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Vulnerability and care theory of love No-self theory Vulnerability_and_care_theory_of_love > Notable ideas > No-self theory That is, it eliminates the idea of personal identity altogether. He allows that we are sometimes aware of psychological and emotional states that seem to give immediate awareness of self. He argue... |
P versus NP problem Polynomial-time algorithms P_vs_NP > Polynomial-time algorithms It correctly accepts the NP-complete language SUBSET-SUM. It runs in polynomial time on inputs that are in SUBSET-SUM if and only if P = NP: // Algorithm that accepts the NP-complete language SUBSET-SUM. // // this is a polynomial-time ... |
Memristor Memistor and memtransistor Memristor > Derivative devices > Memistor and memtransistor The memistor and memtransistor are transistor based devices which include memristor function. |
Juan Pavón Agent-based social simulation Juan_Pavón > Work > Agent-based social simulation The level of maturity reached by the INGENIAS framework and related tools, mainly INGENME, in its application to Software Agents, allowed the GRASIA group to consider its application to other domains. Agent-based simulation has b... |
Congestion game Computing an equilibrium in unweighted CGs Congestion_game > Computing a pure Nash equilibrium > Computing an equilibrium in unweighted CGs It also implies that finding a Nash equilibrium reachable from a specified state is PSPACE-complete. Every problem in the class PLS can be presented as a game whose... |
Applied Element Method Automatic element contact/collision Applied_Element_Method > Technical discussion > Automatic element contact/collision Contact or collision is detected without any user intervention. Elements are able to separate, contract and/or make contact with other elements. In AEM three contact methods inc... |
Claude Berrou Key research activities Claude_Berrou > Key research activities His current research activities are now concentrated on the application and extension of the turbo technology in various domains, including his research on artificial thinking, because turbo decoding has been recognized as a new instance of t... |
Discrete log problem Modular arithmetic Discrete_Logarithm > Examples > Modular arithmetic For example, consider the equation 3k ≡ 13 (mod 17) for k. From the example above, one solution is k = 4, but it is not the only solution. Since 316 ≡ 1 (mod 17)—as follows from Fermat's little theorem—it also follows that if n i... |
Mathematical ring Category-theoretic description Ring_(mathematics) > Category-theoretic description Consider those endomorphisms of A, that "factor through" right (or left) multiplication of R. In other words, let EndR(A) be the set of all morphisms m of A, having the property that m(r ⋅ x) = r ⋅ m(x). It was seen tha... |
LTI system theory Impulse response and convolution LTI_system > Continuous-time systems > Impulse response and convolution Then a continuous-time system transforms an input function, { x } , {\textstyle \{x\},} into an output function, { y } {\textstyle \{y\}} . And in general, every value of the output can depend on e... |
Flow density Transport fluxes Photon_flux > Flux as flow rate per unit area > Transport fluxes (Fick's law of diffusion) Volumetric flux, the rate of volume flow across a unit area (m3·m−2·s−1). (Darcy's law of groundwater flow) Mass flux, the rate of mass flow across a unit area (kg·m−2·s−1). (Either an alternate form... |
Phosphotungstic acid Catalyst Phosphotungstic_acid > Uses > Catalyst In common with the other heteropolyacids phosphotungstic acid is a catalyst and its high acidity and thermal stability make it a catalyst of choice according to some researchers. It is in solution as a homogeneous catalyst, and as a heterogeneous cata... |
Cross-validation (statistics) Example: linear regression Cross-validation_(statistics) > Motivation > Example: linear regression Thus, a fitted model and computed MSE on the training set will result in an optimistically biased assessment of how well the model will fit an independent data set. This biased estimate is ca... |
Kinetic Inhibitor Uses Kinetic_Inhibitor > Uses These inhibitors chemically retard the formation of clathrate hydrates. Dosage of such inhibitors in the fluid is usually .3% to .5% by weight of the fluid, compared to 10% to 50% by weight for thermodynamic inhibitors for prevention of clathrate formation. Due to this an... |
