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3,300 | Let 's Get Crazy is a pop song by American singer songwriter and actress Miley Cyrus , performing as Hannah Montana the alter ego of Miley Stewart a character she played on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana . It was released to Radio Disney on January 19 , 2009 as promotion for Hannah Montana The Movie and its soundtrack . The song is also included on the Hannah Montana 3 soundtrack . A karaoke version is available in Disney 's Karaoke Series Hannah Montana 3 . The song is musically pop rock and synthpop based . Lyrically , the track speaks about having fun and cutting loose . The song received critical success and garnered average commercial outcomes for Cyrus in several countries , compared to those of her previous efforts as Montana . This includes Canada and the United States . The song reached its highest international peak in the Canadian Hot 100 , at number twenty six . It therefore became Cyrus ' highest charting song in Canada , as Montana . The song never received an official music video , but three promotional music video were , of which two aired on Disney Channel . Cyrus promoted the song through several venues , including a performance on her second headlining tour , the Wonder World Tour . Background The song is associated with dance rock , pop rock and teen pop with a slight country twang . Electric guitars and synths are also used . Near the start , the song begins to make a beat of paparazzi 's flashbulbs . It is set in common time with a moderated tempo of 120 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of A minor . Cyrus ' vocals span two octaves , from A3 to C5 . The song has the following chord progression , A5 C5 D5 . The song was written by Colleen Fitzpatrick known as Vitamin C , Michael unk , Dave Derby , Michael unk Smith , Stefanie Ridel , Mim Nervo and Liv Nervo . The song 's lyrics center around a party and having fun , once referencing to leading a double life with , You see me on the cover of your magazines , things are always different than the way they seem . Critical reception The song received generally positive reviews from critics . Warren Truitt of About.com stated Let 's Get Crazy was a mirror of Gwen Stefani 's musical style . Allmusic reviewer Heather Phares described the song negatively , as a fizzy caricature of pop , drawing away from the original musical influences by Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , and Avril Lavigne . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly stated that the song was a demographic because of it is electric guitar heavy confection . Owen Gleiberman , also from Entertainment Weekly drew attention to the line Everyone can rock out like a superstar , saying it was her mantra . Gleiberman added that the song a freeze dried version of Avril Lavigne . When reviewing Cyrus ' Wonder World Tour , Jim Harrington , writing for The Oakland Tribune , described Let 's Get Crazy as fun . Chart performance The song received mediocre airplay due to it not being released for mainstream radio and only Radio Disney . However , the song debuted at number thirty three on Hot Digital Songs which led to it making into the Billboard Hot 100 , for the week ending April 11 , 2009 . The song debuted and peaked at number fifty seven in the Hot 100 and spent a total of three non consecutive weeks on the chart . On the same week , the song debuted and peaked at number twenty six in the Canadian Hot 100 due to its number eleven position on Hot Canadian Digital Singles , becoming Cyrus ' highest charting effort in Canada credited to Hannah Montana . The song then ascended and descended several times until falling off the chart for the week ending May 9 . Music video The song 's first promotional music video , directed by Peter Chelsom , is an excerpt from Hannah Montana The Movie that was premiered on Disney Channel on January 19 , 2009 . The video begins with Montana entering Lilly Truscott 's , portrayed by Emily Osment , Sweet sixteen at the Santa Monica Pier . Montana is attempting to explain the scenario to Osment 's character , saying , I 'll make it up to you , I promise . Then Truscott ( Osment ) says , You will never make this up to me . Montana is being overwhelmed by fans , which proceed to lift her to a stage and perform the song . Throughout most of the video Cyrus ' character performs the song with background dancers , a band , and Steve Rushton on the electric guitar . In the conclusion , Rico Suave , portrayed by Moises Arias , emerges from a massive birthday cake that explodes on the crowd . A second promotional music video for Let 's Get Crazy was filmed as promotion for the soundtrack . The video was released in March 2009 on Disney.com and features Cyrus singing in a recording studio . It was a part of a series of promotional videos entitled The Miley Sessions . Live performances Cyrus , dressed as Montana , premiered Let 's Get Crazy , along with eight other songs , at the concert taping for the third season of Hannah Montana , which was set on October 10 in Irvine , California at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheatre . The performance began with Montana , in a T shirt with a pink star , zebra patterned skirt , tennis shoes and metallic jacket , coming out from behind a giant mirror ball . She then roamed the stage singing the number . The performance was later premiered on July 1 , 2009 on Disney Channel to promote Hannah Montana 3 . unk by Fly on the Wall and succeeded by Hoedown Throwdown , Let 's Get Crazy is one of the songs on the set list of Cyrus ' second headlining concert tour , the Wonder World Tour . The song is one of two Hannah Montana songs that she performed as herself . The performance featured Cyrus wearing white tutu like dress and an Asian culture themed video playing on a couple of overhead screens . Charts
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3,301 | The Manipuri pony is a breed of pony developed in India . Experts disagree on its exact origin , although they do agree that it is an ancient breed , possibly developed from either the Tibetan pony or a cross between the Mongolian Wild Horse and the Arabian . First mentioned in written chronicles in 1584 , Manipuri ponies were used as cavalry horses throughout the 17th and 18th centuries . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , they were in demand by the British for use as polo ponies . Breed numbers have dwindled , however , mainly due to exports , and today the population is very low . In 2007 , a genetic study was conducted on the Manipuri and four other Indian equine breeds . The Manipuri was shown to be genetically close to three other Indian pony breeds , but genetically more distant from the Marwari , the sole Indian horse breed in the study . The Manipuri pony was originally bred for polo and military usage , and today is bred mainly for playing polo and racing , although it is also in demand for military transport use . Breed characteristics The Manipuri breed has a light head with a straight profile , set on a well formed neck , somewhat pronounced withers , a deep chest and sloping shoulders . The croup is sloping , the legs sturdy and the hooves well proportioned . The breed 's overall appearance is elegant , an inheritance from their Arabian ancestors . Manipuri ponies generally stand 11 to 13 hands ( 44 to 52 inches , 112 to 132 cm ) high . They are often bay in color , but can also be pinto , gray and chestnut . Because of the short height of the ponies , riders use shortened mallets while playing polo . The Manipuri pony resembles , and is distantly related to , the Burmese Pony and the Indonesian Batak and Sumba ponies . In 2007 , a study was published that examined genetic variation among five Indian equine breeds the Manipuri , Marwari , Spiti , Bhutia , and unk . Based on analysis of microsatellite DNA , the Manipuri was found to have the greatest genetic distance from the Marwari , and a much closer genetic distance to the other three breeds . The distance from the Marwari was not only genetic , but seen in physical characteristics , particularly height and environmental adaptability . The physical differences were attributed to differing ancestries the Marwari horse is closely associated with the Arabian , while the four other breeds are thought to have descended at least in part from the Tibetan pony . None of the breeds in the study were found to be closely genetically associated with the Thoroughbred . History Sources disagree as to the exact origins of the Manipuri pony , although all agree that it was derived from ancient stock . One source gives the ancestors of the pony as Tibetan ponies brought into India over a thousand years ago , while another states their origins to be a cross between the Mongolian Wild Horse and the Arabian , brought to India by invading Tartar tribes , who also brought the equestrian game of polo . Manipuri ponies have been bred for centuries in the Manipur area of northeast India . The first written mention of the breed dates to a brief statement in the 1584 Manipur Royal Chronicle . By the early 1600s , the breed was mentioned frequently in Manipur literature . They were often used as cavalry horses , and were ridden by unk warriors . Manipuri ponies played a major part in the cavalry commanded by unk unk , whose horsemen terrorized upper Burma throughout the early 1700s and in 1738 were used during his Sack of Sagaing . Between 1859 and 1916 , Manipuri ponies were extremely desired by the British for playing polo , and there were further infusions of Arabian blood in the 19th century , as British administrators and military officers sought to upgrade their polo ponies . The height of polo horses was initially restricted to 13 hands ( 52 inches , 132 cm ) , based on the average height of the Manipuri , and although this restriction was later relaxed to 14 hands ( 56 inches , 142 cm ) and then removed altogether , demand for unk was so high that the area was drained of them . At one point during this period , the export of ponies from Manipur was banned to allow the breed time to increase in number to a viable level . unk were also used to transport British troops into Burma throughout World War II . In 1977 , the Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association was established to promote the Manipuri pony breed and the game of polo . In recent years , breed numbers have decreased , and estimates place the breed at somewhere between 2 , 300 and 1 , 000 in population in the 21st century . Population numbers continue to dwindle in part due to high numbers of ponies being smuggled into Myanmar ( Burma ) , where the breed is in demand , after either having been purchased or stolen from their Indian owners . In 2005 , a heritage park was begun by the Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association with the goal of preventing the extinction of the breed and promoting them to tourists . Uses Polo was introduced into the area of Manipur state as early as the seventh century , and Manipuri ponies were one of the first breeds used in the game . The British learned of polo during the 19th century while watching it played on Manipuri ponies in India . The breed is still used for polo today in India , but other breeds are more popular in Europe and America . Manipuri ponies are often also used to play unk unk , a version of polo believed to be close to what was originally played when the sport was invented . unk unk is more demanding than modern polo , as ponies are used for the entire match instead of being changed between periods . Manipuri ponies are also used for racing . During their early history , they were in demand as cavalry horses , and men that rode these ponies were thought well mounted . They continue to be in demand for military uses .
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3,302 | HNoMS Mjlner was the fourth of five ships of the John Ericsson class monitors built for the Royal Swedish Navy and the Royal Norwegian Navy in the mid 1860s . Impressed by the use of ironclads during the American Civil War , the design was based on that of the USS Monitor . They were designed under the supervision of the Swedish born inventor , John Ericsson coincidentally , designer of the Monitor , and built in Sweden . Mjlner was delivered in 1868 and ran aground the following year , although she was not seriously damaged . The ship was reconstructed in 1897 and given modern breech loading guns . Mjlner was sold for scrap in 1909 . Design and description The John Ericsson class ironclads were designed to meet the need of the Swedish and Norwegian Navies for small , shallow draft armored ships capable of defending their coastal waters . The standoff between the USS Monitor and the much larger CSS Virginia during the Battle of Hampton Roads in , early 1862 , roused much interest in Sweden in this new type of warship , as it seemed ideal for coastal defense duties . John Ericsson , designer and builder of the Monitor , born in Sweden although becoming an American citizen in 1848 offered to share his design with the Swedes . In response , they sent Lieutenant John Christian d 'Ailly to the United States to study monitor design and construction under Ericsson . D 'Ailly arrived in July 1862 and toured rolling mills , gun foundries , and visited several different ironclads under construction . He returned to Sweden in 1863 having completed the drawings of a Monitor type ship under Ericsson 's supervision . The ship measured 60 . 88 meters ( 199 ft 9 in ) long overall , with a beam of 13 . 54 meters ( 44 ft 5 in ) . She had a draft of 3 . 4 meters ( 11 ft 2 in ) and displaced 1 , 522 metric tons ( 1 , 498 long tons ) . Mjlner was divided into nine main compartments by eight watertight bulkheads . Over time a flying bridge and , later , a full superstructure , was added to each ship between the gun turret and the funnel . Initially her crew numbered 80 officers and men , but this increased to 104 as she was modified with additional weapons . Propulsion The John Ericsson class ships had one twin cylinder vibrating lever steam engines , designed by Ericsson himself , driving a single four bladed , 3 . 74 meter ( 12 ft 3 in ) propeller . Their engines were powered by four fire tube boilers at a working pressure of 40 psi ( 276 kPa 3 kgf cm2 ) . The engines produced a total of 380 indicated horsepower ( 280 kW ) which gave the monitors a maximum speed of 6 . 5 knots ( 12 . 0 km h 7 . 5 mph ) in calm waters . The ships carried 110 tonnes ( 110 long tons ) of coal , enough for six day 's steaming . Armament Mjlner was armed with a pair of Armstrong 270 millimeter ( 10 . 6 in ) rifled muzzle loading guns . Each gun was constructed of steel and weighed 18 . 5 long tons ( 18 . 8 t ) . The ship also carried a 80 millimeter ( 3 . 1 in ) gun . During Mjlner 's reconstruction in 1897 her gun turret was fixed in place and modified to serve as a barbette for her two new breech loading Cockerill 120 millimeter ( 5 in ) guns . She also received two 124 millimeter ( 4 . 9 in ) and 65 millimeter ( 2 . 6 in ) Cockerill guns mounted in her superstructure . In addition two 37 millimeter ( 1 . 5 in ) Hotchkiss 5 barrel revolving guns were mounted in the superstructure . They fired a shell weighing about 1 . 1 lb ( 0 . 50 kg ) at a muzzle velocity of about 2 , 000 ft s ( 610 m s ) . This gave them a range of about 3 , 500 yards ( 3 , 200 m ) . They had a rate of fire of about 30 rounds per minute Armor The John Ericsson class ships had a complete waterline armor belt of wrought iron that was 1 . 8 meters ( 5 ft 11 in ) high and 124 millimeters ( 4 . 9 in ) thick . The armor consisted of five plates backed by 91 millimeters ( 3 . 6 in ) of wood . The lower edge of this belt was 74 . 2 millimeters ( 2 . 9 in ) thick as it was only three plates thick . The maximum thickness of the armored deck was 24 . 7 millimeters ( 1 . 0 in ) in two layers . The gun turret 's armor consisted of twelve layers of iron , totalling 270 millimeters ( 10 . 6 in ) in thickness on the first four monitors . The inside of the turret was lined with mattresses to catch splinters . The base of the turret was protected with a 127 millimeter ( 5 . 0 in ) glacis , 520 millimeters ( 20 . 5 in ) high , and the turret 's roof was 127 millimeters thick . The conning tower was positioned on top of the turret and its sides were ten layers ( 250 millimeters ( 9 . 8 in ) ) thick . The funnel was protected by six layers of armor with a total thickness of 120 millimeters ( 4 . 7 in ) up to half its height . Service The Norwegians had built one monitor type ship of their own , Skorpionen , in 1865 , and laid down several others , but the Norwegian Parliament authorized construction of Mjlner in 1867 in Sweden at the cost of 1 , 102 , 000 Norwegian krone . She was launched in 1868 and completed on 7 September of that year . The ship ran aground at Krager on 21 June 1869 . Mjlner could not be pulled off the rocks until the ship 's ammunition , iron ballast and 120 long tons ( 120 t ) of coal were removed . Her repairs were completed on 7 July 1869 by the Royal Dockyard at Horten , at the cost of 5 , 000 krone . The court of inquiry found the ship 's commander and the pilot liable for the repairs , but the parliament released the two from their obligation two years later . She was visited by King Charles XV of Sweden on one occasion when visiting one of Sweden 's west coast ports in the early 1870s . Mjlner was laid up after her refit in 1897 , but was mobilized during 1905 when the personal union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved . She returned to reserve afterward before being sold for scrap in 1909 .
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3,303 | Aldimir ( Bulgarian unk ) or unk ( unk ) ( fl . 1280 1305 ) was a Bulgarian noble of the 13th 14th century . A member of the Terter dynasty and a younger brother of Tsar George I Terter , Aldimir was an influential local ruler as the despot of Kran . Aldimir rose to that position under his brother George , though as Smilets assumed the throne he was forced into exile . At the turn of the 14th century , Aldimir returned to Bulgaria as an ally of the regent widowed consort Smiltsena . He did not oppose the accession of his nephew Theodore Svetoslav and even assisted him in ousting his contenders . However , he was promptly eliminated by Theodore Svetoslav when he betrayed him to ally with the Byzantines . Under George I and Smiltsena Just like his brother George , Aldimir was of Cuman origin . Bulgarian historian Plamen Pavlov is of the opinion that Aldimir and George 's ancestors had sought refuge in Bulgaria after 1241 , when they left the Kingdom of Hungary amidst sedition . The brothers must have originated from the Cuman royal dynasty unk , and the ruler Kten was probably their relative or even direct ancestor . Pavlov also interprets Aldimir 's name as originating from the Cuman language expression for heated iron . Aldimir rose in importance with the accession of his older brother George ( r . 1280 1292 ) to the Bulgarian throne in 1280 . He must have been conferred the high noble title of despot during George 's reign , and American historian John Fine believes Aldimir was granted his appanage at that time . Pavlov , however , conjectures that Aldimir 's domain dates to 1298 , long after George 's reign . Unlike the neighbouring principality of Smilets at Kopsis , Aldimir remained loyal to the Bulgarian government and ensured that his domain retained its ties to the capital Tarnovo . Fine describes Aldimir 's lands as spanning the region from modern Sliven in the east to Kazanlak or Karlovo in the west , just south of the Balkan Mountains . His capital was the fortress of Kran in the Rose Valley . After George 's abdication in 1292 , Aldimir had to flee into exile . He may have followed his brother as a refugee in the Byzantine Empire , though he certainly settled in the Golden Horde not long thereafter . Perhaps with Tatar approval , Aldimir returned to Bulgaria in 1298 , after the reign of Smilets ( r . 1292 1298 ) was over and the empire was in the hands of the child Tsar Ivan II and his mother , the widow of Smilets tentatively known as Smiltsena . Aldimir pledged his loyalty to Smiltsena , who either granted him the domain south of the Balkan Mountains or restored him to his former appanage . To consolidate that union , Aldimir married Smiltsena 's daughter , the princess Maria , possibly in late 1298 . With Aldimir 's appointment as despot of Kran , Smiltsena ensured that his lands were better protected from Smilets ' brothers Radoslav and Voysil who , as migrs in Byzantium , held aspirations for the Bulgarian throne or at least their former domains . During Smiltsena 's regency , Aldimir was one of the most influential people in Bulgaria indeed , Byzantine statesman Theodore unk refers to the Scythian i.e. Cuman unk , as he calls Aldimir , as the queen 's right hand man . Aldimir 's leading position leaves little doubt that he was involved in the fruitless anti Byzantine negotiations between Bulgaria and Serbia in 1299 . Pavlov even goes as far as to suggest that the proposed anti Byzantine union was the brainchild of Aldimir . Under Theodore Svetoslav In 1299 , George 's son and Aldimir 's nephew Theodore Svetoslav ( r . 1300 1322 ) , the legitimate successor to the Bulgarian throne , invaded Bulgaria along with Tatar troops . The news of that invasion was enough to force Smiltsena and Ivan to flee to the despotate of Kran even before Theodore Svetoslav 's troops had reached the capital . Aldimir gave refuge to Smiltsena and Ivan , though he was clearly not opposed to his newly crowned nephew . In 1300 , Smilets ' brother sebastokrator Radoslav headed a Byzantine supported campaign against Aldimir en route to the capital . However , the attack had disastrous consequences to Radoslav . He was captured by Aldimir , blinded and forced back to Thessaloniki , while his Byzantine generals were sent as captives to Theodore Svetoslav . With this act , Aldimir pledged his allegiance to Theodore Svetoslav , who rewarded him with an extension to his appanage . The despotate of Kran was enlarged to the east to include the fortresses of Yambol and unk near today 's unk . While Aldimir was nominally loyal to Theodore Svetoslav , the presence of Smiltsena and Ivan at his court would have been seen by the Bulgarian emperor as a threat . In addition , Aldimir perhaps harboured a desire to accede to the throne himself . After Theodore Svetoslav 's victory over Byzantium at unk in 1304 , the Byzantines approached Aldimir with a proposal for an anti Bulgarian alliance . Aldimir initially remained adamant and was hostile to the Byzantine forces which entered his domain in 1305 . However , by the end of that year Aldimir had switched sides to the Byzantines , as Theodore Svetoslav took back the fortresses that he had granted to Aldimir . Shortly thereafter , Theodore Svetoslav restored his direct power over Kran by reconquering and annexing the appanage . Aldimir may have been murdered during this campaign , as no activity of his is mentioned in later sources . His widow Maria and his son Ivan Dragushin managed to escape to Serbia , where Maria 's sister , Theodora , was married to the prince Stephen Deanski . Having become a Serbian subject , Ivan Dragushin was installed by his first cousin King Stephen Duan as a local ruler in the region of Macedonia . Donor 's portraits of Maria and Ivan Dragushin exist in the unk Monastery near unk , where Ivan Dragushin was buried before 1340 .
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3,304 | No. 1 Elementary Flying Training School ( No. 1 EFTS ) was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) pilot training unit that operated during World War II . It was one of twelve elementary flying training schools employed by the RAAF to provide introductory flight instruction to new pilots as part of Australia 's contribution to the Empire Air Training Scheme . The unit was established in November 1939 as No. 2 Flying Training School at Melbourne , Victoria . It was relocated to Parafield , South Australia , in December 1939 and renamed No. 1 EFTS the following month . Training activities relocated to Tamworth , New South Wales , in May 1944 the school was disbanded in December that year . History Flying instruction in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) underwent major changes following the outbreak of World War II , in response to a vast increase in the number of aircrew volunteers and the commencement of Australia 's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) . The Air Force 's pre war pilot training facility , No. 1 Flying Training School at RAAF Station Point Cook , Victoria , was supplanted in 1940 41 by twelve elementary flying training schools ( EFTS ) and eight service flying training schools ( SFTS ) . The EFTS provided a twelve week introductory flying course to personnel who had graduated from one of the RAAF 's initial training schools . Flying training was undertaken in two stages the first involved four weeks of instruction ( including ten hours of flying ) to determine trainees ' suitability to become pilots . Those that passed this grading process then received a further eight weeks of training ( including sixty five hours of flying ) at the EFTS . Pilots who successfully completed this course were posted to an SFTS in either Australia or Canada for the next stage of their instruction as military aviators . No. 1 Elementary Flying Training School was formed as No. 2 Flying Training School in Melbourne on 6 November 1939 . Its inaugural commanding officer was Squadron Leader unk Wight . On 13 December , the school moved to Parafield , South Australia , after building work was completed there . Parafield was home to the South Australian Aero Club , and it was the airfield 's position as the hub of civilian flight instruction in the state that led to it becoming the base for the first flying school the RAAF raised during World War II . The same principle was followed in establishing No. 3 Flying Training School ( later renamed No. 2 Elementary Flying Training School ) at Archerfield , Queensland , No. 3 Elementary Flying Training School at Essendon , Victoria , and No. 4 Elementary Flying Training School at Mascot , New South Wales . No. 2 Flying Training School 's first thirteen de Havilland Gipsy Moth training aircraft were delivered to Parafield on 16 17 December 1939 . The unit was renamed No. 1 Elementary Flying Training School ( No. 1 EFTS ) on 2 January 1940 . The first eight week flying training course began on 8 January with twenty three students another joined a week later . According to the unit operations book , limited flying was possible owing to the number of available parachutes but , on 19 January , permission was granted to continue training without them until supplies were forthcoming . The second flying course began on 5 February . An instructor and his cadet were killed in a crash on 19 March . No. 1 EFTS 's complement of aircraft was augmented on 20 April with the arrival of six de Havilland Tiger Moths . The school 's inaugural EATS course , consisting of twenty four students , commenced on 29 April 1940 all but one of the students graduated . Five more Tiger Moths arrived on 25 June . On 22 July , three aircraft belonging to the South Australian Aero Club were pressed into service , and training by the club ceased . No. 1 EFTS received three CAC Wackett Trainers on 26 June 1941 . On 2 August 1941 , control of the school was transferred from Southern Area Command , which had been formed in March 1940 , to the newly established No. 1 ( Training ) Group . As of December 1942 , No.1 EFTS had 116 students under instruction a total of 1 , 184 trainees 81 air cadets and 1 , 043 EATS students had passed through the school . A year later No.1 EFTS had eighty five students under instruction and a total of 1 , 628 had passed through . No. 1 EFTS relocated to Tamworth , New South Wales , during 17 28 May 1944 , reportedly to allow for the expansion of civil aviation at Parafield . Training units in New South Wales came under the control of No. 2 ( Training ) Group . On 10 September , a student was killed when his Tiger Moth crashed south of Tamworth aerodrome . All flying training at No. 1 EFTS came to an end on 15 September , by which time a total of 1 , 991 students had passed through the school . Pilots still undergoing instruction were posted to No. 8 Elementary Flying School at unk , New South Wales , and No. 11 Elementary Flying School at Benalla , Victoria . The RAAF had ordered the school 's closure in August 1944 as part of a general reduction in aircrew training , after being informed by the British Air Ministry that it no longer required EATS graduates for the war in Europe . Significant reserves of trained Commonwealth aircrew had been built up in the UK early in 1944 prior to the invasion of Normandy , but lower than anticipated casualties had resulted in an over supply that by 30 June numbered 3 , 000 Australians . No. 1 EFTS was officially disbanded on 12 December 1944 . Care and Maintenance Unit ( CMU ) Tamworth was formed the same day , utilising some of No. 1 EFTS 's staff . It was one of many unk that the RAAF raised for the storage and upkeep of surplus aircraft prior to their disposal after the war . CMU Tamworth was disbanded on 5 July 1947 . Commanding officers No. 1 EFTS was commanded by the following officers
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3,305 | Natural Born Kissers is the twenty fifth and final episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 17 , 1998 . Homer and Marge discover that the fear of getting caught while making love is a turn on and start making love in public places . This episode is rated TV 14 in the United States , and was at one point rated M in Australia . It was the first episode written by Matt Selman and was the only episode to be directed by unk Hall . Some networks list the episode by the title , Margie , May I Sleep With Danger . Plot It is Homer and Marge 's eleventh wedding anniversary and Grampa does not arrive at the Simpson house to babysit the children , spoiling Homer and Marge 's evening together . Later that evening , Homer and Marge attempt to have sexual intercourse , but lack enthusiasm . The following day , it is discovered that the refrigerator 's motor has burned out so Homer and Marge make their way to a hardware store to buy another one . On the way , the car gets stuck in the muddy driveway in the middle of farm country . Homer and Marge rush into the nearest barn to avoid a sudden storm . A farmer discovers the barn door is open and suspects trespassers . He enters the barn , nearly catching Homer and Marge , who are hiding in the hay loft , but leaves after failing to locate them . When the coast is clear , Homer and Marge have inspired sexual intercourse in the hay loft . Homer and Marge think their marriage has been recharged and go for a romantic weekend at a Bed and Breakfast , but soon fall into their old patterns . However , a maid walks in on them and they conclude they are both aroused when they risk being caught during intimate moments , so they have sex behind window curtains in a room full of people . Their love life is recharged and one day they begin to have sex on the same miniature golf course windmill where Bart was conceived . This time they come too close to being caught having public sex , and while they manage to escape , they have to flee through Springfield in the nude . In the end , the two are seen in a football stadium , and a naked photograph of Homer and Marge appears in the local newspaper . The next day , Bart and Lisa see the picture and their parents begin to explain sex to them . Before they go into detail , however , they decide to go back to the miniature golf course . In a subplot , Bart and Lisa stay at the Springfield Retirement Castle with Grampa , and they discover a metal detector in his closet . While Bart uses it to look for pirate treasure , they uncover an alternate ending to Casablanca . The Old Jewish Man reveals that he was once a studio executive who tried to add the happy ending to the film . He pays Bart and Lisa to re bury it . Production Natural Born Kissers was the first episode written by Matt Selman , who partly based it on his parents ' marriage . The episode was the only time that show runner Mike Scully ever got a call from Fox where they suggested not doing the episode . They were worried about the sexual content , the nudity , and how it was going to be handled . They disliked several of the phrases used in the episode , such as the term ass unk ' . In an interview , Matt Groening said The network censors couldn 't believe it , and neither could I the cow at the peephole while Homer and Marge make love in a hayloft neighbors groping Homer when he and Marge are caught nude inside the windmill at the Sir unk A Lot mini golf course Homer dangling naked from a hot air balloon , his ass dragging against the glass of a Crystal Cathedral like church . The producers fought the censors and in the end , very little of the script was modified . Marge 's buttocks is also shown on television for the first time . Marge and Homer in the golf course is a reference to the season three episode I Married Marge , although in that episode they are in a castle , rather than a windmill . Cultural references The airplane restaurant Up , Up and Buffet is based on a submarine shaped restaurant that was near the Fox studio named Dive . A supposed alternate ending to the 1942 film Casablanca is shown in the episode , and the Old Jewish Man gives Bart and Lisa a copy of It 's A Wonderful Life with a killing spree ending . The song Spanish Flea plays during the radio commercial for Divorce Specialists . The song Rock the Casbah by The Clash plays over the end credits . Reception In its original broadcast , Natural Born Kissers finished 29th in ratings for the week of May 11 18 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 . 8 , equivalent to approximately 8 . 6 million viewing households . It was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X Files , King of the Hill , and Ally McBeal . Matt Groening listed the episode as being his eighth favorite episode , and the aroused cow is one of his all time favorite act break jokes . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote , a superb episode which actually makes Marge and Homer 's love life seem very real everyone needs a bit of spice now and again , and they find theirs . The balloon trip is hysterical , and the attempts to explain their behaviour to a very worldly wise Bart and Lisa are magnificent . The episode was part of a DVD boxed set release called The Simpsons Kiss and Tell The Story of Their Love , and in his review of the release , Andy Dougan of the Evening Times characterized the episode along with Large Marge , Three Gays of the Condo , and The Way We Weren 't , as four of the funniest episodes of recent series . The DVD release was also reviewed favorably by Louis R. unk in the Chicago Tribune , where the episode was seen as more ridiculous than Large Marge .
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3,306 | Lagidium ahuacaense is a rodent in the mountain viscacha genus ( Lagidium ) that occurs in southern Ecuador . First observed in 2005 and formally described in 2009 , it occurs more than 500 km ( 310 mi ) north of the nearest previously known population of mountain viscachas in central Peru . Only a single population is known , found on rocky habitats on Cerro El Ahuaca , an isolated granite mountain in southern Ecuador , and there may be as little as a few dozen individuals . The species is threatened by fires and grazing cattle , and the discoverers recommended its conservation status be assessed as Critically Endangered . Taxonomy Lagidium ahuacaense was first observed in July 2005 , when the only known population was encountered at Cerro El Ahuaca , Ecuador , over 500 km ( 310 mi ) north of the northernmost previously known population of mountain viscachas ( Lagidium ) in central Peru . The find was published in a 2006 note by Florian Werner , Karim Ledesma , and Rodrigo Hidalgo , who provisionally identified the population as representing the Peruvian species Lagidium peruanum , but did not discount the possibility that it might represent a distinct species . Three years later , Ledesma , Werner , ngel unk , and Luis unk described the population as a new species , Lagidium ahuacaense , on the basis of morphological and DNA sequence differences . The specific name , ahuacaense , refers to Cerro de Ahuaca . They suggested the English common name of Ecuadorean mountain viscacha . Lagidium ahuacaense was the fourth species of the genus Lagidium to be described , after L. peruanum , L. viscacia , and L. wolffsohni of the central and southern Andes , although more species may eventually be recognized within L. peruanum and L. viscacia and L. wolffsohni is poorly differentiated from L. viscacia . Together with the plains viscacha ( unk maximus ) and the chinchillas ( Chinchilla ) , Lagidium forms the rodent family unk . Within Lagidium , L. ahuacaense differs by at least 7 . 9 from all other species in DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene . A cladistic analysis placed the Ecuadorian species as the sister group to all other Lagidium , but support for this placement was not strong . Morphometric analysis also confirmed the Ecuadorian population is different from other Lagidium species . Description Lagidium ahuacaense is a medium sized Lagidium with woolly , gray brown fur and a very long tail . There is a black stripe on the middle of the back . The thick , long mystacial vibrissae ( whiskers above the mouth ) are mostly dark brown and the few superciliary vibrissae ( above the eyes ) are also thick and brown . The ears are covered with dark skin . The underparts are creamy white . The forefeet are brown furred and much shorter than the hind feet , which are in covered in part by a mixture of brown and cream hairs and in part by dark brown hairs . The fore and hind feet both have four digits , which end in small , curved claws , and three black pads . The palms and soles are naked . The tail is hairy with the hairs on the upper side longer than those below . The upper side is gray brown at the base , light to medium brown intermixed with cream in the middle , and reddish brown at the tip , and the lower side is dark brown . In the single measured specimen , head and body length is 403 mm ( 15 . 9 in ) , tail length is 400 mm ( 16 in ) , hindfoot length is 85 mm ( 3 . 3 in ) , ear length is 60 mm ( 2 . 4 in ) , and body mass is 2 . 03 kg ( 4 . 5 lb ) . The skull is long and compact . The premaxillary bones extend slightly in front of the upper incisors and the zygomatic arches ( cheekbones ) are broad . The suture between the premaxillary and frontal bones is more strongly curved than in L. peruanum and the rostrum ( front part of the skull ) is wider and the interorbital region ( between the eyes ) is narrower than in L. viscacia and L. wolffsohni . The incisive foramina ( openings in the front part of the palate ) are long and narrow . The palate extends back to a point close to the upper third molar . The sides of the mesopterygoid fossa ( the opening behind the back margin of the palate ) are more strongly divergent than in other Lagidium species . The mandible ( lower jaw ) is strong . The dental formula is 1 . 0 . 1 . 31 . 0 . 1 . 3 2 20 ( one incisor , one premolar , and three molars on each side of the upper and lower jaws ) . The incisors are large , white , and distinctly grooved . The molars are low crowned and rootless ( continuously growing ) . Ecology and conservation status Lagidium ahuacaense is known only from Cerro El Ahuaca , a steep granite unk near unk in Loja Province , southern Ecuador , where it occurs at an altitude of 1 , 950 to 2 , 480 m ( 6 , 400 to 8 , 140 ft ) , but only near rocky surfaces . The vegetation is dominated by the molasses grass ( unk unk ) . They eat plants and traces of their feeding are visible on the mountain . Its habitat on Cerro El Ahuaca covers an area of about 120 hectares ( 300 acres ) , and the total population there may not contain more than a few dozen individuals . Except for some small outcrops close to the Cerro , no nearby habitat is suitable , but more populations may exist elsewhere in southern Ecuador or nearby northern Peru . The species is threatened by fires , used to maintain crop fields in the vicinity , which frequently get out of control and destroy part of the viscacha 's habitat on the Cerro , and by competition for food with grazing cattle . However , the species is unknown to the local people and is not hunted . In view of its small range and population , Ledesma and colleagues recommended the species be assessed as Critically Endangered under the IUCN Red List criteria and recommended immediate conservation action to protect the Cerro El Ahuaca population and further research into its biology .
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3,307 | Mycena adonis , commonly known as the scarlet bonnet , is a species of fungus in the Mycenaceae family . Found in Asia , Europe , and North America , it produces small orangish to reddish inedible mushrooms with caps up to 1 . 2 cm ( 0 . 5 in ) in diameter , held by thin pinkish white stems reaching 4 cm ( 1 . 6 in ) long . The fungus prefers to grow in conifer woods and peat bogs , suggesting a preference for acidic environments . The appearance of several atypical fruitings of Mycena adonis on deciduous wood in the Netherlands in the late 1970s was attributed to increases in atmospheric pollution that raised the acidity of the wood substrate . Mushrooms resembling M. adonis include M. acicula , M. aurantiidisca , and M. rosella . Taxonomy The species was first named Agaricus adonis in 1792 by Jean Baptiste Franois Pierre Bulliard , and placed in Mycena by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821 . Rolf Singer successively moved it to Hemimycena ( 1943 ) , then Marasmiellus ( 1951 ) . Singer later changed his mind about these placements , and his 1986 Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy , he considered the species a Mycena the binomials resulting from the prior generic transfers are synonyms . The mushroom is commonly known as the scarlet bonnet . Samuel Frederick Gray called it the Adonis high stool in his 1821 Natural Arrangement of British Plants , while Mordecai Cubitt Cooke named it the delicate Mycena . Description The cap initially has a sharply conic shape , but expands to a narrow bell shape or a broad cone in maturity , typically reaching 0 . 5 to 1 . 2 cm ( 0 . 2 to 0 . 5 in ) in diameter . The cap margin , which is initially pressed against the stem , is opaque or nearly so at first . It is scarlet red when fresh and moist , becoming orange or yellowish orange before losing moisture . The mushroom is hygrophanous , and fades to an orange buff color when dry . The flesh is thin , the same color as the cap , fragile , and without any distinctive taste or odor . The gills are ascending adnate ( the gills attach at much less than a right angle , appearing to curve upward toward stem ) or attached by a tooth , subdistant to close , with 14 16 gills reaching the stem . Additionally , there are two or three tiers of lamellulae short gills that do not extend fully from the cap edge to the stem . The gills are narrow , and yellowish or with a reddish tinge at first the margins are paler and the same color as the faces . The stem is 2 4 cm ( 0 . 8 1 . 6 in ) long and 1 2 mm ( 0 . 0 0 . 1 in ) thick , and roughly equal in width throughout . It is tubular , fragile , initially pruinose ( covered with a fine powder ) , polished and smooth with age , pale yellow , becoming whitish , with the base often dirty yellow or brownish . Mycena adonis mushrooms are inedible . Microscopic characteristics The spores are narrowly ellipsoid , nonamyloid , and measure 6 7 by 3 3 . 5 m . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are four spored and measure 20 22 by 6 7 m . The cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia ( cystidia found on the edges and faces , respectively , of the gills ) are abundant and similar in shape and markings , 40 58 by 10 15 m , tapering somewhat on either end and usually with a long needle shaped neck ( which is branched in some ) . The cystidia are generally smooth , but when dried material is mounted in potassium hydroxide for observation under light microscopy , an amorphous substance apparently holds spores and debris around the neck or apex , making them appear encrusted . The flesh of the gill is very faintly vinaceous brown when stained in iodine . The cap flesh has a thin , poorly differentiated pellicle with a region of slightly enlarged cells beneath it the remainder is filamentous , and the filamentous portion stains vinaceous brown in iodine . Similar species There are several other mycenas with which Mycena adonis could be confused . M. acicula is typically a smaller mushroom with a deep orange red cap rather than the typical bright salmon pink color of M. adonis . Since the colors and sizes of M. acicula and M. adonis are similar , a microscope is needed to reliably distinguish between them , with spore size and shape being different . M. strobilinoides can be distinguished from M. adonis by its orange cap and amyloid spores . M. aurantiidisca can be distinguished from M. adonis by it lack of scarlet to pinkish tones in the cap and lack of gelatinized cortical hyphae . Mycena oregonensis is differentiated from M. adonis by its orange to yellow cap and lack of scarlet to pinkish tones . M. unk has a smaller fruit body , wider spores , a less intensely colored and less conical cap , and grows on the decaying wood of elm , ash , and alder . Ecology , habitat and distribution The fruit bodies of Mycena adonis grow solitarily or in groups in conifer forests , and appear in the spring and autumn . The fruit bodies grow in groups or scattered on needle beds under spruce and hemlock in the wet coastal conifer forests , or in the higher mountains , where it is not uncommon in the spring and autumn months . In one instance , fruit bodies were found growing on the deciduous trees Spanish Maple ( Acer unk ) and willow ( Salix alba ) near Amsterdam , Holland . It was hypothesized that the bark of these trees had become more acid in recent years because of increasing atmospheric pollution ( specifically , increases in the levels of sulfuric and nitric acid from industrial smoke ) , providing a more suitable substrate for the fungus . The fungus is found in western North America , and in 2007 , it was reported from the valley of the Ussuri River in the northeast of China . It is also found in Europe ( Britain , Germany , Holland Scotland ) and the Canary Islands . Mycena specialist Alexander H. Smith has found the species in Washington , Oregon , and California .
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3,308 | Hurricane Jeanne was a moderate hurricane that formed and dissipated in the Gulf of Mexico without making landfall . The tenth tropical cyclone and eighth hurricane of the 1980 Atlantic hurricane season , Jeanne developed over the southern Caribbean on November 7 . It moved swiftly northward , and it intensified to a tropical storm on November 9 . It entered the southern Gulf of Mexico on November 10 . Jeanne turned to the west on November 11 , and it rapidly intensified to its peak intensity of 100 mph ( 155 km h ) . It weakened on November 12 , and its forward motion slowed the cyclone weakened further to a tropical storm because of dry air intrusion , and it executed a clockwise loop on November 15 . It dissipated on November 16 . At the time , Jeanne was one of three November hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico it was the first tropical cyclone to attain hurricane strength in the Gulf of Mexico during November . The late season storm surprised maritime interests , and two barges broke free from towing vessels . Indirectly , the hurricane produced heavy precipitation that peaked at 23 . 28 inches ( 591 mm ) in Key West . Minor beach erosion occurred along the Texas coast , where tides were two to four feet above normal coastal flooding affected the state , which was heavily impacted by tropical cyclones in August and September . Jeanne caused no deaths . Meteorological history On the late afternoon of November 7 , an area of disturbed weather organized to a tropical depression 60 miles ( 100 km ) east of unk Norte , Nicaragua . Its origins were traced to a tropical wave that originated over western Africa on October 26 . Atmospheric conditions resembled an early fall pattern , and a large ridge was situated over the Gulf of Mexico and Southwestern United States . The depression moved northward into the Caribbean Sea , and the environment supported further development . On November 9 , the depression strengthened to a 40 mph ( 65 km h ) tropical storm and was given the name Jeanne . Later , an Air Force reconnaissance aircraft reported a strengthening system maximum sustained winds increased to 50 mph ( 80 km h ) , and a minimum pressure of 999 mbar was measured . The tropical cyclone moved northward into the southern Gulf of Mexico on November 10 . Jeanne 's northward movement was blocked by the ridge , and the cyclone slowly turned to the west . On November 11 , Jeanne quickly intensified to a minimal hurricane later , it attained its peak intensity of 100 mph ( 155 km h ) . On November 12 , Jeanne weakened to a Category 1 hurricane . It entered the western Gulf of Mexico , and its forward motion diminished as the ridge moved east . Later , Jeanne diminished to a 65 mph ( 105 km h ) tropical storm . A developing trough remained west of Jeanne , and the cyclone was embedded in a weak pressure gradient . Although Jeanne briefly re intensified to 70 mph ( 110 km h ) , an advancing frontal boundary brought dry air over the western Gulf of Mexico . Jeanne weakened to a depression on November 14 . It executed a clockwise loop , and it merged with the frontal boundary on November 16 . Preparations Some residents on Dauphin Island voluntarily evacuated , spurred by memories of 1979 's Hurricane Frederic and Jeanne 's northward motion . 3 , 000 workers evacuated their oil rigs because of Jeanne 's high waves . The National Hurricane Center advised small watercraft to remain in ports from Brownsville to Tarpon Springs . Forecasters expected tides of 2 feet above normal in Louisiana , which increased to 4 feet above normal along coastal Texas . In Terrebonne and Lafourche parishes , schools were closed because of uncertainties regarding Jeanne 's path . The hurricane center also expected Jeanne to make landfall in southwestern Louisiana , although the hurricane eventually stayed offshore thousands of residents moved inland , while Civil Defense officials remained alert . Forecasters expected locally heavy rainfall , although they suggested it would remain below 8 inches ( 203 mm ) . Impact The combination of a large high pressure system and Jeanne produced rough seas over the northern Gulf of Mexico wave heights reached 15 feet ( 4 . 60 m ) . On November 11 , a ship reported sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km h ) , although this reading was discarded and attributed to intense squalls . In Key West , the storm 's outer fringes produced a record breaking 24 hour rainfall total of 23 . 28 inches ( 591 mm ) 13 . 58 inches ( 345 mm ) fell within six hours . It remains the record 24 hour November rainfall total for the city as of 2012 . The previous record was set in 1954 . The heavy precipitation was attributed to a mesoscale feature an inflow band intersected with an adjacent stationary front , which also contributed to the deluge . Schools and most businesses were closed , while flights were grounded at Key West International Airport authorities urged residents to stay home . Telephone and power services were cut to some areas of the city . Elsewhere , several ships were caught off guard by the late arrival of Jeanne . The cyclone entered the Gulf of Mexico , and two barges broke loose from towing vessels via strong winds and high waves . One barge was an oil rig tender that contained 16 people it was carried several hundred miles across the central Gulf of Mexico . All crew members survived , and there were no maritime deaths related to the hurricane . Jeanne produced a prolonged period of rough surf and heavy swells along the Texas coast . Tides reached 2 to 4 feet ( 1 . 20 m ) above normal . The hurricane caused coastal flooding the worst flooding occurred near Galveston . Jeanne was one of only four tropical cyclones in the 20th century to attain hurricane status in the Gulf of Mexico without making landfall the others were Laurie of 1969 , Henri of 1979 , and Alberto of 1982 .
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3,309 | Hurricane Arlene was the first named storm and longest lived tropical cyclone of the 1987 Atlantic hurricane season . Forming out of an area of low pressure associated with a decaying frontal system along the North Carolina coastline , Arlene tracked in a general eastward direction across the Atlantic Ocean , taking an erratic track with several curves . On August 13 , the storm brushed Bermuda as a weak tropical storm before continuing out to sea . On August 20 , the storm briefly stalled before becoming a hurricane two days later . Early on August 24 , the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over the far north Atlantic before curving southeast and dissipating near the Iberian Peninsula on August 26 . In Bermuda , Arlene produced winds up to 58 mph ( 93 km h ) and waves up to 12 ft ( 3 . 7 m ) however , little damage resulted from the storm . Offshore , a blind man was undertaking a challenge to become the first blind man to cross the Atlantic alone he encountered rough seas and high winds from the storm , causing US 8 , 000 in damages to his ship over a two day span . Between August 26 and 27 , the remnants of the system produced heavy rains over portions of Western Europe . Meteorological history Hurricane Arlene originated out of an area of low pressure associated with a decaying frontal system along the North Carolina coastline on August 8 . Tracking towards the southeast in a gradual anticyclonic loop , the system slowly increased in organization and intensity . By August 10 , the low neared the Bahamas but remained disorganized . The following day , while located over Andros Island , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) upgraded the system to a tropical depression , the third of the season , based on its appearance on satellite imagery . Upon becoming a depression on August 10 , the forward movement of the storm shifted to the northwest in response to an approaching trough off the Eastern United States and an elongated subtropical ridge to the south . The depression intensified into a tropical storm at 1800 UTC on August 11 however , operationally it was not upgraded until a reconnaissance mission by the hurricane hunters found flight level winds of 50 mph ( 80 km h ) . The storm tracked towards Bermuda along a trough of low pressure in the Atlantic Ocean . Throughout August 13 , the proximity of Arlene to the trough prevented significant development . Around 1500 UTC , the center of Arlene tracked about 55 mi ( 89 km ) north of Bermuda . Several hours later , a ship near the center of the storm reported 75 mph ( 121 km h ) winds however , due to the disorganized presentation of the storm , these winds were not considered to be representative of Arlene 's true intensity . Over the following several days , the storm tracked around several low pressure systems . By August 15 , Arlene traveled southeast before re curving to the northeast on August 18 . The intensity of the storm also continuously fluctuated during this period peaking at 65 mph ( 105 km h ) and was as low as 40 mph ( 64 km h ) . The northeast movement followed a passing short wave trough on August 18 the forward motion of the storm also increased due to the trough . On August 20 , the steering currents around Arlene collapsed , leading to the storm nearly stalling for 24 hours . During this period , the storm developed excellent outflow and intensified . Operationally , Arlene was upgraded to a hurricane at 2200 UTC on August 20 based on the appearance of an eye feature on satellite imagery however , post storm analysis indicated that the storm did not attain hurricane status until 0600 UTC on August 22 . This occurred 14 . 5 days after its formation . Upon attaining hurricane status , Arlene rapidly tracked northward due to a strengthening area of high pressure near the Azores . Shortly after , the storm attained its peak intensity with winds of 75 mph ( 121 km h ) and a barometric pressure of 987 mbar ( hPa ) . Continuing rapidly northward , the hurricane began to interact with a baroclinic zone over the cold waters of the north Atlantic . This resulted in the storm undergoing an extratropical transition which it completed by 0000 UTC on August 24 . The extratropical remnants of the storm continued to track around the periphery of the high pressure system , turning towards the southeast the following day . By August 26 , the storm became increasingly disorganized and hard to pinpoint on satellite imagery . The storm finally dissipated at 1800 UTC off the coast of Portugal that day . Preparations and impact As Tropical Storm Arlene tracked towards Bermuda , residents on the island were advised to take precautions and board up their homes . This followed the issuance of a tropical storm advisory for the island . On August 12 , Arlene produced squally weather throughout Bermuda as the outer bands impacted the region . Rainfall from the storm peaked at 1 . 65 in ( 42 mm ) . A blind sailor was caught in the storm for two days while trying to become the first blind man to cross the Atlantic Ocean alone . On August 14 , he encountered the full force of the storm , 12 ft ( 3 . 7 m ) seas and 60 mph ( 97 km h ) winds battered his 36 ft ( 11 m ) foot sloop called the Eye Opener while trying to dock in Bermuda . The forced docking at Bermuda cost the sailor roughly US 8 , 000 due to damages from the storm . On August 14 , Arlene brushed Bermuda , producing torrential rains , rough seas and gusty winds . The center of the storm remained far enough offshore that only minor damage occurred on the island . On August 26 , the extratropical remnants of Arlene impacted Spain , bringing 1 . 25 in ( 32 mm ) to Rota , surpassing the highest rainfall for the month of August set in 1971 . The remnant moisture from Arlene continued through the Mediterranean Sea and produced heavy rains across Italy on August 27 .
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3,310 | Wallace is a song recorded by American rapper Azealia Banks for her debut studio album Broke with Expensive Taste ( 2014 ) . The song was written by Banks , Kevin James , Filip unk and Trevor unk , while production of the song was provided by the latter two . Lyrically , the track describes a man with a unk head and depicts Banks killing him . Musically , the song is of both R B and hardcore hip hop origins . Wallace received positive reviews from critics , with many deeming it as an album highlight . In 2015 , Banks released a music video for Wallace directed by Rob Soucy and Nick Ace . The video for Wallace received critical acclaim from reviewers , due to its interactive uniqueness provided by its release via the Google Cloud Platform . Banks performed the song during the 2015 Coachella Festival and on her Broke with Expensive Taste Tour . Background Wallace is a hip hop song that lasts for a duration of three minute and fifty seconds , with R B influences and a pounding beat . Brennan Carley from Spin described the song as Banks float ing between unk R B and rapid fire , corner side spitting . Throughout December 2014 , Banks released a series of videos in which she broke down tracks from Broke with Expensive Taste and revealed how each song came to be , dubbed ' 16 Days of Azealia ' . During the commentary video for Wallace , Banks revealed that she first received the instrumental for the song in 2007 , from DJ Skeet Skeet . According to Banks , the instrumental was unused for a period of time , until she decided that she only needed the most original material for her album , it was at this point in which she wrote the song . In an interview with Complex , Banks stated that the song is about being really hot and high and horny . In January 2012 , Banks signed a record deal with Interscope and Polydor Records to work on new music , and a month later , she announced the title of the album Broke with Expensive Taste . A year later , she handed a complete version of Broke with Expensive Taste in to the labels . Banks initially thought it would receive favorable reception however , the representatives told Banks that she had not recorded a hit single for the album . Ultimately , Banks ended the record deal with Interscope Polydor in July 2014 . She later approached Jeff Kwatinetz and signed a contract with his company , Prospect Park . Banks premiered Wallace during her tour in Glasgow , Scotland , on September 16 , 2014 . She eventually released the album on November 7 , 2014 . Critical reception The track was met with generally positive reviews from music critics . According to Neon Tommy 's Coral Rucker , the song gives off a unique perspective on relationships that s rarely heard of anywhere . Rory Cashin of State wrote that the song sounds like she is rapping while throwing furniture down the stairs . Hardeep Phull of the New York Post noted that the insulting nature of the song will leave the rest of us snickering like unk . Complex placed Wallace 13th on its list of ' The 14 Best Rap Verses of 2014 ' , commenting that a lot of people have missed the impressive first verse from the song . Promotion In June 2014 , Banks shot a music video for Wallace in front of a green screen in New York . It was directed by Rob Soucy and Nick Ace , who previously directed the video for Banks ' 2014 single Heavy Metal and Reflective . On June 4 , 2014 , Banks uploaded two clips from the shooting to her Instagram account . More than a year later , a 25 second teaser for Wallace was uploaded on Banks ' YouTube channel , with the full video being released on March 11 , 2015 , via Banks ' official website . The video was produced by consultancy firm Collins , who used the Google Cloud Platform during development . In the interactive video we see Banks in a blank background , and as the watcher maneuvers their arms across the screen , Banks ' positioning changes , and certain reactions take place , including Banks blinking , smiling , and rotating . Banks talked about the collaboration with Google , stating , I m such a huge fan of technology and creative new ways of interacting and engaging with fans , so this collaboration was perfect for me . The music video received acclaim by music critics . unk Spanos from the Rolling Stone called the video trippy , commenting that it 's as inventive as her album Broke With Expensive Taste . Billboard 's Lars Brandle also provided a favorable review for the video , commenting you 've never seen anything quite like it . According to Corban Goble of Pitchfork Media , it 's not a typical music video , because the technology inserts your image into the video , like you 're looking in a mirror . Taylor Weatherby from Entertainment Weekly wrote that there 's only one word to describe the video and it 's trippy . In July 2015 , Paper ranked the music video for Wallace as one of the most underrated videos from 2014 . Amidst controversy between Nicki Minaj and Taylor Swift , concerning the fairness of the MTV Video Music Awards , Tshepo Mokoena from The Guardian claimed that if the process was truly based on quality , Banks ' video for Wallace would have been nominated . On April 10 , 2015 , Banks performed Wallace during her set at the Coachella Festival . Rap Up commented that the audience 's energy was consistently high during the performance . Adenike unk of MOBO gave a positive review to Banks ' performance , writing that Banks flexed with some pretty impressive live vocals during her performance . The song was also part of Banks ' Broke with Expensive Taste Tour ( 2014 15 ) . Personnel Credits adapted from Broke with Expensive Taste liner notes . Personnel Azealia Banks songwriting , vocals Kevin James songwriting Filip unk songwriting , production Trevor unk songwriting , production
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3,311 | No. 8 Elementary Flying Training School ( No. 8 EFTS ) was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) pilot training unit that operated during World War II . It was one of twelve elementary flying training schools employed by the RAAF to provide introductory flight instruction to new pilots as part of Australia 's contribution to the Empire Air Training Scheme . No. 8 EFTS was established in September 1940 at Narrandera , New South Wales . Training ceased in December 1944 and the school was reduced to maintaining base infrastructure and aircraft . It was officially disbanded in June 1945 and renamed Care and Maintenance Unit ( CMU ) Narrandera . The CMU was disbanded in December 1947 . History Flying instruction in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) underwent major changes following the outbreak of World War II , in response to a vast increase in the number of aircrew volunteers and the commencement of Australia 's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) . The Air Force 's pre war pilot training facility , No. 1 Flying Training School at RAAF Station Point Cook , Victoria , was supplanted in 1940 41 by twelve elementary flying training schools ( EFTS ) and eight service flying training schools ( SFTS ) . The EFTS provided a twelve week introductory flying course to personnel who had graduated from one of the RAAF 's initial training schools . Flying training was undertaken in two stages the first involved four weeks of instruction ( including ten hours of flying ) to determine trainees ' suitability to become pilots . Those that passed this grading process then received a further eight weeks of training ( including sixty five hours of flying ) at the EFTS . Pilots who successfully completed this course were posted to an SFTS in either Australia or Canada for the next stage of their instruction as military aviators . No. 8 Elementary Flying Training School was formed at Narrandera , New South Wales , on 19 September 1940 , and came under the control of Central Area Command . The school occupied the site of the recently constructed civil airfield , as well as surrounding government land . Its inaugural commanding officer was Flying Officer G.F. Hughes . Despite primitive accommodation and lack of infrastructure at Narrandera , the first sixty students arrived at the school on the day of its establishment . Flying training did not get completely under way until mid November . The school 's strength as at month 's end was 469 staff , including thirty six officers . Recent newspaper reports had suggested that the Narrandera base would be closed owing to unsuitable ground and the direction of the prevailing wind ... allied with the surrounding terrain . A cyclone hit the airfield on 6 December , destroying twenty two de Havilland Tiger Moth trainers in a matter of minutes and damaging others . The RAAF resolved to replace the wrecked aircraft as soon as possible and , the next day , the Minister for Air denied the earlier reports that the base was unsuitable and would be closed . No. 8 EFTS 's first course completed on 10 December 1940 fifty students graduated . As of the end of the month , the school had twenty nine instructors , 111 students under training , and forty one serviceable aircraft . An instructor was killed and three other men were injured when a Tiger Moth crashed while flying at low level over one of Narrandera 's satellite airfields on 4 January 1941 . Two of the school 's Tiger Moths collided at 3 , 000 feet ( 910 m ) on 8 March the instructor and student of one plane bailed out , while the other two pilots crash landed their aircraft , and there were no injuries . The school came under the control of the newly formed No. 2 ( Training ) Group in August , following the disbandment of Central Area Command . As of 31 December 1941 , the school had twenty eight instructors , 123 students under training , and thirty seven serviceable aircraft . By 30 April 1942 , the figures had risen to fifty eight instructors , 211 students , and over seventy aircraft strength remained at a similar level for the remainder of the year . On 8 September 1942 , a No. 8 EFTS Tiger Moth dived to the ground soon after take off from a satellite airfield and collided with a tender one man in the tender was killed and several others , as well as both pilots , were injured . Four pilots were killed and two Tiger Moths destroyed following a mid air collision at 600 feet ( 180 m ) over another of Narrandera 's satellite airfields on 9 March 1943 . A pilot from the school was killed in a crash near Junee on 24 March . Another No. 8 EFTS pilot was killed and his crewman badly injured on 17 August after their Tiger Math failed to recover from a spin . When flying training at No. 1 Elementary Flying Training School , Tamworth , ceased in September 1944 , several of the pilots still undergoing instruction were posted to No. 8 EFTS . No. 8 EFTS received an Avro Anson the following month for use in ground instruction . Flying training was suspended in December 1944 the school was among several to be reduced to nucleus and continue to function primarily for the upkeep of base infrastructure and equipment under a reorganisation of EATS establishments in Australia . By this time No. 8 EFTS had eighty three Tiger Moths on its strength . Owing to the surplus of trained aircrew in Australia , No. 8 EFTS was officially disbanded on 16 June 1945 and re formed as Care and Maintenance Unit ( CMU ) Narrandera . CMU Narrandera was one of many such units that the RAAF raised for the storage and maintenance of surplus aircraft prior to their disposal after the war . It was disbanded on 5 July 1947 . The No. 8 EFTS Tiger Moth Memorial was dedicated at Narrandera by retired Air Chief Marshal Sir Neville McNamara on 2 October 1988 . Commanding officers No. 8 EFTS was commanded by the following officers
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3,312 | Mogador was the lead ship of the French Navy 's Mogador class of destroyers ( French contre torpilleur ) . Named for the Moroccan town , she was built before the outbreak of World War II . The ship was heavily damaged during the British attack on Mers el Kbir on 3 July 1940 , but was later repaired and sailed to Toulon . She was scuttled in Toulon Harbor when the Germans tried to seize her , along with the rest of the fleet , on 27 November 1942 . She was the last contre torpilleur built by the French Navy , a not entirely successful attempt to build a ship capable of out fighting every other ship below her tonnage . In technological terms Mogador and Volta were ships with the armament of a light cruiser in the hull of destroyer the contre torpilleur as a type had been pushed past the limits of its capabilities . Design and description Mogador had an overall length of 137 . 5 meters ( 451 ft 1 in ) , a beam of 12 . 57 meters ( 41 ft 3 in ) , and a maximum draft of 4 . 74 meters ( 15 ft 7 in ) . She displaced 2 , 997 metric tons ( 2 , 950 long tons ) at standard load and 4 , 018 metric tons ( 3 , 955 long tons ) at deep load . The Rateau Bretagne geared steam turbines were designed to produce 92 , 000 shaft horsepower ( 68 , 604 kW ) , which would propel the ship at 39 knots ( 72 km h 45 mph ) . However , during sea trials in March 1938 , Mogador 's turbines provided 118 , 320 shp ( 88 , 230 kW ) and she reached 43 . 45 knots ( 80 . 47 km h 50 . 00 mph ) for a single hour . The ship carried 360 metric tons ( 354 long tons ) of fuel oil at normal load and an additional 350 metric tons ( 340 long tons ) at deep load . Mogador carried eight Canon de 138 mm Modle 1929 in four twin turrets , two each superimposed , fore and aft . Her anti aircraft armament consisted of two 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) Mle 1933 guns in a single mount positioned on the rear deck house forward of the rear turrets . She also mounted four 13 . 2 mm ( 0 . 52 in ) Mle 1929 heavy machine guns in two twin mounts located between the forward superstructure and the forward guns . Mogador carried 10 above water 550 millimeter ( 22 in ) torpedo tubes a pair of triple mounts between the funnels and a pair of double mounts aft of the rear funnel . A pair of depth charge chutes were built into Mogador 's stern these housed a total of 16 Guirard depth charges . Mine rails were fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 40 mines . Service history Mogador , with her sister Volta , comprised the 6th Large Destroyer Division ( 6e Division de contre torpilleurs ) and was assigned to the Force de Raid based at Brest when the war began . This group 's purpose was to hunt German blockade runners and raiders and to escort convoys that might be in danger from the same . From 21 30 October 1939 the Force de Raid escorted the KJ.4 convoy to protect it against the German cruiser Deutschland which had sortied into the North Atlantic before the war began . A sortie by the Gneisenau and Scharnhorst into the North Atlantic on 21 November prompted the Force de Raid to sail from Brest to rendezvous with the British battlecruiser HMS Hood and patrol the area south of Iceland , but the German ships were able to return safely under the cover of heavy weather without being engaged . Mogador was refitted at Lorient between January and March 1940 and a number of minor changes were made . The necessary improvements identified for the main armament during her sea trials a year prior were finally implemented , the canvas cover for the back of the turrets was replaced by a rolling door , new radios were installed , and shields were fitted to the anti aircraft machine guns and the searchlights . A SS 6 sonar was fitted in June 1940 , but proved to be ineffectual . Mogador was present during the British attack on Mers el Kbir on 3 July 1940 , but she was severely damaged by a hit from an armour piercing 15 inch ( 38 cm ) shell in the rear hull that detonated her ready depth charges although it failed to detonate itself . The explosion destroyed her upper rear hull , but , miraculously , the rear magazines failed to explode . One propeller shaft was undamaged and the other shaft and the two propellers were intact , albeit damaged . She was towed to Oran for repairs . She was dry docked on 17 July , the remains of her No. 4 turret were removed and the after bulkheads repaired and reinforced to make her seaworthy . She sailed for Toulon on 1 December where she was docked pending reconstruction . The French Navy decided to reinforce her anti aircraft armament in light of its wartime experience . Her no . 3 gun turret was to be moved to the No. 4 position , its magazine converted for extra fuel storage , and a new twin 37 mm Mle 1933 mount would replace it on top of the rear deck house . Two more Mle 1933 mounts were to fitted on each side of the rear deckhouse and a fourth mount was to replace the 13 . 2 Hotchkiss machine guns forward of the bridge . One 13 . 2 mm Browning machine gun was to planned to be mounted on each side of the forward twin 37 mm guns . This plan was later amended to add a degaussing cable , replacement of the SS 6 sonar by a French copy of the British ASDIC and six of the new unk de 25 mm contre unk Modle 1940 anti aircraft guns , plus two more 13 . 2 mm Brownings mounted on the forward corners of the center deck house . The rebuilding was slowed by material shortages and she wasn 't taken into hand by the shipyard Forges et Chantiers de la unk at La Seyne sur Mer until late February 1942 . In October it was estimated that she wouldn 't be completed until Jul 1943 . She was scuttled in La Seyne sur Mer on 27 November 1942 to prevent her capture by the Germans . She was refloated by the Italians on 5 April 1943 , but not repaired . Mogador was sunk by Allied bombers in late 1944 , but was raised in 1949 and scrapped .
