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3,500 | Te Quiero is a latin pop song by Guatemalan recording artist Ricardo Arjona , released on 5 July 2012 as the third single from his thirteenth studio album , Independiente ( 2011 ) . The song was written by Arjona , who produced it with longtime collaborators Dan Warner and Lee Levin under their stage name Los Gringos . Additional recording work was handled by Peter Wallace , Matt Rollings , Carlos Cabral Junior and Isaas Garca . The song became Arjona 's fifth single to reach number one on the US Billboard Top Latin Songs , his ninth to do so on the Latin Pop Songs chart and third on Latin Tropical Airplay . It also charted at No.10 on the Billboard Mexican Airplay chart . An accompanying music video for Te Quiero was released in June 2012 . It was directed by Gabriel Blanco and filmed during Arjona 's concert shows at the Vlez Sarsfield Stadium in Buenos Aires , Argentina , as part of his Metamorfosis World Tour , and marks the first time Arjona releases a music video recorded from his live performances while on tour . Background Independiente is the first album Arjona released as an independent artist , and through his own record label , Metamorfosis , a company he created to refocus his career . Presided by Arjona and some friends , Metamorfosis is based in Miami and Mexico City , and also includes the photographer and director Ricardo Caldern , Universal Music Mxico 's executive Humberto Calderon and BMG 's Miriam Sommerz . Although the album is marketed with the new label , distribution was handled by Warner Music . Arjona commented many times , that he considered the way he decided to go independent raised more compromise than freedom , saying that Inside the word ' Independent ' , even when it sounds like extreme freedom , there 's a big amount of compromise and the responsibility of being able to administrate , in the best way possible , such independence . Independiente was composed and written within one year , and marks the fourth time Arjona had collaborated with Tommy Torres , who had helped writing , composing , producing and providing backing vocals . The other three albums in which the two artists had worked together are Quin Dijo Ayer , in which Torres helped producing the singles Quin and Quiero , and offering additional work on the new versions of Arjona 's hits 5to Piso , and Adentro , respectively . Also , in the album , Arjona returned to his classic and trademark sound , which Torres has helped crafting it since six years now , after the drastic change he made in Poquita Ropa . On that album , the artist made use of the fewest instruments possible , simplifying his sound , and introducing what he called a stripped down acoustic effort of his music . Weeks before the release of Independiente , Arjona issued a letter in which he talked about his past relations with recording companies . In the letter , he revealed that he entered in his first record label as an exchange , commenting that a producer , friend of mine , told them the record label that if they don 't sign me they won 't sign two artists he had at that time , and that he received the minimum royalty percentage out from his most successful albums . Billboard notes that although other groups have decided to launch independently their works after having a contract with major record labels , Arjona is by far the most important artist in the Latin pop to follow this trend . Composition Te Quiero is a latin pop song written and produced by Arjona , alongside longtime collaborators Dan Warner and Lee Levin under their stagename Los Gringos . Roger Hudson provided additional background vocals for the song , and Matt Rollings , Peter Wallace , Carlos Cabral Junior and Isaas Garca served as recording engineers , along with Warner and Levin . Te Quiero was mixed by David Thoener in The Blue Grotto at Nashville , Tennessee and mastered by Tom Coyne in Sterling Sound at New York City . The song 's composition is heavily based on drums and guitars , along with additional Hammond B 3 , bass and percussion elements . David Jeffries from Allmusic , on his review of Independiente , stated that the song builds into a full band rave up during its choruses . A live version of Te Quiero was made and used on the music video for the song , and was included on the single release . Promotion Music video The music video for Te Quiero was released on 20 June 2012 . The clip was filmed during Arjona 's concert shows at the Vlez Sarsfield Stadium in Buenos Aires , Argentina , as part of his Metamorfosis World Tour . The video was directed by Gabriel Blanco and was produced by Tamir unk . This is the first time Arjona releases a music video recorded from his live performances while on tour . The clip starts showing behind the scenes shots of Arjona , his team and his fans while the song begins to play . Then , it shows the singer on stage singing the song in front of the public at the Velez Stadium , interpolated with shots from people during the performance singing the song . The live version of the song used on the clip was included on the single release of the song . As of 14 August 2012 , the video has reached 2 . 1 million views on YouTube . Live performances Te Quiero was in the set list for a televised program in 2011 . The special included guest singers such as Gaby Moreno , Ricky Muoz ( from Mexican band Intocable ) and Paquita la del Barrio . Broadcast by Televisa , the program was made to showcast the new fourteen songs included on Independiente . Ricky Muoz commented that he was happy to do things for Ricardo Arjona and elaborated that they met each other some time ago and that it was a very special situation . The show was later broadcast on 5 November 2011 by Canal de las Estrellas . Track listing Digital download Te Quiero 4 38 Te Quiero ( Live ) 4 56 Credits and personnel Credits are taken from Independiente liner notes . Charts Release history
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3,501 | Leviathan unk is a steel roller coaster in the Medieval Faire section of the park at Canada 's Wonderland in Vaughan , Ontario , Canada . It is the first roller coaster made by Swiss manufacturer Bolliger Mabillard to exceed a height of 300 feet ( 91 m ) , putting it in a class of roller coasters commonly referred to as giga . At 5 , 486 feet ( 1 , 672 m ) long , 306 feet ( 93 m ) tall , and with a top speed of 92 miles per hour ( 148 km h ) , Leviathan is the tallest and fastest roller coaster in Canada . As of 2015 , Leviathan is ranked as the eighth tallest , and the eighth fastest roller coaster in the world , and the third tallest traditional lift style coaster in the world . It was the 16th roller coaster to be built at Canada 's Wonderland , and the ride 's track was completed in February 2012 , with the first test run being completed on 15 March 2012 . The coaster opened to season pass holders on 27 April 2012 , and to the general public on 6 May 2012 . History In the early planning stages of Leviathan , had Bolliger Mabillard declined to make a roller coaster over 300 feet ( 91 m ) , the park would have gotten another manufacturer to design the roller coaster . Walter Bolliger admitted that he owed the park , as an inverted roller coaster could not be built several years earlier because of an exclusivity clause . Speculation about a new roller coaster at Canada 's Wonderland began in early 2011 , when construction work started around the Dragon Fire ride and the Go unk . On 3 July 2011 , Canada 's Wonderland launched a teaser website featuring a countdown clock to 18 August 2011 , 7 00 unk accessible through the park 's Facebook page . The website also featured quotations from online theme park reporters and Cedar Fair 's CEO . Announcement and construction Canada 's Wonderland announced Leviathan at 7 00 am on 18 August 2011 , and the ride was also announced live on Breakfast Television Toronto . Erection of the track began during the week of 11 September 2011 the brake