Multielectron atom Formation Ancient_atom > Origin and current state > Formation Electrons are thought to exist in the Universe since early stages of the Big Bang. Atomic nuclei forms in nucleosynthesis reactions. In about three minutes Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced most of the helium, lithium, and deuterium in the... |
Greedy heuristic Examples Greedy_search > Examples In decision tree learning, greedy algorithms are commonly used, however they are not guaranteed to find the optimal solution. One popular such algorithm is the ID3 algorithm for decision tree construction. Dijkstra's algorithm and the related A* search algorithm are ve... |
Processor core Instruction-level parallelism Central_Processing_Unit > Structure and implementation > Parallelism > Instruction-level parallelism Most of the difficulty in the design of a superscalar CPU architecture lies in creating an effective dispatcher. The dispatcher needs to be able to quickly determine whether ... |
Experimenter bias Summary Observer_bias Observer bias is especially probable when the investigator or researcher has vested interests in the outcome of the research or has strong preconceptions. Coupled with ambiguous underlying data and a subjective scoring method, these three factors contribute heavily to the inciden... |
Nuclear fusion power Deuterium D-T_reaction > Fuels > Deuterium Assuming complete tritium burn-up, the reduction in the fraction of fusion energy carried by neutrons would be only about 18%, so that the primary advantage of the D-D fuel cycle is that tritium breeding is not required. Other advantages are independence f... |
Cache algorithm LFU with dynamic aging (LFUDA) Cache_replacement_policies > Policies > Simple frequency-based policies > LFU with dynamic aging (LFUDA) Suppose when an object was frequently accessed in the past and now it becomes unpopular, it will remain in the cache for a long time thereby preventing the newly or les... |
Fat embolism syndrome Treatment Fat_embolism_syndrome > Treatment Once FES develops, the person should be admitted into intensive care unit (ICU), preferably with central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring. CVP monitoring would be helpful to guide the volume resuscitation. Supportive treatment is the only proven treatmen... |
Advanced Inertial Reference Sphere Details Advanced_Inertial_Reference_Sphere > Details AIRS is a Fluid-suspended gyrostabilized platform system, as opposed to one using a Gimballed gyrostabilized platform. It consists of a beryllium sphere floating in fluid. Jet nozzles are used to stabilize the inertial platform as c... |
Tantalum capacitor Uses Tantalum_electrolytic_capacitor > Additional information > Uses The low leakage and high capacity of tantalum capacitors favor their use in sample and hold circuits to achieve long hold duration, and some long duration timing circuits where precise timing is not critical. They are also often use... |
Pearson's correlation coefficient Geometric interpretation Pearson_coefficient > Interpretation > Geometric interpretation As an example, suppose five countries are found to have gross national products of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 billion dollars, respectively. Suppose these same five countries (in the same order) are found t... |
History of the Haber process A pressing need History_of_the_Haber_process > A pressing need After several tests, Bosch concluded the ammonia came from the device itself, not the atmosphere. Ostwald challenged this conclusion, but conceded when Bosch offered proof.In 1901, Henry Le Chatelier managed to synthesize ammoni... |
Localization-protected quantum order Localization-protected topological order Localization-protected_quantum_order > Localization-protected topological order The topological order is destroyed in equilibrium at any finite temperature due to fluctuating vortices--- however, these can get localized by disorder, enabling ... |
Diagrammatic algebra Algebra as a branch of mathematics Diagrammatic_algebra > Algebra as a branch of mathematics Even though some methods, which had been developed much earlier, may be considered nowadays as algebra, the emergence of algebra and, soon thereafter, of infinitesimal calculus as subfields of mathematics o... |
Infographic Time-series Information_graphics > Data visualization > Time-series It is an interactive line chart that shows percentage changes for a collection of time-series data based on a selected index point. For example, stock investors could use this because they are less concerned with the specific price and more... |