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3,313 | Daddy 's Double is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Film Corporation . The film focuses on Hal , a young man , who proposes to Sue , his love interest . Her father overhears and becomes furious before whisking his daughter away to a boarding school . Hal and Sue attempt to elope , but it is foiled . Hal then gets an idea to disguise himself as the father and reclaim Sue . The plan works , but the father follows in pursuit . He breaks into the wedding ceremony at the parson 's house and sees his double . He then laughs and approves of the marriage . The film was the fourth release by Thanhouser and it was met with favorable reviews by critics . In 2007 , a surviving print was released on DVD with a new original score composed and performed by Raymond A. Brubacher . Plot At the Post 's home , Hal Dunton sits down with his love interest Sue Post , cautiously checking to see if they are alone . Hal then proposes to Sue and in the excitement , her father comes into the room . He is outraged and believes his daughter is too young to be married and promptly makes Hal leave before scolding his daughter . Before departing , Hal meets and pleads with the father as he takes the daughter away by car . The father refuses and Hal is knocked down before the father and daughter depart to a boarding school . The father meets with the mistress and leaves Sue in her care , much to Sue 's distress . unk away from her home and her beloved , Sue is in despair until Hal appears outside her window with a ladder . The attempted elopement fails when the mistress catches Hal in the act and dismisses him . She awaits Sue to descend and round the corner before halting her and forcing her back inside . The father pulls up to a place of business and Hal , who is walking by , attempts to greet the father . The angry father ignores him , but Hal turns and sees the wigmaker 's store next to him . An idea strikes him and he pays a photographer to get a photo of the father on the way out , which further angers him . Hal then sends a message to Sue , that he will come and claim her the following day , disguised as her father . Hal head to the wigmaker and is disguised as the father . So well is the disguise that the father 's chauffeur is convinced and takes Hal to the boarding school . The father quickly exits in time to see his chauffeur drive away and hails a taxi . Hal arrives at the boarding school and the disguise works , claims Sue and drives away . Seconds later the father arrives and confronts the mistress , departing to pursue in a fit of anger . Hal and Sue go to the parson 's house to be immediately wed . The father is delayed for a short time by car trouble , but quickly arrives before the two are wed . He bursts in and sees his double and both he and Hal laugh . The father relents and approves the marriage as Hal removes his disguise in front of the stunned Parson . Cast Frank H. Crane as Mr. Post or Daddy Fred Santley as Hal Dunton or Daddy 's double Isabelle Daintry as Sue Post Production The scenario was written by Lloyd F. Lonergan . Lonergan was the writer of all three previous productions of the Thanhouser company . Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman still employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . He was the most important script writer for Thanhouser , averaging 200 scripts a year from 1910 to 1915 . The director of the film is not known for certain , but two Thanhouser directors are possible . Barry O 'Neil was the stage name of Thomas J. McCarthy , who would direct many important Thanhouser pictures , including its first two reeler , Romeo and Juliet . Lloyd B. Carleton was the stage name of Carleton B. Little , a director who would stay with the Thanhouser Company for a short time , moving to Biograph Company by the summer of 1910 . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute either as the director for this particular production , but he does credit Blair Smith as the cameraman . The film is composed of 28 shots , 8 titles and 1 insert . The cast for the film featured Thanhouser 's first leading male actor , Frank H. Crane , along with two stage actors , Isabelle Daintry and Fred Santley . Isabelle Daintry has one other known Thanhouser credit , but this marks Fred Santley 's only known credit . During this era , the players in the film were not credited and anonymity was the rule . Release and reception The one reel drama , approximately 960 feet , was released on Tuesday April 5 , 1910 . The film would also be released in the United Kingdom on October 16 , 1910 . The surviving feel reel says the Gaumont Company of London ( Gaumont British ) had exclusive rights to Thanhouser films outside of the United States . The film was shown across the United States , including theaters in Kansas , New York , Pennsylvania , Texas , and Indiana . One of the last advertisements for the film came three years after its release by the Neosho Picture Show Company of Neosho , Missouri . The film received positive attention from film critics . The Morning Telegraph praised it as the best work from the new Thanhouser Company . The The New York Dramatic Mirror found it to have good acting which could still be more expressive , but was more indifferent to the use of unnecessary connecting scenes . The Moving Picture World stated , in a brief review , that the acting and photography was good . In 2007 , the film was released by Thanhouser Company Film Preservation on a three disc DVD set along with eleven other surviving Thanhouser films . The surviving print was obtained from the British Film Institute and featured a new original score composed and performed by Raymond A. Brubacher . According to Silent Era , the archive holds the 35mm nitrate positive , the more stable 35mm safety negative and a 35mm reference positive .
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3,314 | The 1979 Coyote Lake earthquake occurred at 10 05 24 local time on August 6 with a moment magnitude of 5 . 7 and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of VII ( Very strong ) . The shock occurred on the Calaveras Fault near Coyote Lake in Santa Clara County , California and resulted in a number of injuries , including some that required hospitalization . Most of the 500 , 000 in damage that was caused was non structural , but several businesses were closed for repairs . Data from numerous strong motion instruments was used to determine the type , depth , and extent of slip . A mild aftershock sequence lasted throughout the remainder of the month that was of interest to seismologists , especially with regard to fault creep , and following the event , local governments evaluated their response to the incident . Tectonic setting Several strands of the San Andreas Fault System in the eastern region of the San Francisco Bay Area are the Hayward Rodgers Creek and Calaveras Faults . The Hayward Fault exhibits fault creep , but it also has potential for large earthquakes , like the 1868 M7 Hayward earthquake that occurred on its southern segment . The northern Calaveras Fault meets the Hayward Fault near the Calaveras Reservoir and can also produce large earthquakes . Except for a M6.5 shock that occurred in 1911 , the central and southern segments might only produce smaller events and fault creep . Earthquake The earthquake originated ( without foreshocks ) on the Calaveras Fault near Coyote Lake in Santa Clara County . It was felt up to 120 mi ( 200 km ) away ( from Santa Rosa in the north to San Luis Obispo in the south ) and made some high rise buildings sway in Reno , Nevada , but damage was mainly limited to the nearby towns of Gilroy and Hollister . The earlier M7 Hayward earthquake occurred about 31 mi ( 50 km ) to the north and the 1911 shock was located near Mount Hamilton . About fifty strong motion stations recorded the event , including an array of units along the rupture zone , and instruments at the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory ( about 62 mi ( 100 km ) away ) . The records revealed that strike slip motion occurred over 8 . 7 mi ( 14 km ) on a vertical fault , and that the total amount of slip varied with depth , with more slip occurring in the shallower regions . The two closest stations at Coyote Creek and Gilroy , as well as the Berkeley stations , were used to refine the overall fault length , slip , and depth of faulting . Strong motion The event was captured on seismographs at distances of up to 71 miles ( 114 km ) , including Richmond , with the unit 56 ft ( 17 m ) down hole in bay mud . Other underground instruments on the BART Transbay Tube , as well as the Richmond site , showed accelerations that were very low . In San Juan Bautista , the U.S. Route 101 State Route 156 overpass saw peak acceleration of unk on the ground ( with unk on the structure ) . Instruments on the gymnasium roof diaphragm at the campus of West Valley College in Saratoga provided records of interest . Of a number of dams that had instruments installed , the San Luis Dam at San Luis Reservoir had the strongest response . The highest acceleration of unk was seen at the Gilroy Array within the fault zone . Damage In Gilroy and Hollister , sixteen people were injured , and damage totaled 500 , 000 . Chimneys fell ( especially on older homes in the downtown area of Gilroy ) and glass was broken , but in Gilroy structural damage afflicted five buildings . A wall was cracked at city hall , and a court room ceiling collapsed . Damaged structural components at a Ford 's Department Store forced its closure . In Hollister , a J. C. Penney had a hole and cracks in its ceiling and a parapet collapsed at a law office . At Casa de Fruta , a service station sustained structural damage , as did a fire station at Pacheco Pass . An early estimate by the Small Business Administration put total damage in Gilroy at twice the amount of what was seen in Hollister . Ten victims were brought to Hazel Hawkins Memorial Hospital in Hollister for treatment of lacerations , a cardiac problem , and anxiety . In Gilroy , the Wheeler Hospital saw six similar cases and a patient with a fractured hip . Most of those that sought care ( including four that were transported by ambulance ) were treated and released , but six were admitted . Aftershocks The United States Geological Survey operated a network of seismograph stations in the region where the shock occurred since 1969 . A survey of the aftershock activity used data from these stations , along with a custom crustal velocity model , to narrow epicenter locations to within several tens of meters . The study indicated that the mainshock and the aftershocks were aligned with the strike and dip of the Calaveras Fault in that area and were classified into three distinct groups . The east dipping northeastern group , a diffuse middle group , and a shallow and nearly vertical southwestern group showed variations of slip , especially in the 18 months after the mainshock , when fault creep was significantly higher in the northeastern and middle groups . Response While none of the affected counties or cities declared a state of emergency following the event , the Small Business Administration did approve a request by the Office of Emergency Services for a disaster declaration in late September . This formality paved the way for low interest loans for commercial or residential properties that suffered damage , but only about 50 claims were expected . Local authorities had trained for disasters on a regular basis , and the response to the light damage was considered smooth , though some officials sought room for improvement . Discussions followed the event , with local governments focusing on telecommunication problems , emergency power systems , and seismic safety .
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3,315 | Nightshade is an action video game developed and published by Ultimate Play The Game . It was first released for the ZX Spectrum in 1985 , and was then ported to the Amstrad CPC and BBC Micro later that year . It was also ported to the MSX exclusively in Japan in 1986 . In the game , the player assumes the role of a knight who sets out to destroy four demons in a plague infested village . The game features flip screen and isometric gameplay , in similar vein to its predecessors , Knight Lore and Alien 8 . In addition , Nightshade features an enhanced version of the Ultimate Play The Game 's Filmation game engine , branded Filmation II . The game received positive reviews upon release critics praised its gameplay traits , graphics and colours , however one critic was divided over its perceived similarities to its predecessors . Gameplay The game is presented in an isometric format . The player assumes the role of a knight who enters the plague infested village of Nightshade to vanquish four demons who reside within . Additionally , all residents from the village have been transformed into vampires and other supernatural creatures . Contact with these monsters infects the knight , with repeated contact turning the character from white to yellow and then to green , which will lead to the character 's death . The knight may be hit up to three times by an enemy , however the fourth hit will result in a life being deducted . The objective of the game is to locate and destroy four specific demons . Each demon is vulnerable to a particular object which must be collected by the player a hammer , a Bible , a crucifix and an hourglass . Once the four items have been collected , the player must track down a specific demon and cast the correct item at it in order to destroy it . Once all four demons have been destroyed , the game will end . In order to defend against other enemies such as vampires and monsters , the player can arm themselves with antibodies , which take the appearance of maces . Antibodies can be found in houses around the village , and will slowly deplete once used by the player . Other collectible items include extra lives and boots , the latter of which enables the player character to run at a faster speed . Background and release Ashby Computers and Graphics was founded by brothers Tim and Chris Stamper , along with Tim 's wife , Carol , from their headquarters in Ashby de la Zouch in 1982 . Under the trading name of Ultimate Play the Game , they began producing multiple video games for the ZX Spectrum throughout the early 1980s . The company were known for their reluctance to reveal details about their operations and upcoming projects . Little was known about their development process except that they used to work in separate teams one team would work on graphics whilst the other would concentrate on other aspects such as sound or programming . When a journalist reviewing Nightshade for Crash asked Tim and Chris Stamper what the object of the game was they responded oh , we can 't tell you that . The game was developed with the isometric projection game engine known as Filmation II , an upgraded version of the Filmation engine . The Filmation engine was created by the Stamper brothers to portray 3D imagery . Filmation II used an image masking technique that drew and filled holes in the background , allowing the game to create composite structures out of pixelated drawings without visual overlay , despite the limitations platforms such as the ZX Spectrum offered . Nightshade was first released in the United Kingdom for the ZX Spectrum in 1985 , and was then ported to the Amstrad CPC and BBC Micro later that year . It was also ported to the MSX exclusively in Japan in 1986 . Reception The game received positive reviews upon release . Chris Bourne of Sinclair User praised the game 's new graphics system , opining that it was wonderfully detailed and juiced up in contrast to its predecessors , Knight Lore and Alien 8 . A reviewer writing for Computer and Video Games praised the graphics as great and stated that its sound effects were up to standard considering the dumb ZX Spectrum . Philippa Irving of Crash thought that the visuals and use of colours were stunning and up to Ultimate Play The Game 's usual standards , however she did notice a few instances of attribute clash . A reviewer writing for Computer Gamer asserted that the graphics were as good as ever , however they admitted that the game seemed lacking in comparison to Ultimate Play The Game 's most recent releases . Chris Jenkins of Popular Computing Weekly opined that the game 's interior visuals looked like featureless squares , however he admitted that the game 's background drops were more detailed . The gameplay was also praised by reviewers . Bourne opined that the game was well paced in similar vein to arcade style games , however he noted a sense of dj vu with the game 's concept , stating that the developer 's games were starting to wear thin . The reviewer from Computer and Video Games appreciated Nightshade 's nice touches , summarising that it was an instant classic from Ultimate Play The Game . Irving criticised the lack of instructions or hints that came with the game , and stated that Nightshade did not set new standards with programming , unlike Knight Lore and Alien 8 . However , Irving admitted that the game was still another technically brilliant game . The reviewer from Computer Gamer enjoyed the wide range of gameplay elements , stating that it was enough to hold their attention for hours . A reviewer from Home Computing Weekly stated that the gameplay was not as addictive as Knight Lore or Alien 8 due to the game 's lack of obstacles . Jenkins praised the game 's use of its new engine , Filmation II , stating that it was ahead of everything else on the ZX Spectrum .
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3,316 | Edmund theling ( unk unk c . 1015 17 possibly 1046 , certainly by 1054 ) was a member of the royal House of Wessex as the son of Edmund Ironside , who briefly ruled as King of England between April and November 1016 . He fought the Danish Vikings under Cnut the Great , but following the Danish victory at the Battle of unk in October , it was agreed that Ironside would rule Wessex , while Cnut took Mercia and probably Northumbria . In November 1016 , Ironside died and Cnut became King of all England . Intent on keeping his succession secure , Cnut sent Ironside 's two infant sons , Edward and Edmund theling , to his brother in Sweden , where they were to be murdered . Instead , the princes were spared and sent to safety to the Kingdom of Hungary , where they remained in the care of King Stephen I. After fleeing assassins hired by Cnut , the thelings arrived at the royal court of Kievan Rus ' in 1028 . The princes remained under the tutelage of Prince Yaroslav the Wise until adulthood . In 1046 , the thelings both traveled to Hungary and helped the exiled Andrew of Hungary in his quest for the throne . Edmund died shortly after marrying a Hungarian princess , before 1054 . Birth Edmund was born either in 1015 , 1016 or 1017 . Edmund 's mother was probably Ealdgyth , Edmund Ironside 's wife it is possible that she was only his stepmother , as the king 's death in November 1016 left space of only one year for two children to be born . Although there is a possibility that Edmund was older than his brother , later known as Edward the Exile , it is also possible that they were twins . At the time , it was customary for posthumous sons to bear their father 's name thus , Edmund could have been the younger , posthumous son . Life in exile With Edmund Ironside dead and Cnut marrying Emma of Normandy , both Edmund and Edward were deprived of their rights to succeed to the English throne . Nonetheless , both were titled theling , an Old English word which designated royal princes who were eligible for kingship . As Edmund and Edward were the rightful heirs of England , Cnut decided to have them murdered . Considering it a disgrace for the theling to be killed on English soil , Cnut sent them to his half brother , Olof Sktkonung , the reigning King of Sweden , where they were to be put to death . An old ally of the princes ' grandfather , thelred the Unready , Olof instead sent the theling to the Hungarian royal court of King Stephen I , fearing they were unsafe in the north , where Cnut 's power was great . Although exiled , Edmund and Edward still instilled hope in the leaderless Anglo Saxons of Danish England . After his baptism in 985 , Stephen I had become the first Christian ruler of Hungary . By the time of Edmund and Edward 's arrival at his court , Stephen was married to Gisela of Bavaria and had led a peaceful reign . The Hungarian court was a happy home for the exiled English princes . However , in 1028 , Edmund and Edward were forced to flee Hungary after Cnut sent powerful assassins to carry out the task of murdering the two thelings . The princes found refuge at the court of Yaroslav the Wise , Grand Prince of Kiev . Edmund and Edward were recorded as being somewhat grown , and had passed twelve years when they arrived in Yaroslav 's capital , unk , another name for Kiev . A mid thirteenth century unk ( chronicle ) records nothing of Edmund and Edward 's stay at the Kievan court , although later Russian chronicles do mention their refuge . The Anglo Saxons were Roman Catholics and Edmund and Edward were reserved towards the Eastern Orthodox character of Kievan Christianity Yaroslav is likely to not have allowed the thelings to voice their dissatisfaction . The thelings ' presence at the Kievan court presented itself as a very useful negotiating counter for Yaroslav 's Western orientated foreign policy . After King Harthacnut 's death , the English considered bringing Edmund and Edward back to England , but nothing came of it , as the princes were still in Kiev in late 1042 . By 1043 , Edmund , now in his late twenties , was being left out of Yaroslav 's continental schemes , while Edward was elevated to a position of sole responsibility where England 's crown or dynastic alliances were concerned . This was possibly due to Edmund having an affair with a noble lady , which had caused quite a scandal . Andrew of Hungary , a Hungarian prince who had also been exiled , had established himself at Yaroslav 's court in the 1030s . In 1046 , during the Vata pagan uprising in Hungary , Andrew returned to his homeland with the intention of gaining the throne Edmund and Edward are likely to have fought for Andrew 's army and it is possible that they were present at his coronation . Marriage and death Ailred of Rievaulx , a near contemporary chronicler , recorded Edmund 's marriage to the daughter of a Hungarian king , but omitted to mention the name of the king and the name of the daughter . This could not have been a daughter of King Stephen , although a sister of King Samuel Aba , as well as any other princess of the huge rpd dynasty is a possible candidate . It is possible that Edmund 's wife was named Hedwig . Edmund died shortly after the marriage , possibly during the military campaign of Andrew of Hungary in 1046 he was certainly dead by 1054 , when only Edward was recalled to England by the princes ' uncle , King Edward the Confessor . The king wanted to appoint his nephew as his heir , however Edward died soon after his arrival in London . With the death of Edward 's son , Edgar the theling ( who had been proclaimed king in 1066 but was forced to swear allegiance to William the Conqueror and renounce his rights ) , around 1126 , the male line of the House of Wessex died out . Edmund was buried in Hungary , however the exact location of his grave is unknown . Ancestry
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3,317 | Greene v Associated Newspapers Ltd 2004 EWCA Civ 1462 is a case of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales that governs the use of injunctions against publication in alleged defamation cases . Greene , a businesswoman , sought an injunction against Associated Newspapers Ltd to prevent them publishing alleged links with Peter Foster while they claimed to have emails showing links , she asserted that they were false . The test at the time for a preliminary injunction in defamation cases was Bonnard v Perryman , where it was established that the applicant has to show a real prospect of success at trial . The Human Rights Act 1998 established that judges should consider whether applicants are more likely than not to succeed at trial , a test applied to confidentiality cases in Cream Holdings Ltd v Banerjee and the Liverpool Post and Echo Ltd . Greene claimed that the Cream test should be applied rather than the Bonnard test . The case first went to the High Court of Justice , where it was heard by Fulford J he decided that he did not have the authority to overrule Bonnard , and passed the case on to the Court of Appeal after granting a temporary injunction . In the Court of Appeal , the case was heard by May , Dyson and Brooke LJJ , with Brooke delivering the judgment on 5 November 2004 . In it , Brooke judged that defamation , the subject of Greene , was significantly different from breach of confidentiality , the subject in Cream . While the damage from a breach of confidentiality can never be undone , unk a simple test for issuing injunctions , a defamation case that is won vindicates the injured party . Making it easier to grant injunctions in defamation cases would damage the delicate balance between freedom of the press and the right to privacy as such , despite the Human Rights Act , Bonnard is still a valid test . Background Martha Greene , a businesswoman , sought an injunction against Associated Newspapers Ltd to prevent them publishing allegations that she was linked to Peter Foster , a convicted fraudster . Associated Newspapers claimed they had emails proving the link , and wanted to rely on a defence of fair comment and justification Green asserted that the emails were fakes . At the time , the law on injunctions was governed by two cases Bonnard v Perryman and Cream Holdings Ltd v Banerjee and the Liverpool Post and Echo Ltd . Bonnard established that The right of free speech is one which it is for the public interest that individuals should unk , and indeed , that they should exercise without impediment , so long as no wrongful act is done Until it is clear that an alleged libel is untrue , it is not clear that any right at all has been infringed and the importance of leaving free speech unfettered is a strong reason in cases of libel for dealing most cautiously and warily with the granting of interim injunctions , telling courts that injunctions in libel cases should only be granted if there is a real prospect of success at trial . The Human Rights Act 1998 , which came into force in 2000 , brought the European Convention on Human Rights into British domestic law . Article 8 of the convention covers the right to respect for private and family life , and during the passage of the Act through Parliament , elements of the press were concerned that this could affect their freedom of expression . As such , Section 12 of the Act provides that , if a court is considering whether to grant relief which infringes on the right to freedom of expression ( such as an injunction ) , it must have particular regard to the importance of the Convention right to freedom of expression , although recognising the other limits put on this right . Where a relief ( such as an injunction ) is granted in the absence of the respondent , the court must be satisfied that the claimant has taken all reasonable steps to ensure that the defendant was notified , unless there are compelling reasons why they should not be . The court must also not grant relief that would restrict publication before trial , unless satisfied that it is more likely than not that the trial will establish that publication should not be allowed . As a result of the Act , it was uncertain what test to use was a real prospect of success at trial acceptable , or the easier test of more likely than not to succeed at trial In Cream the House of Lords decided that a real prospect of success was still valid law , but that from then on the test of more likely than not should be applied . Following on from this ruling , Greene argued that the Bonnard test was now invalid , and that the case should be judged under the Human Rights Act and Cream . Court proceedings The case first went before Fulford J in the Queen 's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice , with Fulford 's judgment delivered on 16 October 2004 . In it , he held that the High Court was bound to apply Bonnard v Perryman , but granted an injunction until such time as a more senior court could determine Bonnard 's status . The case then went to the Court of Appeal of England and Wales , where it was heard by May , Dyson and Brooke LJJ Brooke delivered a judgment for the entire court on 5 November 2004 . In it , the court refused to extend the more likely or not test found in the Human Rights Act 1998 to cover defamation as well as breach of confidentiality ( the subject of the Cream case ) . While Brooke noted that the Bonnard test was inflexible , he also considered the distinction between defamation and breach of confidentiality while confidentiality , once breached , is lost for ever , if a defamatory statement is taken to trial and the claimant wins , he or she is vindicated and suffers no lasting harm . As such , the Cream test should not be applied , because it would violate the delicate balance between the right to privacy and the freedom of the press .
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3,318 | Severe Cyclonic Storm Agni was a tropical cyclone of the 2004 North Indian Ocean cyclone season notable for its record proximity to the equator . It was the second North Indian Ocean cyclone to receive a name , after Onil earlier in the year . Agni formed on November 28 well to the southwest of India in the Arabian Sea , and steadily intensified as it tracked northwestward . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) estimated peak 1 minute sustained winds of 120 km h ( 75 mph ) , while the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) estimated peak 3 minute sustained winds of 100 km h ( 65 mph ) the IMD is the official warning center for the north Indian Ocean . After peaking , it weakened due to wind shear , dry air , and cooler waters , and the JTWC issued its final advisory on December 3 as it approached the coast of Somalia . The remnants of Agni moved along the Somalian coastline until dissipating on December 5 . Meteorological history A tropical disturbance was observed on November 19 about 800 km ( 500 mi ) southeast of Colombo , Sri Lanka in the Bay of Bengal . The disturbance tracked westward , gradually organizing and prompting the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) on November 22 . After passing south of Sri Lanka , it became disorganized and was no longer considered likely to develop into a tropical cyclone . The circulation associated with the system continued westward , reorganizing on November 26 in the Arabian Sea . Despite being located unusually close to the equator , the disturbance maintained convection , or thunderstorms , which was becoming organized around the weak low level circulation . With low wind shear and diffluence aloft , the JTWC remarked the system had a fair chance of developing . While the system was organizing , the center crossed the equator to reach about 0 . 5 S , thus becoming an anticyclonic circulation in the southern hemisphere . This was unusual , as the Coriolis effect is nonexistent along the equator the Coriolis effect refers to planetary vorticity , which provides the spin in a cyclone . The JTWC later assessed the system as remaining in the northern hemisphere , reaching as far south as 0 . 7 N , or about 80 km ( 50 mi ) from the equator . After the circulation organized further beneath the convection , the JTWC issued another TCFA at 0300 UTC on November 28 . Three hours later , the agency classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 05A about 1300 km ( 800 mi ) southwest of the southern tip of India . In a post season analysis , the JTWC estimated the cyclone became a tropical storm six hours earlier . At around the same time , the IMD classified it as a low pressure area ... likely to become well marked . Upon being classified , the tropical cyclone was moving northwestward under the influence of a ridge over India . Its outflow to the north and south became better defined , although its proximity to the equator limited its southerly outflow somewhat due to wind shear . Early on November 29 , the IMD classified the system as a depression , and throughout the day it rapidly intensified to become a cyclonic storm a cyclonic storm is a tropical cyclone with at least 65 km h ( 40 mph ) winds sustained for 3 minutes . Around that time , the JTWC assessed the cyclone as reaching peak winds of 120 km h ( 75 mph ) , sustained for 1 minute , along with gusts to 150 km h ( 90 mph ) . Late on November 29 , the cyclone weakened slightly , only to regain its peak intensity by November 30 at that time , it developed a banding eye , and was located about 1500 km ( 900 mi ) southeast of the coast of Somalia . At 1200 UTC on November 30 , the IMD issued its first complete advisory on the cyclone , naming it Severe Cyclonic Storm Agni and estimating peak winds at 100 km h ( 65 mph ) the agency predicted the storm would continue northwestward and strengthen slightly before weakening . At its peak , the cyclone had a barometric pressure of 985 mbar . After reaching peak intensity , an increase in wind shear caused the eye to disappear , and the convection decreased significantly . On December 1 , the IMD estimated Agni weakened to cyclonic storm status , around which time the center became exposed from the convection . The cyclone continued its steady weakening continued due to the wind shear , the presence of dry air , and cooler water temperatures , and by December 2 , the IMD downgraded Agni to depression status , which was its final warning on the system . As it approached the coast of Somalia , it turned westward due to the building of a ridge over Saudi Arabia . Despite unfavorable conditions , thunderstorms briefly reformed over the circulation , which allowed the storm to maintain its intensity . By late on December 3 , Agni weakened to below tropical storm status , and the JTWC issued its final warning while the storm was about 450 km ( 275 mi ) south southeast of Cape Guardafui the easternmost point of the Horn of Africa . The circulation became difficult to locate by early on December 4 , by which time the system had little remaining convection . It turned southwestward and later to the south , moving ashore on eastern Somalia before dissipating on December 5 near unk unk over water . Records , naming , and impact According to RSMC New Delhi , Cyclone Agni developed into a depression at 1 . 5 N , which is the same latitude as where according to RSMC Tokyo , Tropical Storm Vamei formed during December 2001 . However , according to RSMC La Reunion , the precursor low to Cyclone Agni moved into the Southern Hemisphere and became an anticyclone as it had kept its counter clockwise circulation . Agni was the second storm in the north Indian Ocean to receive a name , after the IMD began tropical cyclone naming in the middle of 2004 . As the cyclone was weak when it moved over Somalia , no casualties or significant damage was reported .
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3,319 | Quiero Bailar or Yo Quiero Bailar ( English I Want To Dance ) is a song by Puerto Rican reggaetn recording artist Ivy Queen , from the platinum edition of her third studio album , Diva ( 2003 ) . It was composed by Queen , produced by Ivn Joy and released as the lead single from the album in 2004 . It is the follow up to her debut single In The Zone which features Wyclef Jean . Lyrically , the song talks about a guy expecting sex after a dance like it was a bad thing . The song along with the album Diva are considered to be an important factor to reggaeton 's mainstream exposure in 2004 alongside Daddy Yankee 's Barrio Fino and Tego Calderon 's El Enemy de los unk . The song became the first Spanish language song to reach 1 on Miami 's WPOW Rhythmic Top 40 while reaching the Top 10 of the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay chart . An accompanying music video was filmed for the song . It features cameos from her ex husband Omar Navarro , known artistically as Gran Omar . Ivy Queen performed the song as a part of the set of her 2008 World Tour which was held from the Jos Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Background After the failed commercial success of Ivy Queen 's first two studio albums , En Mi Imperio ( 1997 ) and The Original Rude Girl ( 1998 ) Queen was dropped from the Sony label and took a hiatus from her musical career in 1999 . Though the moderate hit , In The Zone with Wyclef Jean was able to chart in the United States , the unsuccessful second single Ritmo Latino and the album The Original Rude Girl were not and were overlooked and soon forgotten . However , it was critically acclaimed by many including an editor for Allmusic who awarded the album four out of five stars and listed it as an selected Allmusic Pick . This occurred after she left Sony and stepped out of Wyclef Jean 's shadow . In 2001 and 2002 , Queen began appearing on reggaeton compilation albums spawning hits like Quiero Bailar which is originally from The Majestic 2 and Quiero Saber from unk . In 2003 , Queen and her then husband Gran Omar signed with Real Music , an independent label based in Miami , Florida and established by Jorge Guadalupe and Anthony Prez . They appeared on the label 's first album Jams Vol . 1 which Prez released after several major record labels turn him down . She benefited from Prez producing the important reggaetn television show The Roof , which aired on mun2 and detailed urban music and lifestyle by frequently appearing and performing on the show . After the success of her third studio album Diva ( 2003 ) , which would be certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , Ivy Queen released a platinum edition to the album in 2004 with bonus tracks , of those included are Quiero Bailar and the singles Quiero Saber , Papi Te Quiero and Tu No Puedes . Composition Quiero Bailar was written by Ivy Queen . It was produced by the Puerto Rican reggaetn producer Ivn Joy , who also produced Quiero Saber . Originally featured on Ivn Joy 's reggaetn compilation album , The Majestic ( 2002 ) , the song was also later included on Queen 's fifth studio album , Flashback ( 2005 ) and second compilation album , Reggaeton Queen ( 2006 ) and first EP , e5 ( 2006 ) . The song incorporates the Liquid riddim , a musical riddim produced by the Jamaican cross over guru Jeremy Harding . The song 's lyrics warn her dance partner not to misinterpret her moves . In the song , she berates a lover who thinks that just because they dance she is automatically going to bed with him . Release and chart performance Quiero Bailar was released in 2003 as the lead single from the album by Universal Music Latino followed by five more singles . On the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart , the song debuted at 35 for the week of September 3 , 2005 , becoming the Hot Shot Debut of the week and peaked at 29 for the week of September 17 , 2005 . Billboard Latin Rhythm Songs chart , the song peaked at 8 . On the Billboard Tropical Songs chart , the song debuted under the name Yo Quiero Bailar at 37 on the week of December 20 , 2003 and peaked at 24 on January 17 , 2004 . It re entered the Billboard Tropical Songs chart under the name Quiero Bailar at 36 on the week of March 6 , 2004 and peaked at 16 on the week of July 9 , 2005 . The song became the first Spanish language track to reach 1 on Miami 's WPOW Rhythmic Top 40 , an American radio station based in Miami , Florida that does not usually play Spanish music . I 've worked very hard in my career , but I get surprised because I 've never expected to get to these places . Ivy Queen said . When I read Sony 's reports and they tell me my albums are being heard in London and my song is 1 , I get surprised and look for explanations . Critical reception and cover versions Jonathan Widran of Allmusic described the track as a song that gets the party and people moving and as well as being one of Ivy Queen 's hits . Ramiro Burr of Billboard stated that Quiero Bailar shows how effortlessly and quickly she alternately sings and raps , claiming that she has a distinct vocal style that evokes Gwen Stefani . Kid Curry , program director of the Rhythmic Top 40 WPOW ( Power 96 ) radio station , cites Ivy Queen 's release of Yo Quiero Bailar as the last reggaetn super hit . Quiero Bailar was covered by Puerto Rican rapper unk on the reggaetn compilation album Reggaetn 30 unk ( 2005 ) . Recording artist Abaya covered Quiero Bailar on the album Evolucin Urbana ( 2005 ) . Boricua Boys also included their rendition of the song on their second album Reggaetn ( 2006 ) . Track listing Album version Quiero Bailar 3 06 Extended Play ( EP ) Cuntale 3 22 Libertad 3 29 Te He Querido , Te He Llorado 4 17 Quiero Bailar 3 03 Quiero Saber 2 51 Charts
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3,320 | Lisa 's Date with Density is the seventh episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 15 , 1996 . It was written by Mike Scully , and directed by Susie Dietter . It sees Lisa develop a crush on Nelson Muntz , which eventually leads to Lisa and Nelson dating . It also was among the first episodes to feature Milhouse 's crush on Lisa , an element of the series ( along with Lisa 's vegetarianism ) to have spun off from Lisa 's Wedding . Plot At Springfield Elementary School , Superintendent Chalmers visits Principal Skinner to show off his newly purchased 1979 Honda Accord . However , he becomes distraught when he discovers the car 's hood ornament missing . Principal Skinner orders a search of every student 's locker , and it is discovered that Nelson Muntz is the culprit . As punishment , Nelson is forced to return all stolen items to their owners and help Groundskeeper Willie with his jobs around the school . Mr. Largo catches Lisa looking outside at Nelson during a music lesson , and as a result is given detention . After school , she continues to watch Nelson and develops a crush on the bully . Lisa tries to let Nelson know how she feels about him by getting Milhouse to pass a love note to him in class . However , the plan backfires , with Nelson seriously injuring Milhouse ( this is not seen , but Milhouse is seen being loaded into an ambulance ) , thinking the note came from him . Lisa admits that she wrote the letter and although Nelson seems indifferent about the matter he begins by visiting her house . Lisa is resolved to turn Nelson from a trouble maker into a sweet , sensitive young man . She changes his appearance by giving him new clothes and hairstyle . Later , Lisa and Nelson share their first kiss during their date at the Springfield Observatory . However , the influence of Nelson 's friends Jimbo , Dolph and Kearney proves to win out when they convince him to come along with them and throw rancid coleslaw at Principal Skinner 's house . Skinner immediately phones the police , and the four flee . Nelson takes refuge with Lisa , proclaiming his innocence . Lisa believes him , until Nelson unwittingly lets the truth slip . Lisa realizes that Nelson is always going to be who he is and ends their relationship , much to the relief of an overjoyed Milhouse . Meanwhile , Chief Wiggum arrests a scam artist for telemarketing fraud . Homer witnesses the arrest and sees the discarded autodialer in a nearby trash bin . Homer takes the autodialer home to use for tele panhandling . Homer ends up annoying all of Springfield with his Happy Dude scam , and soon enough Chief Wiggum catches him . Instead of confiscating the autodialer and taking Homer into custody , he shoots it then gives Homer a citation and asks him to bring the autodialer with him ( although full of lead ) to his court hearing , otherwise there would be no case and Homer would be let off the hook . In the closing credits , however , Homer has recorded a new message telling everyone he scammed he is sorry and that if they can forgive him to send more money . Production The idea of Lisa dating Nelson had been around for a while , with several different versions being pitched . The writers wanted a silly Homer story to balance the episode out , and the idea of using the telemarketing scam for this had also been around for a while . By this time , the show had begun to have episodes revolving around secondary characters . This was the first episode to revolve around Nelson , and was done to partly explain why Nelson acts the way he does . The words to Nelson 's song were contributed by Mike Scully 's daughters . The scene in which Milhouse passes Lisa 's note to Nelson was written by Bill Oakley , with the line He can 't hear you , we had to pack his ears with gauze being George Meyer 's line . There was a debate as to how injured Milhouse could look without it looking disturbing , and the drop of blood coming from his nose was decided to be enough . Milhouse liking Vaseline on toast was based on a child from Josh Weinstein 's school days who everyday would get on to the bus with a piece of toast , which had Vaseline on it . Cultural references A majority of the story is a reference to the film Rebel Without a Cause . Lisa remarks Nelson is like a riddle wrapped in an enigma wrapped in a vest , a reference to a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma this was Winston Churchill 's opinion of Russia at the outbreak of the World War II . Reception In its original broadcast , Lisa 's Date with Density finished 63rd in ratings for the week of December 9 15 , 1996 , with a Nielsen rating of 7 . 4 , equivalent to approximately 7 . 2 million viewing households . It was the fifth highest rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X Files , Melrose Place , Beverly Hills , 90210 and Party of Five . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it impressive how even after Nelson has beaten him Milhouse up for apparently making a pass , Milhouse will still do anything for uncaring Lisa . Josh Weinstein called it one of the most real episodes , commenting that every character in the episode , from Superintendent Chalmers to Lisa , acts like a real person throughout . The medic 's line He can 't hear you , we had to pack his ears with gauze is one of Matt Groening 's favorites . Marge 's line When I first met your father , he was loud , crude and piggish . But I worked hard on him , and now he 's a whole new person , is one of Susie Dietter 's favorites , as it explains why Marge is still married to Homer despite his actions . This is also one of several episodes that has been performed live by the cast in front of an audience .
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3,321 | Billy , or William Johnson Hippopotamus , ( 1920s October 11 , 1955 ) was a Pygmy Hippopotamus given as a pet to U.S. President Calvin Coolidge . Captured in Liberia , he was given to Coolidge by Harvey Samuel Firestone in 1927 . Billy spent most of his life in the National Zoo in Washington D.C .. In addition to his fame as an exotic presidential pet which afforded him a trip to the 1939 New York World 's Fair Billy is also notable as the common ancestor to most pygmy hippos in American zoos . By the time of his death in 1955 , Billy had sired 23 calves , 13 of whom survived at least a year . Early years In 1927 , Harvey Samuel Firestone , the founder of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company , acquired Billy in Liberia , where he was captured on one of Firestone Tires ' large plantations . Calvin Coolidge , who was the U.S. President at the time , was known for his collection of animals , including many dogs , birds , a wallaby , lion cubs , a raccoon and other unusual animals . At the time , pygmy hippos were virtually unknown in the United States . On May 26 , 1927 , Coolidge was informed that he would receive the rare hippo , already adult sized at 6 feet ( 1 . 8 m ) long and around 600 pounds ( 270 kg ) , as a gift . In Coolidge 's autobiography he wrote about the unusual menagerie he collected and stated that he donated many of these animals , including Billy , to the National Zoo . Though Coolidge had a deep fascination with animals , he was overshadowed by Theodore Roosevelt , who was more widely known for and associated with his interest in animals . By August 1927 , Coolidge had sent the second largest collection of animals of any president after Roosevelt to the zoo , and paid them frequent visits . Upon his arrival , Billy was one of the most valuable animals the zoo had ever received , and was only the eighth pygmy hippopotamus to be brought to the United States . Billy was a popular animal several months after his arrival , The New York Times wrote Billy was as frisky as a dog . Even the antics of the monkeys go unobserved when the keeper opens the tiny hippo 's cage and cuts up with him . Parenting troubles Today , pygmy hippos breed well in captivity since Billy 's arrival , 58 pygmy hippos have been born at the National Zoo alone . As one of the earliest pygmy hippos in captivity in the U.S. zoo system , Billy went on to become the direct ancestor of nearly all pygmy hippos in American zoos . When Billy first came to the zoo , however , keepers did not know much about pygmy hippopotamus husbandry . A mate for Billy , a female named Hannah , was acquired by the zoo on September 4 , 1929 . Billy 's and Hannah 's first calf was born on August 26 , 1931 , but did not survive the week . Inability to survive the neglect of an errant mother was the cause given for baby Hippo 's demise , eulogized The Washington Post . Over the next two years , two more calves would follow , both of which died in infancy . Billy 's third calf was killed when Hannah rolled on top of the baby and crushed it . She 's just a bad mother , said the zoo 's long time director Dr. William M. Mann to The Washington Post , upon the death of the third infant . As Hannah 's fourth pregnancy progressed , zookeepers noticed she seemed to be less agitated than previous pregnancies and attributed this to their new quarters during her previous three pregnancies , Hannah had lived in the zoo 's lion house , a stressful environment for a pregnant hippo . On Mother 's Day of 1938 , Hannah gave birth to a healthy baby . Life as a stud Such was Billy 's popularity in the 1930s that at the end of the decade he traveled to Queens , New York , for the 1939 New York World 's Fair , where he appeared in the Firestone exhibit . Billy and Hannah successfully had more calves , and because of Billy 's worth as a breeding stud , in 1940 , Mann traveled to Liberia as part of the Smithsonian Firestone animal expedition , and acquired a second mate for Billy , another female who came to be known as Matilda . Between 1931 and 1954 , Hannah gave birth to 15 of Billy 's calves , 7 of whom were reared or lived at least one year . Between 1943 and 1956 , Matilda gave birth to 8 of Billy 's calves , 6 of which were reared . At some point during the 1940s , the press started to refer to Billy as William Johnson Hippopotamus . The zoo developed the tradition of naming all his calves Gumdrop , using Roman numerals to distinguish them . By the birth of Gumdrop XVI , the zoo had noticed something curious of all Billy 's calves , only one was male . Research would later confirm that pygmy hippos in captivity are far more likely to give birth to females , though not by such an extreme ratio as Billy . Twenty three years after Coolidge 's death ( January 5 , 1933 ) Billy himself died on October 11 , 1955 , five months before the birth of Gumdrop XVIII . He carried his work on to the end , said a zoo official . Hannah followed Billy in death on March 6 , 1958 . A legacy continued After a year or two at the National Zoo , Billy 's offspring were typically sent to other locations . Among the places to which his progeny were transferred the Cole Bros. Circus , Philadelphia Zoological Gardens , Catskill Game Farm , the Miller Bros. Circus , the Fort Worth Zoo , as well as international destinations such as Sydney and London . In 1960 , after learning that the zoo 's female pygmy hippos remained without male companionship after Billy 's death , Liberian President William Tubman dispatched a search party to find a new male pygmy hippopotamus to ship to Washington . The pygmy hippopotamus , named unk , arrived in Brooklyn , New York , on February 4 , 1960 , and traveled via station wagon to Washington the next day , where he would continue Billy 's breeding legacy with the zoo 's female pygmy hippos , two of which were Billy 's daughters .
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3,322 | The 138th Boat Race took place on 4 April 1992 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford 's cox Andrew Probert was the oldest competitor in Boat Race history at the age of 38 years and 86 days . Oxford won by one and a quarter lengths , the closest margin of victory for twenty years . The race also featured the first German competitor in the history of the event in Dirk Bangert . Umpired by former Cambridge rower Roger Stephens , Mike Rosewell writing in The Times described the race as one of the greatest races since 1829 . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie defeated Oxford 's Isis , while Cambridge won the Women 's Boat Race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a hotly contested point of honour between the two universities , followed throughout the United Kingdom , and broadcast on several international television networks . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1991 race by four and a quarter lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 69 victories to Oxford 's 67 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . President of the Cambridge University Boat Club , Max unk , said of the previous year 's race We were burned on that day . Badly burned . It was worse than other defeats because we thought we could win ... Oxford just rowed through us with every stroke they took they destroyed our belief in ourselves . His crew mate , Nick unk , focused on the approach to this year 's race This year it 's heads down and get on with the job . We know that if we don 't cross the line first on the day , nobody could care less who we are . Beefeater Gin sponsored the event prior to this year 's race they had announced a 1 million deal to continue their close involvement for a further three years . Crews Aged 38 years and 3 months , Cambridge 's cox , Andrew Probert , was the oldest competitor in the history of the Boat Race . Oxford 's crew featured four returning Blues and two former Isis crew members , while Cambridge saw three old Blues participate . The Oxford boat was made up from five Britons , an Australian , an American and a Yugoslav Cambridge was represented by seven Britons , an American and Dirk Bangert , the first German to participate in the event . Oxford 's crew were coached by Steve Royle and Patrick Sweeney , and assisted by the former East Germany Olympic coach Jrgen Grbler , while Cambridge were guided Oxford 's successful coach of 1991 , John Wilson . unk Bert Green and Jim Cobb provided advice to the Oxford and Cambridge coxes respectively . Race The race commenced at 2 . 35 pm . Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station . The boats raced side by side for the first three and a half miles of the race , for fourteen minutes neither crew held a lead of more than half a length over the other , and umpire Roger Stephens was forced to issue warnings to both coxes for steering too close to one another . The Dark Blues held a slight early advantage but Cambridge pulled ahead at Hammersmith Bridge . Oxford edged ahead at Barnes Bridge , and passed the finishing post in a time of 17 minutes 44 seconds , one and a quarter lengths ahead of Cambridge , the closest finish in the last 20 years . Oxford 's Yugoslav rower Boris unk had to be lifted from the boat at the end of the race . The Beefeater Gin Trophy was presented to the winning boat club president by Raymond Seitz . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie won by three and a quarter lengths over Isis , their fifth victory in six years . Cambridge won the 47th Women 's Boat Race by one third of a length in a time of 6 minutes and 20 seconds , their third victory in four years . Reaction Mike Rosewell , writing in The Times complimented all of the race participants the 18 individuals involved produced one of the greatest races since 1829 . Former Oxford coach Daniel Topolski , writing for The Observer , described the Oxford 's win as scintillating and noted that the crews were locked in combat for fully three and a half miles . Christopher Dodd , writing in The Guardian suggested that the promise was delivered a rare race . Oxford 's number five and Great Britain international Peter Bridge noted Grbler 's impact We really felt the strength that we had built up over six months under Jrgen 's methods . He continued Cambridge were slower off the start than we expected which was nice . Referring to Cambridge 's lead at Hammersmith Bridge , their number seven Steve Fowler said we were feeling good but we should have closed the door there and then . We should have killed them on the bend . Cambridge cox Probert conceded to his counterpart Liz Chick she steered very well . Oxford coach Grbler stated It was wonderful . Both crews ... were very good and so disciplined . I like these university students . Cambridge coach Wilson lamented we failed to capitalise at Hammersmith and they grew in confidence thereafter .
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3,323 | Me Haces Falta ( English I Need You ) is a song recorded by American singer Jennifer Lopez for her fifth studio album , Como Ama una Mujer ( 2007 ) . It was written and produced by Marc Anthony and Estfano . The song was released on March 23 , 2007 by Epic Records as the second and final single from the album . Me Haces Falta is a latin pop song about self loathing . Its instrumentation consists of drums , cello , bass and guitar . Music critics were complimentary to the song 's lyrics and to Lopez 's vocals , but dismissed its production . An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Sanji . The video portrays Lopez as an undercover FBI agent who surrenders her lover to the police and has regrets afterwards . Me Haces Falta was included in the set list of Lopez 's co headling tour with Anthony in 2007 . Background Plans for Lopez to release a Spanish language album materialized in 2004 , when Lopez 's then husband Marc Anthony was finishing up production of his ninth studio album Amar Sin Mentiras ( 2004 ) with Estfano and Julio Reyes . Lopez went into the recording studio with them to record a song entitled unk , as a duet with Anthony . She enjoyed working on the song so much that she decided to record a full length Spanish album something she had wanted to do for years . Prior to breaking out into the music scene in May 1999 with her single If You Had My Love , Lopez always pictured her music career to be in Spanish . According to Lopez My life took a different turn , which was great for me . But my heart was always kind of on the Spanish side . Before recording began for her first Spanish album , Lopez recorded and released her fourth English studio album Rebirth ( 2005 ) . In early 2006 it was announced that Lopez would release her first Spanish album and her fifth studio album Como Ama una Mujer later that year . The album was produced by Anthony , Estfano and Reyes over a span of three years . According to Estfano , Como Ama una Mujer will prove critics wrong from its big songs that require a voice referring to the critics about Lopez having a limited vocal tone . The album was released on March 27 , 2007 in the United States , preceding the release of its lead single Qu Hiciste in January . Como Ama una Mujer received mixed reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 45 , based on 7 reviews , which indicates mixed or average reviews . Me Haces Falta was announced to be the album 's second single and was released digitally in select countries on March 23 , 2007 , such as Austria , Canada and Italy . It was then serviced to radio on the week of June 29 , 2007 . The song was later included as a B side to Do It Well , the lead single from Lopez 's sixth studio album Brave ( 2007 ) , in September 2007 . Music and lyrics Me Haces Falta is a latin pop ballad , with a length of three minutes and thirty seven seconds ( 3 37 ) . Its instrumentation consists of drums , cello , bass and guitar . Estfano wrote the lyrics to Me Haces Falta , while Anthony composed its music . Both co produced the song together , while Julio Reyes provided the arrangement . Bruce Swedien and Peter Wade recorded Lopez 's vocals for the song at Midnight Blue Studios in Miami , Florida , while its mixing was done by Reyes and Swedien . According to Lopez , the song is about missing someone terribly someone who is missing someone so much and has done something so wrong to the person that they know they can 't fix it . So they just hate themselves right in that moment , they can 't stand it , they regret everything that they did and they wish they could change things . James Reed of The Boston Globe noted the chorus of Me Haces Falta to be self loathing , with the lines T me unk unk S , me unk Me unk Estoy unk ( English I miss you Yes , I repent I hate myself I 'm desperate ) . Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly praised the song 's lyrics , but dismissed the song 's production , stating that it does not live up the song 's florid , romance novel lyrics . Music video The music video for Me Haces Falta was shot over a period of two days in Los Angeles , California by Sanji with the production company Reactor Films . During an interview with MTV News , Lopez described the video by saying Basically they are getting to know each other and kind of falling for each other , and in this video , it 's not a good thing , as you 'll see how it ends up . The music video was made available for purchase on the iTunes Store on July 17 , 2007 . The clip opens with Lopez and her love interest conversing on the side walk in front of a shop window . These scenes are intercut with that of suspicious men in a van , observing Lopez and her lover . Later , Lopez and her lover split and she starts singing as she walks down the street . She goes inside a boutique and enters through at a secret door . As she enters , she takes off a wig and changes her clothing . She enters in a room where there are pictures of her lover scattered across a table . These scenes are intercut with scenes of Lopez and her lover laying in a grass . As the video progresses , Lopez is seen sad , accompanied with her love interest and his friend in an apartment they are observing from a window with binoculars . It is revealed that the men from the beginning of the video are FBI officers and they are entering the building abruptly . They break into Lopez and her lover 's apartment and arrest him . In the end , it is revealed that Lopez is an undercover FBI agent who surrenders her boyfriend . Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Como Ama una Mujer . Technical Me Haces Falta was recorded at Midnight Blue Studios in Miami , Florida . Personnel
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3,324 | The 1889 90 Currie Cup was the inaugural edition of the Currie Cup , the premier first class cricket tournament in South Africa . The 1889 90 competition involved just two teams , Transvaal and Kimberley . The two sides played a single , three day match , which was won by Transvaal by six wickets . Both sides made low scores in their first innings Kimberley , who had opted to bat first , were dismissed for 98 runs , and in their reply Transvaal reached 117 , a lead of just 19 runs . In the second innings , they both fared better a century from Bernard Tancred helped Kimberley to a total of 235 , but Transvaal reached their total in 38 five ball overs , helped by a century from Monty Bowden . Background First class cricket was first played in South Africa in the previous 1888 89 season , when Robert Warton managed a side which toured the country , playing against representative teams from each of the provinces , and two matches against South Africa , which were later adjudged to have Test cricket status . During that tour , Donald Currie donated the Currie Cup to be awarded to the team which performed best against the touring side which was judged to be Kimberley . In other first class matches during the 1889 90 season , Kimberley faced Natal twice , winning both matches . Transvaal did not play any first class cricket prior to their Currie Cup contest with Kimberley . Transvaal challenged Kimberley for the Currie Cup in 1890 , the first such challenge for the trophy . A number of the team selections were controversial the selection committee for Transvaal chose Aubrey Smith and Monty Bowden , both of whom had remained in South Africa after touring as part of the England cricket team the previous year , and Charlie Finlason , who played the majority of his cricket for the opposition Kimberley team . Finlason , a newspaper journalist , had fallen out with Smith after writing a number of articles criticising him and the English side . When Finlason was selected for Transvaal , Smith who was captaining the side made him bat at number eleven . Match Summary The match began on Saturday 5 April 1890 at the unk Cricket Club Ground in Kimberley . The toss was won by the Kimberley captain , Walter Woodthorpe , who opted to bat first . Bernard Tancred and Robert Snedden opened the batting , and scored 25 runs together before the first wicket fell . The Transvaal bowlers took three more wickets for the addition of just 27 runs , leaving Kimberley on 52 for 4 . The batsmen then shared a partnership of 40 runs , but upon the loss of the next wicket , Kimberley suffered a collapse , and were eventually bowled out for 98 runs . Tancred top scored for the side , accruing 42 runs , but only two other batsmen reached double figures Snedden and John Coghlan , both of whom scored 13 . Transvaal only used three bowlers during the innings Aubrey Smith and Bentley unk each took four wickets , while Charles Vintcent took the remaining two . Transvaal began their reply strongly their openers , Monty Bowden and John Hickson put on 69 runs for the first wicket , the majority being scored by Bowden . Once they lost their first wicket , the team continued to lose wickets at regular intervals the second highest partnership of the innings was the 17 runs made for the tenth , or last , wicket . George Glover was the best of the bowlers , collecting six wickets . Glover and Albert Rose Innes bowled the majority of the overs , and took nine of the wickets between them . Bowden 's score of 63 was substantially the best by any batsman in the innings , only John Piton , Spranger Harrison and Hickson scored more than 10 runs , and none managed as many as 20 . The third innings of the match gave Kimberley a second attempt at batting on the first day they lost wickets regularly through the afternoon , but opener Tancred remained at the crease throughout , finishing the day unbeaten on 55 , with the team on 100 for six . The match resumed on Monday 7 April 1890 , with no play scheduled for the Sunday . After the early loss of Rose Innes for 20 runs , Charles unk joined Tancred . The pair scored 97 runs together , taking the score up to 226 . Three quick wickets then ended the Kimberley innings they scored 235 runs from 83 overs , in which Tancred scored a century , hitting 106 runs before being leg before wicket to Bowden . Vintcent took the most wickets for Transvaal , claiming four for 70 . Smith claimed two wickets , and Bowden , who was designed on the scorecard as the team 's wicket keeper also claimed two wickets from the three overs that he bowled . Transvaal batted rapidly in their second innings , reaching the required total to win the match inside the second day of the match , which had been scheduled for three days in total . Opening batsman Bowden batted throughout the whole innings , remaining not out on 126 when his side won the match . He was joined at the end by Vintcent , who scored 60 runs in a partnership of 126 runs between the two players . Kimberley tried six different bowlers in an effort to bowl Transvaal out , but only Rose Innes and Irvine unk took wickets , claiming two apiece . Scorecard Key Captain Wicket keeper c Fielder Indicates that the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named fielder b Bowler Indicates which bowler gains credit for the dismissal lbw Indicates the batsman was dismissed leg before wicket ht unk Indicates the batsman was dismissed hit wicket st Indicates the batsman was stumped Aftermath Transvaal and Kimberley remained the only sides to contest the Currie Cup in the following season , and in their 1891 match , Kimberley won by 58 runs in a timeless match . The tournament was not played in 1891 92 , but when it restarted the following year , a third team , Western Province joined , while Kimberley were renamed Griqualand West .