run and station portions of track were completed by the end of September . On 18 October 2011 , the coaster 's longest and heaviest lift hill track piece , standing at 120 feet ( 37 m ) long , was installed . By mid November the lift hill and drop were finished and the overbank turn was nearing completion . Construction continued through December and January , and the track was completed on 7 February 2012 . The first test run was completed on 15 March 2012 , and on 18 April 2012 , Canada 's Wonderland announced on its Facebook account that a 100 foot ( 30 m ) tunnel would be placed at the bottom of the ride 's first drop . First rider auction On 19 January 2012 , Canada 's Wonderland launched an auction in which bidders around the world competed to be one of the first ninety six public riders on Leviathan on 27 April 2012 , a week before the park officially opened . The auction raised over CA 40 , 000 , which was donated to the Hospital for Sick Children . The highest bid in the auction for a single seat was 1 , 000 . When bidders got to ride the roller unk , the tunnel at the bottom of the first drop was not yet installed . Ride experience As of 2016 , Leviathan is Bolliger Mabillard 's second tallest roller coaster and the company 's first giga coaster a class of roller coasters with a height or drop that exceeds 300 feet ( 91 m ) . One cycle of the ride lasts about 3 minutes and 28 seconds . Layout After leaving the station , the train turns 180 degrees to the right , then begins to climb the chain lift hill . Once at the top of the 306 foot ( 93 m ) lift , it drops to the ground at an 80 degree angle , reaching 92 miles per hour ( 148 km h ) . Following the first drop , the train goes through a 100 foot ( 30 m ) tunnel , then curves upwards into a 164 foot tall ( 50 m ) overbanked banked turn to the right before dropping again and turning at high speed turn to the left at approximately 76 miles per hour ( 122 km h ) . The exit of the first high speed turn leads directly into a 183 foot tall ( 56 m ) camelback , followed by a 147 foot tall ( 45 m ) , 115 degree hammerhead turn . Both of these elements are located above the guest parking lot and in front of the park 's main entrance . After leaving the hammerhead turn , the train enters a second high speed curve at approximately 60 miles per hour ( 97 km h ) . The train then traverses a smaller , 124 foot tall ( 38 m ) camelback , leading to a third high speed turn which bends to the left and leads into the brake run and into the station . Trains Leviathan operates with three open air steel and fibreglass trains coloured red , orange and yellow , respectively . The face of Leviathan , a theme element , covers the front of the trains . Each train has eight cars with four seats per car , which are styled after Bolliger Mabillard 's traditional hyper coaster cars , as opposed to the staggered seating used on Behemoth . Each train seats 32 riders , who are restrained using unk and seatbelts . Track The steel track of Leviathan is over a mile long at 5 , 486 feet ( 1 , 672 m ) , the height of the lift hill is 306 feet ( 93 m ) , and the angle of the first descent is approximately 80 degrees . The color of the track is cyan , and its supports are blue . Unlike the two Intamin giga coasters ( Millennium Force at Cedar Point and Intimidator 305 at Kings Dominion ) , Leviathan only uses a single chain for the lift hill . Station and plaza Leviathan 's station has an elevator near the exit , wooden guard rails with slanted railings and two queues , one of which is the Fast Lane queue for pass holders . In front of the station is a rock fountain with a sculpture of a Leviathan on top . To the right of the sculpture , there is an arcade building that was renovated during the construction of the roller coaster . Unlike most of the park 's attractions , Leviathan has its own gift shop . Gallery Awards
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3,502 | Woohoo is a song by American recording artist Christina Aguilera , featuring American rapper Nicki Minaj . The song was written by Aguilera , Onika Maraj , Claude Kelly , Ester Dean and Jamal Polow da Don Jones , and produced by Polow da Don , for Aguilera 's sixth studio album , Bionic ( 2010 ) . Woohoo was serviced to rhythmic contemporary crossover airplay as the album 's second radio single on May 25 , 2010 . The song , which contains a sample of the 1972 song Add mr unk az unk by Kati Kovcs , lyrically speaks about the act of oral sex . Woohoo has been described as an electro R B and dancehall track . The song received mixed to positive reviews from critics , some of whom praised Minaj 's appearance and Aguilera 's vocals . Many noted its similarities to Kelis 's Milkshake . However , others expressed distaste for the song 's sexual nature . Woohoo debuted and peaked at 46 and 79 in Canada and the United States , respectively . Aguilera performed the song in a medley with Bionic and Not Myself Tonight at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards . Composition Woohoo was written by Aguilera , Maraj , Claude Kelly , Ester Dean and Polow da Don . The song is an electro , R B and dancehall track . Aguilera 's vocals are distorted in parts . Woohoo contains a sample from the Hungarian song Add mr unk az unk , originally sung by the Hungarian singer Kati Kovcs in 1972 . The song 's chorus has been described as shouty and sing song . Rob Harvilla of The Village Voice noted that the song sounded like a mix of Milkshake and Lip Gloss with electro synths . Lyrically , the song is about the act of oral sex . Critical reception Woohoo received mixed to positive reviews from critics , most of them commended Aguilera 's vocals and praising Minaj 's appearance . However , the others were not impressed with the song 's sexual nature . Sara D. Anderson of AOL Music said the provocative , dancehall track nicely fuses Aguilera 's powerful voice with Minaj 's MC tactics . Benjamin Boles of Now Magazine called the track the top track on Bionic , commenting that Minaj 's cameo rescues the song . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian , said , If you 're going to do a five minute song about cunnilingus , it 's a good idea to enlist foul mouthed rapper Nicki Minaj , whose bug eyed contribution lends the proceedings an air of gripping abandon . Chris Ryan of MTV Buzzworthy called the song sexually explicit , funky club pop , saying In Nicki Minaj , Aguilera has found the perfect partner for her erotic pop adventures . He also called the song a dirtier cousin of Rihanna 's ' Rude Boy ' or ' Hollaback Girl ' , and commended Minaj 's verse . Becky Bain of Idolator said the song 's catchiness was miles ahead of Not Myself Tonight , also compared it to Hollaback Girl . Bain also said , If there 's one person who can match Christina Aguilera 's naughtiness , it 's Nicki Minaj , so these two pretty much make a perfect pair for this type of song . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said the track had an incessant title loop piercing like a dental drill and said it doesn 't work as temptation . He also commented her crassness is no longer alienating as it was on Stripped . Michael Cragg of musicOMH also compared the song to dental work , commenting that the song , which is about oral sex but is about as sexy as going to the dentist . Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club called the song along with the meat of Bionic , already pass electro trash . Chart performance In its first week of release , Woohoo debuted at 46 on the Canadian Hot 100 , and 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song became Aguilera 's 15th straight single to hit both charts , keeping her streak of having all of her singles chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song fell off both charts the following week . However , due to increased digital sales after her performance at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards and the release of Bionic , the song re entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 99 . The song also charted at number 148 on the UK Singles Chart after the release of Bionic . Live performance Aguilera sang a portion of the song , alongside Bionic and Not Myself Tonight , at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards . During Woohoo , the last of the set , Aguilera and her backup dancers removed their leather capes and revealing painted red hearts on their groins , ending with Aguilera 's LED heart glowing . James Montgomery of MTV News referred to the song as a seriously sexy dance number . Montgomery described the performance 's ending , stating , Not to be outdone , Aguilera ended things by standing tall at center stage , the camera zooming in on her midsection , which now bore a beating heart of its own . Most critics were not impressed with the medley , comparing it to Aguilera 's identity during the Bionic era . Tamar Anitai , also of MTV Buzzworthy summarized the performance saying it was all about her I I 'm still a diva vocals , frenzied stage show , and adult only innuendo ... And then this happened . She went on to comment also sarcastically , This is so just Christina Aguilera 's way of saying she loves you And that the diminutive diva still has a sense of humor .... It 's like a little knowing wink that assures you that when she 's not changing diapers and doing mommy stuff , unk 's hanging out at dance party sex dungeons and wailing from the bottom of her light up hoo ha . She is unk not the same girl who once unk around on the Disney Channel in a unk . Track listing Digital download Woohoo 5 29 Credits and personnel Songwriting Christina Aguilera , Onika Maraj , Claude Kelly , Ester Dean , Polow da Don Production Polow da Don Vocal production additional by Claude Kelly Mixing Jaycen Joshua , assisted by Giancarlo Lino Engineering assistant , Matt unk Recording Josh Mosser and Jeremy Stevenson Vocal recording Oscar Ramirez Source Charts Radio and release history
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3,503 | The Leeds Country Way is a circular long distance footpath of 62 miles ( 99 km ) around Leeds , West Yorkshire , England . It is never more than 7 miles ( 11 km ) from Leeds City Square , but is mainly rural with extensive views in the outlying areas of the Leeds metropolitan district . It follows public Rights of Way including footpaths , bridleways and minor lanes , with a few short sections along roads . History A route was first devised by Fred Andrews of the Ramblers Association , and then developed by West Yorkshire County Council in the early 1980s . This council was abolished in 1986 , and the path is now under the care of the Countryside section of Leeds City Council . The Leeds Country Way was realigned in 2006 , using a route devised by Bob Brewster , to bring it entirely within the boundary of the Leeds metropolitan district ( previously it crossed the boundary into Wakefield ) , and the path was officially relaunched on 26 September 2006 with a revised set of map leaflets ( see external links ) and improved waymarking . Route The path is waymarked in both directions and can be started at any point , but is described here clockwise from the A660 road at Golden Acre Park ( grid reference unk ) , divided into parts and sections which correspond with the official map leaflets . Part 1 Golden Acre to Barwick in Elmet Section 1 The path crosses Golden Acre Park and passes the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust 's Adel Dam Nature Reserve , following the route of the unk Valley Trail . It coincides briefly with the Leeds link to the Dales Way north of Eccup Reservoir , before crossing the Ebor Way and entering the Harewood Estate . Here there is a glimpse of what looks like a small village , not marked on any map , but which is actually the set for the TV series Emmerdale . Walkers may also see red kites which have been successfully reintroduced in this area . Section 2 After crossing the A61 , the way passes north of Wike and reaches the village of Bardsey with its Anglo Saxon church tower and the Bingley Arms public house , which claims to be the oldest in England . The way turns south , crossing the unk , to unk . Section 3 The path continues through unk , crossing the A64 before entering Barwick in Elmet ( unk ) with England 's tallest maypole , a Norman motte and an Iron Age fort . Part 2 Barwick in Elmet to Carlton Section 1 From Barwick the way passes the southern corner of Scholes , then crosses the M1 motorway and enters Garforth . Section 2 It leaves Garforth along the disused Garforth Kippax railway line ( part of the North Eastern Railway and earlier the Leeds , Castleford and Pontefract Junction Railway ) , then approaches unk and passes Little Preston Old Hall . It skirts St Aidan 's Country Park , and crosses the River Aire at unk Bridge . The path follows the river downstream , past the marina at Fleet Bridge . Section 3 The path continues along the river , here forming the Aire and Calder Navigation , to unk , and then turns south to unk . It swings eastward , crosses the unk and continues to Carlton ( unk ) , heart of the West Yorkshire Rhubarb Triangle . Part 3 Carlton to Cockersdale Section 1 From Carlton the path crosses fields before briefly joining the A61 and recrossing the M1 south of Robin Hood . It turns south across the M62 , follows the valley of Dolphin Beck , and reaches East Ardsley on the unk . Section 2 From here the path skirts south of West Ardsley , and reaches unk with its historic church , on the unk . It passes the ruins of Howley Hall ( built 1590 for Sir John Savile ) before dropping down to reach Scotchman Lane . Section 3 A track through unk Brow Wood , just inside the Leeds unk boundary , leads to the unk , which is followed to recross the M62 . The path 's longest section of road walking follows the unk through Gildersome , then a series of field paths leads to Cockersdale ( unk ) , on the unk near Tong . Part 4 Cockersdale to Golden Acre Section 1 The path follows the valley of Cockersdale , and then goes along Tong Beck , below unk Moravian Settlement , skirting the south of Pudsey . At this point Tong Beck forms the Leeds Bradford boundary . The path crosses the Leeds to Bradford railway and meets the busy unk at Thornbury . Section 2 Passing playing fields and old quarries , the path crosses the Woodhall Hills and follows unk Beck to cross the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the River Aire at unk Bridge , then follows the river past Woodhouse Grove School before climbing up to meet the unk south of Rawdon . Section 3 From here the path skirts Horsforth , follows for a time the southern boundary of Leeds Bradford International Airport , and goes round the northern edge of unk , before crossing Breary Marsh Local Nature Reserve to return to Golden Acre Park ( unk ) . Practical aspects As the route is circular it can be started at any point , but the description in the official leaflets starts and finishes at Golden Acre Park , going clockwise . These divide it into four parts each split into three sections , but walkers can choose to divide it in various ways as there are many bus routes and several railway stations ( unk , Garforth , New Pudsey and Horsforth ) on or near the path . West Yorkshire Metro provides information about bus routes serving the path and train services in the area . The Ordnance Survey maps covering the route are unk 1 50 , 000 sheet 104 ( Leeds covers almost the whole route ) and 105 ( York needed for a short distance near Garforth ) Explorer 1 25 , 000 sheets 289 ( Leeds Golden Acre Park clockwise to Scotchman Lane ) and 288 ( Bradford Scotchman Lane clockwise to Golden Acre Park ) . The route is waymarked with an owl symbol , taken from the Leeds coat of arms . The original route of the path is used for an annual trail running relay race organised by Kippax Harriers . Teams of twelve , with two runners taking each of six sections , complete the route in about seven hours .