Volumetric analysis Zeta potential titration Volumetric_analysis > Types of titrations > Zeta potential titration Zeta potential titrations are titrations in which the completion is monitored by the zeta potential, rather than by an indicator, in order to characterize heterogeneous systems, such as colloids. One of the... |
Totivirus Life cycle Totivirus > Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by virus remains intracellular. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. |
Heat shock protein 47 Summary Heat_shock_protein_47 Heat shock protein 47, also known as SERPINH1 is a serpin which serves as a human chaperone protein for collagen. |
Feature-oriented programming AHEAD Feature-oriented_programming > AHEAD In a product line of parsers, for example, a base parser f is defined by its grammar gf, Java source sf, and documentation df. Parser f is modeled by the tuple f=. Each program representation may have subrepresentations, and they too may have subre... |
Chiral fermions Mathematical definition Majorana–Weyl_fermion > Mathematical definition The space of spinors is formally defined as the fundamental representation of the Clifford algebra. (This may or may not decompose into irreducible representations.) The space of spinors may also be defined as a spin representation ... |
Holographic principle Black hole entropy Holographic_entropy_bound > Black hole entropy This means that black holes would not only absorb photons, but they would also have to emit them in the right amount to maintain detailed balance. Time-independent solutions to field equations do not emit radiation, because a time-i... |
Aluminium electrolytic capacitor Charge/discharge stability Aluminium_electrolytic_capacitor > Electrical parameters > Charge/discharge stability Aluminum electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolytes always contain, in addition to the anode foil, a cathode foil that serves as electrical contact to the electrolyt... |
Accelerated life testing Acceleration Factors Accelerated_life_testing > Acceleration Factors Inference from the results of an accelerated life test requires being able to relate the test object's response (lifespan, corrosion, efficiency, etc...) to the levels of applied stress factors over time. How one factors in th... |
Hjulström curve Summary Hjulström_curve The graph takes sediment particle size and water velocity into account.The upper curve shows the critical erosion velocity in cm/s as a function of particle size in mm, while the lower curve shows the deposition velocity as a function of particle size. Note that the axes are loga... |
Subsonic flight Branches of aerodynamics Subsonic_flight > Branches of aerodynamics Aerodynamicists disagree over the precise definition of hypersonic flow; a rough definition considers flows with Mach numbers above 5 to be hypersonic.The influence of viscosity on the flow dictates a third classification. Some problems... |
Medical ethics COVID-19 Medical_ethics > History > COVID-19 Drawbacks of these practices include resource-wasting and public confusion surrounding the use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as treatment for COVID-19 — a combination which was later shown to have no impact on COVID-19 survivorship and carried notable... |
Bluestein's FFT algorithm z-transforms Bluestein's_FFT_algorithm > z-transforms Bluestein's algorithm can also be used to compute a more general transform based on the (unilateral) z-transform (Rabiner et al., 1969). In particular, it can compute any transform of the form: X k = ∑ n = 0 N − 1 x n z n k k = 0 , … , M − ... |
Stirling engines Theory Stirling_Cryocooler > Theory The idealised Stirling cycle consists of four thermodynamic processes acting on the working fluid: Isothermal expansion. The expansion-space and associated heat exchanger are maintained at a constant high temperature, and the gas undergoes near-isothermal expansion a... |
Vendor bid analysis Summary Vendor_bid_analysis Vendor Bid Analysis (Vendor analysis) is a technique used to figure out the cost of a project by comparing the bids submitted by many suppliers. This can be accomplished by considering the costs (via quotes, bids, proposals, etc.) presented for project work. By using a se... |
AnoNet How it works AnoNet > How it works It is impossible on the Internet to communicate with another host without knowing its IP address. Thus, the anoNet realizes that you will be known to your peer, along with the subnet mask used for communicating with them. A routing protocol, BGP, allows any node to advertise an... |