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3,325 | A frog battery is an electrochemical battery consisting of a number of dead frogs ( or sometimes live ones ) , which form the cells of the battery connected in a series arrangement . It is a kind of unk . It was used in early scientific investigations of electricity and academic demonstrations . The principle behind the battery is the injury potential created in a muscle when it is damaged , although this was not fully understood in the 18th and 19th centuries the potential being caused incidentally due to the dissection of the frog 's muscles . The frog battery is an example of a class of unk which can be made from any number of animals . The general term for an example of this class is the muscular pile . The first well known frog battery was created by Carlo Matteucci in 1845 , but there had been others before him . Matteucci also created batteries out of other animals , and Giovanni Aldini created a battery from ox heads . Background In the early days of electrical research , a common method of detecting electric current was by means of a frog 's leg galvanoscope . A good supply of live frogs was kept to hand by the researcher ready to have their legs prepared for the galvanoscope . Frogs were therefore a convenient material to use in other experiments . They were small , easily handled , the legs were especially sensitive to electric current , and they carried on responding longer than other animal candidates for this role . Preparation It was usual to use the thighs of frogs for the battery construction . The legs of the frog were first skinned , then the lower leg was cut off at the knee joint and discarded . Damaging the muscle during this procedure would detract from the results . The thigh muscle was then cut in two transversely to produce two half thighs . Only the lower , conical shaped piece was kept . The half thighs were then laid on an insulator of varnished wood so arranged that the inside surface of one was in contact with the outside surface of the next , with the conical ends of the outside surface being pushed into the cavity of the cut surface . The ends of the pile were placed in cups of water sunk into the wood and formed the terminals of the battery . The arrangement of inside surface connected to outside surface was on the basis of the incorrect theory that there was an electric current in muscles continually flowing from the inside to the outside . It is now known that the half thighs were more successful at generating electricity because they had suffered the greatest injury to the muscle . This effect of increased electric potential due to injury is known as demarcation potential or injury potential . Other constructions could also be used . For instance the complete rear legs could be used with the sciatic nerves exposed so that the nerve of one frog could be connected to the feet of the next . Whole frogs too could be used . Although it was more time consuming to prepare the thigh muscles , most experimenters preferred to do this since it gave better results . History The first frog battery was constructed by Eusebio Valli in the 1790s with a chain of 10 frogs . Valli had difficulty understanding all of his own results he followed Luigi Galvani in believing that animal electricity ( or galvanic electricity ) was a different phenomenon from metal metal electricity ( or voltaic electricity ) , even denying its existence . Alessandro Volta 's theory was proved correct when he succeeded in constructing the voltaic pile without the use of any animal material . Because Valli found himself on the wrong side in this dispute , and refused to change his opinion despite the evidence , his work has become a bit of a backwater and his frog battery is little known and poorly documented . Leopoldo Nobili built a frog battery in 1818 out of complete frog legs which he called a frog pile . He used this to investigate animal electricity but his experiments were strongly criticised by Volta who argued that the true source of electricity was dissimilar metals in the external circuit . According to Volta , fluids in the frog merely provided the electrolyte . The first well known frog battery was constructed by Carlo Matteucci which was described in a paper presented to the Royal Society in 1845 by Michael Faraday on his behalf . It later also appeared in the popular medical student physics textbook Elements of Natural Philosophy by Golding Bird . Matteucci constructed his battery from a pile of 12 to 14 half thighs of frogs . Despite the misguided theory behind the half thigh battery , Matteucci 's frog battery was nevertheless sufficiently powerful to decompose potassium iodide . Matteucci aimed with this apparatus to address Volta 's criticism of Nobili by constructing a circuit , as far as possible , entirely out of biological material and hence prove the existence of animal electricity . Matteucci also studied the effects vacuum , various gases , and poisons had on the frog battery , concluding that in many cases its operation was not affected even when the substance would be toxic or lethal to the living animal . Frogs were not the only creatures to be press unk into serving as battery components . In 1803 Giovanni Aldini demonstrated that electricity could be obtained from an ox head from a freshly killed animal . A frog galvanoscope connected between the ox 's tongue and ear showed a reaction when the circuit was completed through the experimenter 's own body . A greater reaction was obtained when Aldini joined two or three heads together into a battery . Later , in the 1840s , Matteucci also created eel batteries , pigeon batteries and rabbit batteries . Further , he created a battery out of living pigeons by connecting a wound made on the breast of one pigeon to the body of the next . Matteucci states that this design was based on a pre existing battery of living frogs .
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3,326 | Friedrich William , Frst zu Hohenlohe Kirchberg was born in Kirchberg , Hohenlohe , ( now part of Baden Wrttemberg , Germany ) on 2 December 1732 . He was a member of an old comital and , subsequently , princely ( unk ) family of Hohenlohe , with extensive properties on the plateau south of the Main river , between the Imperial City of unk Hall and the old Franconian city of Rothenburg ob der Tauber . He served a distinguished career in Austrian military in the Seven Years ' War , the War of Bavarian Succession , and the French Revolutionary Wars . An experienced , if old fashioned , general , he was chosen to mentor the young Archduke Charles , who was assigned to his staff during the 1792 campaign in France . From 1780 until his death , he was the Colonel Proprietor of the 17th Infantry Regiment . Early career Hohenlohe Kirchberg began his military career in 1756 , when he joined the Habsburg regiment , the 29th Infantry Regiment Braunschweig Wolfenbttel as a young man . He served as a captain of grenadiers in the Seven Years ' War . He was twice wounded , first at the famous Battle of Leuthen , and later at the Battle of Landshut , during the storming of Prussian redoubts . In 1758 , he was promoted to major , in 1761 , to lieutenant colonel , and in 1764 , to colonel . He served under Gideon von Laudon in the short War of the Bavarian Succession , also called the Potato War for its lack of battles but its intense raiding of the enemy 's food supplies . After this conflict , which took place in Bohemia ( present day Czech Republic ) , he was promoted to Lieutenant Field Marshal ( unk Leutnant ) and served in the Austro Turkish War , again under the command of von Laudon . He orchestrated the Austrian victory over the Turks at unk . After the unk campaign , he received the Commander 's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa and was appointed as Colonel Proprietor ( Inhaber ) of the 17th Infantry Regiment , a position he held until his death in 1796 . On 15 October 1789 , he was promoted again , to general of infantry , or Feldzeugmeister , and appointed as Commanding General in Transylvania , in the so called Siebenbrgen . French Revolutionary Wars In 1792 , he was initially placed in command of the 50 , 000 Austrian forces in the Upper Rhine Valley . In August , his forces crossed the Rhine by Mannheim , and participated in the bombardment of Thionville , on the Moselle , in early September . Although the invading forces of the allies readily captured Longwy on 23 August and slowly marched on to Verdun , which was even less defensible than Longwy . The Duke of Brunswick now began his march on Paris and approached the defiles of the Argonne . In combination with the Army of Cond and Hessian troops , a portion of his force , 15 , 000 , covered the left ( southern ) flank of the Prussian advance on Valmy . As a seasoned and experienced officer , he had been chosen as a mentor for the young Archduke Charles , and the archduke was assigned to his force they were not at Valmy , but could hear the cannonade . The Duke of Brunswick 's force was to engage the northern flank of the French army , called the Army of the Sedan , while Hohenlohe Kirchberg 's force engaged the southern flank ( Army of the Metz ) . In December of 1792 , Hohenlohe Kirchberg 's forces defended Trier from the Army of the Moselle so well that its commander , General of Division Pierre de Ruel , marquis de Beurnonville , was removed from his command by his superiors in Paris . On 31 December , Hohenlohe Kirchberg was awarded the Grand Cross of Military Order of Maria Theresa for his success at Trier . In May 1793 , his forces played a decisive role in the victory at the Battle of unk . He was appointed as General Quarter Master and Chief of Staff to the Coalition 's main army in Flanders , succeeding General Karl Mack . As part of the Belgian Corps under Field Marshal Saxe Coburg Saalfeld he played a decisive role in the action at Avesnes le Sec and later at the Battle of Fleurus ( 1794 ) . Subsequently , Hohenlohe Kirchberg commanded a corps on the upper Rhine and was responsible for the recapture of Speyer from the French on 17 September 1794 . This was his final military action he retired from service in early 1795 because of his failing health and died in 1796 . Family Born in the family county of Hohenlohe , Friedrich Wilhelm ( William ) was the first son of Karl August , Frst zu Hohenlohe Kirchberg and his second wife , Susanne Margarete Louisa , Grfin von Auersperg . Eight other children followed until her death 12 September 1748 . His father remarried ( 21 January 1749 ) and had four more children . In 1770 , Friedrich Wilhelm married the divorced unk , Countess of Reuss zu Greiz ( Greiz 9 July 1750 Prague 14 June 1816 ) they had no children . He died in Prague , Bohemia , 10 August 1796 . Sibling connections Seven of his 12 siblings died before the age of ten . The surviving siblings were Christian Friedrich Karl , Frst zu Hohenlohe Kirchberg ( 19 October 1729 Kirchberg 18 August 1819 Kirchberg ) August Ludwig , Prinz zu Hohenlohe Kirchberg ( 3 September 1735 Kirchberg 19 January or June 1780 Kirchberg Friedrich Eberhard , Prinz zu Hohenlohe Kirchberg ( 21 October 1737 Kirchberg 21 January 1804 Kirchberg ) ( married Albertina Renata unk unk ) Friedrich Karl Ludwig , Prinz zu Hohenlohe Kirchberg ( 19 March November 1751 Kirchberg 12 September 1791 unk ) Friedrich Karl Ludwig was an amateur artist . He had started a career in cavalry but an accident during a review caused him to abandon the military . He studied first under Valentine unk and later under Oeser in Leipzig . His artistic pursuits included drawing , miniature painting ( at which he was apparently quite good ) , and ivory carving . Christiane Friederike Sophie zu Hohenlohe Kirchberg ( 1 April 1731 15 March 1787 )
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3,327 | M 115 is a state trunkline highway in the northwestern part of the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan . The highway takes a generally southeast to northwest direction between Frankfort on Lake Michigan and Clare in the central part of the state . The northwestern end is at M 22 next to Betsie Lake the southeastern end in downtown Clare is at an intersection with Business US Highway 127 ( Bus . US 127 ) and Bus . US 10 . In between , the trunkline runs about 96 1 2 miles ( 155 . 3 km ) through woodlands , including areas that are a part of either the Manistee National Forest or the Pere Marquette State Forest . The highway also passes agricultural areas , several lakes in the region and a state park near Cadillac . M 115 was first designated in the 1920s on the northwestern end near Frankfort . Additional , disconnected sections were designed as part of the trunkline in the 1930s near Cadillac , Farwell and Mesick . All but one of these gaps ( Cadillac Mesick ) was eliminated by the end of that decade . The remaining segment was built in the 1950s to unite M 115 into a single highway . The last change came in 1989 when the highway was extended into Clare to its current southern terminus . Route description M 115 starts in downtown Clare at a four way intersection with the two business loops , Bus . US 127 and Bus . US 10 , in town . From this junction , M 115 runs west following the former routing of US 10 along Ludington Drive to Farwell . In the middle of town , M 115 turns northwesterly to meet the end of the US 10 freeway near Surrey Lake . The highway continues northwest through forest lands and lake country . The trunkline passes into northern Osceola County near its crossing of the Muskegon River . There are intersections with both M 66 and M 61 south of Marion near rural farms . The roadway subsequently crosses into southern Wexford County . Near Stone Lake south of Cadillac , M 115 meets US 131 and M 55 . M 55 leaves the US 131 freeway and joins M 115 , and the two run concurrently along the western end of Lake Cadillac . They separate near Lake Mitchell , and M 115 turns northwesterly between the two lakes passing Mitchell State Park and the eastern shore of the latter lake . Past the Cadillac area , M 115 runs through the northeastern corner of the Manistee National Forest . The highway continues through woodlands , passing several small lakes in the area as it approaches the community of Mesick . There it turns due west and joins M 37 through town . After M 37 separates to the south , M 115 crosses the Manistee River and continues its northwestern course . The highway crosses the northeastern corner of Manistee County and runs through the community of Copemish on the way to Benzonia . The landscape here turns more agricultural as the highway skirts southwest of Thompsonville crossing the Betsie River . After the river crossing , the highway enters Benzie County and runs through the Pere Marquette State Forest . South of Benzonia , M 115 runs concurrently with US 31 into town . The highways separate in the center of town where M 115 turns westward to run along the south shore of Crystal Lake past Frankfort Dow Memorial Field , the local airport near Frankfort . M 115 follows Forest Avenue , and the highway designation ends at the intersection in town with M 22 near Betsie Lake . The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) maintains M 115 like all other trunkline highways in the state under its jurisdiction . As a part of these responsibilities , the department tracks traffic volumes along its roadways until a metric called average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) . This number is a calculation of the traffic level along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year . In 2009 , MDOT determined that the highest traffic levels along M 115 were the 12 , 079 vehicles daily along the section of highway near lakes Mitchell and Cadillac . The lowest AADT was the 2 , 236 vehicles near Copemish . The trunkline between the US 10 and M 37 junctions has been listed on the National Highway unk a network of roads important to the country 's defense , economy and mobility . History In 1929 , the first stretch of M 115 was designated from Frankfort to Benzonia . Beginning in the mid 1930s , construction of M 115 began from central to northwestern Lower Michigan . In 1936 , an earthen highway was opened between the south side of Cadillac to M 66 , with additional sections west of Mesick and northwest of US 10 . By the end of the year , the state was paving the earthen section , completed a gravel highway near Mesick and opened an earthen section in Clare County . The section from Copemish to northwest of Mesick was opened as an earthen highway the next year . Construction started in early 1938 to connect Benzonia to Copemish , and before the year was out , the Michigan State Highway Department started work to fill in the gap between M 66 and the highway north of US 10 in Clare County . These two sections were completed as earth graded highway in 1939 . Both discontinuous sections were fully paved by 1945 . In 1953 , a county road was built along the path of the future M 115 between Mesick and Cadillac . This road was designated as a state highway by 1957 , with a connection along Boon Road north of Cadillac and a concurrency along US 131 to close the gap in 1957 . The Boon Road segment was removed the next year when the routing near Lake Mitchell opened . The southern end of M 115 was truncated slightly when the US 10 freeway bypass of Clare was opened in 1975 . M 115 has since been rerouted in 1989 along the two lane Old US 10 from its original southeastern ending point near the US 10 overpass through Farwell to Clare . A roundabout was built for the intersection with northbound M 37 east of Mesick and was opened in September 2013 . Major intersections
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3,328 | I 'm That Chick is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her eleventh studio album , E MC ( 2008 ) . A disco track with influences of R B , it was written by Carey , Johnt Austin and production duo Stargate ( Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor E. Hermansen ) . It contains elements of a song called Off the Wall originally performed by Michael Jackson . Rod Temperton , the songs composer , received a songwriting for I 'm That Chick as result . The track was positively received amongst most music critics , many of whom called it the best song on the album and praised is disco composition . Carey performed I 'm That Chick on The Hills season premiere party , the 2008 Fashion Rocks , Canadian Idol , and included it on the set list of her eighth concert tour , The Elusive Chanteuse Show ( 2014 ) . It peaked at number 82 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart . Recording and composition I 'm That Chick was written by Mariah Carey , Johnt Austin and production duo Stargate ( Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor E. Hermansen ) for Carey 's eleventh studio album , E MC ( 2008 ) . It was produced by Carey for Maroon Entertainment and by Stargate on behalf of Delirious Blacksmith Management Ltd . Copyright is held by Rye Songs which is administered by Songs of Universal ( BMI ) Zomba Songs Sony ATV Publishing Ltd . EMI Music Publishing Naked Under My Clothes Chrysalis Music ( ASCAP ) . The song contains elements of Off the Wall , written by Rod Temperton in 1980 and originally performed by Michael Jackson . Temperton received as songwriting credit as a result . Off the Wall is published by unk and administered by Almo Music Corp ( ASCAP ) . The track was recorded by Eriksen and Brian Garten at Roc the Mic Studios in New York City and Honeysouth Studios in Miami , and mixed by Phil Tan for unk Productions Ltd. at Soapbox Studios in Atlanta . Tan was assisted Josh Houghkirk , All instrumentation was provided for and performed by Eriksen and Hermansen . Carey performed background vocals along with Johnson and MaryAnn Tatum . It is a disco song with R B influences The Guardian 's Alex Macpherson noted that the R B element borrowed from 2008 trend in the genre of using a time signature of 44 . He thought that the disco style of the song was reminiscent of some of Carey 's compositions in the beginning of her career , and believed that it was not a coincidence that Carey 's album shares its name with one released by Giorgio Moroder , a disco and EDM DJ and producer , 1979 . Carey employs a gritty but effortless feathery vocal approach on the track , similar to that of Jackson 's on Off the Wall . Reception Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe declared I 'm That Chick as the best track on the album . PopMatters writer Evan Sawdey wrote the few times that she is handed a truly effortless stunner on E MC2 , she absolutely knocks it out of the park with regard to I 'm That Chick and Side Effects . He continued to write that the former could very well be the disc s highlight , but felt that Carey sounded like an unknown popstar . However , Jayanthi Daniels of The New York Sun was critical of I 'm That Chick as well as Side Effects , describing them as throwaway pop tracks on a hip hop album . The Advocate 's Sara Levy called described the track as irresistible and a coy surprise , while Nick Levine of Digital Spy similarly wrote that it is irresistible disco candy . Joey Guerra from the Houston Chronicle felt that the Off the Wall sample breathed life into the track , writing that the only things which are missing are roller skates and short shorts . Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine gave a detailed evaluation of the song 's composition , comparing it to Carey 's 2001 soundtrack album Glitter and to Janet Jackson 's 2008 song unk 'I 'm That Chick ' is a retro unk in the best , most Glitter unk sense . It 's pinker than Pepto Bismol and just as soothing , and for whatever reason , Mariah 's fudged enunciation on the chorus turns ' I 'm that chick you like ' into ' I 'll have chicken , lite . ' The triumph of the song is that , when all of our dance floor divas these days seem to throw one disco descendant banger on their otherwise hip hop hybrid LPs almost out of obligation , ' I 'm That Chick ' doesn 't feel even as tokenistic as Janet 's ' Feedback ' ( which I like more , but only out of context ) . Live performances On March 25 , 2008 , Carey was featured as the special guest performer at The Hills season premiere party , an event marking the start of a span of ten episodes airing in between season three and four . Carey performed Touch My Body , I 'm That Chick and We Belong Together . After the performance , Carey received strong praise from the program 's cast members , with Lauren Conrad saying I 've always been a huge Mariah fan , and she 's just so beautiful and talented ' , while Whitney Port and Audrina Patridge referred to Carey as an amazing singer , while claiming to have listened to her music from a young age . On July 22 , 2008 , Carey was announced as one of the performers at the 2008 Fashion Rocks ceremony . At the event on September 6 , 2008 , the event opened with a live performance of Just Stand Up , a charity single in which Carey partook alongside other female artists including Carrie Underwood . Carey later performed I 'm That Chick alongside several male dancers , opening the song with a spontaneous a cappella of the track 's chorus to positive critical response . A writer from Marie Claire complimented the performance , describing the rendition as true unk Mariah style . A few days later , Carey reprised her performance of I 'm That Chick on Canadian Idol , along with We Belong Together . The track was included on the set list Carey 's eighth concert tour The Elusive Chanteuse Show in 2014 . Charts
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3,329 | Live 'r Than You 'll Ever Be is a bootleg recording of the Rolling Stones ' concert in Oakland , California , from 9 November 1969 . It was one of the first live rock music bootlegs and was made notorious as a document of their 1969 tour of the United States . The popularity of the bootleg forced the Stones ' label Decca Records to release the live album Get Yer Ya Yas Out The Rolling Stones in Concert in 1970 . Live 'r is also one of the earliest commercial bootleg recordings in rock history , released in December 1969 , just two months after the Beatles ' Kum Back and five months after Bob Dylan 's Great White Wonder . Like the two earlier records , Live unk outer sleeve is plain white , with its name stamped on in black ink . Recording and release Live 'r Than You 'll Ever Be was recorded by Dub Taylor from Trademark of Quality using a Sennheiser shotgun microphone and a unk Report 4000 reel to reel tape recorder . It was the first audience recorded rock bootleg to be mastered and distributed some sources consider it the first live bootleg . Though the sound is not nearly as clear as the official release of Get Yer Ya Ya 's Out , the recording is considered to be very strong for an audience recording , especially one of that era . The Rolling Stones performed two sets that night and it is the second concert that was more heavily bootlegged and has sharper sound . Bootleggers had collaborated to record Stones shows across the United States , recording them on two track Sony recorders for months prior to the release of the album . At least one source claims that the recordings initially came from rock promoter Bill Graham 's staff , who used the tapes for broadcast on unk and released their edit on unk Records in early 1970 . The recording was made available about one month after the concert , and it became popular enough to spur speculation that the Stones released Ya Ya 's as a response to the bootleg and the quality was high enough that it was rumoured that the band had even released the bootleg themselves . The recording has been released through several bootleg labels , including the original release by Trademark of Quality ( catalogue number unk ) , Swingin ' Pig , and Sister Morphine , usually documenting only the second set . The Swingin ' Pig release even replace performances of Jumpin ' Jack Flash and Under My Thumb with different recordings from the band 's 10 November performance in San Diego and their two night stint in New York City and attempted to enhance the sound quality by using de clicking technology both changes have drawn criticism in comparison to the original TMOQ release . Reception and influence Live 'r Than You 'll Ever Be was reviewed by Greil Marcus in the 7 February 1970 , issue of Rolling Stone . In his review , Marcus praises the sound of the album and speculates that it may have been recorded from the stage footage from this concert was recorded by ABKCO Records for the film Gimme Shelter . The album also received praise as a more authentic example of the Stones on stage because Get Yer Ya Ya 's Out was heavily overdubbed in many places . Richie Unterberger has noted that the recording is inferior to the sound quality of Ya Ya 's , but displays a spontaneity that the official recording lacks and this helps to explain its long lasting appeal to fans . Reviewing the album in 1970 , Wim Wenders called it the best Rolling Stones record . The album would eventually sell enough copies to qualify for a gold record RIAA certification , with TMOQ sources claiming that it had sold 250 , 000 copies by November 1970 150 , 000 of which were produced by other bootleggers . Although the album did not chart on the Billboard 200 , the magazine did include it in a list of best selling bootlegs in 1971 , noting that hard sales figures were impossible to confirm , but six figure sales had been routinely discussed . The sleeve 's generic design was later copied by The Who 's 1970 album Live at Leeds . Track listing All songs written by Jagger Richards , except where noted Side one Carol ( Chuck Berry ) 3 44 Gimme Shelter 4 18 Sympathy for the Devil 6 23 I 'm Free 5 07 Live with Me 3 33 Side two Love in Vain ( Robert Johnson ) 5 24 Midnight Rambler 7 40 Little Queenie ( Berry ) 4 13 Honky Tonk Women 4 04 Street Fighting Man 4 10 Different versions of the bootleg include different track listings . The unk Records release includes both concerts performed on this date in their entirety and is represented here Disc 1 Early Show Band introduction 1 36 Jumpin ' Jack Flash 4 51 Prodigal Son ( Robert Wilkins ) 4 03 You Gotta Move ( Fred McDowell and Reverend Gary Davis ) 3 18 Carol ( Berry ) 3 33 Sympathy for the Devil 6 55 Stray Cat Blues 4 18 Love in Vain ( Johnson ) 5 13 I 'm Free 5 08 Under My Thumb 3 15 Midnight Rambler 8 17 Live with Me 4 00 Little Queenie ( Berry ) 3 56 ( I Can 't Get No ) Satisfaction 6 56 Honky Tonk Women 4 17 Street Fighting Man 4 03 Disc 2 Late Show Jumpin ' Jack Flash 4 05 Carol ( Berry ) 3 44 Sympathy for the Devil 6 23 Stray Cat Blues 4 13 Prodigal Son ( Wilkins ) 3 59 You Gotta Move ( McDowell and Davis ) 3 12 Love in Vain ( Johnson ) 5 24 I 'm Free 5 07 Under My Thumb 3 23 Midnight Rambler 7 40 Live with Me 3 33 Gimme Shelter 4 18 Little Queenie ( Berry ) 4 13 ( I Can 't Get No ) Satisfaction 6 04 Honky Tonk Women 4 04 Street Fighting Man 4 10 Personnel The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger lead vocals , harmonica Keith Richards lead guitar and rhythm guitar , backing vocals Mick Taylor lead and rhythm guitar , slide guitar Bill Wyman bass guitar Charlie Watts drums and percussion Additional musicians Ian Stewart piano
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3,330 | Francesco Morosini was an ironclad battleship built in the 1880s and 1890s for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) . The ship , named for Francesco Morosini , the 17th century Doge of Venice , was the second of three ships in the Ruggiero di Lauria class , along with Ruggiero di Lauria and Andrea Doria . She was armed with a main battery of four 17 inch ( 432 mm ) guns , was protected with 17 . 75 inch ( 451 mm ) thick belt armor , and was capable of a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km h 20 mph ) . The ship 's construction period was very lengthy , beginning in August 1881 and completing in February 1888 . She was quickly rendered obsolescent by the new pre dreadnought battleships being laid down , and as a result , her career was limited . She spent her career alternating between the Active and Reserve Squadrons , where she took part in training exercises each year with the rest of the fleet . The ship was stricken from the naval register in August 1909 the following month , she was expended as a target ship for experiments with torpedoes . Design Francesco Morosini was 105 . 9 meters ( 347 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 19 . 84 m ( 65 . 1 ft ) and an average draft of 8 . 37 m ( 27 . 5 ft ) . She displaced 9 , 886 metric tons ( 9 , 730 long tons ) normally and up to 11 , 145 t ( 10 , 969 long tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of compound steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by eight coal fired , oval boilers . Her engines produced a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km h 18 mph ) at 10 , 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 , 500 kW ) . She could steam for 2 , 800 nautical miles ( 5 , 200 km 3 , 200 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 507 509 officers and men . Francesco Morosini was armed with a main battery of four 17 in ( 432 mm ) 27 caliber guns , mounted in two pairs en echelon in a central barbette . She carried a secondary battery of two 6 in ( 152 mm ) 32 cal. guns , one at the bow and the other at the stern , and four 4 . 7 in ( 119 mm ) 32 cal. guns . As was customary for capital ships of the period , she carried five 14 in ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . She was protected by steel armor her armored belt was 17 . 75 in ( 451 mm ) thick , and her armored deck was 3 in ( 76 mm ) thick . Her conning tower was armored with 9 . 8 in ( 249 mm ) of steel plate , and the barbette had 14 . 2 in ( 361 mm ) thick sides . Service history Francesco Morosini was under construction for nearly eight years . She was laid down at the Venetian Arsenal on 4 December 1881 and launched on 30 July 1885 . She was not completed for another four years , her construction finally being finished on 21 August 1889 . Because of the rapid pace of naval technological development in the late 19th century , her lengthy construction period meant that she was an obsolete design by the time she entered service . The year she entered service , the British began building the Royal Sovereign class these ships marked a significant advance over previous types of capital ships and set the standard for future vessels , which became known as pre dreadnought battleships . In addition , technological progress , particularly in armor production techniques first Harvey armor and then Krupp armor rapidly rendered older vessels like Francesco Morosini obsolete . Francesco Morosini took part in the annual fleet maneuvers of 1894 in 2nd Division of the Active Squadron , along with the protected cruiser Ettore Fieramosca , the torpedo cruiser Tripoli , and four torpedo boats . She remained in the 2nd Division the following year , which now included the protected cruiser Etruria and the torpedo cruisers Euridice and Calatafimi . The Squadron was based at La Spezia at the time . The following year , she cruised off Crete as the flagship of the 2nd Division , under Rear Admiral E. unk . During that year 's summer maneuvers , held in July , Francesco Morosini continued as unk 's flagship the 2nd Division also included her sister Andrea Doria and the protected cruiser Giovanni Bausan . The 1st and 2nd Divisions of the Active Squadron were tasked with defending against a hostile fleet , simulated by older ships in reserve . In 1898 , Francesco Morosini was transferred to the Reserve Squadron , along with Ruggiero di Lauria and the ironclad Lepanto and five cruisers . The following year , Francesco Morosini and her two sisters returned to the Active Squadron , which was kept in service for eight months of the year , with the remainder spent with reduced crews . The Squadron also included the ironclads Re Umberto , Sicilia , and Lepanto . In 1900 , Francesco Morosini and her sisters were significantly modified and received a large number of small guns for defense against torpedo boats . These included a pair of 75 mm ( 3 . 0 in ) guns , ten 57 mm ( 2 . 2 in ) 40 caliber guns , twelve 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) guns , five 37 mm revolver cannon , and two machine guns . In 1905 , Francesco Morosini and her two sisters were joined in the Reserve Squadron by the three Re Umberto class ironclads and Enrico Dandolo , three cruisers , and sixteen torpedo boats . This squadron only entered active service for two months of the year for training maneuvers , and the rest of the year was spent with reduced crews . In 1908 , the Italian Navy decided to discard Francesco Morosini and her sister Ruggiero di Lauria . She was formally stricken from the naval register in August 1909 , and was thereafter used as a target ship for a torpedo experiment . On 15 September , she was sunk at La Spezia the experiment was conducted to test the effect of a torpedo hit in order to develop more a more effective hull design . The explosion tore a 50 square meter ( 540 sq ft ) hole in the hull , causing her to list severely and sink on her side . Her wreck was later scrapped .
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3,331 | Bowes Castle was a medieval castle in the village of Bowes in County Durham , England . Built within the perimeter of the former Roman fort of unk , the early timber castle on the site was replaced by a more substantial stone structure between 1170 and 1174 on the orders of Henry II . A planned village was built alongside the castle . Bowes Castle withstood Scottish attack during the Great Revolt of 1173 74 but was successfully looted by rebels in 1322 . The castle went into decline and was largely dismantled after the English Civil War . The ruins are now owned by English Heritage and run as a tourist attraction . History 12th century Bowes Castle was built within the ruins of the Roman fort of unk . The route was one of the few upland passes to link England and Scotland and had remained strategically important during the medieval period . The castle site lay within the Honour of Richmond , a grouping of lands traditionally owned by the Counts of Brittany during the early medieval period , but the land itself was a demesne estate , owned by the Crown . Around 1136 , Alan de Bretagne , the Count of Brittany , built a timber castle in the north west corner of the old fort . The use made of the older Roman fortification at Bowes was similar to that at the nearby castles of Brough and Malton . This castle was inherited by his son , Conan , and when he in turn died in 1171 , it was claimed by Henry II . Royal concerns over security led to Henry II investing heavily in a new castle structure on the site between 1171 and 1174 . It was unusual for a new royal castle to be built in this part of England during the 12th century , and Henry appears to have been driven by the military threat from Scotland before and during the Great Revolt of 1173 to 1174 . Henry II spent almost 600 on the castle between 1170 and 1187 , most of it in the first few years , rebuilding the older structure under the supervision of the Count of Brittany 's local tenants , unk , Osbert and Stephen of unk . The rebuilt castle featured a hall keep , an uncommon design in English castles built of stone , this was a three storied structure 82 feet ( 25 m ) long , 60 feet ( 18 m ) wide and 50 feet ( 15 m ) high . Internally the keep was divided to form a long hall and a solar and was lit by large , rounded windows . The keep had architectural similarities to various nearby castles in the region , but in particular to those at Middleham and unk . A ditch formed an inner defensive bailey around the keep , with the ramparts of the old fort forming a larger , outer bailey . A mill , then an essential part of any castle , was built by the River Greta to supply flour for the garrison . The village of Bowes was built after the castle and formed a planned site running up to the castle , complete with a church and a market place this form of planned village is again unusual in England . In England , the Great Revolt against Henry 's rule involved a coalition of rebel barons , bolstered by support from the King of Scotland and European allies . William the Lion pushed south from Scotland in 1173 and Bowes Castle was damaged in the raids work was carried out in anticipation of further attacks the following year , including repairs to the chamber , gates and the construction of bulwarks around the keep . The next year William of Scotland directly besieged the castle , but was he forced to retreat after the arrival of a relief force led by Henry 's illegitimate son Geoffrey , then the Bishop of Lincoln . 13th 14th centuries Henry II was successful in quelling the Great Revolt , imprisoning William the Lion until a peace treaty was agreed , extending Henry 's authority north into Scotland . In the subsequent years the security situation in the north of England improved significantly . King John gave control of Bowes Castle to Robert de Vieuxpont , an important administrator in the north , in 1203 and he retained control of the fortification until 1228 . John stayed there himself in 1206 and in 1212 , and the castle was also used briefly to hold John 's niece Eleanor of Brittany , who had been placed under the custody of Vieuxpont . Henry III granted it briefly to William de Blockley and Gilbert de unk , until it was given to Duke Peter of Brittany in 1232 , and then to William de Valence . In 1241 Peter II , the Count of Savoy was made the Earl of Richmond and was then given Bowes by the king . The castle remained in the hands of the Earls of Richmond until 1322 , by when it was in a poor state of repair . Edward II then gave Bowes Castle to John de Scargill instead the local tenants of the Earl of Richmond rebelled and attacked the castle . The lord of the castle was away at the time , and the attackers burnt part of a hall , drank four tuns of wine and stole armour , unk and other goods . Conflict with Scotland led to further raids against the castle and the surrounding manor the neighbouring fields were abandoned as a result and by 1340 the castle was in ruins and the manor worth nothing . Later history Still ruined , Bowes Castle was reclaimed by the Crown in 1361 between 1444 and 1471 it was controlled by the Neville family , powerful regional landowners , before reverting to the Crown once again . James I sold the castle in the early 17th century and the remaining fortifications were dismantled in the mid 17th century after the English Civil War . By 1928 , the castle was in a poor condition , with little interest being shown in it from locals or its owner , Lady Lorna Curzon Howe . Facing death duties on her estate , Curzon Howe agreed to pass the castle into the care of the Office of Works in 1931 . In the 21st century , the castle is controlled by English Heritage and operated as a tourist attraction . The ruins of the keep survive , largely intact , and are protected as a Grade I listed building and as a scheduled monument .
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3,332 | Portrait of Madame Czanne ( sometimes Portrait of Mrs. Czanne ) is a 1962 Pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein . It is a quotation of Erle Loran 's diagram of a Czanne painting of the same name . It was one of the works exhibited at Lichtenstein 's first solo exhibition in Los Angeles . The work became controversial in that it led to a reconsideration of what constitutes art . Lichtenstein and Loran sparred in the press , and art critics were intrigued by the viewpoints of the two . Loran 's view was that Lichtenstein had plagiarized his work , and at one point filed suit . Lichtenstein felt that he was making a statement with his painting on the ridiculous attempt by Loran to explain Czanne by diagram . The press frequently used the word transformation when crediting Lichtenstein 's work , but Lichtenstein attempted not to accept the association of his work with that word . Background Portrait of Madame Czanne was exhibited along with works such as Man with Folded Arms at unk 's first Pop exhibition in Los Angeles . The linear twice removed black and white ( along with Man with Folded Arms ) is regarded as a quotation of Erle Loran 's outline diagram of Czanne 's compositional methods published in a diagram book called Czanne 's Composition . The book was popular in the academic community . Loran 's representation in a harsh black outline depicted the axes of the composition without representing the texture and expressiveness of Czanne 's original . In fact , Loran stated that this diagrammatic approach may seem coldly analytical to those who like vagueness and poetry in art criticism . Loran 's diagrammatic techniques were standard at the time redrawn outlines of the figure were illustrated with alphabetized arrows to identify areas and directions . The diagram highlighted body part positioning without studying the painted surface . According to John unk 's Roy Lichtenstein , the artist was fascinated by the drawings isolating the woman out of the context of the painting seemed to Lichtenstein to be such an oversimplification of a complex issue as to be ironical in itself the oversimplification referred to was Loran 's representing Czanne 's work with nothing more than black lines . The work marked the first of Lichtenstein 's artistic appropriations of the canonical works of Modernism that resulted from his realization of the interrelation between avant garde and kitsch . Description The two images garnered attention among critics by highlighting the nuances between copying and creating art , between real and fake art . As Andy Warhol challenged the status quo by humanizing mass produced product , Lichtenstein dehumanized masterpieces . This demonstrates that the quotation of popular culture was not the sign of intelligence suspended but rather the shape of thought . The publication of this work was considered by some observers as more sacrilegious than Duchamp 's revisions to the Mona Lisa . Loran wrote two hot tempered letters in response . In September 1963 issues of ARTnews and Artforum , His articles were written after Lichtenstein 's first Pop exhibition in Los Angeles , which featured the two life sized works depicting Loran 's images . Loran , whose text was by this time over twenty years old , even attempted to sue Lichtenstein . According to David unk , The angrier of the two tracts appeared in Art News , where Loran openly expressed his contempt for Lichtenstein 's work and hinted at his desire to sue . In a recent sell out exhibition at the Ferus Gallery , Los Angeles , he Lichtenstein gave the title of Portrait of Mme. Czanne to the black and white line drawing on bare canvas reproduced here . Sale price 2000 , or more . I suppose I should be flattered that a diagrammatic sketch of mine should be worth so much . But then , no one has paid me anything so far . One critic noted that although Loran was making instructive points with his diagram , Lichtenstein 's was an artistic statement . However , Loran was joined by Brian O 'Doherty , a critic with The New York Times , in ridiculing the defense of Pop art as transformative rather than unk art . In 1963 , O 'Doherty wrote his belief that Lichtenstein 's work was not art in The New York Times saying , he was one of the worst artists in America who briskly went about making a sow 's ear out of a sow 's ear . Loran felt Pop art paled in comparison to the aesthetics of Abstract Expressionism . Lichtenstein did not accept the transformation defense . Other critics got involved in the matter , with Gene Swenson querying Lichtenstein about the charges of antagonistic critics ' that Pop Art does not transform its models . Lichtenstein responded that art forms but does not transform . Max unk opined that Loran was being mocked and that while Lichtenstein 's product had didactic content , its purpose and need was questionable . unk worried in The Nation that Lichtenstein 's work may lead to the values that modern art held being rejected moving forward . The painting is regarded as another of his comments on the way in which we view art . The work , along with his Femme au unk from 1962 mark the beginnings of Lichtenstein 's presentations of art about art because it was among his first paintings that drew upon a predecessor artist . Lichtenstein noted his objection to the attempt to reduce art diagrammatically I wasn 't trying to berate Erle Loran ... but it is such an oversimplification trying to explain a painting by A , B , C. He also noted that The Czanne is such a complex painting . Taking an outline and calling it Madame Czanne is in itself humorous , particularly the idea of unk a Czanne when Czanne said , ' ... the outline escaped me . ' Lichtenstein obtained legal validation that his work was original when Loran 's lawsuit was dismissed , clearing the way for artists to elaborate on images produced by others .
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3,333 | Sarah Stewart ( born 13 June 1976 ) is a 3 . 0 point wheelchair basketball player from Australia . She participated in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens , where she won a silver medal in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing , where she won a bronze medal and the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , where she won a second silver medal . Stewart has played in the Australian Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) and the National Wheelchair Basketball League ( NWBL ) since 2002 . She has won numerous awards , including being named to the 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 WNWBL All Star Five the 2009 and 2010 WNWBL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) in the 3 point class and the 2002 WNWBL Best New Talent . She was 2010 WNWBL Champion with the Sydney Uni Flames , and 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 WNWBL Champion with the Hills Hornets . She was the WNWBL 's Highest point scorer in 2010 . She was also a 2005 and 2004 NWBL Champion with the West Sydney Razorbacks . Stewart was first selected to play for the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , in 2003 . Since then she has played over 150 international games for Australia , winning gold medals at the Asia Oceania 2012 and 2008 Paralympic Qualifiers , the Asia Oceania 2006 World Cup Qualifiers , and the 2009 , 2010 and 2012 Osaka Cup . She was named MVP of the 2012 Osaka Cup and was All Star Five in the Four Nation International in Sydney in 2007 . Personal Stewart was born on 13 June 1976 . When she was 17 years old she injured her right ankle when she tripped on the stairs . This developed into reflex sympathetic dystrophy . She then fractured a bone in her left leg , which set off dystrophy in that leg as well . This resulted in her needing a wheelchair for mobility . She plays the saxophone in a band . She attended University of New South Wales and Sydney University , where she took classes in Cognitive Science , English , and Philosophy . She has BSc ( Honours ) in Philosophy and Cognitive Science and a BA in English from the University of New South Wales . Stewart earned the Sydney University Vice Chancellor 's Award for Academic and Sporting Achievement in 2004 , and the New South Wales Institute of Sport ( unk ) University of Sydney Academic Excellence award in 2009 . In 2012 she was a PhD candidate at the University of Sydney . She is a vegan and used Twitter to connect with others about being vegan . Wheelchair basketball Stewart is a 3 . 0 point player . She took up the sport while attending the University of NSW following a visit by a Wheelchair Sports NSW road show . From the moment I jumped in the basketball chair and started playing , she later recalled , it felt like Quidditch on wheels From 2003 to 2012 , she had a scholarship with the New South Wales Institute of Sport . Club Stewart has played in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) in Australia since 2002 , with the North Sydney Bears from 2002 to 2004 , the Hills Hornets from 2005 to 2010 , and the Sydney University Flames since 2011 . In the National Wheelchair Basketball League ( NWBL ) , a mixed competition , she played for the West Sydney Razorbacks from 2002 to 2011 . Since 2011 she has played for the Sydney University Wheelkings . Stewart won the 2001 and 2002 Encouragement Award in the Women s National Club Championships . In 2002 , she was also named the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) of the Southern Challenge . She has won numerous awards , including named part of the 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 and 2012 WNWBL All Star Five the 2009 and 2010 WNWBL MVP in the 3 point class and the 2002 WNWBL Best New Talent . She was also the WNWBL 's highest point scorer in 2010 . She was part of the 2004 and 2005 NWBL Championship side with the West Sydney Razorbacks , the 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 WNWBL Championship winning Hills Hornets , and won the 2010 WNWBL Champion with the Sydney Uni Flames . In the second round of the 2008 season , the Western Stars defeated the Hills Hornets 52 44 . Playing for the Hornets , Stewart scored 20 points in her team 's loss . Also in the second round that year , the team played the Dandenong Rangers , where Stewart scored 24 points in her team 's 72 38 victory . National team Stewart was first selected to play for the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , in 2003 . Since then she has played over 150 international games for Australia . Her international career highlights include gold medals at the Asia Oceania 2008 and 2012 Paralympic Qualifiers , the Asia Oceania 2006 World Cup Qualifiers , and the 2009 , 2010 and 2012 Osaka Cup . She was named MVP of the tournament at the 2012 Osaka Cup , and was All Star Five for the Four Nation International in Sydney in 2007 . She competed at the 2006 and 2010 World Wheelchair Basketball Championship . The Gliders finished fourth both times . She was selected to participate in a national team training camp in 2010 . Paralympics Stewart was part of the silver medal winning team , at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens , and the bronze medal winning team at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing . She played in the team 's semi final loss to the United States and was one of Australia 's key defenders in the game . Stewart was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . In the group stage , the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team at the 2012 Summer Paralympics posted wins against Brazil , Great Britain , and the Netherlands , but lost to the Canada . This was enough to advance the Gliders to the quarter finals , where they beat Mexico . The Gliders then defeated the United States by a point to set up a final clash with Germany . The Gliders lost 44 58 , and earned a silver medal . Statistics
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3,334 | The Students ' Building on the campus of Vassar College in the town of Poughkeepsie , New York , U.S. , houses the school 's All Campus Dining Center ( ACDC or unk ) as well as additional multifunctional student space on its second floor . Designed by Joseph unk Clark of McKim , Mead White and built in 1913 , the structure originally housed a variety of different student organizations and school functions . In 1973 , it was converted into a campuswide dining hall it underwent a second renovation in 2003 that returned multipurpose student functionalities to its upper floors . History James Monroe Taylor , fourth president of Vassar College in the town of Poughkeepsie , New York , wrote in 1901 of a dearth of a dedicated social space on campus not devoted to college work but to college recreation . He envisioned a building akin to Harvard 's University Club and the University of Pennsylvania 's Houston Club with a swelling student body size and rapid decentralization of the campus over the course of the first decade of the 1900s , the need for such a structure become even more crucial . The Students ' Building was erected in 1913 after its cornerstone was laid on September 25 , 1912 . Funding for its construction came from an anonymous donor who sought to provide for the exclusive needs and interests of student organizations with the gift and who specified the name Students ' Building for the structure . Mary unk Ladd of the Vassar class of 1908 was later identified as that donor . Until World War II , dining at Vassar was an elegant affair with table linens and serving maids , but after the war was over , these features were never brought back to student life . In 1973 , the All Campus Dining Center , also called the ACDC or the unk , opened within the building , serving as a replacement to individual dining rooms in each of the college 's dormitories . The old system had proved too costly and overcrowded , necessitating the ACDC 's creation . The 3 . 5 million renovation was conducted by Walker O. Cain and Associates , with over 1 million of the funds coming from friends and family of unk Ladd . An 11 million renovation in 2003 was designed by Finegold Alexander Associates Inc . Architecture and uses The Students ' Building was designed by the New York City architecture firm of McKim , Mead White , representing their only project at Vassar College . The plans were drawn up by young architect Joseph unk Clark , a recent graduate of the Columbia School of Architecture who , upon hearing the requirement that the structure be made from brick with white trim and a slate roof , recalled Christ Church in Alexandria , Virginia . Clark had studied Christ Church , which George Washington attended , during his days at Columbia . He trekked to Alexandria to study the interior and exterior of the church and ultimately the designs for the Students ' Building , his first public plan , were inspired by its architecture and features . Bishop and Company were contracted to construct the Students ' Building , an example of the Southern colonial revival style . It sits on the north edge of campus due south of the college 's North Gate and southeast of residential quad dorms like Lathrop House . Noyes House was built in 1958 and rests immediately to the southeast of the Students ' Building . When the Students ' Building opened , it stood two stories tall with a basement , as well as wooden pillars on its facade supporting a pediment . A cupola topped the structure and stairs beneath the pediment led to a three sets of double doors one large , the others smaller but otherwise identical . Above each set of doors was a single large window . In the 1973 renovation , two red brick wings were added to the east and west sides of the building to accommodate numerous dining rooms . Featuring large windows , the new wings were more modern in their style than the old central portion of the building . The first floor of the building was built as a grand 1 , 200 seat auditorium with a proscenium stage , and meeting rooms dedicated to student organizations . The second floor consisted of a U shaped balcony and the Old Council Room , a gathering space for smaller organizations . The Old Council Room was repainted in 1945 as part of a minor renovation of the building that also included the opening of a student eatery called The Hoot on the west side . The ceiling was made from decorated plaster and dentils evoked the exterior neoclassical architectural style . The basement housed several offices and later a bicycle exchange , used bookshop , and student storage space . After the 1973 renovation , dishwashing equipment for the ACDC was housed upstairs , along with staff offices . The 2003 renovation saw the removal of this dishwashing equipment instead , the second upstairs was repurposed as a multifunctional student space , in line with the original intentions for the building . The second story called unk is now an open space capable of seating 600 people when chairs are added it also features multimedia equipment and a third floor mezzanine that , until 2015 , housed the unk Cafe . Historically , the structure was used by and for student organizations . Formerly housed in the unk and Riding Academy and later the Alumnae Gymnasium , the Philaletheis Society moved into the Students ' Building upon its opening and began to use the space for its theatrical performances . The junior prom , lectures from a wide array of speakers , and faculty led skits all took place beneath the building 's roof . Vassar 's yearbook , the unk , as well as its weekly newspaper , The Miscellany News , were also headquartered in the Students ' Building . An annual Christmas party , complete with students clad as reindeer pulling a sled on which sat political science professor Charles Gordon Post dressed as Santa Claus , once occurred within the building as well .
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3,335 | Cupid at the Circus is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film is a romance with a storyline focused around a country boy who follows a circus parade to the circus grounds and becomes intent on sneaking into the show . He is discovered , but before he can be ejected , a girl asks her father to buy him a ticket of admission . Thankful , the boy gives her his pocket knife . Years later the two meet again and when he sees her using his pocket knife . He proposes and she accepts . Not too much is known for certain about the production of this film , including the writer , director and photographer credits . The circus scenes were done with special arrangement by Barnum Bailey . The film was released on May 20 , 1910 to favorable reviews . The film is presumed lost . Plot Though the film is presumed lost , a surviving official synopsis was published in The Moving Picture World . It states Tom Wilk is a poor country lad , living alone with his stepfather , who ill treats him . Tom leaves his work one day to follow a circus parade . He is fascinated with the wonders of the parade and follows it to the circus grounds , around which he stays all morning , and is finally tempted by his great wish to see the show , to crawl under the tent . He is discovered by a circus guard , and ordered off the ground . A small girl , Lillie Lockwood , and her father come to the circus , and witness Tom 's ejection . Urged by his daughter , Lillie 's father buys Tom a ticket of admission , giving him his first happy day . In return , Tom gives Lillie , as a keepsake , his most treasured possession , his pocket knife . On returning home , Tom is severely chastised by his step father , after which he decides to run away . He walks to a neighboring town , and is there engaged as an office boy by Gates , a lawyer . After some years of faithful service , in various capacities , Tom becomes a member of the firm . Lillie obtains a position as a stenographer in their office . She and Tom do not recognize each other , until Tom accidentally sees in her hand the little knife he had given her in the long ago . He declares he had loved her through the years , and has been patiently waiting for her , so the romance that began at the circus finds a happy climax at the altar . Cast Frank H. Crane as Tom Gates ( adult ) alternatively Tom Wilk in the synopsis Anna Rosemond as Lillie Lockwood ( adult ) Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it may have been Lloyd Lonergan . Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman still employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . He was the most important script writer for Thanhouser , averaging 200 scripts a year from 1910 to 1915 . While the director of the film is not known , two Thanhouser directors are possible . Barry O 'Neil was the stage name of Thomas J. McCarthy , who would direct many important Thanhouser pictures , including its first two reeler , Romeo and Juliet . Lloyd B. Carleton was the stage name of Carleton B. Little , a director who would stay with the Thanhouser Company for a short time , moving to Biograph Company by the summer of 1910 . Bowers does not attribute either as the director for this particular production nor does Bowers credit a cameraman . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The two known credits in the film are for the leading players , Anna Rosemond and Frank H. Crane . Rosemond was one of two leading ladies for the first year of the company and joined in the autumn of 1909 . Crane was involved in the very beginnings of the Thanhouser Company from 1909 . Crane 's was the first leading man of the company and acted in numerous productions before becoming a director at Thanhouser . The setting of the film included Barnum and Bailey circus that were shot by a special arrangement with Mr. Barnum and Bailey . The date of the filming is unknown , but the 1910 route of Barnum Bailey 's Greatest Show on Earth indicates that it the circus was in New York between March 24 through April 30 . The circus was at Madison Square Garden from March 24 through April 22 and it moved to Brooklyn , New York for April 25 through April 30 . The circus would go to Philadelphia , Washington D. C. , Baltimore , Maryland , and Wilmington , Delaware before moving back up through New Jersey on May 14 through May 18 . According to one review in the Santa Cruz Sentinel , the film showed ... the Barnum and Bailey circus from the time they arrive at the lot until after the show . Release and reception The one reel film was released on Friday May 20 , 1910 . There are different records for the length of the reel . According to Bowers , the film was 975 feet long , but one trade publication listed it as being 940 feet long . The film was advertised in theaters in Kansas , Nebraska , Pennsylvania , Missouri , Minnesota , Indiana , and California . The film was released one day before the Barnum and Bailey tent caught fire in Schenectady , New York . The May 21 fire did not result in injury or loss of life , but was caused an estimated 10 , 000 in damages , equivalent to 254 , 000 in 2015 . The film was met with favorable reviews from critics . The Morning Telegraph offers general praise for the good photography and the well told story . The Nickelodeon was equally positive and began to reflect the acting , staging and photography was up to the regular standard of the Thanhouser company . The New York Dramatic Mirror offered additional comments on the Thanhouser company 's higher standards in their productions , but gave an otherwise positive review that focused on the novelty of the circus scenes .
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3,336 | New York State Route 324 ( NY 324 ) is an east west state highway located in the western portion of New York in the United States . Officially , NY 324 begins at NY 384 in Niagara Falls and overlaps Interstate 190 ( I 190 , the Niagara Section of the New York State Thruway ) south to Grand Island , where it separates from I 190 and continues southward as Grand Island Boulevard . As signed , however , NY 324 begins at the southern end of the official overlap and is contained entirely within Erie County . At the southern edge of Grand Island , NY 324 joins I 190 to cross over to the mainland , where it runs due east across three towns before reaching its eastern end at a junction with NY 5 in the town of Clarence . NY 324 is known by two names along its routing Grand Island Boulevard on Grand Island and Sheridan Drive in the northern suburbs of Buffalo . As the latter , the route serves as a major commercial strip for Tonawanda , Amherst , and Clarence . NY 324 , assigned c . 1933 , is one of two routes to occupy part of Sheridan Drive the other is New York State Route 325 , which follows the westernmost 1 . 42 miles ( 2 . 29 km ) of the street . NY 324 once extended northwest to downtown Niagara Falls however , it was truncated to its current western terminus c . 1962 . Route description According to the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) , NY 324 begins at NY 384 in eastern Niagara Falls . NY 324 heads south , overlapping with I 190 ( the Niagara Section of the New York State Thruway ) across the North Grand Island Bridge to Grand Island , where it leaves the expressway at exit 20 . However , as signed , NY 324 begins at the north end of Grand Island , where it splits off from the Interstate Highway as Grand Island Boulevard . South of exit 20 , the official and signed routings are identical . Maintenance of the route is split between NYSDOT , the New York State Thruway Authority ( NYSTA ) , and Erie County . All but the northernmost 0 . 02 miles ( 0 . 03 km ) of the portion of the route that overlaps with I 190 is maintained by NYSTA . The two county maintained sections extend from exit 20B to Grand Island Boulevard on Grand Island and from exit 15 to Grand Island Boulevard in Tonawanda , where NY 324 utilizes small portions of the county owned Long Road and Kenmore Avenue , respectively . The remainder of NY 324 is maintained by NYSDOT . From I 190 exit 20 , NY 324 runs in a more southeasterly direction , serving as the main commercial strip on Grand Island , before it overlaps I 190 in order to cross the Niagara River . It parts company with the Interstate Highway on the other side of the river at exit 15 , where it turns north to parallel I 190 on Kenmore Avenue . After 250 yards ( 229 m ) , it veers east onto Tonawanda 's portion of Grand Island Boulevard for 0 . 5 miles ( 0 . 8 km ) to a junction with Sheridan Drive . The latter carries NY 325 , a 1 . 42 mile ( 2 . 29 km ) route that begins at NY 266 on the banks of the Niagara and passes through a commercial and industrial area of the town of Tonawanda . NY 324 takes on the Sheridan Drive name here and assumes a more due easterly course across northern Erie County . Though the street is signed as a state highway on both NY 324 and NY 325 , most residents simply refer to this road by its local name . Through much of this portion , the road is divided , with a tree lined median strip . Businesses , both local and national , line both sides of the road and traffic is heavy . It crosses some other major strips such as Niagara Falls Boulevard ( U.S. Route 62 or US 62 ) , a major contributor to traffic on Sheridan due to the proximity of the Boulevard Mall , and Millersport Highway ( NY 263 ) , which feeds the Amherst campus of the University at Buffalo . In Amherst it meets the Youngmann Expressway ( I 290 ) where NY 240 ( Harlem Road ) , reaches its northern end . Past the Youngmann development abates , green returns to the roadside and the median ends , although the road remains four lane and high volume . There is another pocket of development around the Wegmans supermarket north of Williamsville , which has seen some rapid growth in the last few years . NY 324 crosses its last major route , Transit Road ( NY 78 ) , on an overpass just north of the once thriving Eastern Hills Mall , which had been the premier mall in the Buffalo area until it began losing tenants and customers to the larger Walden Galleria in Cheektowaga . Beyond Transit , the road is still four lane but primarily residential as it enters the Town of Clarence . After Harris Hill Road , the highway bends to the southeast once again for a final mile into its eastern end at Main Street ( NY 5 ) . This last section was widened from two lanes to four in the mid 1990s , and has seen some development but still remains lightly trafficked most of the day . History When NY 324 was assigned c . 1933 , it began at NY 384 ( River Road now NY 266 ) in the town of Tonawanda and followed Sheridan Drive eastward to NY 5 in the town of Clarence . By 1935 , what is now NY 324 between Niagara Falls and Tonawanda via Grand Island was designated as NY 325 . NY 324 was extended northward to NY 384 in Niagara Falls c . 1937 , supplanting the entirety of NY 325 . The NY 325 designation was reassigned to the short piece of Sheridan Drive not designated as NY 324 . The route was extended one final time by 1948 to follow NY 384 westward from the North Grand Island Bridge into downtown Niagara Falls . NY 324 remained unchanged until c . 1962 when the overlap with NY 384 was removed . Although the overlap with the new I 190 on the North Grand Island Bridge was also removed from maps during the same period , and is no longer signed , this overlap was never officially removed from either NYSDOT 's description of the route or the annual NYSDOT Traffic Data Report . Major intersections
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3,337 | Peyk i evket was a torpedo cruiser of the Ottoman Navy , built in Germany in 1906 07 , the lead ship of her class , which included one other vessel . She was built by the Germaniawerft shipyard in Germany in 1906 07 , and was delivered to the Ottoman Navy in November 1907 . The ship 's primary armament consisted of three 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes and a pair of 105 mm ( 4 . 1 in ) guns , and she was capable of a top speed of 21 knots ( 39 km h 24 mph ) . A major reconstruction in the late 1930s revised her armament and rebuilt her bow and superstructure . The ship was interned at British controlled Suez at the start of the Italo Turkish War of 1911 12 , and as a result she saw no action during the conflict . During the First Balkan War in 1913 , she bombarded Bulgarian troops threatening the Ottoman capital at Constantinople . Peyk i evket was torpedoed by the British submarine HMS E11 in August 1915 during the Dardanelles Campaign of World War I. Repairs lasted until 1917 , and in the final year of the war she served in the Black Sea , escorting troop ships to the Caucasus . Renamed Peyk in 1923 , the ship continued in service with the Turkish Navy following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire until 1944 , when she was decommissioned . She was broken up for scrap in 1953 54 . Design Peyk i evket , classified as a torpedo cruiser by the Ottoman Navy , was also sometimes referred to as a torpedo gunboat . She was 80 m ( 260 ft ) long , with a beam of 8 . 4 m ( 28 ft ) and a draft of 2 . 5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) . She displaced 775 t ( 763 long tons 854 short tons ) while on sea trials . The ship was powered by a pair of vertical triple expansion engines each driving a screw propeller . The engines were rated at 5 , 100 indicated horsepower ( 3 , 800 kW ) for a top speed of 21 knots ( 39 km h 24 mph ) Peyk i evket had a cruising radius of 3 , 240 nautical miles ( 6 , 000 km 3 , 730 mi ) . Her crew numbered 105 officers and enlisted men . Peyk i evket 's primary offensive armament was her three 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes . One was mounted in the bow , above water , and the other two were in deck mounted swivel launchers amidships . She was armed with a pair of 105 mm ( 4 . 1 in ) guns that were placed in shielded single mounts on the forecastle and quarterdeck . She also carried six 57 mm ( 2 . 2 in ) guns , four of which were mounted in sponsons , and a pair of 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) guns . She had no armor protection . Service history Peyk i evket was ordered on 18 January 1903 and laid down down in February 1906 at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel , Germany . She was launched on 15 November of that year , and completed in 1907 . After completing sea trials , she was transferred to the Ottoman Navy , arriving in Constantinople on 13 November , where she was formally commissioned into the Ottoman fleet . Rauf unk took command of the ship in 1908 , and held the position until 1911 . In 1909 , she and her sister participated in the first fleet maneuver conducted by the Ottoman Navy in twenty years . At the outbreak of the Italo Turkish War in September 1911 , Peyk i evket was in the Red Sea on 2 October , she encountered the Italian torpedo cruiser Aretusa and the gunboat Volturno off Al Hudaydah . The two Italian vessels forced Peyk i evket to flee into the port , bombarded the dock facilities , and then withdrew . Peyk i evket was later interned for the duration of the war in British controlled Suez . In March 1913 during the First Balkan War , the ship was sent to the Black Sea to support the atalca garrison , which was under renewed attacks by the Bulgarian army during the Second Battle of atalca . After heavy bombardment from the Ottoman fleet , including Peyk i evket , the Bulgarians were forced to retreat on 30 March . On 3 August 1914 , Peyk i evket steamed to Constantinople , where she was scheduled to begin a lengthy overhaul . But due to the growing tensions in the region due to the outbreak of World War I in Europe , the ship was only painted and loaded with ammunition , fuel , and stores . On 20 November , Peyk i evket and the battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim , formerly the German Goeben , for a patrol off the Bosporus . In December , the ship joined Yavuz Sultan Selim , the ex German light cruiser Midilli , and her sister Berk i Satvet to escort a convoy of four troop transports to Rize . On 22 June 1915 , Peyk i evket was nearly torpedoed by the British submarine HMS E12 in the Sea of Marmara while she was transporting ammunition to the Ottoman garrison at anakkale . Two months later , HMS E11 successfully torpedoed the ship on 6 August , causing serious damage . The ship returned to service by 1917 , and as of July 1918 , the ship was back in service , being used as an escort for troopships between Constantinople and the Caucasus . She was decommissioned in the final weeks of the war , on 30 October 1918 , and laid up in Constantinople . On 30 November , the Ottoman Empire signed the Armistice of Mudros with the Entente powers , which concluded the conflict . The ship was renamed Peyk in 1923 following the end of the Turkish War of Independence , which saw the Republic of Turkey replace the old Ottoman Empire . At the time , the ship was one of a handful of major warships still in active service , after more than a decade of near continuous war for the Turkish fleet . From 1925 to 1927 , she was modernized at the Glck Naval Shipyard and was recommissioned in 1927 . She was rebuilt in 1936 38 and incorporated substantial improvements . Her stem was replaced and her superstructure was rebuilt . The old gun armament was replaced with a pair of 88 mm ( 3 . 5 in ) 45 caliber guns and four 37 mm 40 caliber guns . The ship continued in service until 1944 , when she was stricken from the naval register . The ship was laid up in unk and broken up between 1953 and 1954 at the Glck shipyard .