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3,504 | In the latter half of the 19th century , the Spanish Navy had built a series of ironclad warships that culminated in the barbette ship Pelayo in the 1880s . Following the destruction of much of the Spanish fleet in the Spanish American War in 1898 , Spain slowly began to rebuild its navy . In the early 20th century , the Spanish Navy built three battleships and planned several more the three ships that were completed were the vessels of the Espaa class . These ships were the smallest dreadnought type battleships ever built . A further three ships of the Reina Victoria Eugenia class were authorized by the Navy Law of 1913 , but the outbreak of World War I prevented these ships from being built , as Spain was heavily dependent on Great Britain for material and technical expertise . The three completed battleships all served in the Rif War in North Africa , where the lead ship , Espaa , ran aground and was wrecked . Following the end of the First World War , occasional plans for the construction of new battleships were proposed , including a small design deriving from Britain 's powerful Nelson class battleships . However , nothing had come of these efforts by the time of the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War . Following the victory of Francisco Franco 's Nationalists in that conflict , in which both of the surviving Spanish battleships one serving on the side of the Nationalists , the other on that of the Republicans had been destroyed , proposals for the construction of four fast battleships to an Italian design , as well as the construction of large cruisers the only battlecruiser designs proposed for or by Spain were made . However , the outbreak of the Second World War resulted in these plans being disrupted . Espaa class Authorized under the Navy Law of 1908 and assigned to the Primera Escuadra ( First Squadron ) , the Espaa class were the first and only Spanish dreadnoughts , and also the smallest of that type of ship ever to be built . Considered by some to be more Dreadnought type coast defense ships than pure battleships , the three ships of the class were built in Ferrol by Sociedad Espaola de Construccin Naval ( SECN ) , the lead ship being completed in under four years , but the onset of World War I resulted in delays to the remaining two ships , and especially the third , as equipment and armament deliveries from England were disrupted due to the war . Obsolete before completion due to the rapid progress of naval technology , the unk saw combat service in the Rif Wars and the Spanish Civil War , Espaa being wrecked on the Moroccan coast in 1923 , Alfonso XIII being renamed Espaa following the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931 . In the mid 1930s , it was proposed that the two surviving ships of the class be rebuilt as pocket battleships , including a lengthening of the hull and rearranging of the turrets to a centreline alignment . By 1936 , a more modest rebuild was proposed , including conversion to oil firing , but the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War put this plan to rest . The remaining two ships of the class , one operating on each side , were both lost in the Spanish Civil War . Espaa ( ex Alfonso XIII ) , serving the Nationalist side , struck a mine in April 1937 and sunk , while Jaime I fighting as part of the Republican navy , suffered an internal explosion at Cartagena in June 1937 , being scuttled as a precautionary measure afterwards . The wreck was raised the following year before being scrapped in 1939 . Reina Victoria Eugenia class Authorized as the Plan de la Segunda Escuadra under the Navy Law of 1913 , the three ships of the Reina Victoria Eugenia class , named for King Alfonso 's queen consort and designated ships A , B and C ( only A having a formally proposed name ) , were designed by Vickers Armstrongs and were planned to displace 21 , 000 long tons ( 21 , 000 t ) with a speed of 21 knots ( 39 km h 24 mph ) . Early plans for the type called for an armament of 15 inch ( 381 mm ) guns , however financial difficulties resulted in the selection of an armament of eight 13 . 5 in ( 343 mm ) weapons instead . As significant technical assistance from Britain would have been required for construction of the class , the outbreak of the First World War led to the cancellation of the project . Postwar projects Following the end of the First World War , Spain did not participate in the Washington Naval Conference which limited battleship construction for its signatories . Nevertheless , battleships of the 35 , 000 long ton ( 36 , 000 t ) displacement class the limit under the Washington Naval Treaty were considered by the Spanish Navy in the early 1920s . By the early 1930s , the navy made proposals for a reduced Nelson type ship , although nothing came of either project . After his victory in the Spanish Civil War , Francisco Franco 's plans for the Spanish Navy included the acquisition of four modern battleships , and a variation on the Italian Littorio class battleships was the favored candidate to fill the requirement . In late 1939 , a Spanish mission to Italy received assurances of technical support for the construction of ships of the class in Spanish yards , and a slipway of sufficient size to construct two ships at a time was built at Ferrol . However , Italy 's entry into the Second World War in 1940 , combined with the limited resources of Spain , led to the cancellation of the project . A super Treaty cruiser type was also projected as part of Franco 's naval expansion plans , with some designs proposed for the type calling for an armament of six 12 inch ( 300 mm ) guns alternatively , some have speculated that the Spanish desired to purchase the two triple 283 millimetre ( 11 . 1 in ) turrets that were available following the decision by the German Kriegsmarine to rebuild the damaged battleship Gneisenau with twin 381 millimetre ( 15 . 0 in ) turrets . The war situation meant that nothing was to come of this project either .