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Treatment Kaposi’s_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirus > Treatment Comparing to other immunotherapies, therapies targeting the anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been a great success. Because of KSHV infection, the monocytes increase the ... |
Complex-base system Summary Complex-base_system In arithmetic, a complex-base system is a positional numeral system whose radix is an imaginary (proposed by Donald Knuth in 1955) or complex number (proposed by S. Khmelnik in 1964 and Walter F. Penney in 1965). |
Group insurance Summary Group_insurance Group insurance is an insurance that covers a group of people, for example the members of a society or professional association, or the employees of a particular employer for the purpose of taking insurance. Group coverage can help reduce the problem of adverse selection by creat... |
Geometric drawing General references Geometric_drawing > General references Sociedade Brasileira de Matemática. ISBN 85-85818-07-7. Martin, George E (December 1997). |
Polysulfone Structure-property relationship Polysulfone > Properties > Structure-property relationship Poly(aryl ether sulfone)s are composed of aromatic groups, ether groups and sulfonyl groups. For a comparison of the properties of individual constituents poly(phenylene sulfone) can serve as an example, which consist... |
Military simulation Political-military simulations Virtual_battlefield > Political-military simulations Navy (with the Royal Navy as the projected adversary).Political-military simulations take a different approach to their purely military counterparts. Since they are largely concerned with policy issues rather than ba... |
Clinically isolated syndrome Summary Clinically_isolated_syndrome A clinically definitive diagnosis of MS is made once an MRI detects lesions in the brain, consistent with those typical of MS. Other diagnostics include cerebrospinal fluid analysis and evoked response testing.Currently it is considered that the best pre... |
Fourier sine series Fourier's motivation Fourier_coefficient > History > Fourier's motivation While our example function s ( x ) {\displaystyle s(x)} seems to have a needlessly complicated Fourier series, the heat distribution T ( x , y ) {\displaystyle T(x,y)} is nontrivial. The function T {\displaystyle T} cannot be ... |
Cache hit Prefetch Cache_(computing) > Operation > Prefetch Caches with a prefetch input queue or more general anticipatory paging policy go further—they not only read the chunk requested, but guess that the next chunk or two will soon be required, and so prefetch that data into the cache ahead of time. Anticipatory pa... |
Radial valve gear Purpose Radial_valve_gear > Purpose A further benefit may be obtained by admitting the steam to the cylinder slightly before front or back dead centre. This advanced admission (also known as lead steam) assists in cushioning the inertia of the motion at high speed. |
Mathematical anti-realism Intuitionism Mathematical_anti-realism > Contemporary schools of thought > Intuitionism The axiom of choice is also rejected in most intuitionistic set theories, though in some versions it is accepted. In intuitionism, the term "explicit construction" is not cleanly defined, and that has led t... |
Admissible procedure Generalized Bayes rules Admissible_decision_rule > Bayes rules and generalized Bayes rules > Generalized Bayes rules ). Roughly speaking, δ {\displaystyle \delta \,\!} minimizes this expectation of expected loss (i.e., is a Bayes rule) if and only if it minimizes the expected loss for each x ∈ X {\... |
Charles Sanders Peirce Scientific method Logic_of_relatives > Philosophy > Pragmatism > Theory of inquiry > Scientific method Demonstration: Deductive Argumentation, Euclidean in procedure. Explicit deduction of consequences of the hypothesis as predictions about evidence to be found. Corollarial or, if needed, Theorem... |
Equation of motion Types Equations_of_motion > Types Sometimes, the equation will be linear and is more likely to be exactly solvable. In general, the equation will be non-linear, and cannot be solved exactly so a variety of approximations must be used. The solutions to nonlinear equations may show chaotic behavior dep... |
Feature-oriented programming History Feature-oriented_programming > History FOSD has since evolved into the study of feature modularity, tools, analyses, and design techniques to support feature-based program generation. The second generation of FOSD research was on feature interactions, which originated in telecommuni... |