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3,338 | Thomas Dunderdale ( 6 May 1887 15 December 1960 ) was a professional ice hockey forward . Born in Australia , he moved to Canada at the age of 6 , in 1894 . He played in Winnipeg for three seasons , from 1906 to 1910 . In 1910 , he joined the Montreal Shamrocks of the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) , before moving on to the Quebec Bulldogs the following season . In 1911 12 , he joined the Victoria Aristocrats of the newly formed Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) , playing nine seasons in total in Victoria . He split his seasons in Victoria with a three season stint with the Portland Rosebuds between 1915 and 1918 . After the PCHA folded in 1923 , Dunderdale played one season in the West Coast Hockey League ( WCHL ) , splitting the season between the Saskatoon Crescents and the Edmonton Eskimos . In 1974 , he became the only Australian born player to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . Dunderdale is credited with scoring the first penalty shot goal in ice hockey history . Early life Dunderdale was born in Benalla , Victoria , Australia , on 6 May 1887 . His parents were originally from England , but in 1904 , the unk resettled to Ottawa , Ontario . Tommy first played organised ice hockey at the age of 17 with his Waller Street School team . In 1905 he moved to Winnipeg , Manitoba and played the 1905 06 season with the amateur Winnipeg Ramblers . Playing career Dunderdale turned professional in 1906 07 season with the Winnipeg unk . He played three seasons for the franchise , which was also known as the Winnipeg Maple Leafs and the Winnipeg Shamrocks , scoring on average more than two points per game , with the majority of the points being goals . In 1909 10 , Dunderdale moved east , and played with the Montreal Shamrocks , first with the Canadian Hockey Association , and later with the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) . That season , he appeared in 15 games overall , and scored 21 goals . He played the 1910 11 season for the Quebec Bulldogs of the NHA , finishing second on the team in scoring , with 13 goals , even though he played only nine out of 16 games , and receiving 25 penalty minutes . Dunderdale went back west in the 1911 12 season , joining the Victoria Aristocrats of the newly formed Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) . He would spend the rest of his career playing in the west , having played only two seasons east of the Manitoba Ontario border . Scoring 24 goals in 16 games , Dunderdale received his first out of six First All Star team selections in the PCHA , as well as his first of four consecutive . In the next two seasons , Dunderdale recorded similar statistics to his first season in the PCHA , again scoring 24 goals in both seasons , and he was named to the First All Star team in both seasons . The 1912 13 season saw the Victoria Aristocrats challenge the Quebec Bulldogs for the Stanley Cup . Although the Aristocrats won the series , their challenge was not accepted by the Stanley Cup trustees . The 1914 15 season saw Dunderdale named to the First All Star team for his fourth consecutive time , as he scored 17 goals and assisted on 10 others , for 27 points in 17 games . In the 1915 16 season , Dunderdale joined the Portland Rosebuds . In his first season with the Rosebuds , he dropped below a point per game for the first time in his career . The Rosebuds became the first American team to challenge for the Stanley Cup that year , losing a best of five series 3 2 to the Montreal Canadiens . Dunderdale played in all five games of the series , scoring two points . The following season , he scored 22 goals in 24 games , returning to his usual offensive output . However , he was more noted that season for his number of penalty minutes , setting a league record with 141 minutes . The 1917 18 season was his last in Portland , as he scored 14 goals in 18 games . Dunderdale left as their leading penalty minute getter , and as their second most prolific goal scorer , with 50 goals . Dunderdale rejoined the Victoria Aristocrats in the 1918 19 season . After recording only nine points in 20 games in his first season back with the Aristocrats , he scored 26 goals in 22 games in the 1919 20 season , en route to his fifth First All Star team selection . Dunderdale played three more seasons for Victoria , which was renamed from the Aristocrats to the Cougars for the 1921 22 season , playing 75 games in total and scoring 41 points . He scored a bit under a point per game during the 1920 21 and the 1921 22 season , while in the 1922 23 season , his last with Victoria , he was limited to only two goals in 27 games . He was named for his sixth time to the First All Star Team in 1922 . Following the conclusion of the 1922 23 season , the PCHA folded . Dunderdale played another season in the West Coast Hockey League ( WCHL ) , splitting the 1923 24 season between the Saskatoon Crescents and the Edmonton Eskimos , scoring three points in 17 games overall . Dunderdale is credited with scoring the first penalty shot goal in history . The first goal was scored on 12 December 1921 by Dunderdale on Hugh Lehman . The shot was taken from one of three dots painted on the ice 35 feet ( 11 m ) from the goal . Players had to skate to the dot and shoot the puck from the dot . Legacy Dunderdale retired at the end of the 1923 24 season . He retired as the PCHA 's leading goal scorer , with 194 goals in total . He was a six time PCHA First Team All Star , and led the league in goals in three seasons , and in points in two . He was noted as being an excellent stickhandler and a fast skater . After retiring from playing , he coached and managed teams in Edmonton , Los Angeles , and Winnipeg . He died on 15 December 1960 , and became the only Australian born player to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , in 1974 . Career statistics Regular season and playoffs
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3,339 | Hygrophorus agathosmus , commonly known as the gray almond waxy cap or the almond unk , is a species of fungus in the Hygrophoraceae family . It was first described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 Fries gave it its current name in 1838 . A widespread species , it is distributed in the United States , Europe , Africa , and India , and can be found growing under spruce and pine in mixed forests . The fruit bodies are characterized by a light grayish cap that measures up to 8 cm ( 3 . 1 in ) in diameter , waxy gills , a dry stem , and the distinct odor of bitter almonds . An edible but bland tasting mushroom , extracts of the fruit bodies have been shown in laboratory tests to have antimicrobial activity against various bacteria that are pathogenic to humans . Taxonomy , classification , and naming The species was originally named Agaricus agathosmus by Swedish mycologist Elias Fries in 1815 he later moved it into the genus Hygrophorus in 1838 . In the interim , English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley named the species Agaricus unk in 1836 , although he too would later transfer the species to Hygrophorus in 1860 . In 1948 , Richard Dennis examined the type material , and concluded that the two names referred to the same species . Additional historical synonyms include Limacium unk var. unk ( Kummer , 1871 ) , and Limacium unk ( unk , 1877 ) . In their 1963 monograph of the Hygrophorus of North America , American mycologists Lexemuel Ray Hesler and Alexander H. Smith classified H. agathosmus in the subsection unk , a grouping of related species characterized by a dry stem , and the absence of a gelatinous outer veil . The specific epithet agathosmus is derived from the Greek word unk meaning good , and osme meaning scent . Hygrophorus agathosmus is commonly known as the gray almond waxy cap , or the almond unk . Description The cap is 4 8 cm ( 1 . 6 3 . 1 in ) in diameter , and initially convex with the edges rolled inwards . As it ages and the cap expands , it becomes flat , sometimes with the center slightly depressed , or sometimes with a slight central elevation . The color is a dull ashy gray , and when moist , the cap surface is sticky or tacky to the touch . It is smooth , although the edges can have a layer of minute , soft hairs . The flesh is soft , and whitish or watery gray . Hygrophorus agathosmus has a pronounced fragrant odor resembling cherry pits or bitter almonds ( occasionally the odor is weak ) . The gills have an adnate attachment to the stem , but in maturity the attachment becomes adnate decurrent , meaning the gills start to extend down the length of the stem . The gills are white , but become grayish in maturity , close to distant ( 40 50 reach the stem ) , moderately narrow , rather thin . The stem is 4 8 cm ( 1 . 6 3 . 1 in ) long by 0 . 6 1 . 4 cm ( 0 . 2 0 . 6 in ) thick , whitish at first , and colored pale ashy in age . It is the same thickness throughout or somewhat narrowed toward the base . It is solid , dry or moist but has no gelatinous universal veil present . When young , the stem surface is evenly covered with tiny fibrils and a fine whitish powder over time it loses the hairs and the powder and becomes smooth . Microscopic characteristics When viewed in mass , such as with a spore print , the spores appear to be white . Viewed with a light microscope , the basidiospores are 8 10 . 5 by 4 . 5 5 . 5 m , ellipsoid , smooth , and yellowish in Melzer 's reagent . The spore bearing cells , the basidia , are four spored and measure 48 65 long by 6 8 m thick . Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia ( specialized cystidia found on the gill faces and edges , respectively ) are absent in this species . The pileipellis ( cap cuticle ) is made of a broad ( 175 350 m ) gelatinous zone , composed of loosely interwoven , slender ( 1 . 5 4 m ) hyphae the surface hyphae are a fuscous a dark brownish gray color . This hyphal arrangement is called an ixocutis , in which the hyphal walls swell up and gelatinize , giving a translucence to the layer that stands out in contrast to the underlying flesh . The layer of unk hyphae is tenacious , and may be peeled off the cap as a film . Although clamp connections are found on the hyphae that make up the flesh of the gill , none are found in the cap flesh nor in the pileipellis . Edibility and antimicrobial activity Hygrophorus agathosmus is edible , but considered bland . A study of the antioxidant capacity of the mushroom was composed of at least five organic acids oxalic , citric , malic , unk , and fumaric acids . Using a standard laboratory test to determine antimicrobial activity , Hygrophorus agathosmus was shown to inhibit the growth of various pathogenic bacteria , including Escherichia coli , Enterobacter unk , Salmonella typhimurium , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus epidermidis , and Bacillus subtilis it also inhibits the growth of the yeast Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Similar species Hygrophorus pustulatus resembles H. agathosmus and has a similar almond odor . However , the fruit bodies of H. pustulatus are smaller , and it produces larger spores ( 11 14 m long ) . Hygrophorus occidentalis , which grows under conifers or oak , has a sticky stem and less pronounced almond odor . Hygrophorus unk is also similar in appearance , but it lacks a distinctive odor , and has smaller spores than H. unk . Habitat and distribution Hygrophorus agathosmus is an ectomycorrhizal fungus , and it has been isolated , cultivated , and maintained as pure cultures of vegetative fungal unk for artificial unk of planting stock in forest nurseries . Fruiting bodies are found scattered under spruce and pine and in mixed woods in the United States . The fungus is also found in Europe ( Czech Republic , Poland , Russia , Turkey , and the United Kingdom ) , Africa , and India .
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3,340 | The Heck horse is a horse breed that is claimed to resemble the tarpan ( Equus ferus ferus ) , an extinct wild equine . The breed was created by the German zoologist brothers Heinz Heck and Lutz Heck in an attempt to breed back the tarpan . Although unsuccessful at creating a genetic copy of the extinct species , they developed a breed with grullo coloration and primitive markings . After the Nazi invasion of Poland , they were introduced to the Biaowiea Forest , where a small herd still survives . Heck horses were subsequently exported to the United States , where a breed association was created in the 1960s . Breed characteristics Heck horses are dun or grullo ( a dun variant ) in color , with no white markings . The breed has primitive markings , including a dorsal stripe and horizontal striping on the legs . Heck horses generally stand between 12 . 2 and 13 . 2 hands ( 50 and 54 inches , 127 and 137 cm ) tall . The head is large , the withers low , and the legs and hindquarters strong . The hooves are strong , often not needing shoeing . The gait of the Heck horse is high stepping , which makes them comfortable to ride and which is considered attractive while being driven . The breed is described as being calm , friendly , curious and intelligent , although very independent . The physical description of tarpans was very similar strong , approximately the same height , and with the same coloration and primitive markings . History The tarpan was a Eurasian wild horse that became extinct in the wild in 1879 , due to hunting and crossbreeding with domesticated horses , and in 1887 the last captive horse died in Russia . The Heck horse was created by the German zoologist brothers Heinz Heck and Lutz Heck , director of the Berlin Zoo , at the Tierpark Hellabrunn ( Munich Zoo ) in Germany in their attempt to breed back the tarpan . The Hecks believed they could recreate the extinct tarpan subspecies by back breeding living descendants . They believed they could combine and rearrange the genetic material from these living descendants into a recreation of the extinct horse . Other breeders had the same idea , and used different genetic stock to attempt to recreate the tarpan or a reasonable look alike . One result was a line of horses bred from American Mustangs by a breeder named Harry unk . The Heck brothers bred together several European small horse and pony breeds hypothesized to be descended from the tarpan . They eventually integrated mares of the Konik , Icelandic horse , and Gotland breeds . These mares were bred to stallions of a wild horse type known as Przewalski 's horse . The Hecks believed the wild Przewalski blood would help to draw out the wild characteristics they felt lay dormant in the domesticated pony breed mares . The initial crosses were made between Gotland and Icelandic mares ( who visually closely resembled the tarpan , especially in the shape of the head ) and Przewalski 's horse stallions ( who provided the desired dun coloration and upright mane ) , and the offspring were then bred to each other . The first foal born from the program who had the desired coloration was a colt born on May 22 , 1933 at the Tierpark Hellabrunn . The breeding program continued , using only those horses who showed the desired skull shape , bone structure and coloration . Relatively quickly , the breed 's conformation and coloration became set , with parents reliably passing their characteristics onto their offspring . During World War II , horses of the desired type were taken from German occupied countries to use in the Hecks ' breeding program . Tadeusz unk , a Polish biologist , had been working with Konik horses , at that point believed to be descended from tarpans , with the goal ( like the Hecks ) of recreating the tarpan . Some of the horses from his program had been reintroduced to the forests of unk , Poland . During the war , the Hecks removed the animals from the forest and used them in their own breeding programs . unk considered this a baffling campaign of destruction , and the Hecks ' actions effectively ended his breeding program . Some of the resulting Heck horses , closely resembling tarpans , were sent back to unk , to become part of a hunting preserve for Nazi government officials . The land , and the horses , were returned to Polish management after the war ended . As of 2007 , a small herd of the horses remained , living with little interference from humans , in Biaowiea Forest , Europe 's last remaining area of primeval lowland forest . The Hecks had conducted a similar breeding program in hopes of recreating the aurochs , resulting in what would become Heck cattle . Export and crossbreeding The first Heck horse in the United States was a stallion named Duke , imported in 1954 by the Chicago Zoological Park in Illinois , followed by two mares in 1955 . A third mare was imported by the Fort Worth Zoological Park in Texas in 1962 . All four horses came from the Munich Zoo and in the early 1990s , all Heck horses in the United States traced back to these animals . Several private breeders in the United States now use these horses for riding and light driving . In the early 1960s , the North American Tarpan Association was founded by Heck horse enthusiasts to promote the breed . In 2002 , fewer than 100 Heck horses in the United States , most of them having descended from the six foundation horses , all imported from Germany . As of 2013 , a small number of Heck horses lived in a feral state in Latvia . Several breeders have crossed the Heck horse with other breeds to get a larger horse with some of the primitive characteristics . Breeds commonly crossed with the Heck horse are the Welsh pony and Arabian horse , and a new breed of pony , called the Canadian Rustic Pony , has been developed from these three breeds . In Europe , many breeders cross Heck horses with Thoroughbreds to produce hunters .
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3,341 | The September 2009 Vietnam tropical depression was a weak tropical depression that caused deadly flooding throughout central Vietnam in early September . Forming out of an area of low pressure on September 3 , the depression hardly intensified as it meandered off the coast of Vietnam . Initially situated in a favorable environment , convective banding features began to develop and shower and thunderstorm activity formed near the center . On September 4 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert however , a sudden increase in wind shear caused the system to rapidly become disorganized , leading to the cancellation of the alert the next day . The system continued to slowly track off the coast of Vietnam , nearly dissipating on September 5 , before becoming better organized . However , the depression remained weak , with the JTWC reporting on September 7 that the depression had dissipated , though the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) continued to issue advisories until the depression dissipated during September 9 . Although the depression did not make landfall , the outer rainbands of the storm led to heavy rainfall throughout central Vietnam , peaking at 430 mm ( 17 in ) . The ensuing floods killed at least six people and left three others missing . Large areas of cropland were inundated by the waters and numerous homes were damaged . In Qung Nam Province , damages from the system were estimated at 45 billion ( VND 2 . 52 million USD ) . Meteorological history The tropical depression originated from an area of low pressure in the South China Sea on September 1 . Scattered convection was associated with the system , with the center devoid of showers and thunderstorms , as the low slowly tracked westward in a weak steering environment . Weak outflow had formed along the northern edge of the system however , intensification was not anticipated . The following day , convection began to form around the center of circulation and weak diffluence was noted around the system due to an anticyclone to the north . With low wind shear , convective banding features began to develop and the possibility of the system becoming a tropical cyclone increased . Early on September 3 , the JMA began issuing advisories on the cyclone , classifying it as a tropical depression , the twentieth depression to be monitored by the JMA during the season . Although the system had a partially exposed low level circulation center , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) as the depression was likely to intensify as it was situated over high sea surface temperatures and in a favorable environment . However , by September 4 , wind shear quickly increased and dislocated all of the convection associated with the depression from the center of circulation . This led to the JTWC canceling their TCFA as the environment was no longer favorable for development . The following day , the JTWC declared that the system had dissipated and was no longer a suspect area for tropical cyclone development as the system was virtually stationary off the coast of Vietnam . The JMA , on the other hand , continued to monitor the cyclone as a tropical depression . Although previously declaring that the system dissipated early on September 6 , the JTWC began monitoring the re developing system later that day . Convective banding had reformed , wind shear had decreased and the cyclone had less interaction with land as it slowly moved further into the South China Sea . However , late on September 8 , both agencies declared that the depression had dissipated off the coast of Vietnam . Impact At least six people were killed , three were left missing and nine were injured by the depression throughout Vietnam . Rainfall from the storm exceeded 430 mm ( 17 in ) , triggering widespread flash flooding . A maximum of 540 mm ( 21 in ) fell in Hu . Sixty one tons of fish were swept away during the floods and 8 , 700 hectares of rice fields were destroyed . The city of Da Nang sustained the worst flooding from the storm , with some areas reporting flood depths of .8 m ( 2 . 6 ft ) . Schools throughout the area were closed as many residents were unable to pass through flooded streets . A sixth grader drowned in the city after the boat he was on overturned in flood waters . In Hu , a two year old drowned in flood waters on September 4 . A large section of highway 14B , connecting Nam ng and Hu was washed away . In Qung Ngi Province , two fishermen were left missing and five other people were injured by the storm . At least three homes sustained severe damage . Residents throughout Qung Tr Province were advised to evacuate to safer areas as numerous landslides threatened homes . Numerous bridges were washed away by flood waters exceeding 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) , isolating several communities . In the Sn Tnh District , 76 structures were destroyed by flooding and high winds . More than 200 homes were inundated by up to 0 . 7 m ( 2 . 3 ft ) of flood waters in the communities of Hoa Tho Dong and Hoa Phat . At least one ship sank and officials lost contact with two others officials stated that 1 , 178 boats were in the South China Sea in the storm . In the valleys of Tam K and Ph Ninh , nearly 1 , 000 homes were inundated by water . Roughly 20 of the 373 , 000 students starting school were told to remain home as their schools were closed due to flood waters . By September 7 , officials in Qung Nam Province estimated that property damages from the depression had reached 20 billion ( VND 1 . 12 million USD ) and agricultural losses amounted to 25 billion ( VND 1 . 4 million USD ) . Throughout other regions , at least 100 structures were damaged and more than 20 , 000 hectares of crops were submerged in flood waters . Damages to irrigation systems throughout the county amounted to 3 billion ( VND 168 , 000 USD ) .
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3,342 | A pancake machine is an electrically powered machine that automatically produces cooked pancakes . It is believed that the earliest known pancake machine was invented in the United States in 1928 . Several types of pancake machines exist that perform in various manners , for both commercial and home use . Some are fully automatic in operation , while others are semi automatic . Some companies mass produce pancake machines , and some have been homemade . The Happy Egg Company constructed a novelty pancake machine in 2013 in commemoration of Pancake Day in the United Kingdom . History In 1928 , a man in Portland , Oregon , invented an electric pancake machine that operated by the process of batter being dropped onto a revolving heated flattop grill from a storage cylinder atop the grill . The grill was heated using electricity . The amount of batter dropped was controlled by using controlled amounts of compressed air , which pushed batter out of the storage cylinder . As the batter revolved on the hot grill , the pancake was flipped halfway through the cooking process by a shelf atop the grill . After being flipped , the completed pancake was ejected from the machine upon contact with a gate . In 1955 in the United States , an automatic pancake machine was developed by unk , which used a specially formulated pancake batter mix that was manufactured by the Quaker Oats Company 's Aunt Jemima branch . The unk machine could produce pancakes in less than three minutes . It was a semi automatic machine that performed all of the cooking functions except for the pouring of the pancake batter . In 1956 , four Racine , WI Engineers developed and fabricated two , 5 ' diameter gas burning pancake machines for the annual Pancake Day sponsored by the Kiwanis Club there in Racine . Types and uses Various types of pancake machines exist , such as those that run pancake batter through a heated conveyor inside of a box unit , and those that automatically drop pancake batter onto a flattop grill . Some pancake machines , such as one developed by Crepe unk , cook both sides of a pancake simultaneously . Semi automatic pancake machines also exist , which require some human interaction to function , such as the pouring of batter . Commercial pancake machines may be used in the foodservice industry , in cafeterias and by restaurants , and can serve to reduce the waste of stale pancake batter . Some hotels have pancake machines that guests are allowed to operate . They are also used in other environments in a self service manner , such as in upscale airport lounges and hotels . Homemade pancake machines Homemade versions of pancake machines have been constructed . An example of a homemade pancake machine is one constructed in 1977 by Ken Whitsett of the Ocala Kiwanis Club in Ocala , Florida , which was used for the organization 's annual pancake day . The Kiwanis machine utilized a hopper filled with pancake batter that was manually dropped onto a revolving griddle . The pancakes were manually flipped and plated when cooking was completed . It required four people for its operation , and could produce between 750 1000 pancakes per hour . Companies and brands Commercial and home consumer pancake machines are mass produced by some companies in contemporary times . Commercial products Commercial pancake machines are typically used in the commercial foodservice and hospitality industries . unk is a pancake machine brand that can produce 200 pancakes per hour . Individual Pancakes are produced in seconds by this machine . The machine was designed for use in commercial establishments such as cafeterias and convenience stores . Popcake is a U.S. company that produces Popcake brand pancake machines . The Popcake machine was invented by Marek Szymanski , and as of July 2014 approximately 7 , 000 of them are used worldwide . This brand has features that allow users to adjust the size , quantity and doneness level of the pancakes produced . Plates of pancakes are produced in around two minutes time by the Popcake machine . Consumer products Consumer versions of pancake machines for home use are simpler in operation compared to commercial machines , typically involving a basic griddle and a feature to adjust cooking temperature . Consumer machines are typically unk sized small appliances . Brands include the Severin Crepe Maker , the unk unk and Grill , Swan 's Come Dine With Me Party Wok and Pancake Maker , the Roller Grill Single Plate Crepe Machine and the Andrew James Crepe Maker , among others . A review of various consumer machines published in The Daily Mail recommended various machines per situational uses . For example , the Roller Grill Single Plate Crepe Machine was recommended for use with large groups of people and the Severin Crepe Maker was recommended for unk who prefer a simple design The review recommended the Andrew James Crepe Maker as the overall best value . In March 2015 in the U.S. , the unk pancake machine received over 141 , 000 on Kickstarter . Its target donation request on the website was 50 , 000 . unk can produce custom pancakes in various designs , which is performed by the use of pancake batter in a bottle that is moved by a programmable machine arm atop the griddle . The machine utilizes custom software to accomplish this . Novelty machines In commemoration of Pancake Day in the United Kingdom , a novelty pancake machine was built by The Happy Egg Company in February 2013 that involved a complex series of steps to automatically produce pancakes from scratch . The machine involves the use of a freshly laid egg from a hen that rolls onto a turntable , which then moves the egg to an area where it is automatically cracked and mixed with other ingredients . After this point , the mixture is poured into a griddle , flipped to cook the other side , and then flipped onto a plate .
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3,343 | The Action of 26 April 1797 was a minor naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars in which a Spanish convoy of two frigates was trapped and defeated off the Spanish town of Conil de la Frontera by British ships of the Cadiz blockade . The British vessels , the ship of the line HMS Irresistible and the Fifth rate frigate HMS Emerald , were significantly more powerful than the Spanish frigates , which were on the last stage of a voyage carrying treasure from Havana , Cuba , to the Spanish fleet base of Cadiz . The British commander , Captain George Martin , succeeded in chasing the Spanish vessels into the rocky Conil Bay , where they surrendered after a brief engagement in which the Spanish suffered significantly higher casualties than the British . One of the Spanish ships , the Santa Elena , was subsequently wrecked on the shore , while the other , the Ninfa , was captured and later recommissioned into the Royal Navy . The treasure carried on board the frigates , however , had been removed by a Spanish fishing boat before the battle and so did not fall into British hands . Background In late 1796 , with the French Revolutionary Wars three years old , a major shift occurred in the conflict when the Kingdom of Spain , until that point an enemy of the French Republic , abruptly changed sides following the signing of the Treaty of San Ildefonso . This reversal forced the British Royal Navy to retire from the Mediterranean Sea to preserve its lines of communication , falling back to the mouth of the Tagus River near Lisbon . From the Tagus , pressure was placed on the Spanish Navy by the erstwhile British Mediterranean Fleet under Vice Admiral Sir John Jervis , who organised a blockade of the main Spanish fleet base at Cdiz on the country 's Southern Atlantic coast . This resulted in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent on 14 February 1797 , when Jervis inflicted a stinging defeat on the Spanish fleet . The surviving Spanish ships limped back to Cdiz after the battle , and to ensure that they could not sail again without risking a repeat action , Jervis arranged a close blockade of the port so that by April there were 21 British ships of the line and numerous frigates watching the Spanish fleet at anchor . The blockade of Cdiz was designed not only to contain the main Spanish fleet , but also to disrupt Spanish communications and transport . Cdiz was the principal port of Southern Spain and thus an important destination for shipping from across the Spanish Empire . This included numerous so called treasure ships , heavily armed warships that convoyed the gold and silver from the Spanish colonies in the Americas to the Spanish mainland . For centuries , Spanish treasure ships had been the ultimate prize for Royal Navy captains , and the sums of prize money involved were enormous . In October 1799 for example , a Spanish treasure convoy was captured off Vigo and the British captains alone were awarded 40 , 730 each ( the equivalent of 3 , 608 , 900 as of 2016 ) . Battle At 06 00 on 26 April 1797 , the 74 gun ship of the line HMS Irresistible under Captain George Martin and the 36 gun frigate HMS Emerald under Captain unk Cornewall Berkeley were sailing at the southern edge of Jervis ' ( now known as Earl St. Vincent ) fleet . While cruising close to the Spanish coast two unknown ships were sighted . Martin immediately ordered his ships to give chase and the strangers fled with Martin 's vessels in pursuit . The new arrivals were two Spanish 34 gun frigates , the Santa Elena and Ninfa , bound to Cdiz from Havana with a cargo of silver specie . The captains of these Spanish ships had unwittingly sailed into the midst of the blockade fleet the previous night , but had had a fortunate encounter with a Spanish fishing vessel which had warned them of the danger . Acting quickly , the captains off loaded their treasure into the fishing boat with instructions to carry it safely into Cdiz . The Spanish captains , recognising that they were outmatched by the larger British vessels , attempted to shelter in Conil Bay , a rocky stretch of coastline near the village of Conil de la Frontera to the north of Cape Trafalgar . At 14 30 they were discovered by Martin 's ships , which had to carefully negotiate a large rock formation known as the unk de Cape Rocha which protected the head of the bay . With this obstacle successfully behind them , Irresistible and Emerald attacked the anchored Spanish frigates broadside to broadside . The action lasted an hour and a half , with the Spanish ships taking much the worst of the damage . At 16 00 , both battered Spanish vessels surrendered , although as the British ships launched boats to take possession of their prizes , the crew of Santa Elena hacked through the anchor cables and allowed their ship to drift onto the rocky shoreline where they disembarked and escaped inland . Aftermath Martin ordered Ninfa to be secured by his men and Santa Elena to be towed off the rocks with the intention of salvaging the vessel . The tow succeeded in freeing the wrecked ship , but she sank soon afterwards in the deeper water of Conil Bay . All of the treasure which the Spanish frigates had carried was subsequently safely transported into Cadiz by the fishing boat whose secret cargo was not suspected by the British blockade forces . Spanish losses in the engagement amounted to 18 killed and 30 wounded , the British losing one man killed and one wounded on Irresistible . Ninfa was subsequently purchased by the Royal Navy and commissioned as the 36 gun frigate HMS unk . In his dispatch to the Admiralty regarding the action , Earl St. Vincent noted that the action was one of the most notable that had ever come under my observation . The blockade of Cadiz remained in force with varying degrees of intensity for the remainder of the year , with the British fleet retiring to the Tagus during the winter .
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3,344 | Secrets and Lies is the eighth episode of the second season of 30 Rock , and the twenty ninth overall . It was written by Ron Weiner and directed by Michael Engler . The episode first aired on December 6 , 2007 on the NBC network in the United States . Guest stars in this episode include unk Bean , James Carville , Paul Eichel , Edie Falco , Melissa Gallagher , Jabari Gray , Blaine Horton , John Lutz , Erich McCall , Andrew Polk , Reshma Shetty , Tom Treadwell and Darlene Violette . In this episode , Celeste C.C. Cunningham ( played by Edie Falco ) wishes to go public with her relationship with Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) . Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) gets angry when she thinks Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) lets Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) do anything he likes . Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) and James Toofer Spurlock ( Keith Powell ) feud over Toofer 's status as a Harvard University alumnus . Plot Jack is worried when his girlfriend C.C. , the Democratic congresswoman for the state of Vermont , tells him that she wants to go public with their relationship . The pair had been avoiding this because C.C. is suing the Sheinhardt Wig Company , the fictional parent company of NBC . During their secret relationship , Jack and C.C. had been sneaking to each other 's house in disguises , including C.C. as a plumber named Mr. unk . C.C. confides in Liz ( after she finds out about their relationship ) , and Jack confides in political consultant James Carville , who gives Jack advice on how two important people from opposite political positions can make their relationship work Cajun style , without regard for how others perceive them . Eventually , Jack takes C.C. to dinner in the GE executive dining room where he reveals his relationship to the other executives , leading to the other executives making some bizarre revelations of their own . When Jenna wins an award for her work on Mystic Pizza The Musical The Movie , in the category of Best Actress in a Movie Based on a Musical Based on a Movie , Tracy is annoyed that he never wins any awards of his own and storms off the set . To get him back to work , Liz tells him that he has won a Pacific Rim Emmy Award for his work on TGS . Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) helps Liz stage a fake acceptance speech for Tracy , which is also attended by Tracy 's co stars , Jenna and Josh Girard ( Lonny Ross ) , despite it taking place in the middle of the night . During his acceptance speech Tracy thanks everybody who works on the show , except for Jenna , and then pulls Jenna 's dress down in a Japanese practice he claims is called unk . An enraged Jenna claims Liz is willing to jump through hoops for Tracy , but not her . As a result , she becomes disobedient and uncooperative and starts her own entourage , much like Tracy . Liz becomes fed up with Jenna 's new behavior , reveals to her that she in fact coddle s the crap out of her as well as Tracy . Liz then reveals that Jenna did not win an award for Mystic Pizza The Musical The Movie and that the award statue was actually a cookie . This is enough for Jenna to happily return to work . After a night of performing stand up at Harvard University , Frank comes into work wearing a Harvard sweatshirt , even though he did not attend the university . Outraged by this , Harvard alumnus Toofer tells him to take it off . When Frank refuses , and then comes into work the next day in full Harvard regalia , Toofer retaliates by dressing up as Frank . Unable to back down for fear of their coworkers mocking them , their argument is eventually mediated Cajun style by James Carville , who then proceeds to also demonstrate how to steal candy from a vending machine ... Cajun style . Production This episode was performed live on stage at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre . The performance , which was titled 30 Rock On Strike , was to display support for the 2007 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , which began on November 5 , 2007 . The performance took place on November 19 , 2007 . All the main cast members of the series were in attendance , although due to other commitments , guest star Edie Falco was unable to appear in her role as Celeste C.C. Cunningham . In her place was the Saturday Night Live head writer , Paula Pell . As guest star James Carville was also unable to attend , an unnamed 30 Rock writer filled in for him . Other 30 Rock writers , including Donald Glover , also played the smaller , bit parts . During the commercial breaks , cast member Jack McBrayer and recurring cast member John Lutz improvised fake comedic advertisements for various products . Sheinhardt Wig Company t shirts , which were signed by the cast of 30 Rock , were also raffled off during the performance . Reception Secrets and Lies brought in an average of 5 . 8 million viewers . The episode also achieved a 2 . 7 7 in the key 18 to 49 year old demographic . The 2 . 7 refers to 2 . 7 of all 18 to 49 year olds in the U.S. , and the 7 refers to 7 of all 18 to 49 year olds watching television at the time of the broadcast in the U.S .. This episode ranked first in the male 18 to 49 year old demographic , growing 4 from its lead in of the My Name Is Earl episode Early Release . Robert Canning of IGN wrote that the episode came close to fulfilling its potential , but was unable to keep the rapid fire comedic pace going for the entire episode . He added that the second half of the show was not a complete loss , but , man , that first act just steamrolled viewers with hilarious bit after hilarious bit . Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide thought that the unexpected treat this week was guest star James Carville , who 's sic presence as confidant to Jack not only made sense , but Carville also had a lot of fun lampooning himself ' Cajun style ' and all . And look at how well his advice for Frank and unk sic worked
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3,345 | Natural Selection is the third episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider Man , which is based on the comic book character Spider Man , created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko . In the episode , Spider Man must face The Lizard , who was a lab professor he was interning for until he was mutated by a serum designed to regrow his missing arm . Natural Selection was written by Matt Wayne , known for his work on Justice League Unlimited , and was the first time he had done so for The Spectacular Spider Man . David Bullock directed it . Natural Selection originally aired on March 15 , 2008 , on the Kids WB block for The CW network , and met overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics , who praise it for its action sequences , narrative direction , and the new design for Lizard . Plot summary During his patrol , Spider Man stops a group of thieves who are breaking into a bakery . Simultaneously , Spider Man takes pictures to give to the Daily Bugle . He happily leaves and makes it back home in times for his curfew , but discovers after developing his photos that he has messed them up . Meanwhile , Dr. Curt Connors injects himself with lizard serum to aid the regrowth of his arm . When he awakes , his arm has regrown , but knowing that he experimented on himself , his wife , Martha , is furious . At school , Peter is attacked with water balloons by Flash Thompson and his sidekick Kenny Kong , which he dodges until he realizes it might reveal his secret identity as Spider Man . Gwen steps in and gets everyone to laugh at Flash instead . Gwen and Peter go to the Connors lab and help Eddie clean up from a previous battle with Electro . Martha announces that Curt 's arm had grown back and they celebrate until they realize scales are growing on his arm , determining that the reptilian half of his brain his taking over . Peter tries to comfort the Connors 's son , Billy , but gets interrupted when Curt transforms into a hulking , humanoid lizard and runs off . While Eddie goes in pursuit , Peter manages to slip out and goes after Connors as Spider Man . While trying to communicate with him , they end up on a subway train fighting both inside , outside , and underneath it . Finally , Spider Man falls off the train and Connors escapes . Spider Man returns to the lab and is given a gene cleanser from Martha which must be administered to Connors orally . He then goes off to Bronx Zoo , where Connors is reportedly at . Spider Man enters the lizard room where Connors has taken refuge . Connors knocks him out and Eddie arrives to help him out . When he regains consciousness , Spider Man comes up with a plan to trick him into the polar bear pond . They almost succeed when Connors is alerted by Spider Man 's cellphone ringing . Billy then arrives and tries to talk some sense into his father , but it is useless and Spider Man leaps in to get Connors into the pond . Spider Man pours the cleanser into the mouth of Connors who , as a result , returns to normal , his arm lost once more . The next day , Peter gets the Lizard photos published in the Bugle and gets the money he needs . However , when Gwen , Eddie , and the Connors find out , they are outraged that he ran off simply to take pictures and say he has lost their trust . Although Martha understands the difficult choices that Peter had , she fires him . He secretly grabs another vial of gene cleanser and returns home , frustrated about his reputation . Blaming the events that gave him his powers , he is about to take the vial when he sees a photo of himself with Ben . Realizing that he had saved Curt either way , he decides that Spider Man is needed and hides the vial under his desk . Production Natural Selection was the first episode to be written by Matt Wayne . Wayne wrote two other episodes in the first season The Invisible Hand and Persona . David Bullock was the episode 's director . Dee Bradley Baker , a voice actor for animated series and video games , continued his role as Dr. Connors The Lizard . The episode originally broadcast on March 15 , 2008 , on the Kids WB programming block for The CW Network . When Disney XD premiered The Spectacular Spider Man on March 23 , 2009 , it aired Natural Selection after the previous two episodes , Survival of the Fittest and Interactions . Cultural references Greg Weisman , one of The Spectacular Spider Man 's producers came up with a continuing title scheme that follows The Education of Peter Parker . The first three episode titles ( Survival of the Fittest , Interactions , and Natural Selection ) follow a biology theme . Peter 's ringtone is The Itsy Bitsy Spider . The episode incorporates several bullet time moments that are referent to the same style employed in The Matrix films . Reception Natural Selection received critical acclaim . Eric Goldman of IGN gave it an 8 . 8 out of 10 ( Great ) . Goldman praised the Lizard 's design , calling it the most visually familiar villain the show had introduced yet and called the fight sequences great , especially that of the climactic fight between Spider Man and Lizard . Goldman called Peter 's loss of the Connors 's and Eddie 's trust a very well done , classic Peter Parker can 't win scenario and that the episode did a great job blending the normal and Spider Man parts of Peter 's life . Season Elliot , senior editor of iF Magazine , gave the episode an A , writing The Lizard himself was a nice update of the original Lizard and he was still in his torn pants , shirt , and lab coat . Elliot praised the design for differentiating itself from that used for Spider Man or Spider Man The New Animated Series , and that he can 't wait for the action figure of this guy Like Goldman and Tanaka , Elliot enjoyed the action style and fight sequences and the callbacks to Lizard 's original comic book appearance .
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3,346 | The Complete Studio Albums ( 1983 2008 ) is a box set by American singer songwriter Madonna . It was released by Warner Bros. Records on March 26 , 2012 , to coincide with the release of her twelfth studio album , MDNA . The eleven disc box set was released in Europe and Japan , and included all of Madonna 's studio albums from the years 1983 to 2008 . The album artwork consisted of a collage of the album covers , housed in a gold box , it also included a Parental Advisory sticker due to the inclusion of the albums Erotica ( 1992 ) and American Life ( 2003 ) . On the same date , Warner Bros. released and reprinted another box set titled Madonna Original Album Series which included five discs . After its release , The Complete Studio Albums ( 1983 2008 ) received mixed reception from reviewers , who complimented the overall packaging of the box set , but hoped that the record label would have included Madonna 's other songs also . The box set charted in multiple nations including Croatia , Finland , France , Italy , Korea , Mexico , Netherlands , Spain , Sweden and United Kingdom . It entered the top ten of the Japanese Oricon album chart . The same week , MDNA was also present in the top ten , making Madonna the first female artist from a Western country to have two albums in the chart 's top ten . Background On March 6 , 2012 , Madonna 's official website announced that her former record company , Warner Bros. Records ( 1982 2009 ) , was to release and reprint the eleven disc box set . It was released to coincide and on the same date as the 2012 studio album MDNA in the United States . The set includes every previous studio album Madonna had released the remastered versions of Madonna ( 1983 ) , Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) and True Blue ( 1986 ) , plus the original versions of Like a Prayer ( 1989 ) , Erotica ( 1992 ) , Bedtime Stories ( 1994 ) , Ray of Light ( 1998 ) , Music ( 2000 ) , American Life ( 2003 ) , Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) and Hard Candy ( 2008 ) with each disc housed in a cardboard sleeve . To complement the release of the box set , iTunes sold every Madonna studio album digitally for 3 . 95 for a limited time in the UK . On the same day as its release , Warner Bros. released another box set Madonna Original Album Series which included five discs the remastered version of True Blue , Like a Prayer , Ray of Light , Music and Confessions on a Dance Floor . The box set also carries the logos for her other former record companies Sire Records ( 1982 1995 ) and Maverick Records ( 1992 2004 ) . It is her third greatest hits box set to be released after The Royal Box ( 1991 ) which was a limited edition of The Immaculate Collection ( 1990 ) and CD Single Collection ( 1996 ) which was released exclusively in Japan and included forty 3 CD singles , from Burning Up ( 1983 ) to One More Chance ( 1996 ) , housed in a deluxe black glossy box . Chart performance In the United Kingdom , the box set debuted at number seventy on the UK Albums Chart and sold 2 , 055 copies . Madonna 's total for album sales for the 21st century in the United Kingdom is 7 , 279 , 423 , making her one of the biggest selling acts of this period . In Japan it sold 13 , 000 copies and debuted at number nine ( and MDNA at number four ) making Madonna the first international female artist in Japanese chart history to have two albums in the top ten simultaneously and the first international artist in 20 years to achieve such feat , after Bruce Springsteen , who occupied two simultaneous top ten albums in 1992 with Human Touch and Lucky Town . With this feat , Madonna has accumulated 22 top ten albums in Japan , more than any other international artist . On the South Korean International chart , it debuted and peaked at number 81 , selling around 200 copies . It was certified gold in Poland by the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry ( ZPAV ) for shipment of 10 , 000 copies of the box set . Critical reception Mike Diver from the BBC News gave the box set a positive review , commenting that this is pop history , a document of the most powerful female force in the music industry as she began her ascent , achieved superstar status , overcame a couple of hiccups , and ultimately landed in the 00s as every fledgling pop idol 's ultimate mother figure . He also mentioned the absence of tracks Into the Groove ( only available on the 1985 reissue of Like a Virgin ) , Vogue ( from 1990 's I 'm Breathless soundtrack ) and Justify My Love ( from 1990 's The Immaculate Collection ) may disappoint some fans . Robin Murray from Clash noted that while it traced the evolution of a pop phenomenon , he felt it needed bonus materials . Andy Kellman from AllMusic was more ambivalent in his reception of the box set , stating that the release is more suitable for voracious newcomers than longtime followers . Describing the packaging , Kellman noted that it was sharp but not elaborate a clamshell box with each disc packaged in a paper LP replica sleeve . While the box is a convenient and reasonably priced way to obtain most of Madonna 's releases , an investment of that scope should entail all the stray hits from the same era . This really could have used a 12th disc , for adding all the other songs released by Madonna . The BBC described the packaging as a no frills affair CDs are housed in cardboard sleeves that won 't stand up to house party punishment Clash commented on the packaging more favorably , describing it as fairly lavish . Track listing The box set consists of eleven studio albums from her career with Warner Bros. Records ( 1982 2009 ) and its divisions Sire Records ( 1982 1995 ) and Maverick Records ( 1992 2003 ) . Notes a signifies a co producer b signifies an additional producer c signifies an additional producer and remixer Charts and certifications Release history
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3,347 | The New Zealand Labour Party leadership election , 2011 was held on 13 December 2011 to choose the thirteenth leader of the New Zealand Labour Party . A deputy leader and a senior and a junior whip were also elected . Following the Labour Party 's loss in the 2011 general election , leader Phil Goff and deputy leader Annette King resigned , prompting the leadership election , which was conducted as a secret ballot of the Labour caucus . David Cunliffe , David Shearer and David Parker stood for the leadership , and unk Mahuta and Grant Robertson contested the deputy position . Cunliffe and Mahuta ran as a ticket . During the campaign Parker pulled out of the race and endorsed Shearer . Shearer and Robertson won the votes for their respective positions . Chris unk and Darien Fenton were chosen as the senior and junior whips , respectively . Background At the 2008 general election , the Fifth Labour Government , led by Helen Clark , was defeated by John Key 's National Party . Following Clark 's election night resignation , Phil Goff was unanimously elected as the party 's leader , with Annette King as deputy , and Darren Hughes and Steve Chadwick as the senior and junior whips , respectively . The party lost more support in the 26 November 2011 general election its popular vote dipped to 27 its worst ever result under the mixed member proportional representation system and its number of MPs was reduced from forty three to thirty four . On 29 November 2011 , Goff and King announced their resignations , effective 13 December . New whips also had to be chosen because Rick Barker ( who replaced Hughes as the senior whip in April 2011 , following Hughes leaving Parliament ) and Chadwick were not re elected to Parliament . Candidates Former Cabinet ministers David Cunliffe ( MP for New Lynn ) and unk Mahuta ( Hauraki Waikato ) ran as a ticket for the leadership and deputy leadership , respectively . Former minister and list MP David Parker and Mount Albert by election , 2009 winner David Shearer were candidates for the party leadership , and Wellington Central representative Grant Robertson sought the deputy leadership . Shane Jones considered standing for the deputy leadership , but in the end did not run . Parker stated his preference for Robertson as deputy leader . Shearer did not indicate a preferred deputy . Shearer was viewed as unlikely to win the election Claire Trevett of The New Zealand Herald originally expected that only Cunliffe and Parker would run for the leader 's role , and The Dominion Post 's Vernon Small wrote that Mr Shearer 's bid is seen as a way to lift his profile . Political commentator Bryce Edwards said that Cunliffe was the more appealing candidate to the public , and described Parker and Robertson as sort of Phil Goff clones . Campaign Labour Party president Moira Coatsworth stated that the leadership contest would be a robust contest of ideas , and suggested to the party 's caucus that a series of meetings with party members be held around New Zealand . These were held from 6 to 11 December in six major cities Hamilton , Palmerston North , Wellington , Christchurch , Dunedin and Auckland . The party membership was then encouraged to give feedback to the party caucus , who would vote in the election . On 30 November Cunliffe , Parker and Shearer were interviewed by Mark Sainsbury on the current affairs programme Close Up . The television show held a text message poll in which viewers voted for their preferred leader of the party . Over 7 , 500 people took part Shearer received 50 of the support , Cunliffe 31 and Parker 19 . The following day , Parker pulled out of the leadership race and put his support behind Shearer . Shearer and Cunliffe were interviewed by Guyon unk on political talkshow Q A on 4 December . During the interview , both candidates indicated their support for the introduction of a capital gains tax , which was a key part of Labour 's tax policy during the 2011 general election campaign . Both also disagreed with the 2008 Employment Relations Amendment Act ( 90 day workplace trial ) , and wanted New Zealand to invest further in research and development Shearer mentioned striving for a more green economy . On 9 December , Horizon Research released a demographically weighted survey which found that 35 . 4 of adult New Zealanders supported Shearer 's bid for the leadership , and 19 . 9 backed Cunliffe . Outcome and aftermath The election took place on 13 December 2011 and comprised a secret ballot of the thirty four Labour caucus members , meaning a candidate had to receive the support of eighteen MPs to win . Shearer was elected the party leader , Robertson the deputy leader , Chris unk the senior whip and Darien Fenton the junior whip . Upon election , Shearer stated , I am a fresh face for Labour and I represent a fresh start for New Zealand . unk reported that Shearer received about twenty two of the thirty four votes for the leadership position , and a 3 News source claimed a similar number however , Coatsworth stipulated that the election was secret and that she was the only person who had access to the ballot papers , which were destroyed . Robertson and Jacinda unk publicly supported Shearer , and Carmel unk backed Cunliffe . On 19 December , Shearer announced a reshuffle of the Labour front bench Parker replaced Cunliffe in the finance portfolio and number three ranking , unk took the number four spot as social development spokesperson , while Cunliffe moved down to number five and gained the economic development portfolio . Clayton Cosgrove ( number six ) became responsible for state owned enterprises and commerce , Jones ( number seven ) took regional development and fisheries and Mahuta ( number eight ) picked up education . Shearer himself took the science and innovation portfolio , while Robertson was made environment spokesperson .
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3,348 | Originally named USS unk , after a town in Pennsylvania , USS Ajax was a single turreted Canonicus class monitor built for the Union Navy during the American Civil War . Completed after the end of the war , Ajax was laid up until 1871 , although she received her new name in 1869 . The ship was briefly activated in 1871 before a much longer commission began in 1874 75 . She was assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron during this time . Ajax was again placed in reserve in 1891 . The ship was on militia duty when the Spanish American War began and she was recommissioned in 1898 to defend Baltimore , Maryland , although she was decommissioned later in the year before the necessary refit could be completed . Ajax was sold for scrap in 1899 . Description and construction The ship was 224 feet 6 inches ( 68 . 4 m ) long overall , had a beam of 43 feet 8 inches ( 13 . 3 m ) and had a maximum draft of 13 feet 3 inches ( 4 . 0 m ) . Ajax had a tonnage of 1 , 034 tons burthen and displaced 2 , 100 long tons ( 2 , 100 t ) . Her crew consisted of 100 officers and enlisted men . Ajax was powered by a two cylinder horizontal vibrating lever steam engine that drove one propeller using steam generated by two Stimers horizontal fire tube boilers . The 320 indicated horsepower ( 240 kW ) engine gave the ship a top speed of 8 knots ( 15 km h 9 . 2 mph ) . She carried 140 150 long tons ( 140 150 t ) of coal . Ajax 's main armament consisted of two smoothbore , muzzle loading , 15 inch ( 381 mm ) Dahlgren guns mounted in a single gun turret . Each gun weighed approximately 43 , 000 pounds ( 20 , 000 kg ) . They could fire a 350 pound ( 158 . 8 kg ) shell up to a range of 2 , 100 yards ( 1 , 900 m ) at an elevation of 7 . The exposed sides of the hull were protected by five layers of 1 inch ( 25 mm ) wrought iron plates , backed by wood . The armor of the gun turret and the pilot house consisted of ten layers of one inch plates . The ship 's deck was protected by armor 1 . 5 inches ( 38 mm ) thick . A 5 by 15 inch ( 130 by 380 mm ) soft iron band was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent shells and fragments from jamming the turret as had happened during the First Battle of Charleston Harbor in April 1863 . The base of the funnel ( ship ) was protected to a height of 6 feet ( 1 . 8 m ) by 8 inches ( 200 mm ) of armor . A rifle screen of 1 2 inch ( 13 mm ) armor 3 feet ( 0 . 9 m ) high was installed on the top of the turret to protected the crew against Confederate snipers based on a suggestion by Commander Tunis A. M. Craven , captain of her sister ship Tecumseh . The only known modification after the ship 's completion was the addition of a hurricane deck between the turret and the funnel sometime after the end of the Civil War . The contract for construction of Ajax was signed by Snowden Mason on 15 September 1862 , and the keel of the ship was laid down later in the year in their new shipyard at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The ship 's construction was delayed by multiple changes ordered while she was being built that reflected battle experience with earlier monitors . This included the rebuilding of the turrets and pilot houses to increase their armor thickness from 8 inches ( 203 mm ) to 10 inches and to replace the bolts that secured their armor plates together with rivets to prevent them from being knocked loose by the shock of impact from shells striking the turret . Other changes included deepening the hull by 18 inches ( 457 mm ) to increase the ship 's buoyancy , moving the position of the turret to balance the ship 's trim and replacing all of the ship 's deck armor . She was ready to be launched in April 1864 , but the very low level of the Ohio River rendered that impossible . She was finally launched on 18 December . While fitting out , Ajax was ripped loose from her moorings on 5 March 1865 and she had to be towed back to her berth . The following day she was towed to Mound City , Illinois where she arrived on 11 March . Snowden Mason had to pay 7 , 000 for the tow as well as ship 400 long tons ( 410 t ) of material needed to finish the ship . The monitor joined her sisters Oneota and Catawba in ordinary opposite Cairo , Illinois when she was completed on 27 September 1865 , although they drew enough water that they had to be anchored in the main channel where they were often struck by debris , drifting ice , and were vulnerable to accidents . This was a persistent problem and the Navy finally decided to move the ships down to New Orleans in May 1866 . The ship was renamed Ajax on 15 June 1869 . Service history The monitor was briefly commissioned on 1 January 1871 , under the command of Lieutenant Commander Charles Love Franklin , and transferred to Key West , Florida to participate with the North Atlantic Squadron on coast defense maneuvers . She was decommissioned on 1 July 1871 and laid up at the Philadelphia Navy Yard . After a thorough overhaul , Ajax was recommissioned on 13 January 1874 , with Commander Joseph N. Miller in command . The ship was assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron and was based at Key West until she was decommissioned again on 27 July 1875 and laid up at Port Royal , South Carolina . Recommissioned on 5 November 1875 , the ship remained at Port Royal until moved to the James River . She was moored at Brandon , Virginia and at City Point , Virginia , before being placed in ordinary at Richmond , Virginia on 30 June 1891 . On 26 September 1895 , Ajax was loaned to the New Jersey Naval Militia and moored at Camden , New Jersey . She was recommissioned for local defense duties on 9 July 1898 during the Spanish American War in response to pressure from local politicians . The ship was intended for service at Baltimore , but she was decommissioned on 1 September 1898 before the necessary refit had been completed . Ajax was sold at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 10 October 1899 .
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3,349 | The TNA World Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling world tag team championship owned by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) professional wrestling promotion . It is primarily contested within TNA 's tag team division . It was created and debuted on May 14 , 2007 at the taping of TNA 's primary television program , TNA Impact . It was officially introduced worldwide on the May 17 , 2007 edition of TNA 's online podcast TNA Today . Like most professional wrestling championships , the title is won as a result of a pre determined match . History The Total Nonstop Action Wrestling promotion formed in May 2002 . Later that same year , TNA were granted control over the NWA World Heavyweight and World Tag Team Championships by the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) governing body , subsequently becoming an official NWA territory as NWA TNA . On June 19 , 2002 , NWA TNA held its first show a weekly pay per view ( PPV ) event . The main event of the telecast was a twenty man Gauntlet for the Gold match involving all twenty men trying to throw each other over the top rope and down to the floor in order to eliminate them , until there are two men left who wrestle a standard match to become the first ever TNA era NWA World Heavyweight Champion . Ken Shamrock defeated Malice to win the vacant championship with Ricky Steamboat as Special Guest Referee at the event . TNA crowned the first TNA era NWA World Tag Team Champions at their third weekly PPV event on July 3 , 2002 , when the team of A.J. Styles and Jerry Lynn defeated The Rainbow Express ( Bruce and Lenny Lane ) in a tournament final to win the championship . Creation The NWA World Heavyweight and World Tag Team Championships were contested for in TNA until the morning of May 13 , 2007 . On that day , NWA 's Executive Director Robert Trobich announced that the NWA were ending their five year agreement with TNA , which had allowed them full control over both titles . Trobich went on to state that effective that morning , then NWA World Heavyweight Champion Christian Cage and the Team 3D pairing of Brother Devon and Brother Ray , then NWA World Tag Team Champions , were stripped of their respective championships . The motivation behind these actions was that Cage refused to defend the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against wrestlers from NWA territories . That same day , TNA were scheduled to produce their Sacrifice 2007 PPV event , in which both Cage and Team 3D were to defend their respective championships . On the card , Cage was scheduled to defend the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against Kurt Angle and Sting in a match involving three competitors , also known as a Three Way match . Team 3D were set to defend the NWA World Tag Team Championship against the team of Scott Steiner and Tomko and the team made up of Hernandez and Homicide , who were known as The Latin American Xchange ( LAX ) , in another Three Way match . That night before each contest , the on screen graphic used to refer to the champions and their respective championships , credited both Cage and Team 3D as still being NWA Champions . However , the ring announcers for the encounters proclaimed the matches as being strictly for the World Heavyweight Championship or the World Tag Team Championship . Team 3D defeated Steiner and Tomko and LAX in the first Three Way championship bout to retain the World Tag Team Championship . In the second Three Way championship encounter , Angle defeated Cage and Sting to win the World Heavyweight Championship . On May 17 , 2007 , Jeremy Borash and TNA 's primary authority figure at the time , Jim Cornette , unveiled the TNA World Tag Team Championship belt on that day 's edition of TNA 's online podcast TNA Today and awarded it to Team 3D in the process making them the first official champions . Belt designs During the championship 's entire history , it has had one design . It begins with a leather strap that is covered with four small gold plates that has an imprint of the earth centered in the middle with TNA 's official logo at the top of each . The center golden plate of the belt also has an imprint of a globe , with TNA 's official logo engraved over it . The words World Tag Team are placed above the globe , while the words Wrestling Champion are placed below it . 1 Reigns The inaugural champions were Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) , who were awarded the championship on the May 17 , 2007 edition of TNA Today . At 212 days , Beer Money , Inc . ' s ( Bobby Roode and James Storm ) fourth reign is the longest in the title 's history . Eric Young Super Eric and Kaz 's only reign holds the record for shortest reign in the title 's history at a half day . The current champions are Decay ( Abyss and Crazzy Steve ) who are in their first reign as a team . They defeated Beer Money ( Bobby Roode and James Storm ) in a Valley of Shadows match on March 19 , 2016 in Orlando , Florida during the Impact Wrestling tapings ( aired April 26 ) . This is Abyss ' second individual reign , as he was previously champion with Storm in 2014 , while Crazzy Steve is in his first individual reign . Individually , James Storm holds the record with seven reigns , while Beer Money and The Wolves ( Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards ) share the record of five reigns as a team . Although the title is a World Tag Team Championship , three different wrestlers have held the championship by themselves Samoa Joe , Kurt Angle , and Matt Morgan . Joe held the championship during his entire reign alone however , Angle held the championship alone for 15 days until Sting won a match involving three other competitors to become Angle 's partner , and Morgan held the title after turning on and ( kayfabe ) injuring his tag team championship partner Hernandez . Overall , there have been 40 reigns shared between 41 wrestlers and 28 teams .