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3,505 | The Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video was an honor presented to recording artists at the 30th Grammy Awards in 1988 and the 31st Grammy Awards in 1989 for quality performance music videos . The Grammy Awards , an annual ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards , are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to honor artistic achievement , technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry , without regard to album sales or chart position . Beginning in 1982 , the Academy began to honor quality music videos with the Video of the Year category . This category was discontinued with the establishment of the MTV Video Music Awards in 1984 and was replaced by awards for Best Video , Short Form and Best Video Album . Criteria changes for the 1988 and 1989 ceremonies resulted in the Best Performance Music Video award being presented alongside the award for Best Concept Music Video . Best Performance Music Video award recipients were Anthony Eaton as the video producer of The Prince 's Trust All Star Rock Concert , a recording of a benefit concert for The Prince 's Trust , and the Irish rock band U2 for Where the Streets Have No Name . The Academy returned to the previous format in 1990 , though the categories are now known as Best Short Form Music Video and Best Long Form Music Video . Background The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences began to honor quality music videos with the Video of the Year category in 1982 . The first two award recipients were former member of The Monkees , Michael Nesmith for the hour long video Elephant Parts ( also known as Michael Nesmith in Elephant Parts ) as well as Olivia Newton John for Olivia Physical . The Video of the Year category was discontinued with the establishment of the MTV Video Music Awards in 1984 , the top award of which is also presented for Video of the Year . The Academy replaced the category with the awards for Best Video , Short Form and Best Video Album beginning with the 26th Grammy Awards . For the awards held in 1988 and 1989 , the criteria changed and honors were presented for the categories Best Concept Music Video and Best Performance Music Video . The Academy returned to the previous format in 1990 , though the categories were renamed Best Music Video , Short Form and Best Music Video , Long Form . In 1998 , the categories were retitled Best Short Form Music Video and Best Long Form Music Video , respectively . Recipients For the 30th Grammy Awards ( 1988 ) , Best Performance Music Video nominees included Anthony Eaton for producing The Prince 's Trust All Star Rock Concert ( a recording of a benefit concert for The Prince 's Trust ) , Russian American pianist Vladimir Horowitz for Horowitz in Moscow , Cyndi Lauper for Cyndi Lauper in Paris , Bobby McFerrin for Spontaneous Inventions , and Barbra Streisand for One Voice . Directed by Brian Large , Horowitz in Moscow was a recording of Horowitz 's first concert appearance in Russia since 1925 and features compositions by Chopin , Mozart , Rachmaninoff , Schubert and other composers . Cyndi Lauper in Paris was filmed at Znith de Paris on March 12 , 1987 , the final date of her world tour . Produced by John Diaz and directed by Andy Morahan , the recording features Sterling Campbell on drums , Rick Derringer on guitar , Sue unk on percussion , Kevin Jenkins on bass , and David Rosenthal on keyboards . Ferrin 's Spontaneous Inventions , directed by Bud unk , is an hour long recording of a 1986 performance in Hollywood . Streisand 's video One Voice , directed by Dwight unk , is a companion piece to her 1987 live album of the same name . Originally broadcast as an HBO special , the September 6 , 1986 concert recording marked her first official live performance since 1972 , held in part as a protest against the nuclear arms race during Ronald Reagan 's presidency . The concert was filmed in Streisand 's backyard and features special appearances by Burt Bacharach , Barry Gibb , Richard Marx , Carole Bayer Sager and comedian Robin Williams . The award was presented to Eaton as the producer of the concert recording , which included appearances by Elton John , Sting , Tina Turner and others . Nominees for the 31st Grammy Awards were English musician David Bowie for Glass Spider , Canadian musician and producer David Foster for The Symphony Sessions , American singer songwriter John Cougar Mellencamp for Check It Out , Stevie Nicks for Stevie Nicks Live at Red Rocks , and the Irish rock band U2 for Where the Streets Have No Name . Glass Spider was a recording of a live two hour concert filmed in Sydney , Australia in November 1987 . The Symphony Sessions included ten compositions by Foster presented as a collage of video images in performance with the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra . Recorded over a period of five nights in Vancouver , Foster wrote , arranged , produced and played piano for the project ( which included a recording of the theme for the 1988 Winter Olympics ) with the assistance of Jeremy Lubbock , David Paich , and Lee unk . The music video for Check It Out , a song that appears on Mellencamp 's 1987 album The Lonesome Jubilee , was filmed live at Market Square Arena in Indianapolis , Indiana on December 11 , 1987 . Directed by Marty Callner , Stevie Nicks Live at Red Rocks is an hour long recording of a live concert filmed at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison , Colorado with special guests Mick Fleetwood and Peter Frampton . The music video for U2 's Where the Streets Have No Name was filmed on the roof of a Los Angeles liquor store . During the filming process , police ordered the band to stop the shoot due to fears the crowd was getting out of hand . Awards were presented to members of U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen , Jr . ) as the performing group , along with Meiert Avis as the video director and Ben unk and Michael Hamlyn as the video producers .