Molar enthalpy Summary Enthalpy_change In thermodynamics, enthalpy , is the sum of a thermodynamic system's internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume. It is a state function used in many measurements in chemical, biological, and physical systems at a constant pressure, which is conveniently provided by... |
Reed–Frost model Description Reed–Frost_model > Description These conditions remain constant during the epidemic.The following parameters are set initially: Size of the population Number of individuals already immune Number of cases (usually set at 1) Probability of adequate contactWith this information, a simple formu... |
Geographical distance Flat-surface formulae Geographic_distance > Flat-surface formulae A planar approximation for the surface of the earth may be useful over small distances. The accuracy of distance calculations using this approximation become increasingly inaccurate as: The separation between the points becomes grea... |
Final anthropic principle Reception Omega_point_(Tipler) > The Omega Point cosmology > Reception Researcher Anders Sandberg pointed out that he believes that the Omega Point Theory has many flaws, including missing proofs of its claims.Tipler's Omega Point ideas have received vigorous criticism by physicists and skepti... |
Ecthyma gangrenosum Mechanism Ecthyma_gangrenosum > Mechanism The organism enters directly through the breakdown of mechanical defense barriers such as mucosa or skin. Conditions which lead to the development of an immunocompromised state make the patient more susceptible to ecthyma gangrenosum and sepsis. In case of s... |
Mobile computer Limitations Portable_electronics > Limitations Security is a major concern while concerning the mobile computing standards on the fleet. One can easily attack the VPN through a huge number of networks interconnected through the line. Power consumption: When a power outlet or portable generator is not av... |
Close coupled field technology Summary Close_coupled_field_technology Close coupled field technology (CCFT) is an air sterilization process that kills a high percentage of microbes, bacteria (including bacterial endospores), viruses, germs, mold spores, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), fungal air contaminants, and ch... |
Genetic mutation theory of aging DNA damage and mutation Genetic_mutation_theory_of_aging > DNA damage and mutation To understand the DNA damage theory of aging it is important to distinguish between DNA damage and mutation, the two major types of errors that occur in DNA. Damage and mutation are fundamentally differen... |
Unit ring Hilbert Ring_object > History > Hilbert The term "Zahlring" (number ring) was coined by David Hilbert in 1892 and published in 1897. In 19th century German, the word "Ring" could mean "association", which is still used today in English in a limited sense (for example, spy ring), so if that were the etymology ... |
General surgery Colorectal surgery General_surgery > Scope > Colorectal surgery General surgeons treat a wide variety of major and minor colon and rectal diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease), diverticulitis, colon and rectal cancer, gastrointestinal bleeding and... |
Supervised Machine Learning How supervised learning algorithms work Supervised_learning > How supervised learning algorithms work There are two basic approaches to choosing f {\displaystyle f} or g {\displaystyle g}: empirical risk minimization and structural risk minimization. Empirical risk minimization seeks the fun... |
Quadratic reciprocity law Connection with cyclotomic fields Quadratic_Reciprocity > Connection with cyclotomic fields This proof served as a template for class field theory, which can be viewed as a vast generalization of quadratic reciprocity. Robert Langlands formulated the Langlands program, which gives a conjectura... |
Flexible wing Advanced concepts Flexible_wing > Advanced concepts Current challenges are centred around deforming the material to manipulate aerodynamic loads without exceeding the materials elastic limit.The key benefits of flexible aerofoils are the reductions in aerodynamic drag. Current flight control mechanisms op... |
Constructive set theory Separation Constructive_set_theory > Subtheories of ZF > BCST > Separation In terms of this terminology, the collection of proof values can a priori be understood to be rich. Unsurprisingly, decidable propositions have one of a binary set of truth values. The axiom schema of Predicative Separati... |