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3,350 | Gumball is a 1983 video game by Robert Cook and Broderbund in which the player controls the valves of a maze like machine to sort gumballs by their color . The player meets the quota of each level to earn their character a factory worker a promotion , resulting in a raise in difficulty with more color choices and defective gumballs to exclude . Broderbund co founder Doug Carlston conceived of the game 's machine sorting concept , and Cook , the designer , added the gumball conceit . He designed the main gumball processing machine within a week and later returned to add smaller features , like sound and decorative animations . The developer also hid a secret image within the game that was only found three decades after Gumball 's release . Broderbund tested the game and prepared its packaging . Gumball debuted at the June 1983 Consumer Electronics Show and released for the Apple II , Atari 8 bit family , and Commodore 64 platforms . Reviewers separately noted the difficulty of the game 's later stages , praised its comical elements , and commented on the social role of simulating mundane work . The game did not become popular and copies of it became rare . Gameplay Gumball is an arcade game for the home computer in which the player works in a factory as a gumball sorter and sorts gumballs by color as they flow through a maze like processing machine . The player controls valves in the machine to divert the flow of individual gumballs towards bins of corresponding colors . If the player sorts incorrectly , the foreman walks onscreen and dumps the gumballs out the bin . The player has a daily quota to meet by the end of the level 's time limit . If successful , the player character receives a promotion the player watches an animation of a worker walking home from the factory , and progresses to a more complex level , with more color options to sort and defective , explosive gumballs to deactivate . If unsuccessful in meeting the daily quota , the game ends and the player is left to restart from the beginning . The game requires a color television or monitor , and optionally works with a joystick or paddle controller . Development Robert Cook wrote Gumball for publication by Broderbund in 1983 . Broderbund had a reputation as a successful publisher . Its games and productivity software each composed about half of the company 's output , and their software in both categories reached the top of sales charts . Broderbund co founder Doug Carlston conceived the core concept of a machine that sorts based on color , and Robert Cook expanded the concept with the gumball conceit . He spent a week designing the main processing machine , with its pipes and valves . Though he later returned to add more background detail , his original pipe design did not change . Most of Cook 's time was spent programming the game 's functions , such as the how individual gumballs move through the pipes . Once the basic functions ran reasonably well , Cook focused on making the game fun , with challenge and incentive to return . He added smaller features like sound effects and music , conveyor belt animations , and scorekeeping , but each new feature brought new software bugs to address . To make the game more interesting , Cook added the gumball bombs and tweaked the mechanism that caught them . He iterated through prototypes including a player controlled claw and an item that traversed the pipes before finally deciding on crosshairs for the player to fire . Cook also added the game 's time limit and the differences between levels . Closer to the end , Cook coded Gumball 's title page and the animated transitions between levels . Cook then sent the game to Broderbund for testing , which took two weeks . He resolved three small errors and other minor , proposed changes before submitting the final version . By this point , the company had printed the game 's packaging boxes , labels , and documentation such that they were ready to ship after receiving the approval from game testers . The game debuted at the June 1983 Consumer Electronics Show and was later released on diskette for the Apple II , Atari 8 bit family , and Commodore 64 . In 2016 , an Apple II software cracker team found an Easter egg hidden by the game 's creator 33 years prior . Cook had hidden a secret congratulations screen in the game for players who entered a specific keyboard key combination at a specific time and solved the resulting series of substitution ciphered clues . Cook congratulated the cracker team on Twitter . The crackers found the secret while working to preserve the game for the Internet Archive by removing its digital copyright protections . One of the crackers said that while most 1980s games could be cracked by automation , Gumball 's protections , coded by Roland Gustafsson , were exceptional . Reception Chris Browning of the Eugene , Oregon based Atari Computer Enthusiasts wrote that Gumball was a good interlude between shoot em up games , but found that he lost interest when tasked with sorting four or more colors of gumballs . Compute ' s Gazette thought that Gumball was fun , and highlighted its comical elements , such as the factory manager emptying the player 's bin when the player incorrectly sorts the wrong color into it . The magazine described Gumball as a strategy action game and considered it a useful aid in developing faculties of logic and hand eye coordination . David Hunter of unk asked whether the game was satirical commentary on the Great American Dream of climbing the corporate ladder depending on whether the factory work inculcated good work habits or Disney esque automatons . He wrote that the game had what corporate trainers would want an introduction to repetitive tasks and a sense of nervous energy . Three decades later , Jason unk of unk summarized that the game never became popular and that copies of it became rare .
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3,351 | State Route 161 ( SR 161 ) is a 36 . 25 mile long ( 58 . 34 km ) state highway serving Pierce and King counties in the U.S. state of Washington . The highway begins at SR 7 southwest of Eatonville and travels north as Meridian Avenue to Puyallup , becoming concurrent with SR 512 and SR 167 . SR 161 continues northwest as the Enchanted Parkway to end at an intersection with SR 18 in Federal Way , west of Interstate 5 ( I 5 ) . The highway serves the communities of Graham and South Hill before reaching Puyallup and the communities of Edgewood , Milton , and Lakeland South before reaching Federal Way . SR 161 was established during the 1964 highway renumbering , replacing three Secondary State Highways ( unk ) Secondary State Highway 5D ( SSH 5D ) and SSH 5G , both established in 1937 , and SSH 5N , established in 1955 . SSH 5D served as a connector between Federal Way and Puyallup and SSH 5G served as a connector between Puyallup and South Hill . SSH 5N connected Eatonville to South Hill and was extended south towards La Grande in 1967 . SR 161 was moved onto a bypass of Puyallup in the 1980s and formed concurrencies with SR 167 and SR 512 as a result . As of 2013 , projects to expand the highway in Edgewood and Milton and adding new unk at the I 5 and SR 18 interchange are in progress . Route description SR 161 begins southwest of Eatonville and north of La Grande in rural Pierce County at an intersection with SR 7 . The highway travels northeast to pass the Charles Lathrop Pack Experimental and Demonstration Forest and cross the Little unk River into Eatonville . The roadway crosses the unk River into Downtown Eatonville , turning north onto unk Avenue and later Washington Avenue . SR 161 turns west onto Meridian Avenue north of Eatonville High School and leaves the city on a two lane highway . Meridian Avenue continues north through rural Pierce County , passing Clear Lake and unk Lake , before entering the community of Graham and crossing a Tacoma Rail line near Graham unk High School . SR 161 travels north and passes South Hill and Pierce County Airport ( Thun Field ) before entering Puyallup . The highway turns northwest at the South Hill Mall onto 31st Avenue and intersects the SR 512 freeway in a partial cloverleaf interchange , beginning a 3 . 41 mile long ( 5 . 49 km ) concurrency . SR 161 and SR 512 travel north on a freeway in Puyallup , intersecting Meridian Street at the Puyallup Fairgrounds and Pioneer Avenue at a partial cloverleaf interchange . After the intersection with Pioneer Avenue , the freeway travels over a BNSF rail line that serves Puyallup Station and crosses the Puyallup River before a trumpet interchange with SR 167 . At the interchange , SR 512 ends and SR 161 northbound turns west on a 1 . 83 mile long ( 2 . 95 km ) wrong way concurrency with SR 167 , designated as traveling southbound . SR 161 turns north onto Meridian Avenue at Fort Malone as SR 167 travels south into Downtown Puyallup , and the highway continues north and crosses a Union Pacific rail line . Meridian Avenue continues north into to form the boundary between Edgewood and Milton , where the highway intersects Milton Way , the former route of SR 514 . SR 161 turns northwest into King County as the Enchanted Parkway , passing through Lakeland South and Wild Waves Theme Park before crossing over I 5 . The Enchanted Parkway turns north into Federal Way and ends at an intersection with SR 18 , located between SR 99 and I 5 . Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that between 340 and 99 , 000 vehicles per day used the highway , mostly in the Puyallup area . History SR 161 was formed during the 1964 highway renumbering as the successor to SSH 5N from Primary State Highway 5 ( PSH 5 ) north of La Grande to South Hill , SSH 5G from South Hill to U.S. Route 410 ( US 410 ) in Puyallup , and SSH 5D from US 410 north of Puyallup to US 99 Federal Way . The highway was also concurrent with US 410 , signed in 1926 , between the eastern end of SSH 5G in Downtown Puyallup and the southern end of SSH 5D . SSH 5D and SSH 5G were established during the creation of the Primary and secondary state highways in 1937 , and SSH 5N was established in 1955 to Eatonville and extended south to PSH 5 near La Grande in 1967 after SR 161 was created . SR 161 , including the concurrency with US 410 , was signed into law in 1970 as a highway extending from SR 7 near Eatonville to US 99 . US 410 was replaced with an extension of SR 167 in the Tacoma area and US 12 east of the Cascade Mountains in 1967 and the highway was shortened from US 99 to SR 18 in 1971 . SR 161 was moved east onto a bypass of Puyallup , creating unk with SR 512 and SR 167 , in the late 1980s , and designated , within King County , as the Enchanted Parkway in 1987 as the last major revision to the highway . A freeway extension to SR 167 between Tacoma and Puyallup has been proposed since the 1990s and would create a new interchange with SR 161 north of the Puyallup River , but as of 2013 the freeway has not been built . The eastbound ramps at end of the concurrency between SR 161 and SR 167 was realigned in late 2008 to reduce congestion and started recent improvements to the highway . WSDOT is widening the Enchanted Parkway through the Edgewood and Milton area from 2 lanes to 4 lanes with wider shoulders and sidewalks to be completed by 2027 . The interchange between I 5 and SR 18 is being reconstructed in Federal Way , with a new flyover ramp from westbound SR 18 to SR 161 being completed in September 2012 . Another ramp , from southbound I 5 to SR 161 , is under construction . Major intersections
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3,352 | Titan Clydebank is a 150 foot high ( 46 m ) cantilever crane at Clydebank , West Dunbartonshire , Scotland . It was designed to be used in the lifting of heavy equipment , such as engines and boilers , during the fitting out of battleships and ocean liners at the John Brown Company shipyard . It was also the world 's first electrically powered cantilever crane , and the largest crane of its type at the time of its completion . Situated at the end of a U shaped fitting out basin , the crane was used to construct some of the largest ships of the 20th century , including the Queen Mary , Queen Elizabeth and Queen Elizabeth 2 . The Category A Listed historical structure was refurbished in 2007 as a tourist attraction and shipbuilding museum . History The shipyard at Clydebank was created in 1871 after the company James George Thomson moved from the Graving Docks in Govan . John Brown Company purchased the yard in 1899 , and in 1905 , a 24 , 600 order for the crane was placed with unk based engineering company Sir William Arrol Co . Titan was completed two years later in 1907 . It was constructed by the Scottish engineer Adam Hunter , who was working as Chief Engineer for Arrol Co . , having served his apprenticeship on the construction of the Forth Bridge . Stothert Pitt of Bath , England , fabricated and installed most of the machinery for the Titan , including electric motors built by Lancashire Dynamo and Motor Co . The dock was used for fitting out vessels , and the crane would lift engines and boilers into ships . The lifting capacity of the Titan , and the location of the yard at the confluence of the River Clyde and River Cart , contributed to the success of the yard as it could build extremely large ships . When tested on 24 April 1907 , Titan was the largest cantilever crane ever built with a capacity of 160 tonnes ( 160 long tons 180 short tons ) at a radius of 85 feet ( 26 m ) . The original lift capacity was uprated to 203 long tons ( 206 t ) in 1938 , when it became apparent that the original specification would be insufficient to install the new long range gun 's turrets into ships such as the Duke of York . On the nights of the 13 and 14 of March 1941 , the Clydebank Blitz virtually destroyed the town . 528 civilians were killed , over 617 people were seriously injured , and 48 , 000 civilians lost their homes . Only seven properties in Clydebank were undamaged , in one of the worst bombing raids in Britain . The raids , involving 260 Luftwaffe bombers on the first night and 200 on the second , targeted the industry of Clydeside , but the Titan crane was undamaged . In 1968 , the yard was amalgamated into Upper Clyde Shipbuilders along with four others , in an attempt to increase competitiveness . The general elections in 1970 saw a change of government , and funding for the yard was withheld , resulting in the closure of John Brown 's . It was bought from the receivers by the Houston , Texas based Marathon Manufacturing Company for oil rig construction . In 1980 Marathon sold the yard to the French company Union Industrielle et d unk ( unk ) . unk 's owners , Bouygues Offshore closed the yard in 2001 and the site was earmarked for redevelopment . Ships constructed by the crane include HMS Hood , the Queen Mary , Queen Elizabeth , Queen Elizabeth 2 , and the Royal Yacht Britannia . Refurbishment The crane fell into disuse in 1980s , and in the intervening period of neglect , the crane suffered vandalism to the wheelhouse and corrosion to the structure . In 1988 the crane was recognised as a Category A Listed historical structure . The urban regeneration company Clydebank Re Built started a unk restoration project in 2005 , and the crane opened to the public in August 2007 . The structure was shot blasted to remove old paint and rust , allowing repairs to be undertaken before repainting . A lift for visitors to ascend to the jib and an emergency evacuation stair were installed , along with a wire mesh around the viewing area and floodlights to illuminate the crane at night . Design The Titan used a fixed counterweight and electrically operated hoists all mounted on a rotated beam , making it faster and more responsive than its steam powered predecessors . For lifting smaller assemblies that did not require the full lifting capacity of 150 tonnes ( 150 long tons 170 short tons ) , a 30 tonnes ( 30 long tons 33 short tons ) auxiliary hoist was used , as large loads were comparatively rare . Titan is 49 metres ( 161 ft ) high , weighs about 800 tonnes ( 790 long tons 880 short tons ) and sits on four concrete piles sunk to a depth of 23 metres ( 75 ft ) deep . The arms of the cantilever are 45 . 7 metres ( 150 ft ) and 27 . 4 metres ( 90 ft ) long . The tower is 12 metres ( 39 ft ) square , and its centre sits just 10 . 7 metres ( 35 ft ) from the edge of the quay . Following the removal of the Beardmore Crane in the 1970s and the Fairfield Titan in 2007 , there are now four giant cantilever cranes on the River Clyde . The others are at Stobcross ( Finnieston Crane ) , Scotstoun ( Barclay Curle Crane ) and Greenock ( James Watt Dock Crane ) . Fewer than sixty giant cantilever cranes were built worldwide , six of them on the Clyde , and as of May 2011 , it is believed only eleven remained , four of those on the Clyde . Awards The crane was awarded the 2012 Engineering Heritage Award by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers , and described as a magnificent example of mechanical engineering , which forms an integral part of the local landscape . Titan was designated as an International Historic Civil and Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2013 , the fifth such award given to a Scottish structure . For the restoration of the structure , recognition was accorded by Chicago Athenaeum Award for Architecture in 2008 and by the Civic Trust in 2009 .
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3,353 | Donkey Punch ( also referred to as Donkey Punch A Cal Innes book and Sucker Punch ) is a crime novel by Scottish author Ray Banks . It was first published in the United Kingdom by Edinburgh based company Birlinn Ltd in 2007 , and again by the same publisher in 2008 . In the United States it was published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2009 , titled Sucker Punch , and was reprinted in 2011 . Donkey Punch is part of a series following protagonist Cal Innes , a former convict and private investigator . Innes agrees to accompany a novice boxer from England to a fight in Los Angeles , California . While there , Innes must investigate the subsequent kidnapping of the boxer , while battling his own internal struggles and avoiding trouble with the Los Angeles Police Department . The Skinny said , Donkey Punch is as terse and macho as Saturday 's Child , although his hardboiled writing style has become more poised and confident . Scotland on Sunday said , Vivid and realistic , with an appealingly flawed hero and an interesting setting amid the underside of modern LA , this is a knockout . The Plain Dealer said , Banks ' tough guy prose is irresistible . Associated Press said of the author 's writing style , Innes , for all his faults and problems , is an engaging character with a sharp sense of humor and a ton of turmoil in his life . And Banks , a member of the so called ' Brit grit ' movement , has an easy , breezy style that keeps you flipping the pages . Author Ray Banks was born in Kirkcaldy , Scotland , and spent two years studying performance art and theatre at Warwick University . Banks said in an interview with the Newcastle Evening Chronicle that leaving Warwick University led him to become a published writer . Banks said , If I 'd stayed on , I probably would have gone down the acting route instead of writing . University isn 't for everyone and I discovered that the other writers I know didn 't finish their courses either . It was certainly the best thing that happened to me . Banks ' first novel was released in 2004 , titled The Big Blind . The Big Blind was inspired by Banks ' prior employment as a croupier . His work Saturday 's Child was published in 2006 in the UK by Polygon , and in the US by Harcourt . Protagonist character , private investigator Callum Innes , first appeared in Saturday 's Child , and was the focus of Donkey Punch . Subsequent books include No More Heroes ( 2008 ) , Gun ( 2008 ) , Beast of Burden ( 2009 ) , California ( 2011 ) , and Dead Money ( 2011 ) . Banks has also contributed short stories for collected works and to a website called Noir Originals . Publication history Donkey Punch was first published in Edinburgh by Polygon Books , an imprint of Birlinn Ltd which publishes fiction , in 2007 , and again by Birlinn Ltd on 1 February 2008 . It was published in the US under the title Sucker Punch by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2009 , and again by the same publisher in 2011 . Plot The book follows protagonist Cal Innes , a private investigator and former convict whose parole after being released from HM Prison Manchester is finished . He is employed as a caretaker of a boxing gym called the Lads ' Club managed by Paulo Gray in Manchester . Innes has allegiance to an influential criminal figure named Morris Tiernan , also known as Uncle . Innes agrees to a request from Uncle to accompany a novice 17 year old boxer named Liam Wooley to a significant boxing match in Los Angeles . Once there , Innes becomes acquainted over drinks with a former boxer named Nelson Byrne . The job , originally intended to be looking after Wooley , becomes a sinister operation as Innes learns there may be impropriety related to the fight . Innes deals with his dependence on codeine and alcohol along with Wooley 's anger management problems . Innes finds himself in a difficult situation in an unfamiliar city , suffers a gunshot wound and his charge Wooley is involuntarily subdued with medication and kidnapped . Innes becomes the suspect in a murder investigation by the Los Angeles Police Department , finds and rescues Wooley and learns that his supposed friend Byrne was the culprit . After being exonerated by the police , Innes escorts Wooley back to England . Reception Reviewer Gareth K. Vile of The Skinny gave the book three out of five stars , and commented , By transplanting his thuggish noir from Manchester to LA , Ray Banks ' second Cal Innes novel has two sets of mean streets to pace . Not that his grasp of characterisation has gotten any stronger Donkey Punch is as terse and macho as Saturday 's Child , although his hardboiled writing style has become more poised and confident . Andrea Mullaney reviewed the book for Scotland on Sunday and wrote , Vivid and realistic , with an appealingly flawed hero and an interesting setting amid the underside of modern LA , this is a knockout . Les Roberts gave the book a favourable review for The Plain Dealer and wrote , Much of Innes ' narration is East London slang , generously laced with profanities and hard for Americans to grasp . But Banks ' tough guy prose is irresistible . Writing for Electric City , James Crane suggested readers read The Maltese Falcon before beginning Banks ' book , and said the story is a step down from Guy Noir and Sin City . Crane wrote , I enjoy the hard boiled style ... It certainly isn 't a new formula , though Ray Banks does follow it well . Chris Talbott gave Donkey Punch a mixed assessment for the Associated Press and wrote , Innes , for all his faults and problems , is an engaging character with a sharp sense of humor and a ton of turmoil in his life . And Banks , a member of the so called ' Brit grit ' movement , has an easy , breezy style that keeps you flipping the pages . Talbott concluded , Pretty standard stuff , but done with enough style and wit to make us pick up the next book in the series .
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3,354 | Puzzlejuice is a 2012 indie puzzle video game for iOS produced and developed by video game company Sirvo . The game is a combination of Tetris , tile matching , and Boggle players rearrange falling tetromino blocks into rows of similar colors , which turn into letters that are cleared from the board by forming words . The fast paced game also includes challenges and power ups . The development team consisted three people programmer Asher Vollmer initially developed the game alone , before reaching out to artist Greg Wohlwend for advice on the aesthetics . Composer Jimmy Hinson produced the game 's music . The game was released January 19 , 2012 to what video game review score aggregator Metacritic called generally favorable reviews . Multiple reviewers mentioned the difficulty involved in juggling the three game components simultaneously . Gameplay In Puzzlejuice , the player turns falling tetrominos into letters , and those letters into words and points . The player taps and drags on the touchscreen to rotate and position multicolored tetrominos that fall from the top of the screen . When the player completes a solid row of tiles , or arranges the fallen blocks such that four or more like colored tiles touch , the color tiles turn into letters . Players connect these letter tiles with their eight adjacent tiles ( in ordinal directions ) to make words . Words of sufficient length are cleared from play as well as their adjacent tiles thus longer words clear more blocks . The iPhone version shows a magnified version of the tile obscured by the player 's finger near the finger . The game has been compared to a cross between Boggle , Tetris , and tile matching . The game also offers objectives to be accomplished over multiple sessions , like making a six letter word , or clearing three or more rows at once . This unlocks power ups that occasionally provide opportunities such as halting the rate of new tetromino drops , and removing blocks from the screen . Up to three power ups can be selected to be used in each game . The object of the game is to get the highest score . There are two play modes Zen and Core . There is a 90 second time limit in Zen mode . In Core mode , players play until the screen fills with poorly placed tetrominos , similar to Tetris . Core has two difficulties . On the easiest difficulty , three letter words suffice , but harder modes require five letter words at a minimum . A score multiplier grows as players maintain a combo of multiple words created in succession , and resets if players are too slow . Scores are uploaded to Game Center . Development Puzzlejuice was built by a group called Collaboratory and later renamed Sirvo . The three person team consisted of programmer Asher Vollmer , artist Greg Wohlwend , and composer Jimmy Hinson . The game began as Vollmer 's idea . He later reached out to Wohlwend for aesthetic advice , which resulted in a 365 message chain email and the final product . Wohlwend and Vollmer did not speak a word to each other or use a medium outside of Gmail and Twitter throughout the entire development process . The title was inspired by what Vollmer described as the unk American culture of the 1990s , exemplified by the board game Crossfire and juice filled unk fruit snacks . A similar game , Spelltower , was released during Puzzlejuice 's development , but Vollmer and Wohlwend ultimately considered their game sufficiently different to proceed . Puzzlejuice was selected for the PAX 10 , a spotlighted group of indie games , in July 2012 . The game was released as a universal app for iPhone and iPad on January 19 , 2012 . Vollmer expressed an interest in bringing the game to Steam Greenlight in August 2012 . Reception The game received generally favorable reviews , according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic . Multiple reviewers compared its core mechanics to a combination of Boggle , Tetris , and a tile matching game , such as Bejeweled or Puyo Puyo . Comparing word games , Edge called it the fast paced action adventure to Spelltower 's survival horror . Multiple reviewers mentioned the difficulty in mentally balancing the various components of the game , which VideoGamer.com compared to doing open heart surgery while playing Dance Dance Revolution . Edge suggested playing on the game 's hardest difficulty , which they found the most engaging . They called it mayhem , ... elegantly handled . Pocket Gamer 's Harry Slater said the game forces your brain to think in ways that it 's never been asked to before . Edge compared the game 's challenges to Jetpack Joyride 's missions , and complimented the connection between Vollmer 's magpie design and Wohlwend 's unk flat pastel colored art . Phil Eaves of Slide to Play wrote that the player should play with headphones or else miss a wonderful chiptune soundtrack . Edge called the game too hectic and exhausting to return to often . VideoGamer.com 's Mark Brown struggled with registering the right input on the small screen , and found himself inadvertently making words from letters instead of moving color blocks . Slide to Play 's Eaves was also troubled by the controls , and recommended the iPad version for the extra screen space . Pocket Gamer 's Slater said it was too easy to clear the board with three letter words , and thus that the design execution was not as robust as the concept , never being more than the sum of its strange combination of parts . While TouchArcade 's Troy Woodfield called the gameplay not ... totally original in how it combines three common game ideas , he still found the combination a stroke of genius , and highly recommended the game as a breath of fresh air . Brown of VideoGamer.com agreed that Puzzlejuice distinguished itself from the crowded iOS puzzle game genre , and Slide to Play 's Eaves called its balance between game types perfect .
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3,355 | Kyle Adrian Ross Critchell ( born 18 January 1987 ) is a footballer who plays for Dorchester Town as a defender . Critchell progressed through the youth and reserve teams at Southampton and had a loan period at Torquay United . He left for Chesterfield and was released by them after half a season , when he moved to Weymouth . A move to Wrexham followed and following an injury he was loaned out to York City and Weymouth . He re signed for Weymouth following their relegation to the Conference South and later joined league rivals Dorchester Town in 2009 . He returned to Weymouth in 2012 . Critchell has represented Wales at various levels . He gained five caps for the under 17 team , before making three appearances for the under 21 team from 2005 to 2006 . He has made four appearances for the semi professional team , making his debut against England C in 2008 . Club career Born in Dorchester , Dorset , Critchell joined Southampton as a trainee in July 2003 after being spotted playing for Weymouth 's reserve team . He played in both legs of the FA Youth Cup semi final in 2005 , and suffered from a broken ankle in the second leg , which Southampton won in a penalty shoot out . In the 2005 pre season he made his first appearance in the Southampton first team during pre season and signed a professional contract with the club on 4 August 2005 , but spent most of the 2005 06 season out with a cruciate ligament injury . He joined League Two side Torquay United on a two month loan in October 2006 . He made his league debut on 28 October 2006 in Torquay 's 0 0 draw at home to Shrewsbury Town and finished the loan period with 10 appearances . He moved to Chesterfield of League One on a free transfer on 19 January 2007 , signing a contract taking him to the end of the 2006 07 season . He made his debut in a 1 0 defeat to Brighton Hove Albion on 20 January . During a game against Crewe Alexandra on 7 April he picked up a groin strain , which resulted in him undergoing a scan . He also suffered from a virus while at the club and was released in May 2007 , after making 10 appearances as Chesterfield were relegated to League Two . Critchell trained with Conference Premier side Weymouth and signed a two year contract on 20 June 2007 . He made his debut on 11 August , the opening day of the 2007 08 season , in a 2 1 victory over Halifax Town . Following a 3 1 defeat to Stafford Rangers for Weymouth , manager Jason Tindall singled out Critchell for praise , saying The only one out there today who deserves any credit for their performance was Kyle Critchell but overall it was not good enough . He was sent off against Altrincham on the final day of the season after clashing with Gary Scott and he finished the season with 42 appearances . Critchell signed a two year contract with newly relegated Conference Premier side Wrexham on 24 June 2008 . He made his debut in a 2 0 victory over Oxford United , where he played in right midfield . After making a further appearance for Wrexham he suffered from an ankle injury during a training session . He underwent surgery on this ankle in October , which had been delayed due to illness . After recovering from this injury four months later , he said he was looking to be loaned out to help improve his first team chances at Wrexham . He eventually joined fellow Conference Premier side York City on a one month loan on 5 January 2009 . He was due to make his debut a day later against former club Weymouth , but the match was postponed . He eventually made his first appearance after playing in the 2 1 victory over Oxford on 13 January in the second round of the FA Trophy . This was followed by his league debut on 17 January in a 3 0 victory over Lewes . The loan was extended for a second month on 4 February and finished his time at York with 11 appearances . He rejoined Weymouth on loan in March until 24 April and made his debut in a 2 0 defeat to Kettering Town . He finished the season with eight appearances for Weymouth , while the club was relegated to the Conference South . After making two appearances for Wrexham , he was released on 8 June , after agreeing a deal for his contract to be cancelled . He then re signed for Weymouth for the 2009 10 season on a permanent contract in June . Critchell left Weymouth in November to join local rivals and hometown club Dorchester Town . He finished the season with 20 appearances for Dorchester . Critchell made 40 appearances and scored three goals in the 2010 11 season . Critchell re signed for Weymouth on a two year contract for an undisclosed fee on 9 August 2012 , with the club now in the Southern League Premier Division . He explained the transfer by saying The biggest reason why I have come back is seeing everyone smiling and being positive again . The right atmosphere seems to be back at the club and that can only bode well for the future . International career Despite being born in England , he has represented Wales at under 17 level , with whom he gained five caps . He made his debut for the Wales under 21 team in a 1 0 victory against Austria on 25 March 2005 . He was named in the squad to face Turkey in September 2006 , which proved to be his final appearance for the team . He was forced into withdrawing from the squad in February 2007 for a friendly against Northern Ireland due to injury . He was called into the Wales Semi Pro team for their match against England C in February 2008 and made his debut in this match , with Wales being defeated 2 1 . He was named in the squad for the Four Nations tournament in May . Style of play Described as an extremely versatile player with boundless energy , Critchell has a preference for playing at right back , although he can also play on the left or in midfield . While in the Weymouth youth system , he played as a striker . Career statistics As of match played 23 February 2013 .
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3,356 | For other ships of the same name , see SMS Prinz Adalbert SMS Prinz Adalbert was an ironclad warship of the Prussian Navy , originally ordered by the Confederate States Navy . Prussia purchased the ship during the Second Schleswig War against Denmark , though the vessel was not delivered until after the war . The vessel was designed as an armored ram , but also carried three guns one 21 cm ( 8 . 3 in ) and two 17 cm ( 6 . 7 in ) pieces in armored turrets . She was named after Prince Adalbert of Prussia , an early proponent of German naval power . The ship was poorly constructed and as a result had a very limited service career . She was heavily modified after her delivery to Prussia in 1865 and briefly served with the fleet between 1866 and 1871 . During the Franco Prussian War in 1870 1871 , the ship was assigned as a guard ship in Hamburg . After the war , it was discovered that the internal wood construction was badly rotted she was therefore removed from service in October 1871 . Prinz Adalbert was stricken from the naval register in May 1878 and broken up for scrap that year . Design General characteristics and propulsion Prinz Adalbert was 50 . 48 meters ( 165 . 6 ft ) long at the waterline and 56 . 96 m ( 186 . 9 ft ) long overall . She had a beam of 9 . 92 m ( 32 . 5 ft ) and a draft of 4 . 96 m ( 16 . 3 ft ) forward and 5 . 02 m ( 16 . 5 ft ) aft . She was designed to displace 1 , 440 metric tons ( 1 , 420 long tons 1 , 590 short tons ) at a normal load and up to 1 , 560 t ( 1 , 540 long tons 1 , 720 short tons ) at combat load . The ship 's hull was constructed from transverse frames , and included both iron and timber . The hull was sheathed in copper to protect it from parasites . The Prussians regarded the ship as a poor sea boat . The ram bow caused the vessel to ship a great deal of water . It was , however , responsive to commands from the helm and had a very tight turning radius . Prinz Adalbert had a crew of ten officers and 120 enlisted men . Prinz Adalbert 's propulsion system was provided by unk , based in Le Havre . The ship was powered by a pair of 2 cylinder single expansion engines , each of which drove a four bladed screw that was 3 . 6 m ( 11 ft 10 in ) in diameter . The engines were placed in a single engine room . Two trunk boilers , also in a single boiler room , supplied steam to the engines at 1 . 5 standard atmospheres ( 150 kPa ) . Two rudders were fitted side by side to control the vessel . The ship was initially fitted with a 740 square meter ( 2 , 428 sq ft ) brig rig , though this was subsequently replaced with a 677 square meter topsail schooner rig . Armament and armor As built , Prinz Adalbert was armed with three rifled 36 pounder muzzle loading guns . One was placed in an integral five port bow turret , while the other two were located in a fixed two port turret amidships . After delivery in 1865 , the French guns were replaced with a 21 centimeter ( 8 . 3 in ) L 19 gun in the bow and two 17 cm ( 6 . 7 in ) L 25 guns in a revolving turret . The forward gun was supplied with 76 rounds of ammunition while the central guns had 71 shells each . Prinz Adalbert was armored with wrought iron , which was mounted on the wooden hull . The armored belt , which protected the waterline of the ship , was 127 millimeters ( 5 . 0 in ) thick . The turrets were protected by 114 mm ( 4 . 5 in ) of armor plating on the sides . Service history Prinz Adalbert was built under the cover name Cheops by the French shipyard of the Arman brothers in Bordeaux . Her sister ship , built under the cover name Sphinx , was delivered to the Confederate Navy and renamed CSS Stonewall . The French emperor , Napoleon III , ordered the Arman brothers to sell Cheops to another navy immediately Prussia purchased the ship on 25 May 1864 . The Second Schleswig War between Denmark and Prussia and its ally Austria delayed delivery of the ship . Cheops was commissioned into the Prussian fleet on 29 October 1865 as Prinz Adalbert . Along with the turret ship Arminius , Prinz Adalbert was among the first armored vessels acquired by the Prussian Navy . The ship was named for Prince Adalbert of Prussia , one of the creators of the German fleet . While conducting trials off Denmark in June 1865 , Prinz Adalbert ran aground . During the Austro Prussian War in 1866 , Prinz Adalbert was mobilized in Kiel under the command of Admiral Jachmann , but due to the lack of opponents in the North and Baltic Seas , the ship remained in the Baltic for the duration of the war . The ship did not last long in service due to her poor construction this necessitated significant refurbishment , which was carried out at the naval depot at Geestemnde in 1868 1869 . Her armor plating had to be removed and reinstalled , a breakwater was installed at the stern of the ship , and the main mast had to be relocated . She was re rigged to a schooner rig during this refit . Prinz Adalbert also suffered from severe leaking throughout her short career . In 1870 , shortly before the outbreak of the Franco Prussian War , the Prussian fleet was mobilized for a training cruise into the Atlantic . Prinz Adalbert and the recently commissioned broadside ironclad Knig Wilhelm steamed to Plymouth , England , where they rendezvoused with the rest of the fleet . While in Plymouth , the squadron received news of imminent hostilities with France , and made for safety in Wilhelmshaven , arriving on 16 July , three days before the outbreak of war . For the duration of the conflict , Prinz Adalbert served as a harbor guard ship in Hamburg . Her timber hull was found to be rotten in 1871 , which forced her decommissioning . She was removed from service on 23 October 1871 and disarmed in 1875 1876 . The ship was formally stricken from the naval register on 28 May 1878 . She was broken up that year in Wilhelmshaven , and her engines were removed and reused .
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3,357 | Hipposideros besaoka is an extinct bat from Madagascar in the genus Hipposideros . It is known from numerous jaws and teeth , which were collected in a cave at Anjohibe in 1996 and described as a new species in 2007 . The site where H. besaoka was found is at most 10 , 000 years old other parts of the cave have yielded H. commersoni , a living species of Hipposideros from Madagascar , and some material that is distinct from both species . H. besaoka was larger than H. commersoni , making it the largest insectivorous bat of Madagascar , and had broader molars and a more robust lower jaw . As usual in Hipposideros , the second upper premolar is small and displaced from the toothrow , and the second lower premolar is large . Taxonomy and distribution In 1996 , a team led by biologist David Burney collected breccias containing bats and other animals from the cave of Anjohibe in northwestern Madagascar . The bats in the sample were described by Karen Samonds ( previously Irwin ) in her 2006 Ph.D. dissertation and a 2007 paper . She found several living species in addition to two extinct ones , Triaenops goodmani and Hipposideros besaoka , that she described as new . Hipposideros , the genus to which H. besaoka is assigned , contains the living species Hipposideros commersoni from Madagascar , among many others . The specific name besaoka is the Malagasy for big chin . The material of H. besaoka is from locality TW 10 within the cave and is about 10 , 000 years old or younger . A cladistic analysis using morphological data suggests that H. besaoka is most closely related to the mainland African H. gigas and H. vittatus , previously included in H. commersoni , and somewhat more distantly to H. commersoni itself . Samonds also found Hipposideros material in other sites at Anjohibe , but did not assign it to H. besaoka . In Old SE , also at most 10 , 000 years old , a single fourth upper premolar ( P4 ) was found with dimensions different from those seen in both H. commersoni and H. besaoka and lacking a cusp on the front lingual ( inner ) corner , present in both other species Samonds assigned this specimen to Hipposideros sp. cf . H. commersoni . In NCC 1 ( estimated 69 , 600 to 86 , 800 years old ) , a lower incisor and a third lower molar ( m3 ) were found these teeth resemble H. commersoni and are distinct from H. besaoka , so Samonds assigned them to the former species . Locality unk , which could not be dated , contained a few teeth and isolated jaws of Hipposideros . Some of these showed measurements distinct from both Hipposideros species , rendering the assignment of the material doubtful Samonds referred it to H. sp. cf . H. commersoni . Description Hipposideros besaoka is known from numerous jaw bones and isolated teeth . The material is identifiable as Hipposideros by the dental formula of 1 . 1 . 2 . 32 . 1 . 2 . 3 ( one incisor , one canine , two premolars , and three molars in the upper dentition on both the left and right two incisors , one canine , two premolars , and three molars in the lower dentition on the left and right ) the second upper premolar ( P2 ) is shifted out of the toothrow toward the side of the skull , so that the canine ( C1 ) and P4 touch or nearly touch and the second lower premolar ( p2 ) is large and has a broad , steep facet on the buccal ( outer ) side . Morphometric analysis shows that H. besaoka is significantly different from H. commersoni and falls outside the substantial variation within that species . In particular , the upper molars are broader and the mandible ( lower jaw ) is more robust . In bats , robust mandibles are often associated with a diet that includes hard objects . H. besaoka was the largest insectivorous bat of Madagascar , a position now filled by the smaller H. commersoni . Jaws The premaxillary bones each house a single incisor , which is located at the front tip . They end in a V shape at the front margin and in a narrow point at the back margin . Inside each premaxilla is a large opening , the anterior palatal foramen . The maxillary bone contains the other upper teeth . The mandible ranges from thin to robust and houses the lower teeth . Teeth The upper incisors are small and flat crowned and are weakly divided into two lobes . A single large cusp is present on C1 , with a smaller shelf at the back side . P2 is very small and P4 contains a high cusp at the front , a smaller cusp before it on the inner ( lingual ) side , and a shelf behind the high cusp . The length of P4 averages 2 . 13 mm , with a standard deviation ( SD ) of 0 . 104 mm , and width is 2 . 52 mm with an SD of 0 . 168 mm . On the first upper molar ( M1 ) , the unk , a basin between cusps at the front of the tooth , is closed . The second molar ( M2 ) is similar , but smaller and more squared . M3 is much smaller and has a reduced crown pattern resembling a W. The two incisors on each side of the lower jaw are small and have three cusps . The lower canine ( c1 ) has one high and narrow cusp . The second lower premolar ( p2 ) is a large tooth with a high central cusp and high crests connecting this cusp to the front and back edges . A second , smaller cusp is present in the back crest . The fourth premolar ( p4 ) also has a high central cusp in addition , there are smaller roots before and behind it on the lingual side . This tooth has two roots . In the first lower molar ( m1 ) , a large tooth , the cusp complex at the front ( the trigonid ) is high and the one at the back ( the talonid ) is lower . Among the cusps of the trigonid , the protoconid is highest and the metaconid and paraconid are lower and about equally high . The cingula ( shelves ) at the front and the back are low . The second molar ( m2 ) is similar and only a trifle smaller , but m3 is much smaller and has a reduced talonid . Length of m3 averages 2 . 37 mm ( SD 0 . 098 mm ) and width 1 . 76 mm ( SD 0 . 076 mm ) .
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3,358 | Highgrove House , also known as High Grove House or High Grove , is a Grade II listed mansion in the suburban area of Ruislip , within the London Borough of Hillingdon . Originally built in 1750 by the Reverend John unk , the house was rebuilt in 1881 by Sir Hugh Hume Campbell following a catastrophic fire . Along with Haydon Hall and Eastcote House , Highgrove was one of the three main houses of Eastcote and eventually became a residential hostel for homeless families , run by the local council from the 1960s until 2007 . An area of the estate was sold to the local council in 1935 by the then owner Eleanor Warrender to become what is now Warrender Park . In 1975 , the house was granted Grade II listed status on account of its special architectural character . The house was subsequently closed as a hostel by the council and sold for unk to Westcombe Estates . Planning permission was granted to the new owners in January 2007 for the conversion of the building into a luxury housing block of 12 units and expanded for a further three years in February 2010 . History First house The site of the present house was originally owned and lived on by the Hale family in the 13th century . Reverend John unk of Harmondsworth bought part of the land owned by Martha Hale and Elizabeth Kelly in 1747 and had the first house built . Robert Turner bought the house and lived there from 1758 his son sold it in 1787 to the canon of Wells Cathedral , William Blencowe . John Humphrey Babb leased the house from the early 19th century , purchasing it outright from the Blencowe family in 1813 . Upon his death in 1825 , his successor as unk of the Vote in the House of Commons , James Mitchell , moved to the house , living there until his own death in 1833 . His widow subsequently sold Highgrove at auction . In 1843 , the house was bought by Lieutenant General Joseph Fuller . Days before his death , his daughter Juliana married Sir Hugh Hume Campbell in October 1841 . Ownership based to Fuller 's daughter , the new Lady Hume Campbell , although in 1879 the house was destroyed by fire . The Uxbridge Volunteer Fire Brigade with assistance from a pump provided by Pinner Hall were unable to save the building . Second house The ruins of the house were cleared following the fire , and Sir Hugh contracted Edward Schroeder Prior to design the new house , which was completed in 1881 . Prior followed the Queen Anne and early Georgian architecture styles in his design , which is based around an L shape with an southern extension for the house 's domestic services . Highgrove was built of red brick , with two storeys and an attic . The window arches were also made of brick . On the ground floor facing the gardens , three sets of three windows in bays were included . Prior 's design drawings for the house were shown in an exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1882 . The Hume Campbells had no children , and the house eventually passed to the Warrender family in 1894 , who , as the grandchildren of Sir Hugh from his first marriage , were the next of kin . Brother and sister Hugh and Eleanor Warrender shared the house and were friends with Jenny Churchill , the mother of the future British prime minister Winston Churchill . He stayed at the house for his honeymoon in the early 1900s . In 1935 , Eleanor Warrender sold 10 . 5 acres ( 4 . 2 ha ) of the grounds of the house to the local council to establish a new playground and park , now named Warrender Park , and 13 acres ( 5 . 3 ha ) to Ideal Homes for a residential development . During the Second World War , she made Highgrove available to the military , and British and American personnel from RAF Northolt stayed there . Highgrove was bought by the Ruislip Northwood Urban District Council in 1949 following Eleanor Warrender 's death . The Council gave it to the Middlesex County Council and the house became a home for the elderly . In 1965 , ownership passed to the newly established London Borough of Hillingdon and Highgrove became a residential hostel for homeless families . The house received Grade II listed status on 26 November 1975 due to its special architectural character , though was slightly damaged by a fire in the attic in 1979 . According to English Heritage , a Grade II listing denotes buildings that are of special interest , warranting every effort to preserve them . Restoration The house closed as a hostel in 2007 , after the London Borough of Hillingdon chose to replace its temporary accommodation with affordable permanent housing , in light of a directive from the Government for all local authorities to reduce the number of families in temporary housing by half by 2010 . Highgrove , together with six other buildings was put forward to be sold for redevelopment , with the proceeds to be invested in the construction of new housing . Permission was granted for the restoration of the house and its conversion into a 12 unit luxury housing block in January 2007 . Part of the conversion work by the new owners , Westcombe Estates , involved the demolition of an annex building to make way for a sheltered housing block . At that time , the total land around and including the house included with the sale was 0 . 74 hectares ( 1 . 8 acres ) . In February 2010 , the planning permission for the work was extended for a further three years . In June 2010 , an arson attack damaged sections of the ground floor and first floor . Two people were arrested the following day and released on bail in relation to the attack . The construction of mews houses behind Highgrove House as part of the development was halted in July 2011 after it was found they were being built 1 . 5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) out of the positions set in the planning permission . Following a review , the council agreed to allow the developers to continue the work , despite the close proximity to several existing houses bordering the site .
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3,359 | SMS Hertha was a protected cruiser of the Victoria Louise class , built for the German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) in the 1890s . Hertha was laid down at the AG Vulcan shipyard in 1895 , launched in April 1897 , and commissioned into the Navy in July 1898 . The ship was armed with a battery of two 21 cm guns and eight 15 cm guns and had a top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km h 22 mph ) . Hertha served abroad in the German East Asia Squadron for the first six years of her career she served briefly as the Squadron flagship in 1900 . She contributed a landing party to the force that captured the Taku Forts during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 . After returning to Germany in 1905 , she was modernized and used as a training ship in 1908 , following the completion of the refit . She conducted a series of training cruises , and several notable officers served aboard the ship as cadets , including Karl Dnitz and Ernst Lindemann . At the outbreak of World War I , Hertha was mobilized into the 5th Scouting Group , but served in front line duty only briefly . She was used as a barracks ship after 1915 , and ultimately sold for scrapping in 1920 . Design Hertha was ordered under the contract name K and was laid down at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin in 1895 . She was launched on 14 April 1897 , after which fitting out work commenced . She was commissioned into the German navy on 23 July 1898 . The ship was 110 . 6 meters ( 363 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 17 . 4 m ( 57 ft ) and a draft of 6 . 58 m ( 21 . 6 ft ) forward . She displaced 6 , 491 t ( 6 , 388 long tons 7 , 155 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of three vertical 4 cylinder triple expansion engines powered by twelve coal fired Belleville boilers . Her engines provided a top speed of 19 kn ( 35 km h 22 mph ) and a range of approximately 3 , 412 nautical miles ( 6 , 319 km 3 , 926 mi ) at 12 kn ( 22 km h 14 mph ) . She had a crew of 31 officers and 446 enlisted men . The ship was armed with two 21 cm SK L 40 guns in single turrets , one forward and one aft . The guns were supplied with 58 rounds of ammunition each . They had a range of 16 , 300 m ( 53 , 500 ft ) . Hertha also carried eight 15 cm SK L 40 guns . Four were mounted in turrets amidships and the other four were placed in casemates . These guns had a range of 13 , 700 m ( 44 , 900 ft ) . She also carried ten 8 . 8 cm SK L 35 guns . The gun armament was rounded out by machine guns . She was also equipped with three 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes , two launchers were mounted on the broadside and the third was in the bow , all below the waterline . Service history Hertha served as a colonial cruiser after she was completed , starting in 1899 . After arriving on the East Asia station , she temporarily served as the flagship of Vice Admiral Felix von Bendemann , the commander of the East Asia Squadron , which included the cruisers Hansa , Gefion , Irene , and Kaiserin Augusta . After the new armored cruiser Frst Bismarck reached the Asia station , she relieved Hertha as the Squadron flagship . As part of the East Asia Squadron during the Boxer Rebellion , the ship made a noteworthy contribution in the Battle of the Taku Forts . In June 1900 , Hertha , along with Hansa , Gefion , and Irene landed detachments of unk ( marines ) to seize the Taku Forts . The marines joined detachments sent from warships of several other countries . A total of around 450 German troops were contributed to the multi national force , which totaled around 2 , 200 officers and men . During the attack on the forts , Hertha 's commanding officer was shot and killed . In September , Hertha carried Alfred von Waldersee to Shanghai , arriving on the 21st , where he took command of the international forces suppressing the rebellion . Hertha was detached from the East Asia Squadron and returned to Germany in 1905 . In 1906 , she went to dry dock at the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig for a refit , during which she was re boilered . Hertha originally had three stacks , and during the modernization they were trunked into two funnels . The refit was finished by 1908 , at which point Hertha became a cadet training ship several prominent naval officers trained aboard the ship during this period . In September October 1909 , Hertha , Victoria Louise , Dresden , and Bremen traveled to the United States to represent Germany during the Hudson Fulton Celebration . In 1910 , Karl Dnitz , the future commander of the Kriegsmarine during World War II , served as a cadet on Hertha for a year . The ship cruised in the western Mediterranean in the autumn of 1912 , along with her sister Vineta . The old cruiser Geier was also in the region . The future commander of the battleship Bismarck , Ernst Lindemann , served aboard the ship as a cadet in 1913 . The ship conducted a training cruise in the Baltic and North Seas in late May to early July , stopping in a number of foreign ports , including Stockholm , Visby , and Bergen . The ship then embarked on a seven month training cruise into the Atlantic Ocean during the voyage , Hertha called on numerous ports , including Vera Cruz , Mexico , Port au Prince , Haiti , Kingston , Jamaica , and Halifax , Canada . The cruise lasted from mid August 1913 to mid March 1914 . Hertha had a short career during World War I. At the outbreak of hostilities , she was briefly mobilized into the 5th Scouting Group , which was tasked with training cadets in the Baltic Sea . By the end of 1914 , however , the ships were again removed from service . She was then put into service as a coastal defense ship . After 1915 , she was withdrawn from front line duty again and employed as a barracks ship for the seaplane base in Flensburg . She was stricken from the naval register on 6 December 1919 and sold to ship breakers in Audorf Rendsburg . She was scrapped the following year .
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3,360 | Dunkery Beacon at the summit of Dunkery Hill is the highest point on Exmoor and in Somerset , England . It is also the highest point in southern England outside of Dartmoor . The sandstone hill rises to 1 , 705 feet ( 520 m ) and provides views over the surrounding moorland , the Bristol Channel and hills up to 86 miles ( 138 km ) away . The site has been visited by humans since the Bronze Age , and contains several burial mounds in the form of cairns and bowl barrows . Sweetworthy on the lower slopes is the site of two Iron Age hill forts or enclosures and a deserted medieval settlement . The hill is part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest and National nature reserve . It was in private ownership until the 20th century , when it was donated to the National Trust by Sir Thomas Acland , Colonel Wiggin and Allan Hughes a stone cairn was erected at the summit to commemorate the event . Location Dunkery is composed of Middle Devonian sedimentary rock , ( 393 . 3 2 . 7 million years ago ) known as the Hangman Sandstone Formation . This supports acidic soils . The ridge along the top of the hill is 4 . 5 kilometres ( 2 . 8 mi ) long . At 1 , 705 feet ( 520 m ) ordnance datum ( OD ) , the mean height above sea level , Dunkery Beacon is the highest natural point in Somerset , although the tip of the Mendip TV Mast is higher at 1 , 915 feet ( 584 m ) OD . Dunkery is ranked 23rd in the UK in terms of dominance and is a Marilyn , meaning that it is a peak with 150 metres ( 490 ft ) or more of relative height . The nearest higher hill is Yes Tor , 37 miles ( 60 km ) away . John Fry , a character in R. D. Blackmore 's 1869 novel Lorna Doone , calls it the unk place of unk . Dunkery lies just four miles ( 6 . 4 km ) from the Bristol Channel at Porlock . The shortest route of ascent goes from the car park at Dunkery Gate , and is just 0 . 75 miles ( 1 . 2 km ) long . There are extensive views from the summit , from where the Bristol and English Channel coasts , the Brecon Beacons including Pen Y Fan , Bodmin Moor , Dartmoor , the Severn Bridges and Cleeve Hill 86 miles ( 138 km ) away in Gloucestershire are visible . History Dunkery Hill was part of the Royal Forest of Exmoor , established by Henry II according to the late 13th century Hundred Rolls . There has been some debate about the origin of the name Dunkery and its predecessors unk and unk . Eilert Ekwall suggests that it comes from the Welsh din meaning hillfort and unk or creag meaning rock . There are several Bronze Age burial mounds at or near the summit . Two of the largest are unk How and Robin How , which have been damaged over many years , although plans have been made to restore and protect them . How comes from the Norse for burial mound . unk How on the northern slope , is more than 22 metres ( 72 ft ) in diameter . On the southeastern slopes are four more cairns , and there are a further two round cairns 390 metres ( 1 , 280 ft ) and 420 metres ( 1 , 380 ft ) southeast of Rex Stile Head . In addition to the cairns are barrows , which also date from the Bronze Age . One bowl barrow on the southeastern spur of the Chains is 12 . 3 metres ( 40 ft ) in diameter . A circular funerary stone mound 850 metres ( 2 , 790 ft ) north of Dunkery Bridge , which is a 1 . 5 mile ( 2 . 4 km ) walk from the summit , dates from the Neolithic or Bronze Age . It is approximately 1 . 5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) high and 14 metres ( 46 ft ) in diameter . Sweetworthy , on Dunkery Hill 's north facing slope , is the site of two Iron Age hill forts or enclosures one has a single rampart and external ditch , enclosing 0 . 25 hectares ( 0 . 62 acres ) . The rampart is still visible , and the ditch on the east side is used as a trackway . There was a defended settlement above the main site . It is also the site of a deserted medieval settlement , which has been designated an ancient monument . It has been added to the Heritage at Risk register because of the vulnerability to plant growth . In 1918 Sir Thomas Acland leased part of the unk with a large part of the Holnicote Estate , for 500 years . Dunkery Hill was put up for sale in 1928 . Labour Party activist and Member of Parliament Margaret Bondfield asked in the House of Commons if the government was willing to have it designated an ancient monument , to preserve it for future generations . She received the reply that although the government was agreeable to having the hill listed there were no funds available for its purchase the beacon and surrounding mounds were subsequently designated an ancient monument . The beacon itself , and 960 acres ( 390 ha ) of surrounding land , was donated in 1932 by Colonel W.W. Wiggin . A further 945 acres ( 382 ha ) of nearby land was donated in 1934 by Mrs Hughes in memory of her husband Alan Hughes of Lynch Allerford , Minehead . The donations were commemorated in 1935 with an event when a plaque was attached to the summit memorial cairn . Further parts of the Holnicote Estate , which includes other land donated by the Acland family and others , was given in subsequent years . Ecology The site is part of the North Exmoor Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , part of the Dunkery Horner Woods National Nature Reserve and part of the Exmoor Coastal Heaths Special Area of Conservation . The hill is blanketed in heather , which gives it a deep purple colour during the summer . Ling and bell heather , gorse , sessile oak , ash , rowan , hazel , bracken , mosses , liverworts , lichens and ferns all grow on the hill or in surrounding woodland , as well as some unique whitebeam species . Exmoor ponies , red deer , pied flycatchers , wood warblers , lesser spotted woodpeckers , redstarts , dippers , snipe , skylarks and kestrels are some of the fauna to be found on or around the hill and in nearby Horner Woods , home to 14 of the 16 UK bat species and including barbastelle and Bechstein 's bats .
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3,361 | Birthday is a song by American recording artist Selena Gomez for her solo debut album Stars Dance ( 2013 ) . It was written and produced by Mike Del Rio , with additional writing by Crista Russo and Jacob Kasher Hindlin . Matt Beckley also provided additional vocal production for the song . Musically , Birthday combines deep electronic dance beats and police sirens with elements of trap music . The song 's instrumentation is created by blending purring , synthesized bass , snappy beats , handclaps , oxygen sucking sub bass , and trap snares with sexual moans and elements of hip hop music . Sparse drum beats and vocal chants are woven throughout the song 's composition , which has been described by critics as a mixture of electropunk and EDM , with trap and dubstep elements . The song was originally announced as a single , but was never officially released from the album . Thematically , Birthday is a party song which discusses topics such as sexual appeal , self entitlement , and girl power , while its risqu lyrics speak of a night of hard partying . The song has received comparisons to the music of several artists , including Dev , M.I.A. , and Icona Pop . Upon release , Birthday received favorable reviews from music critics , who praised the song for its unique sound and production . Upon the release of Stars Dance , the song charted at number 12 on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . Birthday has charted at number 191 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart due to high digital downloads . An accompanying music video for the song was released on July 22 , 2013 , to coincide with Gomez 's 21st birthday , and features Gomez and her friends partying and singing the song in different locations , including an underground nightclub and a dark room . Background and recording Birthday was written by Crista Russo , with additional writing by Mike Del Rio and Jacob Kasher Hindlin , under his stage name J. Kash . Production of the song was handled by Del Rio and Matt Beckley , who provided the song 's vocal production . It was recorded at Conway Studios in Los Angeles , California , and was engineered by Jonathan Sher . Additional background vocals were done by Russo and Del Rio , while Serban Ghenea mixed the song at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach , Virginia . John Hanes served as the engineer for mix , and Del Rio provided the song 's programming and sequencing . Composition Birthday was written and produced by Mike Del Rio , with additional writing by Crista Russo and Jacob Kasher Hindlin . Additional vocal production was handled by Matt Beckley . The three minute and twenty second track is an electropunk and EDM song , which draws influence from dubstep and trap music genres . The beat is composed of deep electronic dance beats , and is built around the sound of police sirens and sexual moans , while containing purring , synthesized bass , snappy beats , handclaps , oxygen sucking sub bass and trap snares . Sparse drum beats and vocal chants are woven throughout the song 's composition , which according to Christina Drill of Popdust , is reminiscent of Gwen Stefani 's debut solo album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . Thematically , Birthday has been described as a party anthem , with the song exploring topics such as self entitlement , partying , girl power , and sex appeal . Lyrically , the song has been described as risqu , with lyrics such as blow your dreams , blow your dreams , blow your dreams away . According to Gomez , the song has a vibe similar to that of the Gwen Stefani song Hollaback Girl . Birthday has received comparisons to several artists for its unique genre , most notably Dev , M.I.A. , and Icona Pop . Julia Rubin of Headlines and Global News described the song as a candy coated , clap happy club anthem with plenty of girl power and sex appeal , much like a bubblegum version of Rihanna 's Cockiness ( Love It ) , while Jim Farber of New York Daily News said that Birthday has the bratty sense of entitlement , flagrant delivery and braying hook of Icona Pop s smash I Love It . Critical reception Upon its release , Birthday received favorable reviews from music critics . Natalie Palmer of Entertainment Wise said Gomez should be praised for trying something new , saying that the song isn t what you would expect from Selena but the genre suits her well . In a positive review , August Brown of The Los Angeles Times jokingly said the song was almost as good as having shorts in every color . Kia Makarechi of The Huffington Post was critical of Birthday , criticizing the song 's lyrics , as well as calling the song 's panting and moaning overwrought and excessive . Christina Drill of Popdust gave the song a highly positive 4 . 5 out of 5 review , declaring it super fun and catchy , while later going on to say Birthday is the weirdest and greatest thing Selena 's ever done . Music video On July 22 , 2013 , Gomez unexpectedly uploaded a music video for Birthday to her official YouTube channel to coincide with her 21st birthday . Gomez left a short message , saying I wanted to celebrate my 21st Birthday with all of you , so we made this video for us all to celebrate together . Thank You for all the love and support you have shown and continue to show me . I love you all so much In the video , a smiley Gomez is seen in a black crop top and shorts with a flannel shirt around her waist , and is shown singing the song with her friends in a dark room . The video is also interspersed with clips of a party in an underground night club , as glitter falls from the ceiling . The video ends with Gomez 's friends singing Happy Birthday to her . Within the first 24 hours of being released , the video had garnered over a million views . Awards and nominations Chart positions Track listing Digital download Birthday 3 20
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3,362 | State Road 878 ( SR 878 ) , named the Snapper Creek Expressway or the Snapper Creek Tollway for its entire length , is a 2 . 7 mile long ( 4 . 3 km ) east west electronic toll road south of Miami , Florida . The expressway is named for the nearby Snapper Creek which runs parallel to SR 878 . It acts as a spur route of the Don Shula Expressway ( SR 874 ) , providing access to U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) near South Miami and local access to the eastern Kendall area while bypassing the unk district . The road is maintained and tolled by the Miami Dade Expressway Authority ( MDX ) . Route description SR 878 's western terminus is integrated into the Don Shula Expressway 's interchange with Kendall Drive ( SR 94 ) across the boundary of the Kendall and Sunset districts . Motorists entering the Don Shula Expressway northbound from Kendall Drive are given the option of continuing onto SR 874 via a flyover , or else merging into the traffic leaving SR 874 for the Snapper Creek Expressway , which then heads under the Kendall Drive Don Shula Expressway flyover . The westbound lanes of SR 878 , however , pass over SR 874 's mainline , and are then given an exclusive carriageway beside the southbound lanes for 0 . 46 miles ( 0 . 74 km ) , before merging into SR 874 just north of the Kendall Drive overpass . Southbound motorists from the Don Shula Expressway wishing to exit to Kendall Drive merge into this carriageway before leaving for SR 94 with those vehicles originating from the Snapper Creek Expressway . There is no direct connection for southbound motorists on SR 874 to head east on SR 878 likewise , westbound motorists on SR 878 cannot head north along SR 874 directly . From here , SR 878 heads predominantly eastwards as a four lane wide expressway through residential neighborhoods for the remainder of its length , generally lying 0 . 5 miles ( 0 . 80 km ) north of Kendall Drive . After approximately 0 . 4 miles ( 0 . 64 km ) , the Snapper Creek Expressway passes through the 87th Avenue toll gantry . It then meets Galloway Road ( SR 973 ) shortly afterwards with a diamond interchange . The expressway then enters Glenvar Heights once it crosses SR 973 and remains in that district for the rest of its duration . Just before passing over the Palmetto Expressway ( SR 826 ) without an interchange ( approximately 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) east of Galloway Road ) , SR 878 meets its second and final toll gantry . About 0 . 3 miles ( 0 . 48 km ) east of the Palmetto Expressway , SR 878 has a partial diamond interchange with Southwest 72nd Avenue , which only allows westbound entry to and eastbound exit from the Snapper Creek Expressway . Immediately afterwards , SR 878 turns to the southeast and prepares to meet its eastern terminus at the South Dixie Highway ( US 1 ) at a surface intersection 0 . 6 miles ( 0 . 97 km ) later , passing under the Metrorail line and associated unk just before doing so . Traffic heading south along US 1 from eastbound SR 878 moves into a slip lane , while that wishing to head north along US 1 enters it at an oblique angle , aided by traffic signals . The only access onto SR 878 westbound from US 1 is for southbound traffic motorists heading north along US 1 are guided to SR 878 by signage along Southwest 67th Avenue and Southwest 80th Street . Tolls SR 878 's tolls are entirely electronic cash cannot be accepted along its length . Payment is done either via SunPass transponders or via toll by plate billing , the latter of which attracts a higher cost . Two toll gantries are located along the Snapper Creek Expressway , the first between the Don Shula Expressway and Galloway Road , and the second between Galloway Road and Southwest 72nd Avenue . The relationship between the tolling points and interchanges along SR 878 and SR 874 is that all motorists are charged at least one toll for using the road there are no free sections . As of July 1 , 2013 , the cost for a two axle vehicle to travel the entire length of the Snapper Creek Expressway is 0 . 50 with a SunPass transponder , or 1 . 00 via the toll by plate program . Each additional axle on a vehicle attracts an extra 0 . 25 via SunPass or 0 . 50 via toll by plate for each toll gantry passed . History Planning by Dade County for a road named the Snapper Creek Expressway was underway as early as 1958 , with a final completion date set as late as 1975 . Funding for SR 878 's construction was made available in 1971 by the Florida Department of Transportation as part of plans to construct the Snapper Creek Expressway along with the South Dade Expressway ( now known as the Don Shula Expressway ) and the West Dade Expressway ( now known as the Homestead Extension of Florida 's Turnpike ) , with an expected completion date of early 1973 . Construction was halted in 1974 due to money issued from county bonds for expressway building running out , and the road was left partially completed however , 8 million in federal emergency funds was directed to completing the expressway in late 1977 . The Snapper Creek Expressway , designated SR 878 , finally opened in early 1980 , with the Southwest 72nd Avenue interchange opening a few weeks later . No tolls were collected along SR 878 , in line with the road 's original plans , until MDX 's initial roll out of open road tolling from late 2009 to mid 2010 on its road network . Tolling along the Snapper Creek Expressway began on July 17 , 2010 . The move to toll the Snapper Creek Expressway angered local residents , but was tempered by MDX 's move to investigate toll rebates . Initially , tolls were 0 . 25 for SunPass users , with a 0 . 15 surcharge for motorists using the toll by plate system . The toll by plate rate increased by ten cents on July 1 , 2013 , to 0 . 50 per toll gantry passed , while the SunPass rate was unaffected . Exit list The entire route is in Miami Dade County . All exits are unnumbered .