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3,506 | Is It Scary is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson . The song was originally written to have been featured in the 1993 film Addams Family Values , but the plans were canceled after contract conflicts . The song was recorded for Jackson 's 1997 remix album , Blood on the Dance Floor HIStory in the Mix . Is It Scary was written and produced by Jackson , Jimmy Jam ( James Harris III ) and Terry Lewis . Is It Scary received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics . Musically , the song was viewed by music critics as showing a darker side of Jackson , and compared the song 's composition to the music of Marilyn Manson . In November 1997 , a radio edit version of the song was released as a promotional single in the Netherlands , while promo singles containing remixes were released in the United States and the United Kingdom . Background Is It Scary was originally written by Michael Jackson , James Harris III and Terry Lewis for the 1993 film Addams Family Values . Paramount Pictures had signed Jackson to record a horror themed song for the film ( which became Is It Scary ) and to promote it with a video , but the song was dropped from the soundtrack due to contractual difficulties . The song was among those considered for inclusion on Jackson 's 1995 double album , HIStory Past , Present and Future , Book I , but it was not chosen as it did not complement the other tracks on the album . Jackson subsequently wrote the song into his 1997 short film , Ghosts . Jackson reused lyrics from Is It Scary for the film 's title track , which is also included on his Blood on the Dance Floor album . Jackson , Harris and Lewis were given producing credit for the song on Blood on the Dance Floor . A remix of Is It Scary , called DJ Greek 's Scary Mix , was included on a three track ' minimax ' CD single that was released as part of the Ghosts Deluxe Collector Box Set . Remixes of Is It Scary were also included on Jackson 's canceled single , Smile . The radio edit for Is It Scary was later included on the third disc of the deluxe edition of Jackson 's greatest hits album King of Pop in 2008 in the United Kingdom . Is It Scary was also featured on the deluxe edition of King of Pop in France . Samples of Is It Scary and Threatened ( from Jackson 's tenth studio album Invincible ) are featured in the Thriller segment of the concert documentary film , Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( 2009 ) . Tommy D. also produced a remix of the song , but this mix was never officially released . However , this mix leaked in the internet in November 2010 . Composition Is It Scary clocks in at 5 35 and is sorted into the categories of goth rock , soul , operatic pop , and funk rock . The song is performed in alternating keys of Ab and A major , at a tempo of 109 beats per minute . Jackson 's vocal range on the song is Ab3 A5 . Promotion Is It Scary was never lifted as a commercial single , but it was given out to radio stations and dance clubs to promote Blood on the Dance Floor HIStory in the Mix . Promo CD singles containing a radio edit and 12 promos containing three remixes of the song were released to the Netherlands . The United States and the United Kingdom received 12 promo singles containing remixes of the song by Deep Dish , while the UK also received 12 promos with remixes of the song by Eddie Arroyo known as Eddie 's Love Mixes . Due to lack of a full release , Is It Scary did not enter any music charts . Critical reception Is It Scary generally received positive to mixed reviews from contemporary music critics . Jim Farber , writer for the New York Daily News , commented that Is It Scary ' boasts a few innovative sounds but no real melodies . Roger Catlin of The Hartford Courant stated that the most intriguing pairing was Ghosts and Is It Scary because Jackson asks those who 've only read about him in tabloids if he seems monstrous . Anthony Violanti , a writer for The Buffalo News , remarked that Blood on the Dance Floor HIStory in the Mix 's songs Superfly Sister , Ghosts and Is It Scary were programmed plastic soul that makes you wonder how someone as talented as Jackson can churn out such tracks . Jae Ha Kim , a writer for Chicago Sun Times , noted , that Is It Scary shows a darker side of Jackson than even the tabloids would have you believe . Neil Strauss , a writer for The New York Times , described Is It Scary as sounding more like the ghoulish rocker Marilyn Manson than the Motown prodigy that he is . A longtime commentator on Jackson 's public life , J. Randy Taraborrelli , gave a retrospective analysis on Blood on the Dance Floor HIStory in the Mix 's critical reviews in the biography , The Magic the Madness ( 2004 ) . Taraborrelli argued that certain sections of the world took interest in tabloid stories about Jackson 's personal life over his musical career . Track listings and formats Official Remixes Album Version 5 35 Radio Edit 4 11 Deep Dish Dark Scary Remix 12 07 Deep Dish Dark Scary Remix ( Radio Edit ) 4 38 Deep Dish Double O Jazz Dub 8 35 Eddie 's Love Mix 8 00 Eddie 's Love Mix ( Radio Edit ) 3 50 Eddie 's Rub A Dub Mix 4 33 unk Groove Mix 4 32 ( Incorrectly given as 4 50 on sleeve ) DJ Greek Scary Remix 7 11 Tommy D 's Death Row Mix ( Unreleased ) 4 15 Is It Scary Threatened ( Immortal version ) 5 03 Personnel Written and composed by Michael Jackson , James Harris III and Terry Lewis Produced by Jimmy Jam Terry Lewis , and Michael Jackson Arranged by Michael Jackson , and Jimmy Jam Terry Lewis Recorded and mixed by Steve Hodge Solo and background vocals , vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson Keyboard programming by Andrew Scheps Drum programming by Jeff Taylor Additional programming by Rob Hoffman All instruments performed by Jimmy Jam Terry Lewis Assistant engineers by Brad Yost , Xavier Smith , Ryan Arnold , Steve Baughman and Steve Durkee
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3,507 | The Meteor class was a pair of two avisos built by the Imperial German Navy in the late 1880s the class comprised two ships , Meteor and Comet . They were an improvement over the preceding Wacht class , being slightly faster and armed with quick firing guns rather than the slower , old pattern guns used on the earlier ships . Meteor and Comet nevertheless proved to be disappointments , primarily a result of extreme vibration caused by their propulsion system , particularly at higher speeds . As a result , their service careers were limited . They served less than two years on active duty , from 1893 to 1895 . They returned to limited duty in 1904 as guard ships , but by 1911 they had been stricken from the naval register and used in subsidiary roles . Both were scrapped in 1919 21 . Design The Imperial Navy began building small avisos in the 1880s to serve in the main fleet in German waters . These vessels were intended to support the battle line , and so unlike the contemporary German unprotected cruisers , their designs emphasized offensive capability and high speed rather than a long cruising radius . The design for Meteor and Comet was based on the earlier Wacht class they were slightly smaller vessels and displaced around 25 less than the earlier vessels . The savings in weight were used for a more powerful propulsion system , a new gun armament of quick firing guns , and slightly thicker armor plating . The Meteor class was the last aviso design produced by the Imperial Navy by the 1890s , German naval designers had taken the best characteristics of the avisos and the contemporary unprotected cruisers and combined them in the Gazelle class of light cruisers , the first vessels of that type of warship . General characteristics Meteor and Comet were 79 . 86 meters ( 262 . 0 ft ) long at the waterline and 79 . 86 m ( 262 . 0 ft ) long overall . They had a beam of 9 . 56 m ( 31 . 4 ft ) and a maximum draft of 3 . 68 m ( 12 . 1 ft ) forward . Meteor displaced 961 metric tons ( 946 long tons 1 , 059 short tons ) as designed and up to 1 , 078 metric tons ( 1 , 061 long tons 1 , 188 short tons ) at full combat load , while Comet was slightly heavier , at 992 t ( 976 long tons 1 , 093 short tons ) and 1 , 117 t ( 1 , 099 long tons 1 , 231 short tons ) , respectively . Their hulls were constructed from transverse steel frames . Meteor was initially fitted with a single pole mainmast , while Comet had the pole mainmast along with a smaller mast further aft for wireless telegraphy . In 1901 02 , Meteor was fitted with the second mast as well . The Meteor class ships had a crew of 7 officers and 108 enlisted men . The ships carried several smaller boats , including one yawl , one dinghy , and one cutter . They were poor sea boats they were very unstable in anything but calm weather . They also vibrated excessively due to severe cavitation , particularly at high speeds . Both ships were , however , very maneuverable vessels . Their metacentric height was .41 m ( 1 ft 4 in ) . Machinery Their propulsion system consisted of two vertical 3 cylinder triple expansion engines that drove a pair of 2 . 