AdS/CFT correspondence Nuclear physics AdS/CFT_duality > Applications to quantum field theory > Nuclear physics In addition, the authors conjectured that this universal constant provides a lower bound for η / s {\displaystyle \eta /s} in a large class of systems. In 2008, the predicted value of this ratio for the quark... |
Thyroid hormones Mechanism of action Thyroid_hormone_synthesis > Mechanism of action The thyroid hormones function via a well-studied set of nuclear receptors, termed the thyroid hormone receptors. These receptors, together with corepressor molecules, bind DNA regions called thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) nea... |
Occupational lung disease Coal dust Occupational_lung_disease > Occupational environmental exposure > Coal dust Exposure to coal dust is the cause of coalworker's pneumoconiosis, also called "black lung disease", is an interstitial lung disease caused by long-term exposure (over 10 years) to coal dust. Symptoms include... |
Collimator Summary Collimating_lens A collimator is a device which narrows a beam of particles or waves. To narrow can mean either to cause the directions of motion to become more aligned in a specific direction (i.e., make collimated light or parallel rays), or to cause the spatial cross section of the beam to become ... |
History of scientific method Charles Sanders Peirce History_of_scientific_method > Integrating deductive and inductive method > Charles Sanders Peirce In the late 19th century, Charles Sanders Peirce proposed a schema that would turn out to have considerable influence in the further development of scientific method gen... |
Indeterminacy in concurrent computation Summary Indeterminacy_in_concurrent_computation Indeterminacy in concurrent computation is concerned with the effects of indeterminacy in concurrent computation. Computation is an area in which indeterminacy is becoming increasingly important because of the massive increase in co... |
Inverted ligand field theory Experimental Inverted_ligand_field_theory > Probing inverted ligand fields > Experimental X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been a powerful tool in deducing the oxidation states of transition metals. Energy shifts in XAS are higher due to the higher effective nuclear charge of atoms i... |
Syndemic Mathematical modelling Syndemic > Mathematical modelling A mathematical model is a simplified representation using mathematical language to describe natural, mechanical or social system dynamics. Epidemiological modelers unite several types of information and analytic capacity, including: 1) mathematical equat... |
Transition metal phosphine complex Complexes of other organophosphorus ligands Metal-phosphine_complex > Complexes of other organophosphorus ligands The popularity and usefulness of phosphine complexes has led to the popularization of complexes of many related organophosphorus ligands. Complexes of arsines have also be... |
Autograph collecting Duplication, forging and authentication Autograph_collecting > Duplication, forging and authentication Autograph collectors enjoy assembling signed historical documents, letters, or objects as a way of capturing a piece of history. However, forgers seek to profit by selling forged items. Sometimes ... |
Insect flight Hovering Insect_flight > Mechanisms > Hovering The wings of most insects are evolved so that, during the upward stroke, the force on the wing is small. Since the downbeat and return stroke force the insect up and down respectively, the insect oscillates and winds up staying in the same position.The distan... |
Protein misfolding disease Summary Proteinopathy In medicine, proteinopathy (; -pathy ; proteinopathies pl. ; proteinopathic adj), or proteopathy, protein conformational disorder, or protein misfolding disease, is a class of diseases in which certain proteins become structurally abnormal, and thereby disrupt the functi... |
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations Summary Reynolds-averaged_Navier–Stokes_equations The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS equations) are time-averaged equations of motion for fluid flow. The idea behind the equations is Reynolds decomposition, whereby an instantaneous quantity is decomposed into i... |
Slowly varying function Examples Slowly_varying_function > Examples If L is a measurable function and has a limit lim x → ∞ L ( x ) = b ∈ ( 0 , ∞ ) , {\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }L(x)=b\in (0,\infty ),} then L is a slowly varying function.For any β ∈ R, the function L(x) = log β x is slowly varying. The function ... |