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3,363 | The Alma class ironclads were a group of seven wooden hulled , armored corvettes built for the French Navy in the mid to late 1860s . Three of the ships attempted to blockade Prussian ports in the Baltic Sea in 1870 during the Franco Prussian War . Three others patrolled the North Sea and the Atlantic , while the last ship was en route to Japan when the war began and blockaded two small Prussian ships in a Japanese harbor . Afterwards they alternated periods of reserve and active commissions , many of them abroad . Three of the ships participated in the French occupation of Tunisia in 1881 while another helped to intimidate the Vietnamese Government into accepting status as a French protectorate and played a small role in the Sino French War of 1884 85 . Design and description The Alma class ironclads were designed by Henri Dupuy de Lme as improved versions of the armored corvette Belliqueuse suitable for foreign deployments . Unlike their predecessor the ships were true central battery ironclads as they were fitted with armored transverse bulkheads . The original plan for these ships was to have a two deck battery with four 194 millimeter ( 7 . 6 in ) guns on the battery deck and four 164 millimeter ( 6 . 5 in ) guns mounted above them on the upper deck , one gun at each corner of the battery . This design was changed to substitute four barbettes for the upper battery , but the addition of armored bulkheads proved to be very heavy and the rear pair of barbettes had to be deleted to save weight . In partial compensation the 164 millimeter guns in the remaining forward barbettes were replaced by an additional pair of 194 millimeter guns . Like most ironclads of their era they were equipped with a metal reinforced ram . The ships were built from the same general plan , but differed amongst themselves . They measured 68 . 75 69 . 03 meters ( 225 . 6 226 . 5 ft ) between perpendiculars , with a beam of 13 . 94 14 . 13 meters ( 45 . 7 46 . 4 ft ) . The ships had a mean draft of 6 . 26 6 . 66 meters ( 20 . 5 21 . 9 ft ) and displaced 3 , 569 3 , 889 metric tons ( 3 , 513 3 , 828 long tons ) . Their crew numbered 316 officers and men . Propulsion The Alma class ships had a single horizontal return connecting rod steam engine driving a single propeller . Their engine was powered by four oval boilers . On sea trials the engine produced between 1 , 585 1 , 896 indicated horsepower ( 1 , 182 1 , 414 kW ) and the ships reached 10 . 48 11 . 99 knots ( 19 . 41 22 . 21 km h 12 . 06 13 . 80 mph ) . Unlike the single funnels of the others , Jeanne d 'Arc and Thtis had two funnels , mounted side by side . The ships carried 250 metric tons ( 250 long tons ) of coal which allowed the ship to steam for 1 , 310 1 , 620 nautical miles ( 2 , 430 3 , 000 km 1 , 510 1 , 860 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . They were barque rigged with three masts and had a sail area between 1 , 338 1 , 454 square meters ( 14 , 400 15 , 650 sq ft ) . Armament The ships mounted four of their 194 millimeter Modle 1864 breech loading guns in the central battery on the battery deck . The other two 194 millimeter guns were mounted in barbettes on the upper deck , sponsoned out over the sides of the ship . The four 120 millimeter ( 4 . 7 in ) guns were also mounted on the upper deck . Alma is the only ship positively known to have exchanged her 194 mm guns for newer Modle 1870 guns . The armor piercing shell of the 20 caliber Mle 1870 gun weighed 165 . 3 pounds ( 75 . 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 7 . 83 long tons ( 7 . 96 t ) . The gun fired its shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 , 739 ft s ( 530 m s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 12 . 5 inches ( 320 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . Armor The Alma class ships had a complete 150 millimeter ( 5 . 9 in ) wrought iron waterline belt , approximately 2 . 4 meters ( 7 . 9 ft ) high . The sides of the battery itself were armored with 120 millimeters ( 4 . 7 in ) of wrought iron and the ends of the battery were closed by bulkheads of the same thickness . The barbette armor was 100 millimeters ( 3 . 9 in ) thick , backed by 240 millimeters ( 9 . 4 in ) of wood . The unarmored portions of their sides were protected by 15 millimeter ( 0 . 6 in ) iron plates . Construction Service During the Franco Prussian War of 1870 71 Thtis , Jeanne d 'Arc and Armide were assigned to the Northern Squadron that attempted to blockade Prussian ports on the Baltic until ordered to return to Cherbourg on 16 September 1870 . Montcalm , Atalante , and Reine Blanche cruised the North Sea and Montcalm later watched a Prussian corvette in Portuguese waters . Alma was en route to the Far East when the war began and she blockaded a pair of Prussian corvettes in Yokohama harbor once she arrived at Japan . After the end of the war many of the ships were placed in reserve or sent to foreign stations , often as the flagship . During the Third Carlist War of 1872 76 Thtis , Reine Blanche and Jeanne d 'Arc spent time in Spanish waters where they could protect French citizens and interests . In 1875 the latter ship rammed and sank the dispatch vessel unk . On 3 July 1877 Thtis rammed Reine Blanche who had to be run ashore to prevent her from sinking . Further abroad Reine Blanche and Alma bombarded the Tunisian port of Sfax in July 1881 as part of the French occupation of Tunisia . Atalante participated in the Battle of Thuan An in August 1883 . This was an attack by the French on the forts defending the mouth of the Perfume River , leading to the Vietnamese capital of Hu in an attempt to intimidate the Vietnamese government . During the Sino French War of 1884 85 the ship was in Hu in early September 1884 , but she carried Admiral Amde Courbet to Keelung , Taiwan on 23 September .
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3,364 | Miley The Movement is a 2013 documentary television film about American entertainer Miley Cyrus , following her return to the music industry in the lead up to her fourth studio album Bangerz ( 2013 ) . It premiered on October 2 , 2013 , on MTV , shortly before the release of her record , for which the documentary served as a promotional tool . The documentary depicts Cyrus finalizing details regarding its launch , making public appearances for additional promotion , and rehearsing for her controversial performance at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards . Miley The Movement received generally mixed reviews from mainstream critics , who appreciated Cyrus ' seemingly genuine commentary , but were disappointed by its failure to fully discuss her recent controversies and public criticisms . According to Nielsen ratings , it was watched by approximately 1 . 6 million viewers in the United States . An extended version of the documentary was broadcast by MTV on October 6 , 2013 . Background and production It was first announced that Cyrus would appear in a documentary broadcast by MTV in July 2013 an official statement published by the network elaborated that it would follow Cyrus as she works on the album and delves deep into the transformation she has experienced over the past few years . Its title was announced on September 10 , with a broadcast date confirmed for October 2 . It premiered shortly before the release of Cyrus ' fourth studio album Bangerz , for which the documentary served as a promotional tool . An official trailer was released by MTV on September 18 . Miley The Movement was screened to mainstream critics the week prior to its official release , although it was further reworked before being broadcast on the network . Synopsis Miley The Movement commences with Cyrus stating I don 't apologize for anything . Shortly after , she comments that For me , the movement needs to be something bigger than just a record . For me , a movement is something that represents , like , taking over the world . Cyrus notably avoids specifically naming her former television series Hannah Montana , instead calling it my show when flashback pictures of her earlier career was shown , presumably to distance herself from the franchise . However , she commented that after its conclusion I made one movie , and I never wanted to do it again . I want to make music for the rest of my life . Having been filmed after Bangerz was recorded , the documentary instead depicts Cyrus finalizing details including its album artwork and track listing . A brief discussion in a recording studio with Britney Spears , who is featured on the track SMS ( Bangerz ) is additionally included . Cyrus ' former fianc Liam Hemsworth , whom she had been in a highly publicized relationship with before ending her engagement in September 2013 , and father Billy Ray Cyrus are not mentioned during the program in an intentional effort to focus on music and professional footage . Cyrus ' mother Tish frequently appears during Miley The Movement , and on one occasion describes her initial hesitation after Cyrus befriended hip hop producers and recording artists Juicy J , Pharrell Williams , and Mike Will Made It . Cyrus is seen making promotional appearances for further promotion of Bangerz in the three months before its release . The preparation for her controversial performance of We Can 't Stop at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards serves as a recurring theme she expresses concern that the track itself charted lower than Cyrus expected on the iTunes Store immediately after its release , experiences a brief illness during rehearsals , and becomes upset after her planned entrance to the event did not come to fruition . The final performance itself is not shown , although Cyrus briefly addresses criticism and describes it as a strategic hot mess . Reception Miley The Movement received generally mixed reviews from mainstream critics . Writing for E , Bruna Nessif provided a favorable review she opined that the documentary was pretty entertaining and reminded the general public that Cyrus takes her job very seriously and still gets nervous . Andrew unk from Entertainment Weekly felt that Cyrus ' footage with her mother and Spears were among her most candid moments , although noted the absences of her father and Hemsworth . Newsday 's Glenn Gamboa gave a positive review , appreciating that Cyrus surprises with her words , not her unk . Elysa Gardner of USA Today opined that Cyrus appeared good humored and grateful to her fans throughout the documentary , but questioned if her evolving image and public persona would become yet another cautionary tale . In a mixed review , Kia Makarechi from The Huffington Post was critical of the decision to avoid mentioning Hemsworth and toning down of the criticism Cyrus received after the MTV Video Music Awards . She implied that MTV treated Cyrus like an honest to god civil rights advocate , although felt that Spears ' appearance was among the only redeeming moments of the documentary . Kate Dries from Jezebel suggested that frequent flashback footage of Cyrus ' idols Madonna and Spears implied that MTV was clearly proud that all three women generated controversies at the MTV Video Music Awards in years past . Writing for Refinery29 , Leila Brillson felt that very little was clarified by Miley The Movement , and suggested that the documentary suffered from its lack of focus . In its original broadcast in the United States on October 2 , 2013 , Miley The Movement was watched by approximately 1 . 6 million viewers , and earned a 0 . 8 rating in the 18 49 demographic . An expanded version of the program with an additional thirty minutes of content was broadcast by MTV on October 6 , 2013 it contained behind the scenes footage that was excluded from the original version , and expanded upon existing segments .
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3,365 | The Russian ironclad Kniaz Pozharsky ( Russian unk ) was an iron hulled armored frigate built for the Imperial Russian Navy during the 1860s . She was the first Russian armored ship to leave European waters when she cruised the Pacific Ocean in 1873 75 . The ship did not participate in the Russo Turkish War of 1877 78 , and remained in the Baltic Sea until 1879 80 , when she made another cruiser to the Pacific . Kniaz Pozharsky was assigned to the Baltic Fleet for the rest of her career . She mainly served as a training ship after her refit in 1885 until she was hulked in 1909 and probably scrapped in 1911 . Design and description Originally classified as an armored corvette , Kniaz Pozharsky was redesignated as an armored frigate on 20 November 1866 . She was laid out as a central battery ironclad with the armament concentrated amidships . The ship was fitted with a ram and her crew numbered approximately 495 officers and enlisted men . Kniaz Pozharsky was 272 feet 8 inches ( 83 . 1 m ) long at the waterline . She had a beam of 49 feet ( 14 . 9 m ) and a draft of 24 feet 6 inches ( 7 . 5 m ) . The ship was designed to displace 4 , 506 long tons ( 4 , 578 t ) , but displaced 5 , 138 long tons ( 5 , 220 t ) as built , an increase of over 600 long tons ( 610 t ) . Kniaz Pozharsky was fitted with a double bottom and was considered to be a steady gun platform and a good sea boat . Propulsion The ship had a simple horizontal direct acting steam engine driving a single two bladed propeller . Steam was provided by eight cylindrical boilers . The engine produced 2 , 835 indicated horsepower ( 2 , 114 kW ) during sea trials which gave the ship a maximum speed around 11 . 7 knots ( 21 . 7 km h 13 . 5 mph ) . Kniaz Pozharsky carried a maximum of 600 long tons ( 610 t ) of coal which gave her an economical range of 3 , 000 nautical miles ( 5 , 600 km 3 , 500 mi ) . She was ship rigged with three masts and a maximum sail area of 27 , 000 square feet ( 2 , 508 m2 ) . To reduce drag while under sail her funnel was retractable and her propeller could be hoisted into the hull . Armament Kniaz Pozharsky was armed with eight Obukhov 9 inch ( 229 mm ) breech loading guns . In an attempt to provide axial fire , the sides of the hull at the upper deck level were cut away in front of and behind the battery . While providing better coverage than the traditional broadside layout , this still left a considerable area on which no gun could bear . The solid shot of the 20 caliber gun weighed approximately 300 pounds ( 136 kg ) , while the gun itself weighed 14 , 908 pounds ( 6 , 762 kg ) . The gun had a muzzle velocity of 1 , 276 ft s ( 389 m s ) and was credited with the nominal ability to penetrate 9 . 3 inches ( 236 mm ) of wrought iron armor at the muzzle . Watts and Gardiner credit the ship with three spar torpedoes as well as three towed torpedoes , but these are not mentioned by Wright or Silverstone . Armour Figures for Kniaz Pozharsky 's armor protection vary between sources . They agree that she had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron that had a total height of 11 feet ( 3 m ) with 5 feet ( 1 . 5 m ) below the waterline . unk for the belt are quoted from 100 to 114 millimeters ( 3 . 9 to 4 . 5 in ) thick . The guns were protected by a section of 114 millimeter armor , 80 feet ( 24 . 4 m ) long no information on any armored transverse bulkheads is available . The armor was backed by 17 or 18 inches ( 432 or 457 mm ) of teak . Service Kniaz Pozharsky was laid down on 30 November 1864 at the Mitchell Shipyard in Saint Petersburg with the name of Pozharsky , but it was changed before she was launched on 12 September 1867 . Sources differ on when the ship entered service they give either 1870 or 1873 . About 1873 Kniaz Pozharsky became the first Russian armored ship to deploy to the Pacific , but returned to the Baltic Fleet in 1875 . She remained in the Baltic Sea during the Russo Turkish War and the ensuing war scare with Great Britain . The ship made another cruise to the Pacific in 1879 80 . Kniaz Pozharsky served as the flagship during the fleet maneuvers of 1884 and she was reviewed by Tsar Alexander III of Russia . The ship was extensively refitted the following year and received new boilers , her propeller was fixed in place and her retractable funnel was replaced by two fixed funnels . Kniaz Pozharsky was rearmed during the refit , but sources differ on the light guns fitted . Her 9 inch guns were replaced by new , more powerful 35 caliber 8 inch ( 203 mm ) guns , likely the 12 . 74 long tons ( 12 . 94 t ) model with a muzzle velocity of 1 , 796 ft s ( 547 m s ) . Two 6 inch ( 152 mm ) , 23 caliber guns were also fitted , possibly as chase guns . Wright and Watts agree that eight 4 pounder guns and four quick firing guns of unspecified size were added Silverstone does not mention the four quick firers , but Gardiner says that four 83 . 4 millimeter ( 3 . 3 in ) guns were fitted . The ship was reclassified as a cruiser of the 1st rank in 1892 and her light armament was modified by the substitution of four 47 millimeter ( 1 . 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns for four of the 4 pounders and the addition of six 37 millimeter ( 1 . 5 in ) Hotchkiss guns . Two above water 15 inch ( 381 mm ) torpedo tubes were also added at this time . After her refit , Kniaz Pozharsky served mostly as a training ship with the Naval School Division , although she was not formally reclassified as a school ship until 24 March 1906 . After she was reclassified her armament was reduced to a single 6 inch gun , four 4 pounders , two 47 millimeter and six 37 millimeter Hotchkiss guns . The ship was hulked on 27 October 1909 and renamed Blokshiv No. 1 . She was struck from the Navy List on 14 April 1911 and probably scrapped shortly afterward because the elderly monitor Lava was renamed as Blokshiv No. 1 that same day .
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3,366 | Joseph Berchtold ( 6 March 1897 23 August 1962 ) was an early senior Nazi Party member and a co founder of both the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and Schutzstaffel ( SS ) . Berchtold served in World War I and upon Germany 's defeat joined the German Workers ' Party ( DAP ) a small right wing extremist organization at the time . He remained in the party after it became known as the National Socialist German Workers ' Party ( Nazi Party NSDAP ) and went on the become the second commander of the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) from April 1926 to March 1927 . After resigning as the SS leader , Berchtold spent much of his time writing for Nazi magazines and journals . He survived the war , but was arrested by the Allies . Berchtold was later released and died on 23 August 1962 . He was the last surviving person to hold the rank of Reichsfhrer SS and the only one to survive under it during the Second World War . Early life Born on 6 March 1897 in Ingolstadt , Berchtold attended school in Munich from 1903 to 1915 . He went on to serve in the Royal Bavarian Army during World War I ( 1914 18 ) and held the rank of second lieutenant at the wars end . After the war , he studied economics at the University of Munich and gained employment as a journalist . In early 1920 , he joined the small right wing extremist group the German Workers ' Party ( DAP ) . He remained in the party after it became known as the National Socialist German Workers ' Party ( Nazi Party NSDAP ) . Berchtold became the treasurer of the Nazi Party , until he resigned at the end of July , 1921 . SA Career Upon re joining the party in 1922 , Berchtold became a member of the Sturmabteilung ( Storm Detachment SA ) , a paramilitary wing formed to protect its speakers at rallies , and to police Nazi meetings . Adolf Hitler , leader of the party since 1921 , ordered the formation of a small separate bodyguard dedicated to his protection only instead of a suspected mass of the party in 1923 . Originally the unit was composed of only eight men , commanded by Julius Schreck and Berchtold . It was designated the Stabswache ( Staff Guard ) . Later that year , the unit was renamed Stotrupp Hitler ( Shock Troop Hitler ) . On 9 November 1923 the Stotrupp , along with the SA and several other paramilitary units , took part in what would become known as the Beer Hall Putsch . The plan was to take control of Munich and then seize total power in Berlin . The coup d 'tat failed and resulted in the death of 16 Nazi supporters and 4 police officers . In the aftermath of the putsch both Hitler and other Nazi leaders were incarcerated at Landsberg Prison . The Nazi Party and all associated formations , including the Stotrupp , were officially disbanded . Berchtold then left Germany and fled to Tirol , Austria . Berchtold was tried in absentia before the special People 's Court in Munich in 1924 for his role in the Beer Hall Putsch and sentenced to a prison term . During his time in Austria , Berchtold continued to be involved with Nazi Party activities , even though it was illegal . When Hitler was released from prison on 20 December 1924 , Berchtold was District Director of the Nazi Party in Carinthia , Austria and was leader of the SA there . After the re formation of the Nazi Party on 20 February 1925 , he again joined the party , documented as member 964 . In March 1926 , Berchtold returned to Munich from Austria . He became chief of the SA in Munich . SS Career On 15 April 1926 , Berchtold became the successor to Schreck as chief of the Schutzstaffel ( Protection Squadron SS ) , a special elite branch of the party under the control of the SA . Berchtold changed the title of the office position which became known as the Reichsfhrer SS . He issued new rules to establish the position of the SS . The rules stated the unit was ... neither a military organisation nor a group of hangers on , but a small squad of men that our movement and our Fhrer can rely on . He further stressed that the men must follow only party discipline . He was considered to be more dynamic than his predecessor , but was still unable to keep the party organizers at bay . He was frustrated in his efforts to have a more independent unit and became disillusioned by the SA 's authority over the SS . On 1 March 1927 , he handed over leadership of the SS to his deputy Erhard Heiden . After the SS In 1927 , he became a lead writer for Vlkischer Beobachter , the Nazi Party newspaper . From 1928 to 1945 , Berchtold was a SA leader on the staff of the Supreme SA leadership ( unk ) . In 1934 , he became the permanent deputy editor in chief of the Vlkischer Beobachter newspaper . In the following years , he operated primarily as a journalist and propagandist . In 1928 , Berchtold founded the newspaper SA Mann ( SA Man ) . Until January 1938 , he was the main writer of the paper , which was published by the unk . Berchtold was also the author of various Nazi publications and staff of additional magazines . Additional posts in Nazi Germany were of secondary importance to Berchtold . From March 1934 to the end of the war , Berchtold was city councilman of the town councilor in Munich . On 15 November 1935 , Berchtold was appointed to the Reich Culture Senator . Furthermore , he belonged to the Cultural Circle of the SA since 6 March 1936 . He belonged to the Reichstag from 29 March 1936 , forward . From 29 April 1940 , Berchtold served as a captain of the reserve on a temporary basis in the Wehrmacht . Post war After World War II in Europe ended in early May 1945 , Berchtold was temporarily in Allied detention . He was released and later died on 23 August 1962 . SA promotions Awards and decorations Iron Cross ( 1914 ) 2nd Class The Honour Cross of the World War 1914 1918 Blood Order Honour Chevron for the Old Guard Golden Party Badge Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze , silver , gold )
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3,367 | Cortinarius vanduzerensis is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae . Described as new to science in 1972 , it is known only from the Pacific Northwest region of North America , where it grows under conifers such as spruce , hemlock , and Douglas fir . The fruit bodies of the fungus , or mushrooms , have a slimy dark chestnut brown cap that becomes deeply radially grooved or corrugated in maturity , and reaches diameters of up to 8 cm ( 3 . 1 in ) . The gills on the underside of the cap are initially pinkish buff before becoming pale brown when the spores mature . The stem is lavender , measuring 10 18 cm ( 3 . 9 7 . 1 in ) long and 1 2 cm ( 0 . 4 0 . 8 in ) thick . The mushroom produces a rusty brown spore print , with individual spores measuring 12 14 by 7 8 micrometers . The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined , and it has been described as much too slippery to be of value . Taxonomy The species was described in 1972 by mycologists Alexander H. Smith and James M. Trappe , based on specimens they found in Cascade Head in Tillamook County , Oregon , in October and November 1970 . The species had also been called Cortinarius elatior , but that name refers to a European species . Within the genus Cortinarius , C. vanduzerensis is classified in the subgenus unk . This subgenus includes species in which both the cap and stem are sticky as a result of a glutinous universal veil . Based on the nucleic acid sequence similarity in the internal transcribed spacer region , C. vanduzerensis is closely related to the European and North American C. unk and the Costa Rican species C. costaricensis . A common name for the species is the pointed Cortinarius , while the specific epithet vanduzerensis refers to the H.B. van unk Forest where the species was originally collected . Description Young fruit bodies of C. vanduzerensis are covered with a slimy universal veil the slime layer persists on the cap of young mushrooms , or in moist weather . The shape of the cap is oval to conical with the margin initially appressed , expanding to broadly conic or somewhat flattened in maturity , eventually reaching diameters of 4 8 cm ( 1 . 6 3 . 1 in ) . The cap color is initially chestnut brown to black , but becomes paler brown as it matures . The surface is radially wrinkled or corrugated , especially near the margin . The flesh is pallid but soon pale cinnamon buff . The odor and taste are not distinctive . A drop of FeSO4 solution ( a reagent commonly used in mushroom identification ) applied to the surface of the cap will turn olive green . The gills are pinkish buff when young ( in unopened caps ) , dull cinnamon brown at maturity when the spores mature . They are packed close together , and are adnate or adnexed . The stem is 10 18 cm ( 3 . 9 7 . 1 in ) long , 1 2 cm ( 0 . 4 0 . 8 in ) thick , narrowed slightly to the base . It is pallid within but slowly cinnamon buff at least near the base . The stem surface has a thick slime veil , and is lavender to light purple on the upper portion , but darker on the lower portion . Sometimes the universal veil breaks up into concentric zones over the lower third of the stem . The edibility of the mushroom is not known . David Arora notes that it is much too slippery to be of value . The spore print is a rusty brown color . In face view , the spores are broadly elliptic to ovate ( egg shaped ) , while in profile they appear broadly inequilateral they have dimensions of 12 14 by 7 8 m . The spore surface is roughened with warts , and they lack an apical pore . The spores contain two nuclei . The basidia ( spore bearing cells in the hymenium ) are four spored , broadly club shaped , and have contents that are often in the form of yellow masses or granules when stained in Melzer 's reagent . The unk ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are club shaped , sometimes with an abruptly tapering point , and measure 17 26 by 9 15 m . There are no pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) . The gill tissue is made of hyphae that are arranged in a roughly parallel fashion ( subparallel ) there are also brownish to orange brown fat containing hyphae present . The epicutis ( outer layer of tissue ) of the cap is made of a turf of gelatinous hyphae that measure 2 . 5 6 m wide clamp connections are absent to rare in the hyphae . The veil hyphae are 4 8 m wide , and hyaline ( translucent ) to yellow when mounted in a dilute solution of KOH . The hyphae of the cortex of the stem are subparallel , and clamps are present . Similar species Smith and Trappe noted a similarity to the European Cortinarius elatior , but this species has violet gills at first . C. unk has a lighter brown slimy cap , with glutinous bands on the stem that are rarely tinged purple . A third species in this group , C. unk has a lighter colored , sometimes wrinkled cap , and gills that are pale purple when young with fringed edges . C. unk is a related European species found in coniferous ( sometimes in mixed ) forests . Another glutinous , dark brown capped species with which C. vanduzerensis might be confused is Phaeocollybia unk , but this species has pseudorhiza ( a subterranean elongation of the stem ) at the stem base and gills that are free from attachment to the stem . Habitat and distribution Cortinarius vanduzerensis is a mycorrhizal mushroom that grows in association with conifer trees . The fruit bodies grow solitarily , scattered , in rings or in groups under spruce , hemlock , and Douglas fir . The mushroom is known only from the Pacific Northwest region of North America , including the Queen Charlotte Islands on the north Coast of British Columbia , Canada . It fruits in the autumn and early winter , or in the late summer in western Canada . Its frequency of occurrence has been described variously as very common , to fairly common , or rare everywhere except Oregon .
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3,368 | Du Friedefrst , Herr Jesu Christ ( You Prince of Peace , Lord Jesus Christ ) , BWV 116 , is a church cantata written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1724 in Leipzig for the 25th Sunday after Trinity . He led the first performance it on 26 November 1724 , concluding the liturgical year of 1724 . The cantata is based upon Jakob Ebert 's hymn Du Friedefrst , Herr Jesu Christ . It matches the Sunday 's prescribed gospel reading , the Tribulation from the Gospel of Matthew , in a general way . The hymn 's first and last stanza are used unchanged in both text and tune the former is set as a chorale fantasia , the latter as a four part closing chorale . An unknown librettist paraphrased the inner stanzas as alternating arias and recitatives . Bach scored the cantata for four vocal soloists ( soprano , alto , tenor , bass ) , a four part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of natural horn , enforcing the soprano in the hymn tune , two oboes d 'amore , strings and basso continuo . History and text Bach wrote the cantata in 1724 for the 25th Sunday after Trinity as part of his second annual cycle of mostly chorale cantatas . The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the First Epistle to the Thessalonians , the coming of the Lord ( 1 Thessalonians 4 13 18 ) , and from the Gospel of Matthew , the Tribulation ( Matthew 24 25 28 ) . The cantata text of an unknown author is based exclusively on Jakob Ebert 's hymn in seven stanzas ( 1601 ) . The librettist of Bach 's chorale cantata cycle is not known , but Bach scholar Christoph Wolff notes that he must have worked closely with Bach and names as the most likely candidate Andreas unk , a co rector of the Thomasschule . The first and last stanza in their original wording are movements 1 and 6 of the cantata , stanzas 2 to 4 were transformed to movements 2 to 4 of the cantata , and unk 5 and 6 were rephrased for movement 5 . The hymn is in a general way related to the gospel . Bach led the first performance of the cantata on 26 November 1724 , which was that year the last Sunday of the liturgical year . The parts show that Bach performed it at least once more but not until after 1740 . Scoring and structure Bach structured the cantata in six movements . The text and tune of the hymn are kept in the outer choral movements , a chorale fantasia and a four part closing chorale , which frame a sequence of alternating arias and recitatives . Bach scored the work for four vocal soloists ( soprano , alto , tenor , bass ) , a four part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of natural horn ( Co ) enforcing the soprano in the hymn tune , two oboes d 'amore ( Oa ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) and basso continuo . The title page of the autograph score reads Dom 25 post Trinit . Du Friede Frst Herr Jesu Christ ect . 4 Voc Tromba 2 Hautb d 'Amour 2 Violini viola con Continuo di Sign J.S.Bach . In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Drr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 4 ) . The continuo , playing throughout , is not shown . Music 1 The opening chorus , Du Friedefrst , Herr Jesu Christ ( You Prince of Peace , Lord Jesus Christ ) , is a chorale fantasia , the soprano singing the cantus firmus , supported by the horn . The composer of the tune is not known . It appeared in a hymnal by Bartholomus unk in 1601 , and is similar to Innsbruck , ich unk dich lassen . The melody is embedded in an orchestral concerto with ritornellos and interludes , dominated by the concertante solo violin . The treatment of the lower voices is varied within the movement . In lines 1 and 2 and the final 7 they are set in homophonic block chords . The Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann notes that the salutation Du Friedefrst , Herr Jesu Christ , wahr ' Mensch und wahrer Gott ( You prince of peace , Lord Jesus Christ , true man and true God ) thus receives weight . In lines 3 and 4 the lower voices begin in vivid imitation before the entrance of the cantus firmus . In lines 5 and 6 their faster movement contrasts to the melody . 2 The alto aria , Ach , unk ist die Not ( Alas , the agony is unspeakable ) , is accompanied by an oboe d 'amore as an equal partner , expressing the soul 's terror imagining the judgement . Hofmann notes that Bach has captured the expression of deep sadness in the music with all the tools of his trade sighing figures , suspensions and augmented , diminished or chromatic melodic intervals the harmony is full of dissonances . 3 The recitative for tenor , unk doch , o Jesu ( Yet consider , o Jesus ) , begins as a secco recitative , but the idea unk doch , o Jesu , da du noch ein Frst des unk unk ( Yet consider , o Jesus , that you are still called a Prince of Peace ) , close to the theme of the cantata , is accompanied by a quote of the chorale tune in the continuo . 4 Rare in Bach 's cantatas , three voices sing a trio . In the text Ach , wir unk unsre unk ( Ah , we recognize our guilt ) , they illustrate the wir ( we ) , confessing and asking forgiveness together . The voices are accompanied only by the continuo . 5 The recitative for alto , Ach , la uns durch die unk unk ( Ah , then through the harsh rod ) , is a prayer for lasting peace , accompanied by the strings and ending as an arioso . 6 The closing chorale , unk auch unser Sinn und Herz ( unk our minds and hearts as well ) , is a four part setting for the choir , horn , oboes and strings . Selected recordings The listing is taken from the selection on the Bach Cantatas website . Choirs and orchestras are roughly marked as large by red background , such as the large Bach unk of the 1950s instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are highlighted green under the header Instr ..
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3,369 | The Real Thing is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . It was written by Stefani , Linda Perry , and her then husband Gavin Rossdale , who is credited as GMR . Nellee Hooper produced the song , with Mark Spike Stent serving as an additional producer . An Europop and synthpop ballad , The Real Thing talks about mutual love between two lovers . Interscope Records released the track as a promotional single exclusively in the Philippines a year after the album 's release . It was released as a CD single that featured a remix by the music duo Wendy Lisa . The remix was also included on the deluxe edition of L.A.M.B. , as well as on the international version of the album . After its release , The Real Thing received generally favorable reviews from critics . Critics appreciated the vintage production of the song and labeled it a stand out track on the album , while also noting its New Order influence . Stefani performed the single throughout her 2005 Harajuku Lovers Tour in a vintage red bathing suit along with a group of breakdancers and the Harajuku Girls . The live performance was praised and compared to Madonna and Cyndi Lauper . Background and release While writing and recording for her debut album , Stefani cited her major influences as Club Nouveau , Lisa Lisa , Prince , New Order , The Cure and early Madonna and advised the producers and writers that she wanted a similar sound for the album . According to MTV 's Jennifer Vineyard , musician and unk Linda Perry put Gwen in a headlock during a party after the Grammys and told her they could make beautiful music together however , Stefani felt scared and insecure about working with Perry . While recording at Perry 's house , Stefani was initially insecure about her writing process and would go into another room to try to write some lyrics , and when she came back , Perry would already have the whole song nailed . After a writing session where What You Waiting For was created , Stefani became less insecure and felt more comfortable when making songs . After working with other musicians , Stefani and Perry worked together on The Real Thing . On October 3 , 2005 , Interscope Records released the song as a promotional single exclusively in the Philippines . The label released a CD single , which featured the album version and a remix by Wendy Lisa of the song . Composition The Real Thing was written by Gwen Stefani , Linda Perry and Gavin Rossdale , who is credited as GMR on the album 's booklet , while production was done by Nellee Hooper and Mark Spike Stent . New Order vocalist Bernard Sumner and bassist Peter Hook also contributed to the song while music duo Wendy Lisa were in charge of providing guitar and keyboards respectively . The song has two versions the first is a mid tempo Europop and synthpop ballad , and the second , which is a slow version remixed by Wendy Lisa called Wendy Lisa Slow Mix . Lyrically , the song discusses mutual love between a couple . Critical reception Upon release , the song received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called the song a slice of vintage euro pop perfection , while John Murphy of musicOMH named it another poppy ballad which gets away with some cheesy lyrics by being touchingly sincere , making it probably the best track on the album . Jennifer Nine of Yahoo Music agreed , labeling it an airy , unk fresh album stand out that soars lump unk along on a unk evocative Peter Hook bassline like some dreamy combination of Cyndi Lauper s ' Time After Time ' and Ms Ciccone s ' True Blue ' . Jason Damas of PopMatters claimed that the song takes us back closer to No Doubt territory again , this time wedding a distinctively Peter Hook ( of New Order ) influenced bass line to a sweet pop ballad . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone called her some kind of visionary for getting New Order on the same track as Wendy and Lisa . Kathi Kamen Goldmark of unk agreed , noting that the addition of the musicians actually works . Anthony Carew of Neumu called it an obligatory cut ... where great care was taken to get that neo vintage sound sounding just right . Charles Merwin of Stylus Magazine was more critical , calling it tepid , while Nick Sylvester of Pitchfork Media was overall displeased by the song , heavily comparing it to New Order 's Bizarre Love Triangle and stating Anyone remotely involved with ' The Real Thing ' should find a stray dog and let it bite him . Live performances Stefani included the song on the setlist for both of her worldwide concert tours Harajuku Lovers Tour and The Sweet Escape Tour . In his review of the video album Harajuku Lovers Live , Canoe.ca 's James Stevenson , wrote the Harajuku Girls donned 40s era bathing suits and carried plastic beach balls while Stefani herself was glamorously decked out in a red and white polka dot suit in one of many costume changes the Harajuku Girls are a dance troupe that has performed with Stefani on multiple occasions . Stevenson highlighted the performance as one of the standout on the concert , noting that it set s the bar high early in the evening . Corey Moss of MTV News compared the performance to Madonna 's and noted that the song could have been titled ' Lucky Star 2005 . During his review of the concert 's video album , Glenn Meads of the Manchester Evening News described Stefani 's performances as reminiscent of Cyndi Lauper . Stefani performed the Slow Jam Mix of the song during her The Sweet Escape Tour ( 2007 ) the performance also included Stefani in a 1940s style bathing suit , once again accompanied by the Harajuku Girls . Track listing Credits Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love . Angel . Music . Baby . Release history
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3,370 | Tropical Storm Bertha was a minimal tropical storm that made landfall twice along the Gulf Coast of the United States in August 2002 . The second tropical storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season , Bertha developed in the northern Gulf of Mexico out of a trough of low pressure that extended into the Atlantic on August 4 . It quickly organized and reached tropical storm strength before making landfall on southeastern Louisiana . Bertha turned to the southwest over the state , and re entered the Gulf of Mexico on August 7 . It remained disorganized due to proximity to land , and after making landfall on south Texas , Bertha dissipated on August 9 . Bertha was one of only three tropical cyclones to make landfall on both Louisiana and Texas the others being Allison in 2001 and Fern in 1971 . Heavy surf killed one person in Florida . The storm dropped moderate amounts of rainfall along its path , peaking at over 10 inches ( 250 mm ) in eastern Louisiana and southern Mississippi . Damage was light , totaling to only 200 , 000 ( 2002 USD , 240 , 000 2008 USD ) . Meteorological history A non tropical trough at the surface extended from the northern Gulf of Mexico across Florida into the western Atlantic Ocean . On August 3 , the western portion developed into a low pressure area . The eastern portion slowly organized and ultimately developed into Tropical Storm Cristobal . The low pressure area in the Gulf of Mexico steadily organized , and late on August 4 the circulation was organized enough for the National Hurricane Center to classify it as Tropical Depression Two while located 40 miles ( 65 km ) east of Port Eads , Louisiana . unk wind shear initially prevented organization of the cloud pattern , though the depression was able to strengthen to become Tropical Storm Bertha about five hours after it formed . Outflow became much better organized as Bertha became a tropical storm , and well defined banding features persisted to the north of the storm . Though convection waned , forecasters predicted the friction between land and the warm atmosphere to redevelop more deep convection , potentially resulting in further strengthening . However , the storm failed to intensify , and Bertha made landfall near Boothville , Louisiana as a minimal tropical storm early on August 5 . It slowly weakened over the swampy portions of southeastern Louisiana , and degenerated to a tropical depression later on the 5th after crossing Lake Ponchartrain . Initially it was expected that a ridge of high pressure to its north would keep Bertha moving to the west and result in it slowly dissipating . However , it turned to the southwest , and reached the Gulf of Mexico again on August 7 . The circulation persisted over land , and Tropical Depression Bertha quickly redeveloped convection . Though the environment was not unfavorable , its proximity to land prevented re strengthening to tropical storm status . Though the system showed periods of increased organization as it moved southwestward , Bertha remained a weak tropical depression until making landfall on south Texas to the east of Kingsville on August 9 . Bertha weakened quickly over land , and dissipated over southern Texas ten hours after making landfall . Preparations The National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm warning from Pascagoula , Mississippi to the mouth of the Mississippi River as Bertha became a tropical storm . The warning occurred 90 minutes before the storm made landfall . All warnings were discontinued when Bertha weakened to a tropical depression over Louisiana . No watches or warnings were required for Texas , due to the improbability of it re intensifying . The National Weather Service advised boats along the Gulf coast to remain at port . The service also issued a coastal flood watch from Alabama through the Florida Panhandle . A flood watch was issued for portions of eastern Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi . Impact The area of low pressure preceding the development of Bertha produced rough surf and rip currents along the Florida coastline . In Perdido Key State Recreation Area , two children were swimming in an unguarded area when they swept away by the currents . Their grandfather attempted to rescue them , but drowned in the rough waters . Another family rescued the two children . The large circulation of Bertha produced light rainfall across Florida , with Pensacola and Destin reporting 2 . 75 inches . Extreme southern portions of Alabama received over 3 inches ( 75 mm ) of rain from the storm , while western Dauphin Island reported over 5 inches ( 125 mm ) . Upon making landfall , Waveland , Mississippi recorded a peak storm surge of 4 . 12 feet ( 1 . 26 m ) . Sustained winds there peaked at 31 mph ( 50 km h ) , and a peak gust of 41 mph ( 66 km h ) . Tropical Storm Bertha produced moderate to heavy precipitation across southern Mississippi , including a total of 10 . 25 inches ( 260 . 35 mm ) in Pascagoula . In Moss Point , the rainfall resulted in flooding which entered 15 to 20 houses and several cars . The rainfall also flooded roadways and streets . Damage in Mississippi totaled to 50 , 000 ( 2002 USD , 60 , 000 2008 USD ) . The storm dropped heavy rainfall in Louisiana , which peaked at 10 . 25 inches in Norwood . Storm tides were generally 1 to 2 feet ( .3 to .6 m ) above normal , while the mouth of the Bayou Dupre recorded a storm tide of 3 . 79 feet ( 1 . 16 m ) . The rainfall led to flash flooding in places , and also a few overflowed rivers in St. Tammany Parish . The flooding covered several roadways and bridges , and entered a few businesses and houses in East Feliciana Parish . Damage in Louisiana totaled to 150 , 000 ( 2002 USD , 180 , 000 2008 USD ) . In Texas , Bertha produced a storm tide of 3 feet ( .9 m ) at Baffin Bay . Only light rainfall occurred in the state , with a few isolated areas receiving over 1 inch ( 25 mm ) of precipitation .
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3,371 | Kelvin Tan Wei Lian ( unk ) is a blind Singaporean Mandopop singer who earned a living as a busker before he won the first edition of Project SuperStar in 2005 . He has released three albums , All I Want Is ... ( 2006 ) , i unk ( 2007 ) and Moving Notes ... Kelvin Tan ( 2009 ) . Other highlights of his career include a solo concert at the Singapore Expo , leading a choir at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and singing the NDP 2009 theme song . Early life Born blind due to Leber 's congenital amaurosis ( which causes the retina to disintegrate ) , Tan grew up listening to 1980s Mandopop ballads , which inspired him to learn to play the piano and guitar . He studied at the Singapore School for the Visually Handicapped and unk Secondary School . After his O Levels , he worked as a massage therapist and a singer at a caf . He also busked at Jurong East and Waterloo Street , playing his guitar and singing Mandopop ballads for two to eight hours per day . According to The New Paper reporter Mindy Tan , his performances drew large crowds ( including Malays and Indians ) , some of whom were so impressed by his music that they would sit on the pavement nearby for up to an hour listening to him . Project SuperStar Tan and four blind friends auditioned for the inaugural season of Project SuperStar , but only he was accepted as a contestant . Throughout the competition , there was extensive debate over whether viewers were voting for him out of sympathy and whether a blind man who could not dance deserved the title . Further controversy arose when his home address was posted online and fans offered him sex services . Nevertheless , he emerged as the male champion and entered the grand final against female champion Kelly Poon . The judges gave Poon more favourable reviews , but Tan garnered 64 of the 533 , 000 telephone votes . Both finalists also released limited edition singles Tan 's cover of unk ( Fairytale ) by Michael Wong sold 12 , 239 copies , while Poon 's cover of unk ( Lost Goodness ) by Angela Chang sold 11 , 319 copies . Thus Tan became the grand champion and was awarded a recording contract with Play Music ( later acquired by Warner Music ) . Music albums His debut album unk ( All I Want Is ... ) , which contains four original songs and ten covers , was certified platinum in Singapore within five days of its release . Its title track topped the Singapore music charts in February 2006 , while another of its songs , unk ( Touch ) , won Best Theme Song at the 2006 Star Awards . In total , the album sold 45 , 000 copies in Singapore and 15 , 000 copies in Malaysia . In 2007 , his second album unk ( i unk ) was released and the song unk ( Ordinary Man ) topped the Singapore charts that October . This album eventually sold 15 , 000 copies in Singapore and 20 , 000 copies in Taiwan . Several songs that Tan composed himself were included in his third album , unk ( Moving Notes ... Kelvin Tan ) , which he promoted through busking appearances . Although its sales figures are not known , the songs unk ( Forever Friends ) and unk ( Break Up Letter ) topped the Singapore charts in October 2009 , while the album peaked at 5th in the Taiwan charts in February 2010 . In addition , unk won two awards at the 2010 Singapore Entertainment Awards and unk ( Together ) won Best Theme Song at the 2010 Star Awards . However , his contract with Warner Music expired in September 2010 and was not renewed . Showbiz activities In 2006 , Tan staged a solo concert at the Max Pavilion ( Singapore Expo ) , which sold 5 , 000 seats . He acted in the unk movie 881 and several television serials ( notably The Dream Chasers ) , winning Most Popular Newcomer at the 2006 Star Awards . However , he declined further roles , describing acting as not his cup of tea because there 's nothing else he could act as except a blind man . He also participated in variety television shows in Singapore ( notably as a guest judge on Campus Superstar ) and Taiwan ( such as Happy Sunday ) , but some Taiwanese hosts rejected him over fears that their jokes would offend him . Another controversy arose when he was a contestant on the Singapore edition of Don 't Forget The Lyrics , as netizens were concerned that being unable to see the monitor would disadvantage him . In 2009 , he was selected to sing unk ( Right Here ) , the Mandarin version of the National Day Parade theme song What Do You See , and four years later , he sang a tribute to Singapore named Treasure Every Moment . Charity work Due to his disability and achievements , Tan has been an ambassador for several local disability awareness campaigns and performed in various charity shows , including a concert to raise funds for victims of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . He and Sun Yajun led a choir rendition of the song unk ( On The Same Blue Planet ) at the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Paralympics sailing regatta at Qingdao , China . In his spare time , he works as a guide for the Singapore edition of Dialogue in the Dark , an exhibition that helps sighted people understand the experiences of blind people . Personal life Tan lives in a four room HDB flat in western Singapore , together with his father ( a mechanic ) , mother ( a housewife ) and younger sister ( a research analyst ) he does not have a girlfriend . Despite his success , he continues to take public transport , eat at hawker centres and go out with friends . He enjoys bowling and was one of only two totally blind Singaporeans who played the sport competitively , even winning a competition organised by the blind associations of Singapore and Perth . In 2012 , he picked up running , joined unk ( a running club for people with disabilities ) and participated in the 10 km run of the Singapore Marathon . His other hobbies include travelling to Kuala Lumpur , playing Street Fighter , chatting online with friends and updating his Twitter account .
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3,372 | ' The Curse of Frank Black is the sixth episode of the second season of the crime thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on October 31 , 1997 . The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by Ralph Hemecker . The Curse of Frank Black featured a guest appearance from Dean Winters . Millennium centers on offender profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) , who investigates unusual crimes as part of the private investigative organisation the Millennium Group . In this episode , Black tries to spend Halloween with his daughter , but is continually reminded of a figure from his past . The Curse of Frank Black , which was inspired by the 1964 Japanese horror film Kwaidan , has received positive reviews from critics , with its minimalist plot being seen as its main strength . Plot On Halloween , Millennium Group member Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) is carving a jack o ' lantern while preparing to take his daughter Jordan ( Brittany Tiplady ) trick or treating . As he leaves to collect her , he notices a demonic figure watching him from across the street . That night , Jordan deliberately passes by one house , telling Black that it is haunted . Black tells her there are no such thing as ghosts , but is reminded of a moment from his past . In a flashback , we see a five year old Black being dared by his friends to knock the door of the same house a man named Crocell ( Dean Winters ) answers and invites Black inside . Crocell is a Second World War veteran , and he explains the meaning of Halloween to Black , telling the boy that it is the one night of the year that ghosts walk among the living . Crocell hopes that it is his chance to commune with the friends he lost in the war , and is dismayed when the young Black dismisses the possibility of ghosts . After bringing Jordan back to her mother , Catherine ( Megan Gallagher ) , Black is driving home when he notices several youths egging a house the house he once shared with Catherine and Jordan , and in which his friend Bob Bletcher was killed . He goes inside , and overhears several teenagers gathered in the basement trying to scare each other with the story of Bletcher 's murder . Black interrupts , scaring off the youths and is again reminded of his past , recalling his reaction when Crocell was found to have committed suicide . As Black leaves the house , he picks up an egg carton discarded by the fleeing teenagers and throws the remaining eggs at the walls . When Black arrives home , he leafs through the day 's mail , finally noticing that the numbers 268 and the letters ACT have been appearing to him throughout the day , including Crocell 's door number being 268 . Black takes these coincidences to be pointing him towards a Bible verse , Acts of the Apostles 26 8 why should it be thought incredible by you that God raises the dead . Black then hears something moving in his attic , and investigates . He discovers Crocell 's ghost , who claims to have been sent back to warn Black that he should abandon his work with the Millennium Group , and return to live with his wife and child instead . Crocell warns that Black will end up as lonely as he did , but when Black dismisses this , the spirit vanishes . The following day , Black returns to his old house to clean up where it was egged . As he cleans , he momentarily glimpses the same demonic figure as the day before , but he ignores it and continue his work . Production The Curse of Frank Black was written by frequent collaborators Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by Ralph Hemecker . Hemecker had previously helmed the first season episode The Well Worn Lock , and a further three in the third season . He would return for the third season episode Exegesis . Morgan and Wong had previously collaborated to write several episodes of the first season . The duo would go on to pen a number of episodes over the course of the second season , having taken the roles of co executive producers for the season . Morgan and Wong 's script for the episode was influenced by the 1964 Japanese horror film Kwaidan and features very little dialogue . Morgan felt that Henriksen was the right actor for such a script , describing him as so great with looks . Morgan also credited Hemecker with a lot of the episode 's tone , finding the director 's work to have been beautiful . Broadcast and reception The Curse of Frank Black was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on October 31 , 1997 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 5 . 7 during its original broadcast , meaning that 5 . 7 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented approximately 5 . 59 million households , and left the episode the eighty fourth most viewed broadcast that week . The episode received positive reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen rated the episode an A , calling it the best episode of Millennium yet , by a long chalk . Handlen felt that the episode effectively scaled the series ' grandiose apocalyptic tone down to one man 's struggle , making both the series and Frank Black more understandable to viewers . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 4 out of 5 , moody , unk and truly creepy . Gibron also felt that the episode 's structure , based on hidden hints and secret connections , foreshadowed Morgan and Wong 's later work on the film Final Destination . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe A Critical Guide to The X Files , Millennium The Lone Gunmen , rated The Curse of Frank Black five stars out of five , feeling that it 's simple , and it 's brave , and it 's curiously moving . Shearman felt that the episode 's minimalism its paucity of dialogue and music was key to its tone , and praised Henriksen 's expressiveness for helping to shape this .
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3,373 | The English Water Spaniel is a breed of dog that has been extinct since the first part of the 20th century , with the last specimen seen in the 1930s . It was best known for its use in hunting waterfowl and for being able to dive as well as a duck . It is described as similar to a Collie or to a cross between a Poodle and a Springer Spaniel with curly fur and typically in a white and liver tan pattern . Pre dating the Irish Water Spaniel and thought to have been referred to by Shakespeare in Macbeth , it is believed to have genetically influenced several modern breeds of dog , including the American Water Spaniel , Curly Coated Retriever and the modern variety of Field Spaniel . It is unknown if the breed was involved in the creation of the Irish Water Spaniel . History In 1570 , Dr John Caius described the Water Spaniel . It has been suggested that Shakespeare also knew the breed for he mentions the unk rug ' in Macbeth . Furthermore , Shakespeare specifically mentions the breed in Act III Scene 1 of The Two Gentlemen of Verona when unk says of his love , She hath more qualities than a water spaniel . The breed is mentioned specifically by name as early as 1802 , in Sportsman 's Cabinet , where it is described as having hair long and naturally curled , not loose and shaggy the description accompanied an engraving of a liver and white curly coated spaniel . This shows that they pre date the Irish Water Spaniel which was not developed as a breed until the 1830s . Unfortunately as the person credited with developing the Irish Water Spaniel , Justin McCarthy , left no written records , it is unknown if the English Water Spaniel was involved in its development . During the first half of the 18th century , the English Water Spaniel was used for duck hunting in East Anglia . The Kennel Club initially had a class for Water spaniels other than Irish as no standard was specifically set up for the English Water Spaniel and the judging of this class was described as chaos by Hugh Dalziel in British Dogs Their Varieties , History , Characteristics , Breeding , Management , And Exhibition . Writing in 1897 , Dalziel said of the breed , I do not believe the breed is lost , but that scattered throughout the country there are many specimens of the old English water spaniel , which it only requires that amount of encouragement to breeding which it is in the power of show committees to give to perpetuate the variety and improve its form . Dalziel bemoaned the fact that while the Irish Water Spaniel continued , the English Water Spaniel was allowed to quietly be absorbed into other Spaniel breeds . The stud book of the Kennel Club also had a class for Water spaniels other than Irish , however only fourteen dogs were registered in the twelve years up to 1903 . This led some writers and judges of that time to believe that the English Water Spaniel was merely a cross of the Irish Water Spaniel as entrants in dogs shows in that same class do not match the description of the dog from earlier periods . Dogs awarded prizes as Water Spaniels during this period have been described as having coats as flat as a Clumber , but with a bit of longish hair about the top of the skull . Writing in 1967 , author John F. Gordon stated , After two centuries of breeding it is now extinct . None have been seen for over thirty years . Descendant breeds of the English Water Spaniel are thought to include the American Water Spaniel , which was also developed using additional stock from the Irish Water Spaniel and the Flat Coated Retriever breeds . The Curly Coated Retriever is considered to have descended from the Poodle , the retrieving setter , the St. John 's water dog and the English Water Spaniel . Records for the origin of the modern Field Spaniel are more precise and show that one of the four progenitor dogs used in creating the breed was an English Water Spaniel Cocker Spaniel cross which was registered at the time as a Sussex Spaniel due to his liver colour . Appearance Very unlike the Irish Water Spaniel in appearance , the English Water Spaniel more closely resembled a curly haired version of the Springer Spaniel , with some traits of the Collie , poodle , and setter . The white and liver ( tan ) dog stood about 20 inches ( 51 cm ) tall and looked like a typical , lean , long legged spaniel with long ears and tail , a white underbelly , and a brown back , except that it had the coat of a water dog . The English Water Spaniel was described as having a long and narrow head , with small eyes and ears that were long and covered in thick curls of fur . The body was moderately stout and barrel shaped , but not as much as that of the Field Spaniel . Its legs were long and straight with large feet . The dog varied in size with the larger varieties known as Water Dogs and the smaller as Water Spaniels . Due to the English Water Spaniel 's colours of liver ( tan ) and white , it has been suggested that the breed may have been the source of the colours now found in the modern English Springer Spaniel and Welsh Springer Spaniel breeds . Hunting Paintings by Henry Bernard Chalon and Ramsay Richard Reinagle both show English Water Spaniels working with their masters hunting ducks . An engraving by Henry Thomas unk unk shows a slightly different looking English Water Spaniel , but also reinforces its area of work by again showing it while duck hunting . In The Sportsman 's Repository ( 1820 ) , the author advises that if an individual wishes to hunt ducks or any other type of waterfowl , then the hunter had best use an English Water Spaniel . The breed is described as swimming and diving as well as the ducks themselves and they are intelligent enough to avoid being lured away from the nesting places . The author described the best variety of the breed to be those with long ears whose coat was white under the belly and around the neck but brown on the back .
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3,374 | Cine City was a cinema in Withington , Manchester , England located at 494 Wilmslow Road , Withington , Manchester , M20 unk . It opened in 1912 as The Scala , and was the third cinema to open in Britain . During the 1930s , cinemas became increasingly popular The Scala was one of 109 cinemas in Manchester at its peak . The road outside was hit by a small bomb during the Second World War , but the cinema ( which was showing several films at the time ) survived with only minor damage . After the war , television led to a decline in cinema attendances , and by 1965 , only 40 cinemas remained in Manchester . Cine City closed in July 2001 , making it the third longest running cinema in England . By 2005 the building was in a bad state of repair , and was threatened with demolition . Although heritage groups won a stay of execution , the cinema was demolished in spring 2008 . A replacement building is planned for the site . History The cinema opened in 1912 as The Scala . It was the third cinema to open in Britain , and by the time of its closure in 2001 it was the third longest running cinema in the country . As Cine City its original single screen auditorium had been fitted with 675 seats in three cinema screens . Before the advent of talkies , the Scala had a resident female cinema pianist , and the conductor Sir John Barbirolli once played the piano to accompany the silent films . Violet Carson , who went on to play Ena Sharples in Coronation Street , was also a resident pianist . During the 1930s the popularity of the new picture houses grew rapidly , with 109 in Manchester at its peak . Many people visited The Scala three or four times a week . The craze for cinema going was seen by some as a social ill of its time school teachers complained that pupils were not doing their homework because they were spending too much time at the cinema . One regular movie goer at the cinema in the 1920s was Robert Donat , a local boy who went on to become an Oscar winning actor . During the Manchester Blitz of World War II , a small bomb fell onto Wilmslow Road in front of the cinema on the night of 1 October 1940 . The cinema ( which at the time was screening The Housekeeper 's Daughter and 5th Ave Girl ) survived with minor damage , although it had to close for a few weeks while repairs were completed . After the war , the popularity of cinemas waned as more people acquired televisions , and by 1965 there were only 40 cinemas left in Manchester . Cine City was threatened with closure in 1997 when Geoff Henshaw , the owner at the time , died . It was purchased by David unk , who kept the cinema open until July 2001 , when it closed due to competition from a new multiplex cinema in nearby East Didsbury . Closure and redevelopment After the cinema closed , it was purchased by Develop UK , and several attempts were made to turn the building into a Wetherspoons pub . However these were rejected by the council twice , once in the initial planning application , and also in a subsequent appeal . The application was denied due to the moratorium on new food and drink licences in Withington , part of the town 's unitary development plan . In 2002 the building was purchased by Arrows International . They applied for planning permission in December 2002 to demolish part of the cinema , reconstructing it as five ground floor shops , with 21 flats on the upper floors . These plans were withdrawn as they were seen as unk the site . In 2003 the site was purchased by property developer Mohammad Jamil , who runs the Britannia Property Group . When they purchased the site , Cine City was regarded as too far gone , so it was decided that it should be demolished and a new building constructed in its place . A campaign to save the building was started in 2002 by the actor and comedian John Thomson , but it ended in failure six years later , when it was realised that refurbishing the existing building would cost around 6 million . As of 2005 , the building still retained a number of original features , including its gold brocade seats , wall friezes , cornices , and ceiling roses . However , the fabric of the building remained in a poor state of repair , and in January 2008 it was announced once again that the building was to be demolished , and scaffolding was erected at the front in preparation . The building , once considered amongst the most iconic in Manchester , was not regarded as architecturally interesting , and was demolished in the spring of 2008 . The pair of stone piers in the forecourt of the building , which were Grade II listed in 1998 , remain . Replacement building Plans for a new building on the site have gone through several generations . The first design consisted of a six storey building ( including basement ) , which had a large shop on the ground floor , as well as an underground car park and four floors of residential apartments , with a top level to hold the building 's mechanics . Each floor would have 4 , 000 square feet ( 372 m2 ) , and there would have been a leaning tower to the side of the building . The design was given planning permission in 2005 . A revised design turned the mezzanine floor into an area that could be used as an arts venue , cinema , music auditorium or conference room for 120 to 150 people . New plans cost 60 , 000 . However this new design was deemed to be unworkable . A second design consisted of another six storey building with a large ground floor shop , a first storey car park , and four floors of flats . This would have been half a metre less in height than the previous design , and did not include the tower . The plan was initially rejected by the council , but was subsequently approved in April 2008 , before being rejected by the Planning Inspectorate . Several later applications for the site were also rejected , particularly due to concerns over parking , and the site was vacant as of June 2015 .