8 m ( 9 ft 2 in ) wide , three bladed screw propellers . Steam for the engines was provided by four coal fired locomotive boilers that were trunked into two funnels on the centerline . The ships were equipped with a pair of electric generators with a combined output of 20 to 24 kilowatts ( 27 to 32 hp ) at 67 volts . Steering was controlled by a single rudder . The ships ' propulsion system varied slightly in performance . Meteor 's engines were rated at 4 , 500 indicated horsepower ( 3 , 400 kW ) for a top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km h 22 mph ) , though she exceeded both figures on sea trials , reaching a speed of 20 knots ( 37 km h 23 mph ) . Comet 's engines were rated for 5 , 000 ihp ( 3 , 700 kW ) and 19 . 5 kn ( 36 . 1 km h 22 . 4 mph ) , which she did not exceed on her trials . Both ships had a range of approximately 960 nautical miles ( 1 , 780 km 1 , 100 mi ) at 9 kn ( 17 km h 10 mph ) . Armament and armor The ships were armed with four 8 . 8 cm SK L 30 guns placed in single pivot mounts , two side by side forward , and two side by side aft . The guns were supplied with between 462 and 680 rounds of ammunition , and they had a range of 6 , 900 m ( 22 , 600 ft ) . They also carried three 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tubes , one mounted submerged in the bow and the other two in deck mounted launchers on the broadside . They were supplied with eight torpedoes . Both ships were protected with steel armor . They had a 15 mm ( 0 . 59 in ) thick deck with 25 mm ( 0 . 98 in ) thick sloped sides . The conning tower had 30 mm ( 1 . 2 in ) thick plating on the sides , with a 15 mm thick roof . Service history Meteor was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in 1888 , and launched on 20 January 1890 . Fitting out work then commenced , and was completed by 19 May 1891 , when she was commissioned into the German fleet . Comet was built by the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin . She was laid down in 1890 and launched on 15 January 1892 . After fitting out was completed she was transferred to Kiel , where she was commissioned for sea trials . Comet was commissioned into the fleet on 29 April 1893 . Neither ship remained on active service long , primarily due to their excessive vibration . Meteor was assigned as the dispatch vessel for the I Division of the Maneuver Squadron in 1893 , but was reduced to reserve status by 1895 . Comet served in the III Division for the annual maneuvers in August and September 1893 but she too was quickly placed in reserve . In 1904 , both ships were reactivated as guard ships , but this service did not last long either . By 1911 , both ships had again been withdrawn and stricken from the naval register Meteor became a barracks ship in Kiel while Comet was used as a mine hulk in Danzig . Meteor and Comet were sold for scrapping in 1919 and 1921 , respectively .
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3,508 | The Action of 9 February 1799 was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars between a British Royal Navy frigate and a French privateer frigate fought 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ) west of the southeastern coast of what is now Natal in South Africa . The 32 gun French frigate Prudente had since the start of the war been part of a squadron operating from le de France ( now Mauritius ) . This squadron had dispersed during 1798 , with the ships sent on independent commerce raiding operations across the British trade routes in the Indian Ocean . Prudente had subsequently been seized in the autumn of that year by Anne Joseph Hippolyte de unk , Comte de Malartic , the Governor of le de France , and sold to a private raiding company . In early 1799 Prudente was operating off South Africa , attacking British trade passing to or from the Cape Colony when the ship was discovered by British frigate HMS Daedalus under Captain Henry Lidgbird Ball . Prudente turned away and Ball gave chase , following the French ship closely . After five hours Daedalus caught Prudente and fired a raking broadside into the stern , disabling the French ship . For another hour the action continued at close range until Prudente was forced to surrender . Background By 1799 British forces dominated the Indian Ocean , controlling the economically vital trade routes from China , the Dutch East Indies and British India to Europe . The French Navy had originally deployed only two frigates in the region , Prudente and Cyble , operating from Port Louis on le de France . This force was subsequently augmented in the summer of 1796 by a large squadron of frigates under Contre amiral Pierre Csar Charles de Sercey , which cruised in the East Indies during 1796 and 1797 , suffering setbacks at Action of 9 September 1796 and the Bali Strait Incident . During 1798 the squadron dispersed , as his crews became increasingly mutinous and the Colonial Assembly of le de France grew openly disdainful of his efforts , refusing to provide reinforcements or supplies to his ships . To mitigate this disaffection , Sercey ordered two of his frigates , Prudente and Forte to cruise in the Bay of Bengal against British trade during the autumn of 1798 . When these ships returned , Sercey had already sailed for the east , leaving instructions for the frigates to follow . These orders were however countermanded by the Governor of le de France , Malartic , who ordered the frigates seized while they were in harbour . Although Sercey protested Malartic 's actions , the governor issued new orders to the ships Forte was sent northeast to operate in the Bay of Bengal off Calcutta while Prudente was partially disarmed and sold to a privateering concern to operate against trade as a commercial investment . Battle Command of Prudente was given to Captain Emanuel unk Le unk , who sailed to the region to the east of the British held Cape Colony to prey on transoceanic merchant shipping sailing to and from Cape Town . The cruise achieved some success , including the seizure of an American merchant ship from Canton , which had been given a prize crew of 17 and armed with 6 pounder guns from Prudente 's quarterdeck , leaving the French frigate with only 30 guns including its main battery of 12 pounder long guns . At dawn on 9 February 1799 , while sailing approximately 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ) southwest of the coast of Natal a sail was seen to the southeast , approaching rapidly . Recognising a British frigate , La Joliff ordered his ships to separate at 07 00 , the American ship sailing south while he took Prudente northwards , hoping to draw off the British ship so that the prize could escape . The new arrival was HMS Daedalus , a 32 gun 12 pounder Royal Navy frigate under the command of Captain Henry Lidgbird Ball . Ball maintained pursuit of Prudente , running 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ) behind his opponent until 10 00 when La Joliff swung his frigate to starboard with the wind , Ball following close behind . With the British frigate closing , la Joliff ordered his men to begin firing their stern chasers at Daedalus and at 12 10 hauled up to engage , firing a broadside into the British ship . Ball shortened sail and brought his ship across the stern of Prudente , firing a devastating raking broadside into the French frigate at 12 25 . Ball then drew Daedalus alongside Prudente and the ships fought a close range broadside duel , fire from Ball 's ship bringing down the mizenmast on Prudente after 15 minutes . It was only at 13 21 , more than an hour after the battle had begun , that La Joliff acknowledged the damage to his ship and struck his colours . Aftermath Prudente was badly damaged in the engagement and had lost heavy casualties , including 27 killed and 22 wounded . Losses and damage on Daedalus were much lighter , with only one sailor and one Royal Marine killed and eleven wounded . Ball conducted hasty repairs and then brought the captured Prudente into Table Bay on 15 February . There the captured ship was condemned by the port commander Captain George Losack although Prudente was a high quality ship the naval facilities at the Cape Colony were insufficient to conduct the necessary repairs and the French frigate was not subsequently commissioned into the Royal Navy . As a result , there were few rewards for the action , unusually the junior officers of Daedalus were not promoted in the aftermath of the battle . Among the prisoners taken from Prudente was a deserter from the Royal Navy named Thomas Tring , who was subsequently court martialed and hanged . In the Indian Ocean theatre the loss of Prudente was compounded a few weeks later by the capture of Forte at the Action of 28 February 1799 , which left Sercey with a shortage of available warships . At the Action of 11 December 1799 his last frigate , Preneuse , was intercepted and destroyed off le de France . A commander without a command , the French admiral returned to France and subsequently retired .
