube drainage can be made on clinical grounds, British guidelines for the management of pleural infection in children do not recommend diagnostic pleural fluid sampling.Blood and sputum culture has often already been performed in the setting of community acquired pneumonia needing hospitalization. It should however be noted that the micro-organism responsible for development of empyema is not necessarily the same as the organism causing the pneumonia, especially in adults. |
Blood–spinal cord barrier Current treatment strategies and challenges of drug delivery Blood–spinal_cord_barrier > Current treatment strategies and challenges of drug delivery In MS, treatment centers around immunomodulatory drugs that can cross the BBB/BSCB. Corticosteroids are a common choice, as they can modulate immune function and decrease symptom severity during an attack. Some anti-cancer drugs, like mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide, have immunosuppressant effects that slow disease progression. |
Quantum illumination Introduction Quantum_illumination > Introduction This implies that the use of entanglement should not be dismissed in entanglement-breaking scenarios. Quantum illumination takes advantage of this stronger-than-classical residual correlations between two systems to achieve a performance enhancement over all schemes based on transmitting classical states with comparable power levels. Quantum illumination is particularly useful in extremely lossy and noisy situations. |
Difference and Repetition V. Asymmetrical Synthesis of the Sensible Difference_and_Repetition > Survey outline of the work > V. Asymmetrical Synthesis of the Sensible This chapter continues the discussion of the play of difference and explains how sense can arise from it. To do so, it engages with scientific and mathematical concepts that relate to difference, in particular, classical thermodynamic theory. |
Liquid resistor Summary Liquid_resistor A liquid resistor is an electrical resistor in which the resistive element is a solution. Fixed-value liquid resistors are typically used where very high power dissipation is required. They are used in the rotor circuits of large slip ring induction motors to control starting current, torque and to limit large electrical fault currents (while other protection systems operate to clear or isolate the fault). |
Human-based computation game Robot Trainer Human-based_computation_game > Examples > Robot Trainer Robot Trainer is a game with a purpose that aims in gathering Commonsense Knowledge. The player takes the role of a teacher. The goal of the game is to train a robot that will travel in deep space and will carry a significant amount of human knowledge so that it can teach other humans in the future, far away from earth. The game has three levels. At each level, the player gets a specific task, like building knowledge rules to answer questions, resolving conflicts and validating other players’ knowledge rules. Players are rewarded for submitting knowledge rules that help the robot answer a question and match the contribution of their fellow teachers. |
Open Bioinformatics Foundation Projects Open_Bioinformatics_Foundation > Projects The foundation hosts servers for mailing lists, websites, and code repositories for a number of bioinformatics-related open source projects, including: BioJava – Java toolkit BioMOBY – Data and application execution through web services BioPerl – Perl toolkit BioPython – Python toolkit BioRuby – Ruby toolkit BioPHP EMBOSS – Sequence analysis toolkit. |
Distributed representation Deep belief network Distributed_representation > Deep belief network A deep belief network (DBN) is a probabilistic, generative model made up of multiple hidden layers. It can be considered a composition of simple learning modules.A DBN can be used to generatively pre-train a deep neural network (DNN) by using the learned DBN weights as the initial DNN weights. Various discriminative algorithms can then tune these weights. |
Advanced wave T-symmetry and self-interaction Wheeler-Feynman_absorber_theory > T-symmetry and self-interaction However, Dirac did not propose any physical explanation of this interpretation. A clear and simple explanation can instead be obtained in the framework of absorber theory, starting from the simple idea that each particle does not interact with itself. This is actually the opposite of the first Abraham–Lorentz proposal. |
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