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3,375 | Ops ( B ) was a deception planning department within the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) during the Second World War . Established in the United Kingdom in April 1943 , the section was in charge of operational deception planning for the Western Front . Their major contribution was to Operations Cockade and Bodyguard , the latter being the cover plan for their Allied invasion of Normandy in 1944 . Originally under Colonel J. V. B. Jervis Read , the department suffered from a lack of authority and resources . In December 1943 , Jervis Read was replaced by Colonel Noel Wild , a member of the middle eastern ' A ' Force deception department , and expanded dramatically . Wild split the department into Operations and Intelligence sections . Lieutenant Colonel Roger Fleetwood Hesketh retained charge of the latter , and Wild placed Jervis Read in command of the former . Fleetwood Hesketh immediately expanded his staff , bringing in his brother , an MI5 liaison officer and a secretary . The operations section was not expanded until May , with three American officers and Major S. B. D. ( Sam ) Hood ( another ' A ' Force alumnus ) joining the department . In July 1944 , Wild won a power struggle over who was in charge of deception planning in France consequently Ops ( B ) had a much more involved role . He sent Jervis Read to France at the head of a Forward section , accompanied by the American officers Lieutenant Colonel Frederic W. Barnes and Major Alfred ( Al ) J. F. Moody . By the end of October 1944 , all of the American members of the department had returned home , leaving an entirely British staff . John Jervis Read Brigadier John Vaughan Bruce Jervis Read OBE was the original head of Ops ( B ) . He had joined the Royal Engineers from university as a second lieutenant in 1933 . By March 1942 , when he was appointed head of the deception section , he held the rank of colonel . His main task was the planning of Operation Cockade . It was not a success , in part due to the complexity of the operation , but also because of the limited resources at his disposal . Lieutenant General Frederick E. Morgan , at that time the most senior officer at SHAEF , the Supreme Commander having yet to be appointed , viewed Colonel Dudley Clarke 's A Force as a private army which he would not have duplicated under his command . In December 1943 Jervis Read was replaced by Colonel Noel Wild , who reorganised Ops ( B ) . Jervis Read was made head of the Operations section as his deputy . Following the Allied invasion of France , he became Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff at SHAEF . In 1945 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) , the citation recognised his work with Ops ( B ) and in France . He retired from the army in 1963 , having attained the rank of brigadier . Noel Wild Colonel Noel Wild was Dudley Clarke 's deputy in Cairo from April 1942 . Toward the end of 1943 , when Ops ( B ) was scheduled for expansion to assist with Bodyguard , a deception cover plan for the D Day landings , Clarke secretly suggested Wild as the department 's head . In December of that year Wild was sent to London , he believed on leave , where he was assessed for suitability and then appointed to the role . Under Wild , Ops ( B ) was expanded and divided into two sections Operations and Intelligence . It received greater power , including control of the information flowing to double agents . Wild used this to help with planning for Operation Fortitude , the major segment of the Bodyguard plan . This situation did not last long another ' A ' Force alumnus , Lieutenant Colonel David Strangeways , was brought over to head up R Force , the operational deception unit of the 21st Army Group . Strangeways and Wild clashed on a personal and professional level . Eventually , Strangeways rewrote large portions of the Fortitude South plan , and pushed Ops ( B ) into a more supporting role . In July 1944 , Wild wrestled control of operational deception planning from Strangeways and others , and sent a portion of the department ( Jervis Read plus the American officers Barnes and Moody ) to France as the Forward section . He remained in the UK with the rest of the staff as the ' Read ' section . Roger Fleetwood Hesketh Lieutenant Colonel Roger Fleetwood Hesketh TD , DL , OBE , was the son of Major Charles Hesketh Fleetwood Hesketh . Like his father , he was educated at Eton and Oxford before becoming a barrister , and later a soldier . Hesketh , then a major , joined Ops ( B ) alongside Jervis Read as the department 's only intelligence officer . Colonel John Bevan , in setting up the unit , felt that it would only require operational capabilities , and that intelligence would remain with his own London Controlling Section but with the arrival of Wild , Hesketh was handed control of an expanded intelligence section , which included his brother , Cuthbert , a civilian secretary and an MI5 liaison officer . Following the end of the war , Hesketh was sent to Germany , alongside his brother , to search through the files of German intelligence , and question officers . He was then asked to write a history of deception in Western Europe , including the work up to and including Operation Fortitude . Other members Prior to Wild 's arrival , Ops ( B ) had a very small staff consisting of Jervis Read , Hesketh and two American officers . From January 1944 , Wild expanded the staff to include liaisons with MI5 , additional American officers and experienced deception staff from ' A ' Force in Cairo . Operations Intelligence London Gazette The London Gazette ( Supplement ) no . unk . p . 742 . 3 February 1933 . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) no . unk . p . unk . 10 May 1963 . War record Recommendation for Award Order of The British Empire . The National Archives . 19 April 1945 .
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3,376 | Tropical Storm Barry was a weak and short lived tropical cyclone that brought heavy rains to parts of Central America and Mexico in June 2013 . Barry originated from a tropical wave that developed in the southern Caribbean Sea . The wave tracked northwestward and began to develop in marginally favorable conditions . On June 17 , the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Depression Two by the National Hurricane Center . Due to its close proximity to land , the system failed to intensify before crossing the southern Yucatn Peninsula . The depression emerged over the Bay of Campeche late on June 18 and became increasingly organized . During the afternoon of June 19 , data from Hurricane Hunters revealed the system had intensified into a tropical storm . The newly named Barry attained peak winds of 45 mph ( 75 km h ) before making landfall in Veracruz , Mexico on June 20 . Once onshore , the storm quickly weakened and degenerated into a remnant low that night . Areas from northern Nicaragua to South Central Mexico experienced heavy rains from the storm , with notable flooding occurring in many areas . Swollen rivers displaced thousands in Veracruz and killed two people , while two others were killed by a river in Oaxaca . In El Salvador , one person was killed by flooding . Meteorological history On June 8 , a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa , moving quickly westward without development . During the evening hours of June 15 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began monitoring a large area of disturbed weather in association with a tropical wave over the southwestern Caribbean Sea . That day , a low pressure area developed just north of Panama . Drifting west northwest , environmental conditions were expected to be favorable for organization , but the system moved over eastern Nicaragua on June 16 . Despite moving over land , the circulation and convection became better organized , and after it emerged over open waters , the system developed into Tropical Depression Two at 1200 UTC on June 17 about 25 mi ( 45 km ) north northwest of La Ceiba , Honduras . Located about 60 mi ( 95 km ) east of Monkey River Town , Belize , the depression was not expected to undergo significant strengthening . Failing to intensify , the depression made landfall in southern Belize near Big Creek late on June 17 with winds estimated at 35 mph ( 55 km h ) . Despite a waning structure , the NHC noted that if the system emerged into the Bay of Campeche , re development and intensification was plausible . While traversing the southern Yucatn Peninsula , the system nearly degenerated into a remnant low during the afternoon of June 18 however , as it neared water , sufficient convection redeveloped to maintain the system as a tropical depression . The circulation contracted over land and emerged into the warm waters of the Bay of Campeche that day . The system became increasingly organized as it turned westward in response to a mid level ridge over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico . A Hurricane Hunter reconnaissance mission into the depression during the afternoon of June 19 revealed gale force winds , prompting the NHC to upgrade and name the system Tropical Storm Barry . Based on a reconnaissance flight and Dvorak estimates , it was estimated that Barry attained peak winds of 45 km h ( 75 mph ) late on June 19 . At 1115 UTC on June 20 , Barry made landfall at Laguna La Mancha , just north of Veracruz , Mexico . Hours after moving inland , Barry weakened to a tropical depression as it interacted with the high terrain of Mexico . The center of circulation became increasingly ill defined , with the majority of convection located well away from the center . Late on June 20 , Barry dissipated over the Mexican state of Puebla . Preparations and impact Central America and Yucatn The precursor to Barry produced significant rains in Nicaragua , causing flooding in 14 districts in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region . Heavy rains in Honduras , peaking at 4 in ( 100 mm ) in La Ceiba , resulted in floods that damaged 60 homes and affected 300 people . Several landslides occurred in unk , blocking off roadways . A likely tornado struck the community of Limn , destroying 9 homes and damaging 91 more . Four people were injured when their home was lifted and dropped back down . In southern Belize , an estimated 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain fell in 24 hours , causing several rivers to top their banks . In some areas , culverts were washed away . At least 54 people living along Hope Creek were relocated to shelters . In El Salvador , six minors were swept away by a flooded creek five were quickly rescued but one remains missing and is presumed killed . Two people were injured after being struck by lightning . In the Mexican state of Yucatn , wind gusts to 48 mph ( 77 km h ) and heavy rains downed trees and power lines . More than 26 , 000 residents temporarily lost hydroelectric power after lightning struck a power station and caused a fire . Eastern Mexico As Tropical Depression Two emerged into the Bay of Campeche on June 18 , the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch for coastal areas between Punta El Lagarto and Barra Da Nautla . The watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warning early on June 19 . Following the storm 's intensification that day , the warning was expanded northward to Tuxpan . Officials dispatched 34 , 250 workers to set up refugee camps throughout the state . Across Veracruz , approximately 2 , 000 people sought refuge in shelters . Heavy rains in Veracruz , peaking at 14 . 6 in ( 370 mm ) in Misantla , brought more than a dozen rivers to critical levels and triggered flash floods that killed two people . As a precautionary measure , officials urged 4 , 000 residents along La Antigua River to evacuate . Several landslides occurred in the states of Guerrero and Puebla . Two people were swept away by a river in Oaxaca .
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3,377 | New York State Route 431 ( NY 431 ) is a state highway in Essex County , New York , in the United States . The highway , also known as the Whiteface Mountain Veterans Memorial Highway , begins at an intersection with NY 86 in Wilmington and climbs Whiteface Mountain in the Adirondacks . The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation maintains the highway , which is 7 . 96 miles ( 12 . 81 km ) long . Marcellus Leonard , a merchant from nearby Saranac Lake , originally proposed the highway in the late 19th century . However , serious plans for the highway did not develop until the 1920s . Construction of the route began in 1929 and was completed in 1935 Leonard died six months before the opening . The 25 mile per hour ( 40 km h ) highway varies in elevation from over 2 , 000 feet ( 610 m ) to over 4 , 500 feet ( 1 , 372 m ) and increases in elevation by about 450 feet ( 137 m ) per mile as it heads away from NY 86 . The Whiteface Highway was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 . Route description The Whiteface Highway , also known as NY 431 , begins at an intersection with NY 86 in Wilmington . The highway heads to the west , ascending in elevation as it approaches Whiteface Mountain . It heads through a pass between Morgan and Esther Mountains , two smaller mountains adjacent to Whiteface Mountain , on its way to an intersection with County Route 72 ( CR 72 ) , the last highway that NY 431 intersects . Just west of CR 72 , NY 431 passes through a toll booth and becomes a toll road . The NY 431 designation continues along the highway to the Union Falls Overlook , a scenic view 2 , 700 feet ( 820 m ) in elevation about one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) into the scenic drive . At this point , NY 431 curves to the south , climbing up the western side of both Esther Mountain and Whiteface Mountain . Upon reaching 3 , 300 feet ( 1 , 000 m ) in elevation , a large building at the top of Whiteface Mountain called The Castle becomes visible , and Union Falls Pond can be seen more clearly below . The scenic drive continues up Whiteface Mountain to its summit , which NY 431 ascends toward by way of a pair of hairpin turns just north of the peak . At the first of the turns , the highway reaches an overlook 3 , 700 feet ( 1 , 100 m ) in elevation that provides views of parts of Lake Placid and the Olympic Village . The road and the NY 431 designation both terminate at a parking lot about 300 feet ( 91 m ) below the summit of Whiteface Mountain , where The Castle is located . History The idea of constructing a road up Whiteface Mountain was first conceived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Marcellus Leonard , an entrepreneur from Saranac Lake . The plans for the highway began to take shape in the 1920s when the land for the road was given by its owner to the state of New York on the condition that it would be named after America 's Great War veterans . The road was later renamed to honor veterans from all wars . Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the dedication for the highway in 1929 . Just after construction was announced for the new roadway , plans were developed in 1929 for a World War I monument at the top of Whiteface Mountain . The American Legion supported the new tower , which was to be 130 feet ( 40 m ) high and feature a light visible for over 75 miles ( 121 km ) . The height of the tower was later reduced to 80 feet ( 24 m ) , but the project still faced opposition from the Association for Protection of the Adirondacks and the New York Fish Game and Forest League . Lithgow Osborne , who ran the New York State Conservation Department , stated the tower would destroy the landscape of Whiteface . Despite the controversy , the bill for the memorial was passed by both houses of the New York State Legislature in April 1934 , with the State Senate approving it by a vote of 45 2 . Governor Herbert Lehman received the bill on April 19 , vowing to veto it . He followed through on his promise on May 16 , 1934 , commenting that the tower would deface the summit of Whiteface Mountain . Lehman added that while he generally supported memorials for veterans , it would be inappropriate to deface a summit for the memorial . Plans for the Whiteface Mountain Highway surfaced in 1929 , and a bid of 687 , 572 . 50 ( 1931 USD ) was submitted to construct the new roadway two years later . The final plans called for an 8 mile ( 13 km ) , 20 foot ( 6 . 1 m ) wide highway climbing 3 , 500 feet ( 1 , 100 m ) in elevation with grade changes of 8 10 . A toll of 1 for each car and its driver and 1 for each additional passenger would be charged to drive up the new highway . Construction started in 1931 , with crews working until near Christmas when snowfall impeded their progress . Work on the parkway resumed on March 15 , 1932 . The new stone walls guarding the new highway cost about 100 , 000 ( 1931 USD ) to construct . The highway opened to traffic on July 20 , 1935 . On September 14 , 1935 , it was formally dedicated by Roosevelt , now President of the United States , at a ribbon cutting ceremony . In all , the road cost 1 . 2 million to construct . President Roosevelt also requested that an elevator be constructed to help visitors from the parking lot to the summit of Whiteface Mountain . Unfortunately , Marcellus Leonard , the person considered to be the father of the highway , did not live to see the highway open as he died at 90 years old on February 23 , 1935 , a few months before the road opened . The completed highway was assigned NY 431 , a designation which had been reserved for the road as early as 1932 . The road was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in October 2008 as the Whiteface Veterans Memorial Highway Complex . The National Park Service , which keeps the Register , announced the listing nine months later . Major intersections The entire route is in Wilmington , Essex County .
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3,378 | How to Grow a Woman from the Ground is a 2006 album by Chris Thile and the How to Grow a Band , credited to Chris Thile . It was released on Sugar Hill on September 12 , 2006 . The album is named after a song on the album a cover of the original by folk singer Tom Brosseau . The album debuted to positive reviews from major music critics , with critics calling the album fantastic , eclectic , and genius . The album earned Thile a Grammy Award nomination in 2006 . Conception and production For one of his side projects , Chris Thile knew he wanted to form a string quintet composed of mandolin , violin , banjo , guitar , and bass with childhood friend and fiddler Gabe Witcher , but didn t know which direction he wanted to take the band . At the Telluride Bluegrass Festival in Telluride , Colorado , Thile met banjoist Noam Pikelny and later commented that every note he played was something I wish I d played . It was then that Thile realized that he wanted to put his stamp on the traditional bluegrass ensemble . Thile wanted to get five musicians together for a Nashville jam session in 2005 , after he found talented bluegrass musicians that could fill the positions . The bassist Thile was searching for , Greg Garrison , was recommended to Thile by Pikelny , who had performed alongside Garrison in the Cajun jam band Leftover Salmon . The guitar position was filled by Chris Eldridge , from the bluegrass band the Infamous unk . The five musicians met up in Nashville one day in 2005 and decided that they needed to do something musical together . A few nights later , the group met again just to drop a ton of money , drink too much wine , eat steaks , and commiserate about our failed relationships . That night , they came to an agreement and formed a bluegrass band . The quintet decided to make this project serious and record an album . The album was recorded over the course of two days in 2006 at Sear Sound Recording Studios in New York . The album was not recorded digitally , but rather on tape . In an interview with the United States magazine Guitar Player , Chris Thile explained the old fashioned style in which the album was recorded It was recorded at Sear Sound in New York using two vintage Telefunken unk M 251 E mics into a Forsell Technologies unk preamp . Most of it was recorded onto the same Studer 1 two track that was used to mix Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Everything was tracked live , and I ve decided never to record wearing headphones again unless I absolutely have to . Wearing headphones is bullshit , because you re in your own little world playing to a mix that no one will ever hear but you . What s the point How to Grow a Woman from the Ground was self produced by Thile , and had no guest musicians , just the quintet . Other than the band , which in promotion of the album was named the How to Grow a Band , the album had a fairly small production crew an engineer , an assistant engineer , two mastering people , and an artist . Musical style How to Grow a Woman from the Ground takes influence from different genres , drawing equally from traditional bluegrass , progressive acoustic , and singer songwriter traditions , with one critic calling the majority of the album very roots oriented . The album has a bluegrass or progressive bluegrass core bluegrass unk Ronnie McCoury became the album s official bluegrass guru to ensure that there was someone who could make sure we didn t do anything clichd or trite . In regard to the album s style , Thile said that All in all , How to Grow a Woman from the Ground is a bluegrass record . There are definitely some musical things that are out of the ordinary , but it sounds like a bluegrass record to me . It s not all like Brakeman s Blues , but Brakeman s Blues doesn t sound out of place , and neither does The unk sound out of place . It s all related . Much of Thile 's work on the album was influenced by his divorce , and Thile claims that he could relate to the title of the album , a Tom Brosseau song . Thile said that he got my ass kicked by the last relationship I was in . This girl just left . It created a pretty serious complex for me . I ve always been able to talk to girls , but I m scared of them . I just could relate to it . Like , man if I could just grow one , that would take care of a lot of problems . Critical reception How to Grow a Woman from the Ground received positive reviews from country and bluegrass music critics . Allmusic called it fantastic , and unk described it to be a tasteful string dinner and stated that this is only the beginning of great things to come . However , some critics found particular tracks to pale in comparison to the rest of the material . The Arizona Republic stated that the album was amazing , except for Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground because Thile couldn 't quite match Jack White 's musical hysteria . Music Box also said that tracks like Stay Away and I m Yours If You Want Me completely fell flat . Regardless , the review still stated that the bulk of How to Grow a Woman from the Ground is remarkably engaging . Bullz Eye criticized Thile 's vocal quality , saying that his voice often lacks the strength and or character to carry the song . On the contrary , the previously mentioned unk article complimented Thile 's vocal strength , saying it 's the soul in Thile 's voice and the heart and intensity of the musicianship that give the album its power . Track listing Personnel Chris Thile mandolin , lead vocals , producer Noam Pikelny banjo , vocals Greg Garrison bass , vocals Chris Eldridge acoustic guitar , vocals Gabe Witcher fiddle , vocals Ronnie McCoury bluegrass guru Loren Witcher artwork Gary Paczosa mastering Fred Forsell mastering engineer Matthew Gephart engineer Ethan Donaldson assistant engineer Chart performance
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3,379 | The Tribunal in Glastonbury , Somerset , England , was built in the 15th century as a merchant 's house . It has been designated as a Grade I listed building . The history of the building is not well documented , although the majority of the present stone house was constructed in the 15th century on the site of a 12th century wooden building . The current front wall was added in the 16th century . It has been used as a merchant 's house and possibly a shop and school . It was thought that it was the venue for court proceedings , hence the title Tribunal , however there is no evidence this ever occurred . One of the ground floor rooms still has the window and ceiling panels from the Elizabethan era . The front room upstairs has an arched braced , wooden , truss roof . The building is currently in the guardianship of English Heritage and used as a tourist information centre . On the first floor is the museum of the Glastonbury Antiquarian Society which houses artefacts from Glastonbury Lake Village including the Glastonbury Bowl . The bottom part of the bowl dates from the Iron Age and the upper part was added in the 1st century AD . History The house owes its name to the fact that it was formerly mistakenly identified with the Abbey s tribunals , where secular justice was administered for Glaston Twelve Hides . The name may have been first used by John Collinson in his History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset in 1791 , however unk investigated by Richard Warner in 1826 he could not identify where the name had originated . It was also thought to be the site of trials by Judge Jeffreys for the Bloody Assizes after the Monmouth Rebellion . The current building was constructed in the 15th century on the site of a wooden building dating from the 12th century . In the 16th century a new facade was added to the original building . It is possible that the stonework and window of the front wall were removed from the abbot 's lodgings behind the great kitchen of the Abbey as similar features can be identified in a 1712 engraving , and it is known that the building was ruined and without its front wall by 1723 . The door is original and above it are a Tudor rose and the arms of Richard Beere who was Abbot of Glastonbury from 1493 to 1524 . It is possible that the building was used as a hospice in the time of Richard Beere as Abbot as a document of 1716 describes Beere 's Hospital although it is uncertain whether this is the same building . unk documentary evidence shows that it was used as a commercial school for young gentlemen in the second half of the 18th century . It is now in the guardianship of English Heritage and managed by Glastonbury Tribunal Ltd . Architecture The building has two rooms and an attached kitchen on the ground floor with a staircase between them leading to the living quarters in the first floor rooms . The front room may originally have been a shop but was not used for trade after the installation of the new front wall in the 16th century . The front room has recesses on either side of the arched fireplace . The rear room on the ground floor was the hall and still has its 16th century ceiling panels and four light window . The ceiling has plaster decorations from the Elizabethan era , when the kitchen block was also added . The wooden stairs leading to the first floor replaced an earlier stone staircase , the remains of which can be seen protruding from the walls . The front room on the first floor had previously been partitioned , but the larger space was created when the new front wall was added to the building . Its roof has arched braced wooden trusses . The rear room still has the remains of a large fireplace , however , the chimney was blocked when the downstairs fireplace was installed . Glastonbury Lake Village Museum The first floor of the Tribunal now houses the Glastonbury Lake Village Museum containing Iron Age possessions and works of art from the Glastonbury Lake Village , a crannog or man made island , which were preserved in almost perfect condition in the peat after the village was abandoned . Glastonbury Lake Village was an Iron Age village on the Somerset Levels near Godney , some 3 miles ( 5 km ) north west of unk and covers an area of 400 feet ( 122 m ) north to south by 300 feet ( 91 m ) east to west . The village was built in about 300 BC and occupied into the early Roman period ( around unk ) when it was abandoned , possibly due to a rise in the water level . It was built on a morass on an artificial foundation of timber filled with brushwood , bracken , rubble and clay . The village housed around 100 people in five to seven groups of houses , each for an extended family , with sheds and barns , made of hazel and willow covered with reeds , and surrounded either permanently or at certain times by a wooden palisade . At its maximum it may have had 15 houses with a population of up to 200 people . The exhibits include the metal Glastonbury Bowl . It was made from two sections riveted together and repaired several times over its life . The bottom half has been dated as having been constructed in the Iron Age . The upper half was probably added in the 1st century from one sheet of metal , which may have been previously used for another purpose , and the two halves riveted together . Other artefacts that form the village include a clay unk from a pair of bellows , whetstones , iron knives and iron currency bars , which could be used as tokens and exchanged for goods . The glazed jar on display is a 1936 copy of one from the village site however some of the original storage bowls are included in the displays which were re assembled by Arthur Bulleid , who discovered the site in 1892 . In the old kitchen at the rear of the building is a log boat excavated near the village . The museum is run by the Glastonbury Antiquarian Society . The building also houses the tourist information centre .
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3,380 | Mountain of Madness is the twelfth episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 2 , 1997 . In the episode , Mr. Burns tries to encourage more cooperation among his employees and forces the workers of Springfield Nuclear Power Plant to go for a team building hike in the mountains . Burns and Homer are paired together and trapped in a cabin that gets buried by multiple avalanches . Mountain of Madness was directed by Mark Kirkland and written by John Swartzwelder . The script underwent many rewrites and the story was completely rewritten . Several new designs and backgrounds had to be created for the wilderness scenes . The episode received mostly positive reviews . Plot Mr. Burns decides to hold a good old fashioned fire drill in order to excite things up around the plant . Upon hearing the bells ring , the employees panic and fail to clear the plant within 15 minutes . Outraged , Burns declares that everyone will be subjected to a teamwork competition at Mt . Useful . Homer brings his family to the mountain , not realizing it was only for employees , so he leaves them in the visitor center . Homer ends up being partnered with Burns while Smithers has to journey on his own , fuming that he was not paired with his boss . The object of this competition is to reach a cabin at the top of the mountain the last team to arrive will be fired . Along the way , Burns talks Homer into cheating and they use a snowmobile ( which Burns refers to as a horseless sleigh ) to reach the cabin . Arriving several hours early , they settle down in the comfortable surroundings . Burns and Homer quickly become friends . However , while clinking their champagne glasses , they inadvertently cause an avalanche that buries the entire cabin . Despite Burns 's attempt to operate a telegraph machine or Homer 's attempt to dig a tunnel through the snow , they remain trapped . The pair attempt further tunneling escapes , but each time they speak , they cause more avalanches that place even more snow between them and freedom . Meanwhile , Bart and Lisa meet Smithers and offer to help him proceed to the cabin , though they cause more stalling than helping . Back in the cabin , Burns and Homer are beset by cabin fever . They build snowmen to pass the time ( though Burns insists they build real men out of snow ) and clothe them at the expense of their own warmth . The other employees reach what appears to be their destination however , it is actually a ranger station and they begin to realize that something bad has happened to their colleagues . In the cabin , Homer and Burns stare at each other 's eyes , filling their minds with paranoia . They are both driven mad and attempt to kill each other . After a vicious struggle , Burns ignites the cabin 's propane tank , launching the building out of the snow and propelling it toward the horrified onlookers . Once it comes to a halt , Mr. Burns reminds everyone of the contest , and all the workers hurry inside . Lenny is the last person in the cabin , and is told he is fired . Burns is informed the completion time of the competition has set a new record , and then decides that no one will be fired after all ( although Lenny , who is outside and falls into a crevasse , does not know that ) . The episode ends with Mr. Burns and Homer alternately laughing and glaring at each other . Production Mountain of Madness was written by John Swartzwelder , although the script underwent many rewrites . According to Josh Weinstein , a Swartzwelder script is like a finely tooled crazy German machine and if you have the wrong engineers try to fix it , it blows up . And that 's the thing , ' cause it had great jokes but we sort of changed the story and went through a bunch of drafts . The story was completely rewritten and as a result , the plot became odder and quirkier with the scenes of paranoia deriving from this . The original script was really crazy but a lot of the more insane material was cut . However , most of the rewrites were done during the script writing and did not require any major animation changes . One change was the ending , which was added after the animatic . The episode features several pairings of established characters who had previously interacted little , such as Smithers with Bart and Lisa . Weinstein feels that this was one of the first episodes to really feature the duo of Lenny Leonard and Carl Carlson and developed them more . The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland and a lot of new designs and backgrounds had to be created for the wilderness scenes . The backgrounds were designed by animator Debbie Silver . The design of the forest ranger was based on then Vice President Al Gore . In the episode , Marge watches an old film which includes a comment from naturalist John Muir . The impression of Muir was done by Dan Castellaneta , who originally based the voice on an impersonator he met at Yosemite National Park . However , the producers asked him to make the voice older and crazier . Reception In its original broadcast , Mountain of Madness finished 38 in ratings for the week of February 2 9 , 1997 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 . 8 , equivalent to approximately 8 . 5 million viewing households . It was the second highest rated show on the Fox network that week , following King of the Hill . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it an inventive episode , with several memorable moments . Tim Raynor of unk said there are some good , unk moments to say the least for this witty episode . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson called the episode a good show and praised it for the snowy setting that allows the other characters to expand as well .
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3,381 | Griffon is a steel Dive Coaster roller coaster located at the Busch Gardens Williamsburg amusement park in James City County , Virginia , United States . Designed by Bolliger Mabillard , it is 205 feet ( 62 m ) high , and is the second fastest ( 71 miles per hour ( 114 km h ) ) Dive Coaster built . The roller coaster features two Immelmann loops , a splashdown , two vertical drops and was the first of its kind to use floorless trains . Griffon was announced to the public on August 23 , 2006 and opened on May 18 , 2007 to positive reviews by both newspapers and enthusiasts . In 2007 , Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards voted it the third best new steel roller coaster of that year and the 27th best steel roller coaster . It was voted the 33rd best steel roller coaster in 2013 . History On June 30 , 2006 , Busch Gardens unk announced that LeMans Raceway would be closing to the public on July 5 , 2006 in order to make room for the next year 's new attraction . Construction for Griffon began the next day with the demolishing of the raceway . A trademark for the name Griffon was filed by SeaWorld Parks Entertainment on July 12 , 2006 . The roller coaster was announced to the public on August 23 , 2006 . On December 11 , 2006 , two cranes installed the highest piece of Griffon with an evergreen tree . The vertical drop and immelmann loop were completed in January 2007 and the final piece of track was installed in late February . After testing was complete , the roller coaster opened on May 18 , 2007 one week earlier than its original scheduled opening date . When Griffon opened it 2007 , it held the records for the tallest , and fastest Dive Coaster in the world both which were previously held by SheiKra at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay . Griffon was also the first Dive Coaster to feature floorless trains and is the only roller coaster of its kind to have more than one inversion . In 2009 , Diving Coaster opened Happy Valley Shanghai , it took the drop length record at 213 . 3 feet ( 65 . 0 m ) . Ride experience After the floors drop and the front gate opens , the train is dispatched from the station and makes a downward right turn immediately followed by an upward right turn which leads directly to 45 degree inclined chain lift hill . Once the train reaches the top of the 205 foot ( 62 m ) lift , it makes a right turn into a holding brake where the train slowly moves over the first drop ( which is 205 foot ( 62 m ) ) , stops for a few seconds , and then is released down the 90 degree drop . By the time the train makes it to the bottom of the drop , it reaches its maximum speed of 71 miles per hour ( 114 km h ) . Then , the train enters an immelmann loop before dropping back to the ground and making a banked upward left turn into the mid course brake run . After the train slows down , it enters a second 130 foot ( 40 m ) 90 degree drop into another immelmann loop . Following a small airtime hill , the train goes through a splashdown which sprays two 50 foot ( 15 m ) lines of water in the air . Finally , the train makes a banked turn to the left leading into the final brake run . One cycle of the ride lasts about three minutes . Characteristics Track The steel track of Griffon is 3 , 108 feet ( 947 m ) long and the lift is approximately 205 feet ( 62 m ) high . The ride is equipped with an elevator that can return riders to ground level if a train must be evacuated while on the lift hill . Both the track and supports are blue however , the track uses a darker shade . The track was fabricated by Clermont Steel Fabricators in Batavia , Ohio , which manufactures Bolliger Mabillard 's roller coasters . Trains Griffon operates with three steel and fiberglass trains , colored red , yellow , and black . Each train has three rows that seat ten riders across for a total of 30 riders per train each seat has its own individual over the shoulder restraint with a seatbelt . This configuration allows the ride to achieve a theoretical hourly capacity of 1 , 400 riders per hour . Unlike traditional roller coasters , Griffon 's trains are floorless , allowing the riders ' legs to dangle throughout the ride . Riders also experience up to 4 times the force of gravity . Reception Preston Wong from Hampton Roads said , The floorless trains giv e riders a sense of vulnerability and , for those in the front row , an idea of what it must feel like to fly and that enthusiasts would like the ride . Nicole unk , Lisa Deaderick , and Joe Atkinson from Daily Press each rated the roller coaster for its vomiting and scream factors . Nicole and Lisa rated the vomiting factor a one ( out of five ) for the roller coaster 's smoothness Joe gave a four as he began feeling ill after his second ride . For the scream factor Nicole gave a five , Lisa gave a ten , and Joe gave a four . Mike from NewsPlusNotes praised the first drop for its freefall experience . In Griffon 's opening year , it was voted the third best new ride for 2007 and the 27th best steel roller coaster in Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards . The roller coaster peaked at position 19 in 2010 when it tied with SheiKra , another Dive Coaster . In Mitch Hawker 's Best Steel Roller Coaster Poll , Griffon was voted as the 13th best steel roller coaster in the world in its first year its highest position in the poll to date . Griffon has also made several television appearances . It was featured on Discovery Channel 's television series Build It Bigger and Travel Channel 's television series ' Bert the Conqueror and Insane Coaster Wars World Domination . Incidents On August 5 , 2010 , five riders who sustained minor injuries were sent to a hospital after being hit with a 25 foot ( 7 . 6 m ) balloon while riding the roller coaster . The balloon was in the process of being deflated when it broke free and was carried into Griffon 's path due to strong winds .
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3,382 | Carlton Hill Station was a former railroad station for the Erie Railroad in the Rutherford , New Jersey , United States . Carlton Hill station was the second station along the Erie 's main line and the first station after Rutherford Junction , where the Erie 's main line forked from the Bergen County Railroad . The station provided service for passengers in Rutherford and Wallington s Carlton Hill district and freight billing for the Royce Chemical Company , producer of unk . After Carlton Hill , the main line continued westward to Passaic Park and eastward to Rutherford East Rutherford and Pavonia Terminal . Carlton Hill Station opened in 1888 on Jackson Avenue and namesake Erie Avenue in Rutherford . The station was served by the main line until 1963 , when the Passaic Plan was undertaken , removing tracks at Passaic Park , Passaic , Clifton , and Lake View stations . At that point , the nearby drawbridge was permanently swung open and later removed , leaving a branch to Carlton Hill . For the next few years , Carlton Hill received deadhead trains and a rare Carlton Hill Rutherford Hoboken Terminal train schedule . In 1966 , when several underused branches , including the Carlton Hill , lost service , the old main line alignment to Carlton Hill was abandoned . The tracks remain , though the building is gone . Station layout and services Carlton Hill Station was situated at the intersection with Jackson Avenue in Rutherford , where the Erie Railroad 's main line crossed , 10 . 75 miles ( 17 . 30 km ) away from New York City 's Chambers Street Ferry Terminal . The main line crossed through Carlton Hill on two tracks , separated by inter track fencing . There was one main line platform , next to the station depot , which was located on the eastbound side of the tracks . During the morning commuter rush , Carlton Hill was full of commuters heading for New York City . After the commuter rush , a station agent 's work was to inspect the yard and complete freight billing for the Royce Chemical Company . The yard commonly had boxcars , empty and loaded waiting for pick up . Although the station no longer gets use , the former site is accessible via New Jersey Transit 's buses 160 and 190 along with a walk down to Jackson Avenue . The former station site and trackage are owned by Norfolk Southern Railway . History Opening to 1963 Carlton Hill station was first constructed in 1888 as a 57 by 16 foot ( 17 . 4 m 4 . 9 m ) wooden structure at Jackson Avenue in Rutherford . The wooden station was the common design for station depots used by the Erie Railroad , designated Type IV . In 1889 , upon opening of the station , formerly called West Rutherford , the station received eighteen trains from New York City and Jersey City daily , seventeen to New York City daily , and ten fewer trips on weekend each . The fare to get to Carlton Hill from Jersey City was 0 . 35 for one way tickets , and 0 . 50 for round trips . The Erie 's Family Commutation Service , which was 50 trips , cost the rider 8 . 75 . On September 6 , 1911 , a woman named Elizabeth King was struck and killed by an Erie Railroad passenger train at Carlton Hill . The woman , heading to Passaic to visit her daughter in the local hospital for an operation , was of poor eyesight and was unable to see the train . At the time , the Erie had not implemented unk fencing , but the intersection with Jackson Avenue had been given flashing lights and bells to signify the oncoming train . After the incident , the New Jersey State Legislature got involved with the case and gave the Erie suggestions to add unk fencing at Carlton Hill to prevent another such incident . Passaic Plan and closing During the 1950s and 1960s , several different priorities from different agencies around the cities of Paterson and Passaic were beginning to form . The Delaware , Lackawanna and Western , a competing railroad with the Erie , wanted to condense ( along with the Erie ) services and share trackage because of financial troubles . Secondly , the city officials in Passaic had first brought a proposal to the Erie asking about the removal of the main line through the city , which was tying up traffic in the city during station stops . This , however , was not implemented during the 1950s , as proposed . Instead , the Erie reconstructed the stations at Passaic and Clifton . Third , the New Jersey State Highway Department needed rights of way for Interstate 80 through Paterson and State Route 21 through Passaic ( right where Passaic Park station and BE Drawbridge were located ) . After the merge on October 17 , 1960 , between the Delaware , Lackawanna and Western and the Erie , the city officials in Passaic once again brought back the possibility of removing the tracks through Main Street , Passaic . This time , the newly formed Erie Lackawanna went forward with it , beginning the process to move its main line onto the former Boonton Branch and Newark Branch through Lyndhurst , Passaic and Clifton . The main line was abandoned past Carlton Hill , and BE Drawbridge was swung in the open position , and soon put up for sale price of 0 . 00 in 1964 by the mayor of Passaic . After the abandonment of the Erie Railroad 's main line through the city of Passaic , the two tracked stub from Rutherford and Bergen Junction westward through Carlton Hill remained in service as the Carlton Hill Branch . This alignment received most of the deadhead trains , but there was a limited set of Carlton Hill Rutherford Hoboken trains , making only those two stops . In October 1966 , along with the Newark Branch and the spur of the New York Greenwood Lake to Wanaque , the Carlton Hill Branch service was discontinued and the station no longer received passenger trains . The station building was later demolished , and only the tracks and asphalt platform remain to this date at Jackson Avenue . The company retains ownership .
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3,383 | The Sonderkraftfahrzeug 8 ( special motorized vehicle 8 ) was a German half track that saw widespread use in World War II . Its main roles were as a prime mover for heavy towed guns such as the 21 cm unk 18 , the 15 cm unk 18 and the 10 . 5 cm FlaK 38 . Approximately 4 , 000 were produced between 1938 and 1945 . It was used in every campaign fought by the Germans in World War II , notably the Invasion of Poland , the Battle of France , the Balkans Campaign , the Eastern Front , the North African Campaign , the Battle of Normandy and the Italian Campaign . Description The Sd.Kfz. 8 had a ladder frame chassis . Power was provided by a Maybach 12 cylinder , water cooled , 8 . 52 litre ( 520 cu in ) HL 85 unk gasoline engine of 185 horsepower ( 188 PS ) . It had a semi automatic ZF transmission with four forward and one reverse gears . The driver selected the desired gear and initiated the shift by depressing the clutch . It had two fuel tanks , one of 40 litres ( 11 US gal ) and the other of 210 litres ( 55 US gal ) capacity . Both tracks and wheels were used for steering . The steering system was set up so that shallow turns used only the wheels , but brakes would be applied to the tracks the farther the steering wheel was turned . The drive sprocket had rollers rather than the more common teeth . The rear suspension consisted of six double roadwheels , overlapping and interleaved in the usual Schachtellaufwerk system used for German half track vehicles , mounted on swing arms sprung by torsion bars . An idler wheel , mounted at the rear of the vehicle , was used to control track tension . The front wheels had leaf springs and shock absorbers . The upper body had a crew compartment with three bench seats , one for the driver and his assistant , and two others for the crew . The rear cargo area contained storage compartments , one on each side and two in the rear . The windshield could fold forward and was also removable . A convertible canvas top was mounted above the rear storage compartments . It fastened to the windshield when erected . The Sd.Kfz. 8 was initially designed to have a towing capacity of 12 tonnes ( 12 long tons 13 short tons ) , but the wartime DB 10 could tow 14 tonnes ( 14 long tons 15 short tons ) . Design and development Preliminary design of all the German half tracks of the early part of the war was done by Dipl.Ing. Ernst Kniepkamp of the Military Automotive Department ( Wa Prf 6 ) before the Nazis took power in 1933 . His designs were then turned over to commercial firms for development and testing . Daimler Benz had been working on its own half track design during 1931 32 , the unk It weighed 9 . 3 tonnes ( 9 . 2 long tons 10 . 3 short tons ) , used a twelve cylinder , 150 horsepower ( 150 PS ) Maybach DSO 8 gasoline engine and its upper body had three bench seats behind the driver . Its suspension was based on the World War I era unk II and bore absolutely no relation to the interleaved roadwheels and torsion bars used by the various models of the Sd.Kfz. 8 . Daimler Benz combined the best of both designs in the DB unk prototype which appeared in 1934 . It used the same engine as the unk , but otherwise bore little resemblance to the older model other than an upper body that had two bench seats for the crew behind the driver 's seat . This upper body remained the same over the life of the Sd.Kfz. 8 . It weighed 14 . 4 tonnes ( 14 . 2 long tons 15 . 9 short tons ) and could pull loads of 12 tonnes ( 12 long tons 13 short tons ) . An improved version was introduced in 1936 as the DB unk . The heavier ( 15 tonnes ( 15 long tons 17 short tons ) ) DB 9 model appeared in 1938 . It used the Maybach HL 85 unk engine , could carry an 800 kilograms ( 1 , 800 lb ) payload and could tow a 14 tonnes ( 14 long tons 15 short tons ) load . Daimler Benz tried unsuccessfully to use their diesel OM 48 1 engine , but it was repeatedly rejected by the Army Weapons Office . The DB 10 was a refined version of the DB 9 and was introduced in October 1939 and was produced for the duration of the war . Variants Ten 8 . 8 cm Flak 18 anti aircraft guns were mounted on pedestals on DB unk and DB 9 chassis in 1939 as the 8 . 8 cm Flak 18 ( unk . ) auf Zugkraftwagen unk ( Sd.Kfz. 8 ) for anti tank duties . A gun shield was provided for the 88 , but the gun crew had no other protection . The driver 's cab was replaced by a lower , armored cupola and the engine compartment was lightly ( 14 . 5 millimetres ( 0 . 57 in ) ) armored . The vehicle weighed 20 tonnes ( 20 long tons 22 short tons ) , was 7 . 35 metres ( 24 . 1 ft ) long , 2 . 8 metres ( 9 . 2 ft ) tall and 2 . 65 metres ( 8 . 7 ft ) wide . The gun could fire directly ahead without any problem , but traverse was limited to 151 to each side by the gun shield . Elevation was between 3 and 15 . All ten were assigned to the first company of the anti tank battalion Panzerjger Abteilung 8 which participated in the Invasion of Poland in 1939 , the Battle of France in 1940 and Operation Barbarossa in 1941 . The company was redesignated as Panzerjger Kompanie ( Anti Tank Company ) 601 in January 1942 and then as the third company of Anti Tank Battalion 559 the following April . It reported that the last three vehicles had been lost by March 1943 . Production and use Daimler Benz and Krupp were the main builders of the Sd.Kfz. 8 during the war , but Krauss Maffei produced 315 in 1940 41 and koda joined in the last years of the war . 1615 were on hand on 20 December 1942 . 507 were built in 1943 and 602 in 1944 . Approximately 4000 were built in total . The Sd.Kfz. 8 was used by Czechoslovakia after the war , but it is not known if production continued at koda or when they were finally discarded . Unlike most of the other German half tracks , the Sd.Kfz. 8 was almost always used as a tractor for heavy artillery pieces and was not modified for other roles .
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3,384 | The Hall XPTBH was a prototype American twin engined seaplane , submitted to the United States Navy by the Hall Aluminum Aircraft Corporation in response to a 1934 specification for new bomber and scout aircraft . Constructed in an innovative fashion that made extensive use of aluminum , the XPTBH proved successful in flight testing , but failed to win favor with the U.S. Navy . No production contract was awarded , and the single aircraft built served in experimental duties before its destruction in a hurricane during 1938 . Design and development In late 1934 , the U.S. Navy 's Bureau of Aeronautics ( BuAer ) issued a specification for new scout bomber and torpedo bomber designs . Eight companies submitted a total of ten designs in response , evenly split between monoplanes and biplanes . The Hall Aluminum Aircraft Company submitted the only seaplane design a single prototype was ordered by the Navy for evaluation on June 30 , 1934 . Given the designation XPTBH 1 , it became the only aircraft to receive three mission type letters under the U.S. Navy 's designation system used between 1922 and 1962 . Hall 's choice of the twin float seaplane configuration was dictated by the Navy 's requirement that the new torpedo bomber design should be capable of carrying a standard naval torpedo of the type carried by destroyers . As ordered , the XPTBH 1 was intended to be fitted with Wright R 1820 Cyclone radial engines delays in design caused by Hall relocating their production facility , difficulties with the contract , and doubts about the aircraft 's performance potential led to a redesign , the aircraft becoming slightly smaller and the engines being changed to a pair of Pratt Whitney R 1830 Twin Wasp radials . The changes to the aircraft resulted in it receiving the revised designation XPTBH 2 . Utilising Hall 's standard aluminum tubular spar , the fuselage and wing leading edges were covered in aluminum , while the rest of the wing and the control surfaces were fabric covered . The aircraft was well armed defensively by 1930s standards , with a powered turret , designed by Hall , mounted in the nose and carrying a single .30 caliber machine gun . Hand traversed mountings for a pair of machine guns were fitted in dorsal ( top ) and ventral ( belly ) positions aft . An optically flat glass panel was fitted in the nose below the turret for use by the bombardier the aircraft 's offensive weaponry , consisting of a Mark XIII aerial torpedo or , alternatively , up to 2 , 000 pounds ( 910 kg ) of bombs , was carried in an internal bomb bay , the twin float arrangement allowing for a clear release of the weaponry . Operational history Delivered to the Navy on January 30 , 1937 , the aircraft was officially presented to the public at Hall 's Bristol , Pennsylvania factory in April of that year . The aircraft 's early flight testing , starting in February and conducted by test pilot Bill McAvoy , showed that the XPTBH had few faults , with the only significant issue being a lack of roll authority a reduction of the ability of the ailerons to turn the aircraft as a result of the surface area of the floats . A modification to increase the area of the rudder solved the issue . The aircraft 's water handling characteristics were found to be excellent the only significant complaints that surfaced during the testing period concerned the XPTBH 2 's beaching gear , which was found to be extremely difficult to use in anything other than the calmest water . Although the XPTBH 2 met most of its design specifications and was rated overall very good in flight testing , it failed to meet the contractual requirements for top speed and attack speed . In addition , the U.S. Navy did not consider a seagoing torpedo bomber to be an aircraft for which there was an operational requirement the fact that as a floatplane the aircraft was restricted to operation from water was also considered a negative , while the aircraft 's three in one role led it to be viewed as a jack of all trades , purpose designed aircraft for each role being considered superior . The company , however , blamed Navy politics for the lack of a production order . Following the conclusion of its test program , the XPTBH 2 was used for experimental duties at the Naval Torpedo Station in Newport , Rhode Island , participating in trials of aerial torpedoes . Its service at Newport came to an end on September 21 , 1938 , when the XPTBH 2 was destroyed during the Great New England Hurricane . The XPTBH 2 was the last aircraft designed by Hall Aluminum the company remained in business until 1940 , when it was bought out by Consolidated Aircraft . Specifications ( XPTBH 2 ) Data from unk 1990 , Trimble 2005 , Boyne 2001 General characteristics Crew four ( pilot , copilot navigator bombardier , flight mechanic gunner , radio operator gunner ) Length 55 ft 11 in ( 17 . 04 m ) Wingspan 79 ft 4 in ( 24 . 18 m ) Height 24 ft 1 in ( 7 . 34 m ) Wing area 828 sq ft ( 76 . 9 m2 ) Airfoil Clark YM Empty weight 11 , 992 lb ( 5 , 439 kg ) Gross weight 17 , 983 lb ( 8 , 157 kg ) Max takeoff weight 21 , 414 lb ( 9 , 713 kg ) Powerplant 2 Pratt Whitney XR 1830 60 radial piston engines , 800 hp ( 600 kW ) each Propellers 3 bladed Curtiss constant speed Performance Maximum speed 182 mph 293 km h ( 158 kn ) Cruise speed 170 mph ( 148 kn 274 km h ) Range 2 , 621 mi 4 , 219 km ( 2 , 278 nmi ) Combat range 850 mi 1 , 369 km ( 739 nmi ) with torpedo Service ceiling 20 , 400 ft ( 6 , 218 m ) at 17 , 983 pounds ( 8 , 157 kg ) mission weight Time to altitude 5 . 3 minutes to 5 , 000 feet ( 1 , 500 m ) Wing loading 25 . 8 lb sq ft ( 126 kg m2 ) Armament Guns 2 x .30 caliber machine guns in nose turret and dorsal position 1 x .30 cal or .50 cal machine gun in ventral position Bombs One Mark XIII torpedo or up to 2 , 000 pounds ( 910 kg ) bombs
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3,385 | The East Washington Avenue Bridge refers to the bridges that have connected East Washington Avenue over the Pequonnock River in Bridgeport , Connecticut . Records state that a bridge was first constructed on the site in 1836 , but no description of the bridge has been found . The second bridge was a truss swing design and underwent heavy repair and modernization in 1893 . The third design was a movable Strauss underneath counter weight deck girder bascule bridge . The plans were drafted by James A. McElroy , using Joseph B. Strauss 's design in 1916 . However , construction was delayed for years because of a dispute with the contractor and a lack of funds . The bridge was completed by Bridgeport Dry Dock and Dredging when the State of Connecticut appropriated 350 , 000 to erect the bridge . Completed in 1925 , the bridge underwent several modifications throughout its service life . On July 26 , 1983 , the bridge was closed after it was found to be in danger of collapse . It reopened after repair , but was closed in the 1990s before being replaced with a modern bascule bridge in 1998 . In 2010 , the report listed the deck and superstructure conditions as Good and the substructure condition as Satisfactory . Original bridge The East Washington Avenue Bridge serves an area that was previously known as Pembroke , the name stemming from the 1650s , that grew to become a prosperous agricultural community . East of Pembroke was the village of Newfield , which was chartered as the borough of Bridgeport in 1800 . In 1821 , it became the township of Bridgeport before being chartered as a city in 1836 . The need for the bridge arose when Reverend Birdsey Noble purchased 50 acres from Senator Wright with the intention of selling housing lots . The location of the bridge was originally planned to be one quarter of a mile to the south , but it was changed through public opposition , and a toll bridge was constructed in 1836 . The description of this bridge and details of its service life and replacement have not been found in records . Second bridge The design of the second East Washington Avenue Bridge is unknown , but the survey in 1916 for its replacement documented a cantilever through truss swing that was 184 ft ( 56 m ) long . The bridge was heavily repaired and remodeled in 1893 , around this same period a trolley line was added . Two decades later , the bridge needed to be replaced and restrictions were made to extend the service life of the bridge , with trolleys , then heavy trucks being banned . The bridge 's service life ended in 1917 with its closure . Third bridge The City of Bridgeport appointed a bridge commission to replace the aging East Washington Avenue Bridge on December 7 , 1915 . The commission chose a Joseph B. Strauss 's patented design from the Strauss Bascule Bridge Company of Chicago , Illinois . The city engineer James A. McElroy drew up the plans for the bridge 's specifications and the plans were completed on February 17 , 1916 . The steel for the construction was ordered from the Penn Bridge Company . The project was suspended because of a dispute with the contractor and a lack of funds to erect the bridge , but in 1923 the State of Connecticut appropriated 350 , 000 to complete the project . Only two bids for the bridge 's erection were placed , the first by Bridgeport Dry Dock and Dredging for 326 , 575 and the second by C. W. Blakeslee and Sons for 389 , 492 with estimations varying based on extra work needed . Bridgeport Dry Dock and Dredging won the contract and the materials were shipped to Bridgeport , with work beginning mid 1924 . The completed bridge included an operator 's house and a public toilet building . The bridge , costing over 550 , 000 in total , was turned over to the city on October 14 , 1925 . Service life The original bascule deck of creosote impregnated yellow pine and the spruce plank sidewalks were replaced with concrete in the early 1940s . In 1960 , the original fender system was replaced . In June 1968 , the ornamental lamps were replaced with modern street lights . A 1979 inspection of the bridge found it listed in poor condition and recommended repairs totaling 820 , 000 to be completed by 1985 . A 1980 report by the Connecticut Department of Transportation listed the East Washington Avenue bridge as 1 of the 127 bridges in poor condition requiring immediate repair . The report defines poor condition as serviceable and not in danger of collapse . The Hartford Courant states that the 1979 report went unnoticed for four years and another inspection was carried out in 1982 also listing the bridge in poor condition . After the unk River Bridge collapsed on June 29 , 1983 , a state wide assessment of bridges began . An engineering firm , Flaherty and unk , reported that a critical beam had nearly rusted through , prompting the bridge 's closure . Bridgeport 's mayor Leonard S. Paoletta said the bridge could collapse at any moment . The bridge was closed on July 26 , 1983 , around 3 p.m. Eastern Standard Time as a response to Flaherty and unk 's report . Repairs were completed and the bridge was reopened on August 10 , 1983 . The repairs billed at 5 , 000 were a temporary solution and the bridge was slated to close in February 1984 when 1 . 5 million in funds were unavailable . Current bridge The bridge was closed in the 1990s and a replacement bridge was required . In 1998 , the demolition and construction of a modern bascule bridge replaced the previous East Washington Avenue Bridge . The railings were upgraded and the original operator 's house and connected toilet building were restored . In 2010 , the current state of the bridge listed the deck and superstructure conditions as Good and the substructure condition as Satisfactory . In 2013 , the East Washington Avenue Bridge was described by officials as rarely opening to accommodate marine traffic .
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3,386 | Pnana Leo ( Hawaiian voice nest often translated as language nest ) are private , non profit preschools run by families , in which the Hawaiian language is the language of instruction and administration . Initially opened illegally , the first Pnana Leo opened in 1984 in Kekaha , Kaua 'i . Based on the practices of 19th century Hawaiian language schools , as well as the unk reo Mori language kindergartens in New Zealand , the Pnana Leo was the first indigenous language immersion preschool project in the United States ( Wilson 1999b 4 unk Rawlins 1999 1 ) . Graduates from the Pnana Leo schools have achieved several measures of academic success in later life . As of 2006 , there were a total of 11 Pnana Leo preschools , with locations on five of the Hawaiian islands . History Establishment of the Pnana Leo schools involved a long political struggle , including boycotts of the public schools ( Wilson 1998a 335 336 McCarty 2003 155 ) . Using the Hawaiian language as a medium of education was outlawed in 1896 , and legal constraints against its use were maintained by territorial and U.S. state governments until 1986 ( Wilson 1998b 128 129 ) . A renaissance of Hawaiian culture and politics in the 1970s brought a new focus to the topic of the revitalization of the Hawaiian language . Among its many consequences was the reestablishment of Hawaiian as an official language by a state constitutional convention in 1978 , as part of a recognition of the cultural and linguistic rights of the people of Hawaii . Despite the revitalization of the Hawaiian language , many legal barriers remained in force as a legacy of past policies . In particular , public school education using Hawaiian as the language of instruction was banned by a law requiring the use of English as the medium of instruction through grade eight . The law more relevant to the private Pnana Leo was one which effectively banned the last remaining native speakers of Hawaiian from being teachers because they lacked , and were very unlikely ever to obtain , the proper credentials ( Wilson 1998b 132 Wilson 1999a 333 ) . The initial removal of these legal barriers required three years of lobbying by families supporting the Pnana Leo schools . Opponents to the lobbying effort , including in particular the existing the preschool establishment , cited the potential harm to a child s development that being educated by untrained individuals might cause ( Wilson 1999a 333 ) . After laws were revised , the public school system was slow to provide Hawaiian language instruction across all age levels of students , so parents in different communities began to boycott the public schools at each stage as their children advanced from preschool to kindergarten to elementary school to middle school , in a progression from an initially illegal preschool to a boycott kindergarten , a state elementary school , and a boycott intermediate school ( Wilson 1999b 4 Wilson 1998b 132 ) . Eventually , these efforts led to the establishment of immersion streams or tracks , known as schools within schools , within existing school facilities ( McCarty 2003 153 ) . Today the Pnana Leo preschools form the core of the Aha Pnana Leo Language nest corporation or Language nest gathering ( Wilson unk 2001 149 ) , the organization which has provided the impetus for the reestablishment of a Hawaiian language educational system which also includes K 12 immersion schools and doctoral level programs in the language ( McIvor 2005 10 Leo 2006 ) . The Aha Pnana Leo produces curriculum and teacher training for its preschools . The first ever class of Pnana Leo students graduated from high school in 1999 , and in 2002 the Hilo campus of the University of Hawaii awarded the first master 's degree completed entirely in the Hawaiian language ( Edwards 2002 ) . As of 2006 , there were a total of 11 Pnana Leo preschools , with locations on five of the Hawaiian islands Hawai i , Maui , unk i , O unk and Kaua i ( Leo 2006 ) . Goals The schools ' goals include revitalization of the indigenous language , fostering Hawaiian identity , and other central features of a person 's life and the life of a people ( Wilson unk 2001 161 ) . Their community based , Hawaiian educational philosophy Ke unk unk unk Ola includes the use of parental labor through in kind service , and requires that parents attended language classes and administer the schools through a parent committee ( McCarty 1998 320 ) . This philosophy was based on the practices of 19th century Hawaiian medium schools ( Wilson 1998a 337 n 6 ) , as well as the unk reo Mori language kindergartens in New Zealand . The curriculum includes Hawaiian cultural practices such as gardening native plants and the foliage for lei visiting historically significant sites and the culturally important practice of ho unk ( hospitality ) . Although classes are conducted in Hawaiian , they are functionally different from foreign language immersion schools . Although early opponents suggested the Pnana Leo schools would harm students ' academic development , graduates from the schools have achieved several measures of academic success in later life . This is true despite the fact that the emphasis of the schools is on language revitalization rather than academic achievement Immersion students have garnered prestigious scholarships , enrolled in college courses while still in high school , and passed the state university 's English composition assessments , despite receiving the majority of their English , science and mathematics instruction in Hawaiian . Student achievement on standardised tests has equalled ... or surpassed that of Native Hawaiian children enrolled in English language schools , even in English language arts ( McCarty 2006 38 ) . These academic benefits come in addition to language revitalization and an increased realization of cultural pride .