Aluminum electrolytic capacitor Impedance Aluminium_electrolytic_capacitor > Electrical parameters > Impedance In other words, impedance is a frequency-dependent AC resistance and possesses both magnitude and phase at a particular frequency. In capacitor data sheets, only the impedance magnitude |Z| is specified, and s... |
Categorical distribution Formulating distributions Categorical_distribution > Formulating distributions A categorical distribution is a discrete probability distribution whose sample space is the set of k individually identified items. It is the generalization of the Bernoulli distribution for a categorical random vari... |
Bacterial morphological plasticity Bimodal effect Bacterial_morphological_plasticity > Environmental cues > Bimodal effect The EPS-producing planktonic bacteria typically develop subpopulations of single cells and microcolonies that are embedded in an EPS matrix. The larger microcolonies are also protected from flagell... |
Mottle Summary Mottle Mottle is a pattern of irregular marks, spots, streaks, blotches or patches of different shades or colours. It is commonly used to describe the surface of plants or the skin of animals. In plants, mottling usually consists of yellowish spots on plants, and is usually a sign of disease or malnutrit... |
Cancer of unknown primary Diagnosis Cancer_of_unknown_primary > Diagnosis In patients in whom the primary cancer is eventually found, the lung and pancreas are the most common primary cancer sites. CUP also may be traced to the breast, prostate, colon, or rectum as the primary site.Sometimes, however, even when doctors... |
Chlorine dioxide Structure and bonding Chlorine_dioxide > Structure and bonding The three-electron bond represents a bond that is weaker than the double bond. In molecular orbital theory this idea is commonplace if the third electron is placed in an anti-bonding orbital. Later work has confirmed that the highest occupi... |
Sine–Gordon equation Regimes of renormalizability Sine-Gordon_model > Quantum sine-Gordon model > Regimes of renormalizability For different values of the parameter β 2 {\displaystyle \beta ^{2}} , the renormalizability properties of the sine-Gordon theory change. The identification of these regimes is attributed to Jü... |
Stopping power (particle radiation) Electronic, nuclear and radiative stopping Stopping_power_(particle_radiation) > Electronic, nuclear and radiative stopping Electronic stopping refers to the slowing down of a projectile ion due to the inelastic collisions between bound electrons in the medium and the ion moving thro... |
Wacker oxidation Historical mechanistic studies Wacker_oxidation > Reaction mechanism > Historical mechanistic studies Finally, an ab initio study by Comas-Vives, et al. involving no copper co-catalyst found anti-addition was the preferred pathway. This pathway was later confirmed by copper-free experiments by Anderson... |
Swept wings Sweep theory Wing_sweep > Aerodynamic design > Sweep theory If we were to begin to slide the wing sideways (spanwise), the sideways motion of the wing relative to the air would be added to the previously perpendicular airflow, resulting in an airflow over the wing at an angle to the leading edge. This angle... |
Light-front computational methods Renormalization group Light-front_computational_methods > Renormalization group Suppose that T {\displaystyle T} has a fixed point. If one starts the procedure at this point, an infinitely long sequence of reductions of the cutoff by factors of two changes nothing in the structure of t... |
Heisenberg uncertainty relation Systematic and statistical errors Uncertainty_Principle > Additional uncertainty relations > Systematic and statistical errors It was not proposed by Heisenberg, but formulated in a mathematically consistent way only in recent years. Also, it must be stressed that the Heisenberg formulat... |
Bäcklund transform Summary Bäcklund_transform In mathematics, Bäcklund transforms or Bäcklund transformations (named after the Swedish mathematician Albert Victor Bäcklund) relate partial differential equations and their solutions. They are an important tool in soliton theory and integrable systems. A Bäcklund transfor... |
HTTP Header Injection Summary HTTP_Header_Injection HTTP header injection is a general class of web application security vulnerability which occurs when Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) headers are dynamically generated based on user input. Header injection in HTTP responses can allow for HTTP response splitting, ses... |
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