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3,387 | General Edwin Donayre ( born January 8 , 1952 ) is a retired Peruvian military officer and former Commanding General of the Peruvian Army ( 2006 2008 ) . General Donayre previously served as commander of the Center Military Region , the Southern Military Region and the 2nd Infantry Brigade . He assumed the role of commanding general on December 5 , 2006 , replacing General Csar unk , who resigned amid accusations of corruption . During his tenure , Donayre was accused of corruption and obstructing inquiries into human rights violations . He was also at the center of an international controversy when a video surfaced in the media showing him making anti Chilean remarks at a private party . He retired on December 5 , 2008 and was replaced by General Otto unk . Military career Edwin Donayre was born on January 8 , 1952 in the city of Ayacucho in the highlands of Peru . He attended San Juan Bosco school , a Salesian institution in his hometown , and studied at a seminary for two years before studying two years of Chemical Engineering at the San Cristbal of unk University . Donayre 's military career started at the Chorrillos Military School , where his first year grades earned him a scholarship to continue his formation in Argentina . At the National Military College in Buenos Aires he graduated with honors as a military engineer . In active duty Donayre has served four times in regions under state of emergency due to Shining Path guerrilla activity and five times in frontier regions . He has held several command posts , among them commander of the 20th Combat Engineer Battalion , director of the Army Engineer School , commander of the 2nd Infantry Brigade , commander of the Southern Military Region , and commander of the Central Military Region . Commanding General Donayre 's tenure as Commanding General of the army was controversial from the start due to corruption allegations and an international incident with Chile . Opposition leader unk unk criticized Donayre 's designation as irregular because at that time he was not serving as general of any of the three major army divisions as stipulated by Peruvian law . As commander of the Army , Donayre was also accused of acquiring 50 , 000 American made MREs military rations to supply troops deployed against Shining Path guerrillas in the unk and unk river valleys , instead of acquiring cheaper , locally made alternatives . An attempt to buy 50 , 000 more rations led to an inquiry by the Ministry of Defense . According to a report by the army inspector general , Francisco Vargas , Donayre requested 80 , 000 gallons of fuel without clear justification when he was commander of the Southern Military Region , between January and September 2006 , and diverted part of it to army headquarters in Lima . This led to an investigation by the anti corruption prosecutor , Marlene unk , but , despite being summoned six times , Donayre did not show up at her office . He finally attended her request on November 25 , 2008 in his testimony he denied any wrongdoing and claimed that the Southern Military Region actually received less fuel under his command than in the previous year . The general 's stance on human rights issues has also been quite controversial . It has been reported that he was behind the Army 's refusal to provide any information on the 1984 massacre at the village of unk . Requests issued on June 2008 by prosecutor Rubn Lpez for a detailed report on the military personnel deployed there at that time were answered the following month by the Defense Ministry stating that the Army did not have any information on the subject in its archives . Donayre also joined a campaign to raise funds to defend armed forces personnel accused of committing human rights abuses during the internal conflict in Peru . International controversy Donayre became the center of an international controversy on November 24 , 2008 , when Peruvian media showed a YouTube video in which the general said We are not going to let Chileans pass by ( ... ) A Chilean who enters will not leave . Or will leave in a coffin . And if there aren 't sufficient coffins , there will be plastic bags . The video , dated to 2006 or 2007 , was recorded during a party at a friend 's house attended by army officials and civilians . These comments caused widespread indignation in Chile , making headlines in the El Mercurio newspaper . The Peruvian president , Alan Garca , called his Chilean counterpart , Michelle Bachelet , to explain that these remarks did not reflect official Peruvian policy . Bachelet declared herself satisfied with the explanations . On November 28 , in response to this incident , a Chilean government spokesman stated that a scheduled visit to Chile by the Peruvian defense minister , Antero Flores Aroz , might be inopportune given the circumstances . The following day , Flores Aroz announced his decision to postpone his trip after conferring with the Foreign Affairs Minister , Jos Garca Belande . Several members of the Peruvian government commented on the spokesman 's remarks including president Garca who said the country did not accept pressure or orders from anybody outside of Peru . Donayre defended the video , declaring that Peruvian citizens have a right to say whatever they want at private gatherings and that even though he is scheduled to retire on December 5 he will not be forced to resign early under external pressure . As a consequence of these exchanges , tensions between Peru and Chile rose again president Bachelet met with top aides on December 1 to discuss the matter and possible courses of action . Meanwhile , in Lima , Congressman Gustavo Espinoza became the center of attention as the main suspect of leaking the video to Chilean press and politicians . Donayre ended his tenure as Commanding General of the Army on December 5 , 2008 , as expected president Alan Garca appointed General Otto unk as his replacement .
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3,388 | Wouldn 't Take Nothing for My Journey Now , published in 1993 , is African American writer and poet Maya Angelou 's first book of essays . It was published shortly after she recited her poem On the Pulse of Morning at President Bill Clinton 's 1993 inauguration . Journey consists of a series of short essays , often autobiographical , along with two poems , and has been called one of Angelou 's wisdom books . It is titled after a lyric in the song Keep Your Eyes on the Prize . At the time of its publication , Angelou was already well respected and popular as a writer and poet . Like her previous works , Journey received generally positive reviews . Background Wouldn 't Take Nothing for My Journey Now ( 1993 ) is Maya Angelou 's first book of essays , published shortly after she recited her poem On the Pulse of Morning at the inauguration of US President Bill Clinton , making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy 's 1961 inauguration . Her recitation resulted in more recognition for her previous works and broadened her appeal across racial , economic , and educational boundaries . Journey is , together with the 1997 book Even the Stars Look Lonesome , one of the volumes that writer Hilton Als called Angelou 's wisdom book , comprising homilies strung together with autobiographical texts . Journey was published during the period between her fifth and sixth autobiographies , All God 's Children Need Traveling Shoes ( 1986 ) and A Song Flung Up to Heaven ( 2002 ) . Angelou 's second book of essays , Even the Stars Look Lonesome , was published in 1997 . She had earlier published several volumes of poetry , including the Pulitzer Prize nominated Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie ( 1971 ) . Angelou 's first personal essays were published in Essence in late 1992 . The positive response from her readers and the encouragement of her friend Oprah Winfrey inspired her to write Journey . She later admitted that the public 's response was puzzling to her . She also stated that she attempted to be accessible to her readers in the book . Journey appeared on The New York Times bestseller list and had an initial printing of 300 , 000 copies . The Los Angeles Times , in a report about the 1993 financial struggles of Angelou 's publisher , Random House , speculated that the success of Journey partly compensated for the publisher 's other losses . By 1993 , when Journey was published , Angelou had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women . She was , as scholar Joanne Braxton stated , without a doubt ... America 's most visible black woman autobiographer . She had also become , as reviewer Richard Long stated , a major autobiographical voice of the time . Angelou was one of the first African American female writers to publicly discuss her personal life , and one of the first to use herself as a central character in her books . Writer Julian Mayfield , who called her first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings a work of art that eludes description , stated that Angelou 's series set a precedent not only for other Black women writers , but for the genre of autobiography as a whole . Overview Wouldn 't Take Nothing for My Journey Now consists of 24 journalistic homilies or meditations , many of which are autobiographical , that range in number from 63 to a few hundred words . unk Carpenter of Religion News Service considered Journey as a part of the increase in popularity of motivational and inspirational books written by and for African Americans during the mid 1990s . The book 's topics include fashion , entertainment , sensuality and pregnancy , racism and death . Her character sketches are similar to the descriptions of people , including those of herself , that appear throughout her autobiographies . The book contains two poems , Mrs. V.B. about her mother Vivian Baxter , who was one of the first Black females to join the merchant marines , and an untitled poem about the similarities between all people , despite their racial and cultural differences . The book 's title , which Angelou called a great song , was taken from a gospel song first recorded by The Happy Goodman Family , which became their signature song , in the late 1950s Reviews As with Angelou 's previous works , reviews of Wouldn 't Take Nothing for My Journey Now were generally positive . Mary Jane Lupton compared the essays in Journey to traditional Asian poetry and to the writings of Confucius . Many reviewers saw similarities between the essays in the book and Angelou 's autobiographical writing . Anne Patterson Rabon , who was emotionally impacted by Angelou 's essays , praised Angelou for her effective use of essays to tell her story and to illustrate her points . Lupton compared many of the events and character sketches in this book to descriptions in Angelou 's autobiographies . She compared two essays about Angelou 's grandmother to the descriptions in Angelou 's first autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , and the essay Extending the Boundaries to her quarrel with her husband 's mistress in The Heart of a Woman . Marigold A. Clark of the Bowling Green , Kentucky Daily News called Journey an autobiography like none other . She praised Angelou for using her experiences as examples . Genevieve unk of Publishers Weekly called the essays in Journey quietly inspirational pieces . Anne Whitehouse of The New York Times wrote that the book would appeal to readers in search of clear messages with easily digested meanings . Patterson Rabon stated that the book sings like the song from which it got its title . Journey made an emotional impact on Clark , who stated The reader can almost hear her voice through the written words . Paul D. Colford of the Los Angeles Times said that the essays in the book pass as easily as an evening breeze .
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3,389 | The Isidore H. Heller House is a house located at unk South Woodlawn Avenue in the Hyde Park community area of Chicago in Cook County , Illinois , USA . The house was designed by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright . The design is credited as one of the turning points in Wright 's shift to geometric , Prairie School architecture , which is defined by horizontal lines , flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves , windows grouped in horizontal bands , and an integration with the landscape , which is meant to evoke native Prairie surroundings . The work demonstrates Wright 's shift away from emulating the style of his mentor , Louis Sullivan . Richard Bock , a Wright collaborator and sculptor , provided some of the ornamentation , including a plaster frieze . The ownership history of this building demonstrates the property 's evolution and development in the framework of surrounding Hyde Park buildings , and the building 's location in the current community near other Prairie School architecture includes this building into the overall body of Lloyd Wright 's work . The Heller House was designated a Chicago Landmark on September 15 , 1971 , and added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 16 , 1972 . On 18 August 2004 , the U.S. Department of the Interior designated the house a National Historic Landmark . History Little is known about Isidore H. Heller and his family , but what is known has been compiled through personal interviews as well as census and county records . Heller was born in Austria in 1847 , and his wife , Ida , was born in Wisconsin in 1857 . In America , Heller worked at Wolf , Sayer , and Heller Packers and Butcher s Supplies , which was located on Fulton Street , Chicago , on the northwest side of the city . Heller and Ida were later married and had three children , including Walter Heller , a Chicago investment banker . Heller purchased land in the Hyde Park area of Chicago from Jonas Hamburger on 2 January 1895 and commissioned Lloyd Wright to design the house in 1896 . A building permit was issued on 13 July 1897 , at a cost of 7 . 70 , and named William Adams as the builder . The building was constructed on the 50 by 175 feet ( 15 by 53 m ) lot in 1897 . The total cost of the work is estimated at 12 , 500 . In 1906 , the lot was enlarged when Heller purchased an additional 25 feet ( 7 . 6 m ) to the north of his original plot . The unk lived in the house for about 16 years , until the death of Ida Heller on October 11 , 1909 . The house was sold to Francis Bickett on 18 June 1913 , as records indicate that by 1915 , Heller had been living in Silver Lake for some years . Bickett sold the house within a year to Charles McFarlane , and from 1924 39 the Heller House was owned and occupied by Joseph Mayer and his wife the house became known as the Joseph Mayer House to local residents . The Mayers sold the home to Mr. and Mrs. Wilfred Fox in 1939 , who reportedly made alterations to the home 's third floor . In 1948 , George Watson purchased the home from Fox and owned it for the next 25 years , becoming the owner with the longest tenure . Lewis Bradford then bought the house in 1972 , and had the exterior sandblasted . In 1977 , Victor and Danielle unk bought the house . They occupied it until 1987 , when it was sold to David and Catherine Epstein , who sold the home to unk unk and Judith Bromley , in 1995 . They restored a bathroom and restored the master bedroom 's fireplace . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in the same year . The house was then sold in 2004 again to the current inhabitants the Goldstein family , who in 2006 restored the roof of the house . Architecture When Wright designed the Heller House in 1896 , it marked his move away from styles that were popular into an era of geometric and highly modern designs . Wright 's design exhibits the influence of Wright 's mentor , Louis Sullivan , and demonstrates Wright 's move towards Prairie School homes which would epitomize much of his early work . Sullivan 's influence can also be seen in the floral pattern of the Richard Bock plaster frieze on the home 's third floor , although during the 1970s , restoration work which utilized sandblasting destroyed much of the detail on the frieze . The 26 by 98 feet ( 7 . 9 by 29 . 9 m ) rectangular house stands 41 feet ( 12 m ) high and was built with Indiana Limestone , and yellow Roman brick , which emphasizes the geometric and horizontal nature of the home 's exterior . The house was constructed on a narrow lot , so the main entryway is located on the side of the building , similar to Wright 's Warren McArthur House of 1892 . The south side entrance was adorned with Classical detailing and the cantilevered entry lintel , which sits on two ornately detailed stone columns , was decorated with quatrefoils ( French Four leaves ) which were set on a stone panel . The front room is not split by a corridor or side hall , making it more spacious . Significance The Heller House was Wright 's first work in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago , an area that was influenced by the Gothic Revival work of Henry Ives Cobb . The house blends together key elements of Wright 's Prairie style and is located within a half mile of other early works . Wright 's Robie House is six blocks from the Heller House , and the Blossom House and McArthur House are nearby , in Kenwood . Many of the Hyde Park houses of Chicago are surrounded by elaborate gardens , and have been the subject of an ongoing neighborhood revitalization since the late 1950s . Hyde Park experienced an explosion of growth after the Township 's incorporation into the city of Chicago in 1889 , the establishment of the University of Chicago in 1892 , and the Columbian Exposition in 1893 . The design of the Heller House was unlike any other home in Chicago at the time it was built and was called Wright 's most outrageous design .
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3,390 | The TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship was a women 's professional wrestling tag team championship owned by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion . It was contested for mainly by teams consisting of two female wrestlers in TNA , known as the TNA Knockouts , in TNA 's women 's division however , the championship was once held by a male . The creation of the championship was announced on August 20 , 2009 during a backstage segment on TNA 's primary television program TNA Impact . Like most professional wrestling championships , the title is won via the result of a scripted match . Sarita and Taylor Wilde were the inaugural champions . They won a four week tournament to crown the first champions . The final champions were ODB and Eric Young , who held the titles for a record 478 days . On the June 20 , 2013 episode of Impact Wrestling , Knockouts Division Executive Brooke Hogan stripped ODB and Young of the title because Young is a male talent , despite the fact that he had been a male for the prior 478 days . This ultimately resulted in the titles being deactivated , as it 's no longer listed among TNA 's active championships . History TNA Knockout TNA Knockout , or just Knockout for short , is the term used by TNA to refer to its onscreen female employees this is similar to TNA 's main rival World Wrestling Entertainment and their Divas pseudonym . TNA 's first women 's accomplishment was announced at TNA 's first weekly pay per view event on June 19 , 2002 . It was called the Miss TNA crown . The holder of the crown was determined in a lingerie battle royal on June 19 , 2002 , which aired on June 26 , 2002 . The participants in the match were Alexis Laree , Elektra , Erin Bray , Francine , Miss Joni , Sasha , Shannon , Taylor Vaughn , and Teresa Tyler . Vaughn last eliminated Elektra to win the crown . The TNA Knockout of the Year is another award in TNA given to the knockout who achieved the most or had the best run that year . The most recent Knockout of the Year was Gail Kim in 2007 no award was given out in 2008 . In October 2007 at TNA 's Bound for Glory PPV event , TNA established their first women 's championship , with Gail Kim winning a 10 knockout gauntlet match to become the first TNA Women 's Knockout Champion . Ms. Brooks , Christy Hemme , Awesome Kong , Roxxi Laveaux , Talia Madison , Shelly Martinez , Jackie Moore , ODB , and Angel Williams were also involved in the match . Two DVDs on the topic of the TNA Knockouts have been released by TNA . The first was named Knockouts The Ladies of TNA Wrestling Vol.1 and was released on August 29 , 2006 . Knocked Out The Women of TNA Wrestling was the second , being released on October 7 , 2008 . Championship Tournament On the August 20 , 2009 episode of Impact , backstage interviewer Lauren , who was standing with and about to interview Christy Hemme , Tara , Taylor Wilde , and Sarita , announced that TNA were planning to host an eight team single elimination tag team tournament to crown the first ever TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champions . After a four way match consisting of Hemme , Traci Brooks , Sarita , and Awesome Kong , TNA commentators Mike Tenay and Taz announced that the first round match of the tournament would take place on the August 27 episode of Impact with Kong and Raisha Saeed facing Brooks and Sharmell . Kong and Saeed wound up winning the match , and moving to the next round of the tournament . On the September 3 episode of Impact , the team of Hemme and Tara defeated the team of Hamada and Sojournor Bolt to move onto round two of the tournament . The next week on Impact , the team of Sarita and Taylor Wilde defeated Alissa Flash and Daffney to also advance to round two . Later in that same episode , Angelina Love and Velvet Sky ( collectively known as The Beautiful People ) defeated the team of Madison Rayne and Roxxi . Round two began on the September 17 episode of Impact , with the encounters of Kong and Saeed versus Sarita and Wilde and The Beautiful People versus Hemme and Tara . The first bout pitted Hemme and Tara against The Beautiful People , with the latter being victorious . Sarita and Wilde won the second encounter over Kong and Saeed . The finals for the tournament were then set for TNA 's No Surrender PPV event , with The Beautiful People versus Sarita and Wilde . Sarita and Wilde defeated Madison Rayne , a substitute for Angelina Love who had been released from her contract prior to the event , and Velvet Sky ( also collectively known as The Beautiful People ) on September 20 at No Surrender to become the first official TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champions . Tournament Bracket Belt designs The actual physical title belts were first shown at No Surrender . The belts introduced have a red strap with two small gold plates and one large gold plate . In the center of each plate stands a figure resembling a globe made out of gold . On the outer edge of the plate are red gems , which circle the entire plate . The center golden plate of the belt has TNA 's official logo engraved in the very center with the words Knockouts Tag Team above it and the words Wrestling Champion below . Reigns The inaugural champions were Sarita and Wilde , who defeated The Beautiful People ( Rayne and Sky ) in the finals of an eight team tournament to crown the first TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champions . At 478 days , Eric Young and ODB hold the record for the longest reign in the title 's history . Awesome Kong 's and Hamada 's only reign holds the record for the shortest reign in the title 's history at 63 days . As of June 27 , 2013 , the championships are retired due to TNA not having enough female talent for a Tag Team Division . Young is the first and only male wrestler to have held the title . Overall , there have been 9 reigns shared between 15 wrestlers and 9 teams . Combined reigns By team By wrestler
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3,391 | The Hogettes were a group of 12 male Washington Redskins fans who wore women 's dresses , garden party hats , and pig snouts for two purposes to cheer on their favorite NFL team and to raise money for charity . The group was founded in 1983 by Michael Torbert and became a regular fixture at Redskins games for nearly 30 years . When the group announced its retirement , effective with the end of the 2012 season , it had 12 active and 15 former members , including three who have been featured in an exhibit at the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the VISA Hall of Fans . The group retains a high profile largely because of their outrageous costumes , but also because of their frequent work for charitable organizations . The Hogettes have appeared in a national advertising campaign for VISA , and they provide support for many charities , including Children 's Miracle Network , Ronald McDonald House , and March of Dimes . They have raised over US 100 million for these and other charitable causes . Despite their philanthropic work , the Hogettes are disliked by some and have even been attacked by fans of opposing teams . History The origin of the Hogettes can be traced to October 1983 when Michael Torbert ( Mikey T. ) , founder of the group , went to a Halloween party at his grandmother 's retirement home wearing one of her old dresses as a costume . The costume was such a hit that he gathered a group of men who he thought were tough enough to go out in public in a dress . The group would go to children 's hospitals to cheer up sick children . On November 27 , 1983 , the group attended their first Washington Redskins football game in full drag , but with the addition of pig snout masks , in reference to The Hogs , the nickname of the Redskins offensive line players . Led by Mikey T. , now known as Boss Hogette , the group became regular fixtures at Redskins home games , both at their old home of RFK Stadium and their new home of FedExField . The group made more than 100 appearances each year for charitable events , and Mikey T. and two other Hogettes were inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as ultimate Redskins fans . There were a total of 27 members of the group from 1983 to 2012 , with twelve active members at conclusion . Though they have considerable notoriety , they receive no special treatment or official recognition from the Redskins . After the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season , the Hogettes announced they would be retiring their iconic outfits after 30 years of appearances . Origin of the name In the 1980s , the Washington Redskins ' Offensive Line coach , Joe unk , began to refer to his linemen as Hogs . The Hogs were credited for much of the Redskins success in the 1980s and early 1990s , including four Super Bowl appearances and three Super Bowl wins in a 10 season period from 1982 to 1991 . The group began wearing pig noses and named themselves The Hogettes in reference to the Hogs and to the Washington Redskins ' official cheerleaders , originally known as the unk . Philanthropy The Hogettes organized and attended charitable events in the Washington , D.C. , area for over twenty years . In that time , they helped raise more than US 100 million for various charities , including Children 's Miracle Network , Ronald McDonald House , and March of Dimes . Upon reaching this landmark value , Howard unk Churchill remarked , That 's a lot of money for a bunch of fat old unk in pig noses and dresses . Among these events were golf tournaments , including the Hogettes ' annual charity golf tournament , walk a unk , truck rallies , galas , and other charity benefits . While some of their charitable efforts went toward helping their local community , most of the money they raise goes toward helping children . Hogette for a Game was an annual fund raiser . In 1995 , Nick unk unk ' wife bought him this package . He subsequently became a substitute Hogette for several years before becoming an official member in 2002 . One female fan has , for several years , served as Hogette for a Game through winning annual auctions . In 2000 , she raised more than 11 , 000 for children 's charities in order to attend one game with the Hogettes that season . In an online interview with fans , Torbert stated You ... have to have a sense of humor for many things from day to day . It is tough to be humorous when the Redskins lose , but it 's even tougher to face a sick child in a hospital room , and cheer them up with our humorous looks . That 's tough . National exposure In addition to gaining national exposure through their outrageous costumes and continuous work with charitable organizations , the Hogettes were guests on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , and were featured in a VISA television commercial . Despite their generous philanthropy and positive attitude in the stands , not everyone appreciated the Hogettes . Longtime Washington Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke and Daniel Snyder the current owner both failed to embrace the Hogettes . The group was called incredibly obnoxious and annoying , and were attacked in the infamous 700 Level at Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia by angry Philadelphia Eagles fans . Members In addition to the 12 final season members , there were 15 retired official Hogettes , as well as numerous temporary and substitute members , including winners of the Hogette for a Game auction . Retirement On January 11 , 2013 , founder Michael Tolbert announced that the Hogettes were retiring after 30 years , telling the Washington Post , 30 seasons is enough of guys in pig snouts and dresses . Tolbert further states , It s a new era . It was great seeing unk and Alfred Morris break onto the scene , and it s a perfect time to retire the old era and start the new . The Hogettes insist that they will continue to be fans of the Redskins and do charity work in the Washington area .
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3,392 | The Girl Strike Leader is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film deals with labor relations when Hal Stephens disguises himself and works in a factory he was given by his father . As a laborer , he falls in love with a young working girl named Lou and protects her against a manager . Lou leads a strike when wages are ordered to be cut by 10 , but the strikers return to work on the verge of starvation . Lou , who resists , is saved by Hal who assumes control , restores the wages and removes the previous manager . The film may have been inspired by the real 1909 strike of the New York City shirtwaist makers , but the strike ended without settlement . The scenario is bears the hallmarks of the successful dime novels with an improbable resolution . Released on July 8 , 1910 , the film has received attention for presenting labor issues , but the film is presumed lost . Plot Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from July 9 , 1910 . It states Hal Stephens , a wealthy young man , devotes all his time to enjoying himself , thereby earns the disapproval of his staid old father . The elder Stephen sees the young man start off on an auto trip with some gay friends , and decides to call a halt . He notifies his son by telegram that it is time he went to work , and presents him with the factory . This arouses the merriment of his friends , but Hal declares that he will buckle down and go to work . He tells his father , however , that he desires to start incognito , and the father consents . Hal enters the factory and goes to work as an ordinary laborer , his identity being unknown to all . He meets Lou , a young working girl , and falls in love with her . The manager of the place , one Conners , tries to make love to Lou , and Hal protects her . There is an order put up reducing salaries 10 , and Lou induces the others to strike rather than to submit . The strikers , starved out , finally return to work , with the exception of Lou , who is defiant to the end . Hal finds her weeping on the steps of her home and tells her of his love . She agrees to marry him . After she has accepted him , he leads her to the factory , announces his identity , assumes possession , and restores wages to the old scale , after having discharged the rogue Conners . Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . Michael S. Shull , author of Radicalism in American Silent Films , 1909 1929 A Filmography and History , believes the scenario was inspired by a New York City shirtwaist makers strike that began in the winter of 1909 . The strike would end without settlement , but it would be dramatized by Theresa Malkiel , a labor activist . The fictional autobiography written by Malkiel , The Diary of a Shirtwaist Striker , was serialized in New York Caller a socialist paper . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The only credit known for the cast is that of Mrs. George W. Walters in the role of a poor factory worker . Other members cast may have included the other leading players of the Thanhouser productions , Anna Rosemond , Frank H. Crane and Violet Heming . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximate 1000 feet long , was released on July 8 , 1910 . Theaters in Indiana and Pennsylvania were among those which advertised the film , one specifically focusing on the film having dealing with the labor question . A review in The Moving Picture News was contained detailed praise of the film 's relevance and success in portraying the subject . The reviewer states , This film strikes home . ... The situation has been lived in New York City . The strike and its miseries are not forgotten . Whoever arranged the story had a big , tender heart and knew what appeals to the masses . The glee with which the superintendent 's discomfiture was hailed by the audience spoke volumes . We wish some of the pictures were not quite so vividly black and white . unk the tenseness of the situation hit the cameraman . Be that as it may , one thing is certain there is no melodrama , but scenes out of real life . While the reviewer in this case refers to the scenario being drawn from real life , the happy ending is termed as a fantasy by reviewer in The Moving Picture World who states , It is one of those pictures which thrill one despite their improbability . It may go in stories but never in fact , that an owner of a factory marries one of his girl employees , and a strike leader at that ... Nan unk , author of Ladies of Labor , Girls of Adventure Working Women , Popular Culture , and Labor Politics at the Turn of the Twentieth Century says that the film relied on the dime novel formula as much as the labor capital conventions to depict its story . Kay Sloan , author of The Loud Silents Origins of the Social Problem Film , confirms that the simplified plot of the film is of the dime novel order . Barbara unk , author of The Wayward Woman Progressivism , Prostitution , and Performance in the United States , 1888 1917 , highlights that the girls are striking against the actions of Connor instead of the owner and that Lou is portrayed as attractive , defiant and virtuous . Steven J. Ross would cite this film as the first in a list of films that would progressively depict female labor activists as the agent of justice in contrast to the gender biases of film makers .
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3,393 | No. 5 Operational Training Unit was an operational training units ( OTU ) of the Royal Australian Air Force . It was formed at Wagga Wagga , New South Wales , in October 1942 to train bomber pilots and navigators for service in World War II . The unit was initially equipped with Bristol Beauforts and Beaufighters , and later received Douglas Bostons and de Havilland Mosquitos , among other types . It was transferred to Tocumwal in October 1943 , and then to Williamtown in mid 1944 . Disbanded in July 1947 , No. 5 OTU was re raised at Williamtown in April 1970 as a jet fighter conversion unit , operating CAC Sabres , de Havilland Vampires , and Macchi MB 326s . It ceased operations in July the following year . History World War II During World War II , the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) established several operational training units ( OTUs ) to convert recently graduated pilots from advanced trainers to combat aircraft , and to add fighting ability to the flying skills they had already learned . No. 5 Operational Training Unit was formed at Forest Hill in Wagga Wagga , New South Wales , on 26 October 1942 . Initially equipped with five Bristol Beaufighters and two Bristol Beauforts , its inaugural commanding officer was Squadron Leader B.F. Rose . The first training course ran from 2 November to 12 December 1942 . At the end of the month the unit 's strength was 170 personnel and sixteen aircraft . By mid 1943 this had increased to almost 400 personnel and twenty five aircraft , including four de Havilland DH 84s and one de Havilland Moth Minor , the remainder being Beauforts and Beaufighters . The unit 's aircraft complement was augmented by its first Airspeed Oxford in August 1943 . By the time No. 5 OTU relocated to Tocumwal , New South Wales , on 20 October 1943 , it had begun running courses on Douglas Bostons . Its first de Havilland Mosquito arrived the following month . As of April 1944 , the unit had a complement of sixty three aircraft , including five Mosquitos . It ran conversion courses for experienced pilots and navigators , as well as training courses for newer aircrew . No. 4 Operational Training Unit disbanded at Williamtown , New South Wales , on 30 April 1944 a small detachment remained to hand the base over to an advance party from No. 5 OTU the following day . The rest of No. 5 OTU transferred to Williamtown during July . The unit commenced photo reconnaissance courses in August , and by October its strength was over 1 , 000 personnel . Mosquito fighter ace Charles Scherf briefly served as chief flying instructor in late 1944 . November was marred by four fatal accidents in the space of three days . No. 5 OTU had thirty crews under training in January 1945 , compared to a dozen in November 1942 . By this time its complement of aircraft had increased to seventy five , including twenty eight Mosquitos . Staffing reached its highest level of 1 , 700 personnel in May . Ace Charles Crombie was the unit 's chief flying instructor when he was killed in a Beaufighter crash at Williamtown on 26 August 1945 . One of his fellow instructors at the time was Flight Lieutenant Charles Bud Tingwell . Leading Aircraftman Jack Brabham , then an engine mechanic at No. 5 OTU , witnessed the accident . The end of hostilities in the Pacific saw the dissolution of all the RAAF 's OTUs . On 1 February 1946 , No. 5 OTU was reorganised as a crew conversion unit , CCU ( Fighter ) , operating North American P 51 Mustangs and CAC Wirraways . By February 1947 the CCU had a complement of twenty eight aircraft and just under a hundred personnel . Activity began winding down in May , and the unit was disbanded on 7 July 1947 . Re establishment No. 5 OTU was re formed at Williamtown on 1 April 1970 to provide pilots with operational training prior to their conversion to the Dassault Mirage III fighter . The unit 's reactivation was celebrated with a dinner attended by its original commanding officer , B.F. Rose , and a flypast of forty nine aircraft from No. 2 Operational Conversion Unit ( OCU ) . No. 5 OTU was divided into instructional and operational flights , and conducted training in concert with Mirages from No. 2 OCU and No. 76 Squadron . Its aircraft also participated in joint exercises and display flights , including air shows celebrating the RAAF 's 1971 golden jubilee . The unit was equipped with forty CAC Sabre jet fighters , some de Havilland Vampire jet trainers , and eight Macchi MB 326s previously operated by No. 2 OCU for lead in fighter training . Vampire operations began winding down in September 1970 , and the type was withdrawn in April 1971 . The last Sabre conversion course was completed in December 1970 . Early the following year , the Australian government announced that the Sabres were to be phased out and retired by July 1971 . At this time RAAF fighter pilots were trained progressively on the Winjeel , Macchi , Sabre and Mirage , but after considering the feasibility of direct Macchi to Mirage conversion , and the impracticability of maintaining the ageing Sabres , the government determined that it was possible to remove the Sabre from the process and retire the type , on the proviso that more Mirage trainers were made available it subsequently approved the purchase of six new Mirage IIID dual trainers to augment the ten already in service . No. 5 OTU was disbanded on 31 July 1971 , the date the Sabre was retired from RAAF service . The unit 's Macchis were transferred back to No. 2 OCU . Following No. 5 OTU 's disbandment , one of its Sabres , unk 983 , was among several donated by the Australian government to the Royal Malaysian Air Force . The aircraft was returned to the RAAF in 1978 , and subsequently put on display at RAAF Bases Richmond , New South Wales , and Point Cook , Victoria . In 2005 the RAAF loaned it to the Temora Aviation Museum , New South Wales , where it was restored to flying condition .
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3,394 | Speechless is a song by American singer songwriter Ciara . The song was written by Ciara , The Dream , and Tricky Stewart , with the latter two producing the song as well . Taken from her fourth studio album Basic Instinct , the song serves as a promotional single from the album . It was released in the United States as a digital download on September 7 , 2010 , and in several European countries as the B Side of second single Gimmie Dat . Tricky Stewart originally confirmed the song as a Basic Instinct track in September 2009 . The Dream , who composed the track , was featured on the version that leaked in March 2010 . However , on the final cut , the song was performed by Ciara only , with background vocals performed by American songwriter , gospel singer and session artist Lauren Evans . Speechless is a mid tempo R B love song , which utilizes synthesized trumpets and horns as a backdrop . The lyrical content of the song centers around the protagonist saying they need more time to confess how perfect their significant other is . The song 's accompanying music video , directed by Colin Tilley , features Ciara in a menagerie of scenes . The single had no direct promotion , and reached seventy six on the US Hot R B Hip Hop Songs . Background and composition In September 2009 , Tricky Stewart , confirmed via Rap Up that he and The Dream had spent the entire summer with Ciara working on her upcoming fourth studio album . He also named Speechless as one of two songs he hoped would appear on the album . The album version of the song leaked in March 2010 , featuring vocals from The Dream . However , following the release of its single cover on August 18 , 2010 , it was confirmed that the song would feature only Ciara . It was also revealed that The Dream will not be featured on the album version of the song when the official track listing of Basic Instinct was revealed . On the final cut , American songwriter , gospel singer , and session vocalist Lauren Evans performs background vocals . The song was planned to be released as the second official single , how was never sent to radio or released as a CD single . Speechless is a midtempo , R B love song , featuring trumpet sounding synths . Andy Kellman of Allmusic said that the song works a slow motion glide and that Ciara 's voice hovers in a love struck daze . The lyrical content of the song consists of the protagonist confesses how perfect her significant other is , and that they need extra time to confess this , such as lines like I 'd need an extra month on the year , one extra holiday just to kiss you all over your face . Reception Praising the production of The Dream and Tricky Stewart on the album , Matthew Horton of BBC Music called the song crisp and said that it was a trim , anthemic synth ballad . Noting it as one of their choice picks from the album , Andy Kellman of Allmusic called the song euphoric and was the best of The Dream and Tricky 's seven songs on the album . A Rap Up writer noted the song as a standout track from the album . Ed Easton , Jr. of WXRK said the song reminds all her fans that she can actually sing and be taken seriously as an actual artist rather than an over hyped dancer . As one of the album 's emotionally demanding cuts , Ken Capobianco of Boston Globe said that the song lacked conviction . Becky Bain of Idolator was less than enthusiastic of the song , commenting , basically , we re speechless , too , but only because we can t find much to rave about . Bain also called the synth beat generic and run of the mill , comparing it to her Love Sex Magic . Speechless debuted on the US Hot R B Hip Hop Songs chart at number ninety one on the week of September 18 , 2010 . It went on to peak at number seventy four . The song was featured as the one of the A sides for Gimmie Dat , in the UK , where the latter peaked at number 111 on the UK Singles chart . Music video The video was directed in Los Angeles , California on September 10 , 2010 by Colin Tilley . It chronicles Ciara in a menagerie of settings , in the mountains , a mansion , a reflection pool , and a warehouse . The minimalistic clip sees numerous wardrobe changes , and unlike typical Ciara videos , it does not highlight dance aspects . Several outfits she dons include low riding jeans and a shirt which reveals her abs . Becky Bain of Idolator compared Ciara to Janet Jackson in the clip , noting Ciara 's oversized top and comfy jeans to Jackson in Again and Love Will Never Do . Bain positively reviewed the clip , stating , It 's a safe video , for sure , but oh so nice to look at . A Rap Up writer stated after watching the grown ' n ' sic sexy new Colin Tilley directed video from Ciara , you 're guaranteed to be left ' Speechless . ' Although he appreciated Ciara for lowering down the sex appeal and relying on her vocals , Ed Easton , Jr. of WXRK gave the video seven of ten stars , and said that it was not enough to put Ciara ahead of all the talented musical divas in the industry . Easton went on to say that the video is not meant to be over sexual but still gives us an intimate feel to the singer that , in the long run , may even garner better responses among all age demographics . He also complimented the video as a whole saying , The shots of Ciara are stunning and she is shown to be serious about her quest for love from a special someone . Track listing Credits and personnel Songwriting Ciara Princess Harris , Terius The Dream Nash , Christopher Tricky Stewart Production The Dream , Tricky Stewart Vocal recording and production Kuk Harrell Background vocals Lauren Evans Mixing Jaycen Joshua Engineering Brian B LUV Thomas , Pat Thrall , Andrew Wuepper , assisted by Luis Navarro , Randy Urbanski , Zachariah Redding , Jason Sherwood , Steven Dennis . Source Charts Release history
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3,395 | Al Malik al Mansur Sayf ad Din Abu Bakr ( Arabic unk ) , better known as al Mansur Abu Bakr ( Arabic unk ) , ( ca . 1321 November 1341 ) was the Bahri Mamluk sultan in 1341 . From an early age , Abu Bakr received military training in the desert town of al Karak . His father , Sultan an Nasir Muhammad ( r . 1310 41 ) , groomed him as a potential successor to the throne and made him an emir in 1335 . He was consistently promoted in the following years , becoming the na 'ib ( governor ) of al Karak in 1339 . He became the first son of an Nasir Muhammad to succeed him as sultan , although his reign was short lived . A few months after Abu Bakr 's accession , he was deposed and arrested by his father 's senior emir , Qawsun . Abu Bakr was imprisoned in the Upper Egyptian city of Qus with several of his brothers in August 1341 , and was executed on Qawsun 's orders two months later . He was succeeded by his younger half brother , al Ashraf Kujuk , but Qawsun was effectively the strongman of Egypt . Early life and career Abu Bakr was born around 1321 to his father sultan father an Nasir Muhammad ( r . 1310 1341 ) and his concubine mother , Narjis . Narjis also gave birth to Abu Bakr 's younger full brothers Ramadan ( died 1343 ) and Yusuf ( died 1346 ) . Information about Abu Bakr 's early childhood is unavailable in the Mamluk sources . The first mention of Abu Bakr came in 1332 . At that time , Abu Bakr had been sent to the desert fortress of al Karak to join his half brothers Ahmad and Ibrahim in their military training . Also during that year , Abu Bakr left al Karak to accompany his father and half brothers Anuk and Ahmad at al Aqaba and from there to Mecca to perform the Hajj pilgrimage . However , an Nasir Muhammad had them return to al Karak before the trek to Mecca . In 1335 , Abu Bakr was recalled to Cairo and made an emir by his father . The event was marked by a royal procession , led by Emir Qawsun , in which Abu Bakr was dressed in the attire of an emir . At around the same time , an Nasir Muhammad arranged Abu Bakr 's marriage to a daughter of Emir unk al Hamawi , who married Narjis sometime earlier . Later , during his 59 day reign as sultan , Abu Bakr also married two slave girls , spending 100 , 000 gold dinars for each of their bridal veils . In 1337 38 , Abu Bakr was promoted to an amir unk 'in ( emir of forty mounted mamluks ) . Abu Bakr was sent back to al Karak in 1339 to replace Ahmad as na 'ib of the province . By then , Ahmad had been dropped by an Nasir Muhammad as a potential successor . Anuk remained the sultan 's favored son to replace him , but with Ahmad deemed unfit to rule , Abu Bakr became the runner up . Sometime that year , Abu Bakr paid a visit to his father with a gift of 200 , 000 silver dirhams that he apparently extorted from the inhabitants of al Karak . He later returned to al Karak where he remained until 17 July 1340 . At that point , Anuk had been dropped as a potential successor by the sultan , who invited Abu Bakr back to Cairo . There , an Nasir Muhammad had his emirs swear an oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr . Abu Bakr then set off for al Karak until he was recalled to Cairo once more in 1341 , arriving on 24 January . When he returned , he brought his father a sum of 100 , 000 dirhams , while an Nasir Muhammad issued another order recalling all of Abu Bakr 's mamluks and soldiers in al Karak to Cairo . Abu Bakr remained in Cairo effectively to wait for his ailing father to die . In the months prior to an Nasir Muhammad 's death , Abu Bakr was given a large iqta ( fief ) , his interests were put under the care of Emir Bashtak and he was transferred a large number of unk ( immigrant , typically Mongol , soldiers ) from Aleppo and other troops . On 4 June 1341 , while on his deathbed , an Nasir Muhammad had all of his emirs recognize the transfer of the sultanate to Abu Bakr in the event of his death . Moreover , he unk Abu Bakr as al Malik al Mansur , the title of the latter 's grandfather , Sultan Qalawun ( r . 1277 90 ) , and gave him Qalawun 's sword . The throne was peacefully passed to Abu Bakr when an Nasir Muhammad died on 7 June . Reign Although Abu Bakr was made sultan , the reins of power were held by an Nasir Muhammad 's senior emirs , chief among whom were his son in law Qawsun and Bashtak . According to historian Amalia Levanoni , Abu Bakr sought to restore the traditional concepts of mamluk master relations and the modes of hierarchical advancement set by his grandfather Qalawun and abrogate the growing independence of the emirs that developed under his father . However , the post Qalawun mamluk norms of conduct proved too resilient for Abu Bakr . In the view of the emirs and the low and middle ranking mamluks , Abu Bakr was to solely play the role of a figurehead and not disturb the system created by his father . Thus , Abu Bakr 's attempts to rule in his own right were consistently stymied by the emirs . Of the latter , the most prominent was Qawsun , who sought to become the mudabbir ad dawla ( organizer of the state ) , in effect the strongman of the sultanate . After neutralizing Bashtak , his principal rival , Qawsun moved against Abu Bakr Qawsun had feared that Abu Bakr would attempt to imprison him . On 5 August 1341 , Qawsun had Abu Bakr arrested on concocted charges of frivolity . Abu Bakr and six of his brothers were subsequently sent to prison in Qus in Upper Egypt . In November 1341 , Abu Bakr was executed by the governor of Qus on orders from Qawsun . After his death , Qawsun installed Abu Bakr 's infant half brother , Kujuk , as sultan and became the Kujuk 's regent . Meanwhile , dissent mounted against Qawsun in Syria and Cairo and he was ousted in a revolt , along with Kujuk . The new sultan , Abu Bakr 's half brother Ahmad , later had Qawsun and the governor of Qus ( who apologized for killing Abu Bakr ) executed in early 1342 .
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3,396 | Marge on the Lam is the sixth episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 4 , 1993 . When Marge invites her neighbor Ruth Powers to attend the ballet with her , the two become friends and begin to go out , making Homer jealous as he wants Marge to spend time with him . Ruth and Marge agree to remain friends but not go out together after a large police pursuit with Chief Wiggum . It was written by Bill Canterbury and directed by Mark Kirkland . Phil Hartman , Pamela Reed and George unk guest star . Plot After donating money to public television , Marge receives complimentary ballet tickets . She asks Homer to accompany her , and much to Marge 's surprise he agrees , confusing ballet with a circus . On the day of the ballet , however , he inadvertently gets his arm stuck in a vending machine while trying to steal a can of soda from it and then gets his other arm stuck in a candy machine , and so is unable to attend the ballet as a result . In disbelief about Homer 's story , Marge invites her neighbor , Ruth Powers to attend with her . They both enjoy themselves and arrange to go out again the next night . Marge and Ruth 's friendship annoys Homer , who feels Marge should be spending time with him instead . However , ignoring Homer 's protests , Marge and Ruth visit bars and clubs in Springfield , and Ruth later shows Marge how to use a pistol . Homer , attempting to prove to himself he can have a good time without Marge , leaves Bart , Lisa and Maggie under the supervision of Lionel Hutz and goes out by himself . Finding Moe 's Tavern more depressing than usual , Homer visits the hilltop where he and Marge used to come to on dates before they got married . Ironically , Marge has also taken Ruth there to finish the night , but they leave just before Homer arrives . Chief Wiggum finds Homer depressed and offers him a ride home , which Homer accepts . As Ruth and Marge are driving home , Chief Wiggum , with Homer as a passenger in his patrol car , spots Ruth 's car and claims that one tail light is slightly smaller than the other . He decides to pull them over . Reluctant to stop , Ruth reveals to Marge that the car she 's driving actually belongs to her ex husband , and that she had stolen it as revenge for unk her on child support ( although Marge points out that Ruth could 've just reported him to child services ) . Ruth leads the police on a high speed chase rather than turning herself in . Homer realizes it is Marge in the car , and believes she is leaving him after discovering that she can have a better time without him . Ruth successfully evades Wiggum by turning off her headlights , which leads him to believe her car is a ghost car . After seeing Marge and Ruth again while cooking breakfast on his car engine , Wiggum continues his chase of the two , aided by other Springfield Police vehicles . After noticing a cliff ahead , Homer believes that Marge and Ruth are attempting suicide because of him and , using a megaphone , apologizes to Marge for all the mistakes he has made in their marriage and urges them not to drive into the chasm . Ruth , who had not noticed the chasm , slams on the brakes and stops in time however , Homer and Wiggum fail to stop and fly over the edge of the cliff only to crash into a landfill . The episodes ends with a description of the fates of each of the characters involved in the episode . Production Dan Castellaneta actually used a bullhorn to record his part when Homer was talking on one . The sunset shown when Marge and Ruth are at the caf was airbrushed in , although the episode was done before computer animation was put into practice . Cultural references Much of the plot , including Ruth 's blue convertible and Homer and Wiggum 's fall over the chasm , is a parody of the Ridley Scott film Thelma Louise . Crystal Buzz Cola is a reference to the fad drink Crystal Pepsi , and when Homer reaches into the vending machine , a can of Fresca is seen in a skeletal hand . The comedian who performs at the telethon who the Simpson family does not find funny is a parody of Garrison Keillor . Ruth mistakenly inserts Lesley Gore 's song Sunshine , Lollipops and Rainbows into her car stereo before beginning her and Marge 's wild night out later , Chief Wiggum plays the song on his police cruiser 's stereo as appropriate car chase music . After extracting the wrong tape , Ruth pops in Welcome to the Jungle by Guns N ' Roses . The scene when Homer is in Moe 's Tavern is emulated from Thelma Louise . Quimby dancing in a night club is in reference to the Kennedys . When Marge gets hit on in the bar , the guy who does not talk is a caricature of show runner David Mirkin . The old man that comes out when Marge is shooting his cans is a parody of Walter Brennan . The episode 's closing sequence is a reference to Dragnet . George unk recorded the ending in the same fashion as he did on Dragnet . Reception In its original broadcast , Marge on the Lam finished 32nd in ratings for the week of November 1 7 , 1993 , with a Nielsen rating of 13 . 1 , equivalent to approximately 12 . 2 million viewing households . It was the highest rated show on the Fox network that week , beating Beverly Hills , 90210 . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , said Marge getting to let her hair down is always a treat , and in Ruth Powers she seems to have a real friend . A pity we don 't see more of her . The A.V. Club named Homer 's line Stupid TV Be more funny as one of the quotes from The Simpsons that can be used in everyday situations . On their 2000 album And Then Nothing Turned Itself Inside Out , indie rock band Yo La Tengo has a song entitled Let 's Save Tony Orlando 's House the song is named after a telethon in Troy McClure 's fictional CV seen in this episode .
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3,397 | New York State Route 360 ( NY 360 ) was an east west state highway located in northwestern Monroe County , New York , in the United States . It extended for 4 . 87 miles ( 7 . 84 km ) through the town of Hamlin from an intersection with NY 272 at the Monroe Orleans county line to a junction with NY 19 north of the hamlet of Hamlin . NY 360 intersected the former southern terminus of NY 215 1 . 50 miles ( 2 . 41 km ) east of the county line at its northern junction with Redman Road . Most of NY 360 passed through rural areas however , the easternmost portion of the route was located in a residential neighborhood that comprises the northernmost portion of the hamlet of Hamlin . The highways that NY 360 followed were originally improved to state highway standards in the 1900s and 1910s and first designated as part of NY 18 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . By the following year , the NY 360 designation was assigned to what is now NY 18 between NY 272 and NY 19 . The alignments of NY 18 and NY 360 between those two routes were flipped c . 1933 . Ownership and maintenance of NY 360 was transferred from the state of New York to Monroe County on November 26 , 2007 , as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . NY 360 overlapped with four different county routes at various points along its routing until the route was officially deleted as a touring route in February 2012 . Route description NY 360 began at an intersection with NY 272 at the Monroe Orleans county line in the town of Hamlin . The route proceeded east on Morton Road , passing through a lightly populated area and crossing a pair of tributaries that feed into unk Creek . After 1 . 50 miles ( 2 . 41 km ) , Morton Road ended at an intersection with Redman Road . This junction was once the southern terminus of NY 215 however , it is now merely a junction between two county maintained routes . NY 360 turned south here to follow Redman Road for 0 . 5 miles ( 0 . 8 km ) before resuming its eastward progression on Church Road . Like on Morton Road before it , the portion of Church Road that is part of NY 360 was sparsely populated , save for a portion of the road near its junction with Lake Road West Fork . Roughly halfway between Redman Road and Lake Road West Fork , NY 360 passed over Sandy Creek . At Lake Road West Fork , NY 360 veered southeast . As NY 360 continued along the roadway , the amount of development increased as the route approached of the hamlet of Hamlin . North of the hamlet 's center , NY 360 met NY 19 ( Lake Road East Fork ) at a Y shaped intersection . NY 360 ended here , and NY 19 continued southward into Hamlin as Lake Road . History Origins and designation On September 20 , 1907 , the state of New York let a contract for a project to improve Church Road , the section of Redman Road north of Church Road , and the portion of Lake Road West Fork between Church Road and Lake Road to state highway standards . The project was completed by mid 1909 , and the highways , collectively inventoried as State Highway 286 ( SH 286 ) , were added to the state highway system on July 20 , 1909 . On June 8 , 1915 , the state awarded another contract to bring Morton Road up to state highway standards . Work on the road , internally designated as SH 1282 , was completed that year , allowing for the highway to be added to the state highway system on December 8 , 1915 . The first set of posted state routes in New York were assigned in 1924 however , no designations were assigned to either of the aforementioned highways at this time . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , several of the routes assigned during the 1920s were renumbered or modified . At the same time , hundreds of state maintained highways that did not yet have a route number were assigned one . This included both SH 1282 and the section of SH 286 south of Morton Road as both became part of NY 18 , a highway that was extended eastward from Buffalo to Rochester as part of the renumbering . At the time , NY 18 entered the hamlet of Morton on Kenmore Road and followed Morton , Redman , and Church Roads and Lake Road West Fork into Hamlin , where it overlapped with NY 63 ( modern NY 19 ) south along Lake Road to rejoin its modern alignment at Hamlin Center Road . By the following year , NY 360 was assigned to what is now NY 18 between NY 272 and Lake Road ( then NY 63 ) in Hamlin . The alignments of NY 18 and NY 360 between Morton and Hamlin were flipped c . 1933 , placing both highways on their modern routings . Transfer of maintenance In 2007 , ownership and maintenance of NY 360 was transferred from the state of New York to Monroe County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . A bill ( S4856 , 2007 ) to enact the swap was introduced in the New York State Senate on April 23 and passed by both the Senate and the New York State Assembly on June 20 . The act was signed into law by Governor Eliot Spitzer on August 28 . Under the terms of the act , it took effect 90 days after it was signed into law thus , the maintenance swap officially took place on November 26 , 2007 . As a result of the change in maintenance , NY 360 became part of four unsigned county routes . On Morton Road , NY 360 was co designated as County Route 279 ( CR 279 ) . The portion on Redman Road was part of CR 236 , which extends from NY 31 west of Brockport to Cook Road near the Lake Ontario State Parkway . The section of NY 360 on Church Road overlapped with CR 277 . Finally , the part of NY 360 on Lake Road West Fork was concurrent with CR 234 , which extends north past NY 360 to Moscow Road ( CR 211 ) . All four overlaps were eliminated when the NY 360 designation was officially removed in February 2012 , and the NY 360 shields were removed by June of that year . Major intersections The entire route was in Hamlin , Monroe County .
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3,398 | The Parliament House ( Maltese Il Parlament il unk , meaning The New Parliament ) is the meeting place of the Parliament of Malta located in Valletta , Malta . The building was constructed between 2011 and 2015 to designs by Renzo Piano as part of the City Gate Project , which also included building a new City Gate and converting the ruins of the Royal Opera House into an open air theatre . Construction of the Parliament House generated considerable controversy , mainly due to the modern design of the building and the cost of construction , which amounted to around 90 million . From 1921 to 1976 , the meeting place of the Parliament of Malta had been the Tapestry Chamber of the Grandmaster 's Palace , also in Valletta . In 1976 , the former armoury of the same palace was converted into a new parliament , and meetings were held there until the opening of the purpose built Parliament House on 4 May 2015 . Site Parliament House is located in Republic Street near City Gate , the entrance to Valletta . The building is located adjacent to Saint James Cavalier and the ruins of the Royal Opera House , and opposite the City Gate Shopping Arcade and Palazzo unk . The site presently occupied by the Parliament House was originally built up with houses , and later the Valletta Station of the Malta Railway . The area was bombarded during World War II , and the station and surrounding buildings were demolished in the 1960s as part of a project to redevelop the entrance to Valletta . The area was converted into an open space known as Freedom Square ( Maltese unk il unk ) , which was surrounded by a shopping arcade . The square was rather plain , and was commonly used as a car park . Design and construction Planning The building of the Parliament House was a part of the City Gate Project , which was meant to redevelop the entrance of Valletta . The project consisted of the demolition of the fourth City Gate and the Freedom Square Arcade and the construction of the fifth City Gate and the Parliament House . In addition , the ruins of the Royal Opera House were converted into an open air theatre known as unk unk unk . The City Gate project was designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano , and the plans were revealed on 27 June 2009 . The Grand Harbour Regeneration Corporation paid Piano 6 . 6 million for his work on the project . Critical reception The building of the Parliament House , along with the rest of the City Gate project , was controversial . Critics considered it an unnecessary project , proposing to restore Fort Saint Elmo or one of the large dilapidated palaces in the city and converting it into a parliament building , for a fraction of the cost of constructing a new building . Some argued that the square should not have been built up as it was one of the few open spaces in Valletta . Others attacked the modern design of the structure itself , including the Labour MP Carmelo Abela , who called the Parliament House an ugly building built on stilts . The building 's design , precisely the system of cladding , was compared to a dovecote ( Maltese unk tal unk ) and to a cheese grater by the general public . The ultramodern design that contrasts much with the rest of Valletta has went as far as the UNESCO questioning the city 's title as a World Heritage Site . In 2015 the building caught the attention of The Telegraph , among few other buildings and structures , and featured as potentially the best or worst building of that year . Construction The demolition of the arcades of Freedom Square began in October 2010 . Excavation works for the foundations of the Parliament House began soon after demolition was complete . In early 2011 , the original plan was modified with the relocation of a staircase , the extension of one of the blocks , and changes in the design of the louvers on the facade . Construction started later that year , and the steel frame of the structure was complete by early 2012 . At this point , it began to be covered in limestone which had been quarried in Gozo , and cut into specific shapes in Italy , before being sent back to Malta . Between 120 and 150 workers were on the construction site every day , and it cost more than 90 million to build . The completion date of the project was originally given as November 2012 or early 2013 . The estimated completion date was extended to September 2013 , and later to September 2014 . Contractors failed to meet deadlines , and the building was still not complete by the end of 2014 . It was eventually completed in 2015 . Inauguration The Parliament House was officially inaugurated by President Marie Louise unk unk on 4 May 2015 . Members of Parliament and other guests gathered at the old chamber at the Grandmaster 's Palace , and walked to the new building accompanied by the police force band . unk unk called the inauguration of the Parliament House a milestone in Malta 's parliamentary history , since this is the first purpose built parliament building in Malta . The first sitting was held later the same day . Most of the building is closed off for security reasons , but a permanent exhibition on the ground floor is open to the public . On 1 August 2015 , Piano visited the Parliament House for the first time since its inauguration . Structure The Parliament House consists of two blocks connected together with bridges , one of which houses the chamber of parliament . The two blocks are separate so as not to obscure views of Saint James Cavalier from Republic Street . Each block has three floors . The structure consists of a steel frame clad in unk limestone . The stone slabs are carved in such a way that they seem to have been eroded by nature . Parliament House is a zero emission building since heat energy is recovered from or given off to the mass of rock below . This is used to heat and cool the building , avoiding any cooling towers or boilers .
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3,399 | AJ 's Infinite Summer is an animated television pilot created by Toby Jones for Cartoon Network . The pilot follows AJ , whose new job during the summer drives him crazy with power . It is loosely based on Jones ' 2006 film , AJ Goes to France . Both the film and the pilot star AJ Thompson as the eponymous character . Jones additionally sought inspiration from his hometown of Fargo , North Dakota , and the comics he drew featuring Thompson and his other friends . The pilot was released on the official website of Cartoon Network on May 16 , 2014 . Plot Summer vacation starts for AJ and his friends Danny and Morgan , who live in the city of Downer . When AJ wants to be spontaneous for his plans to spend the vacation , he impulsively decides to get a job . The trio comes across a corporate office . AJ wants to apply for the corporation that owns it , but Danny and Morgan suggest that he prepares for the interview . AJ turns to his father , Peter , for advice . He equips AJ with an oversized business suit , and afterward the trio enter the office to help AJ apply . AJ shows his resume , and immediately he is hired by the Instructor of First Impressions . Workers of the office welcome AJ , who wears the same style of business suit as they do . When he sees that each worker has their own assistant , AJ hires Morgan as his secretary and tells her to fetch papers . Meanwhile , he asks towel boy Danny to wipe the sweat off his brow . After this demonstration of power , AJ is promoted by his manager . A montage of AJ being promoted for doing absurd tasks follows . Soon , AJ is promoted to a rank with a private office . Danny and Morgan refuse to work for AJ further , finding him corrupt with power . AJ throws them out , and afterward he is promoted to CEO by a former officer a decrepit man within a robotic business suit . AJ floats to the top of the suit , from which he spots a beach ball destroying machine to the side . He hallucinates the beach balls as the heads of Morgan and Danny , who say that he has destroyed the spirit of summer . Realizing his mistake , AJ rejects the promotion . He returns to his friends outside , and together they plan the rest of their summer . Production AJ 's Infinite Summer was created by Toby Jones . Produced by Nate unk at Cartoon Network Studios , the pilot had Robert Alvarez as timing director , Sue Mondt as art director , and Phil Rynda as creative director . AJ Thompson provided the voice for the eponymous character , Wallace Langham for Danny , Mae Whitman for Morgan , Chris Parnell for Peter , and David Hill for various characters . Jones had previously unk AJ Goes to France , a 2006 live action independent film that also has Thompson as the leading actor . It was produced as an assignment for Concordia College in Moorhead , Minnesota , where Jones majored in film . Jones had moved from his hometown of Fargo , North Dakota , to Minneapolis in 2005 , after he graduated from Fargo South High School . For AJ 's Infinite Summer , Jones was inspired by his hometown , as well as the comics he drew that featured AJ and his other friends , Danny Davy and Morgan . Additionally , the character of Peter is based on Greg Carlson , Jones ' professor from Concordia and also a film director and a critic for the High Plains Reader . Secret Cities , a Fargo based band in which Jones ' friends play , provided the score for the pilot . Jones found it excellent that both his friends and his friend 's band were allowed by the network to do work for the pilot . Jones moved to Los Angeles in 2011 to work for Cartoon Network . He has written and storyboarded for Regular Show , another production on the network . His work on it gave Jones the foresight to pitch another show he knew the network would want . Initially unsure if he was ready to pitch AJ 's Infinite Summer , the network rejected the pilot the first time he did but approved it on the second , after he had reworked it throughout a few months . Jones contrasted the physical limitations of animating in time and energy to the animation of the pilot itself . He cited having the character of AJ run up a wall in one scene as an example of this . Release and reception AJ 's Infinite Summer was released without announcement on May 16 , 2014 , on the official website of Cartoon Network . Long Live the Royals , another pilot , was released on the same day . This pilot was created by Sean unk , who has also worked on Regular Show . Jason Krell of io9 found that the plot for AJ 's Infinite Summer was simple yet flexible . He described its take on life during summer vacation as charming and comparable with an aged up Phineas and Ferb . He said that he was amazed by both and that his viewership will be granted for both , should they be picked up as full series . John Lamb of The Forum of Fargo Moorhead recognized features of Fargo in the pilot , namely the high school , which he found analogous to Fargo South where Jones attended . Meanwhile , Amid Amidi of Cartoon Brew expected that the pilot would not have continuity from AJ Goes to France . After the pilot was released , Jones found that people back in Fargo were amused to spot the differences in landmarks between their city and Downer . Jones told Lamb that since he worked in animation , he has been surrounded by these people that I 've looked up to for years as a fan , and having them tell me they enjoyed it is the greatest thing ever . As of June 2014 , Jones is still mainly working on Regular Show but said that he would like it very much to have the network commission it as a series . He expressed interest in submitting it at the Fargo Film Festival . The pilot was listed in the ballot for Outstanding Short Format Animated Program at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards , although it did not win . The Long Live the Royals pilot did win in this category , however , and the network later commissioned it as a miniseries of the same name .
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