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3,509 | King 's Highway 12 , commonly referred to as Highway 12 and historically known as the Whitby and Sturgeon Bay Road , is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario . The highway connects the eastern end of the Greater Toronto Area ( GTA ) with Kawartha Lakes ( via Highway 7 ) , Orillia and Midland before ending at Highway 93 . It forms a part of the Trans Canada Highway system from north of Sunderland to Coldwater . Highway 12 connects several small towns along its 146 km ( 91 mi ) route , and bypasses a short distance from many others . It is signed as a north south route between Whitby and Orillia , and as an east west route from there to Midland . The rural portions of the highway feature a posted speed limit of 80 km h ( 50 mph ) , often dropping to 50 km h ( 31 mph ) through built up areas . The entire route is patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police . Highway 12 was first established in early 1922 between Highway 2 in Whitby and Lindsay . The section running east from Sunderland became part of Highway 7 before route numbering was introduced in 1925 . Highway 12 was then routed through Beaverton and around the eastern and northern shores of Lake Simcoe to Orillia and later to Midland Beaverton was bypassed during the 1960s . The section south of Highway 7 in Brooklin was transferred to the Regional Municipality of Durham in mid 1997 and redesignated as Durham Regional Highway 12 . A majority of Highway 12 follows the historic Whitby and Sturgeon Bay Road , constructed in the mid 1800s to connect Whitby and Penetanguishene , both important naval ports of the time . Route description The highway begins at the hydro easement ( the future location of Highway 407 ) just south of the community of Brooklin in the town of Whitby . It travels north and joins with Highway 7 on the southern edge of Brooklin . Highway 7 travels west to Markham , and is signed concurrently with Highway 12 for 39 . 1 km ( 24 . 3 mi ) north of this point to Sunderland . North of Sunderland , Highway 7 separates and travels east to Lindsay Highway 12 thereafter is designated as the Central Ontario Route of the Trans Canada Highway . The highway continues north , following the eastern and northern shores of Lake Simcoe and bypassing Beaverton while curving to the northwest towards Orillia . It bypasses south of Orillia , and shares a routing with Highway 11 northwards for approximately two kilometres between interchanges 131 and 133 . At the latter interchange , Highway 12 branches northwest towards Coldwater , where it joins Highway 400 between interchanges 141 and 147 this concurrency is not signed . At Waubaushene , the Trans Canada Highway designation continues north along Highway 400 towards Parry Sound and Sudbury , while Highway 12 continues west towards Victoria Harbour , Port McNicoll , and the Martyrs ' Shrine . The highway ends at a junction with Highway 93 at the western town limits of Midland . History The oldest portion of Highway 12 was originally known as the Coldwater Portage and later the Coldwater Road , connecting the modern sites of Orillia and Coldwater by a 14 mi ( 23 km ) trail . Upper Canada Governor John Colborne surveyed the portage in 1830 and ordered it to be widened for wagon use . As the area was settled and an increasing need for land connection with the south arose , a new road was proposed from Whitby to Sturgeon Bay ( near Waubaushene ) . In February 1843 , the residents formally petitioned the government to construct the route . The Sturgeon Bay Road , from Coldwater to Sturgeon Bay , was opened as a rough wagon road in 1844 . The unk Narrows , separating Lake Simcoe from Lake unk , were surveyed in the early 1840s and the first causeway and bridge constructed in the years that followed . The portion of the route between Whitby and Orillia , however , was still under construction during the second half of the decade . Highway 12 was first introduced into the provincial highway system on January 22 , 1922 , The highway , initially known as the Whitby Lindsay Road , was not numbered until the summer of 1925 . The route followed the present day Highway 12 from Whitby to Sunderland , then travelled east to Lindsay . Highway assumptions carried out on June 22 and July 2 , 1927 , extended Highway 7 east from Brampton to Peterborough . In doing so , it became concurrent with Highway 12 between Whitby and Sunderland . The route of Highway 12 between Sunderland and Lindsay was renumbered as part of Highway 7 at this time . Highway 12 was later extended north to Orillia , via Beaverton . This was accomplished through two unk on August 17 , the majority of the route through Brock , unk and Mara Townships was assumed . Several more miles were assumed on December 28 , 1927 , extending Highway 12 as far as Orillia . On August 5 , 1931 , Highway 12 was extended from Orillia to Midland . The majority of the route paralleled an existing railway that was constructed over a native portage . Highway 12 remained unaltered for several decades , until the mid 1960s , when the Beaverton Bypass was constructed . On November 4 , 1966 , the 10 . 3 km ( 6 . 4 mi ) bypass opened , routing Highway 12 to the east . Portions of the former route of Highway 12 were renumbered as Highway unk . The highway again remained unchanged for several decades , until a short portion of the southern end of the highway was decommissioned in the late 1990s . On April 1 , 1997 , the portions of Highway 12 south of Brooklin were transferred to the Regional Municipality of Durham , which subsequently redesignated the road as Durham Regional Highway 12 . Prior to the highway unk of 1997 and 1998 , Highway 12 was also not routed along Highway 400 between Coldwater and Waubaushene , but instead followed a separate route , parallel to the 400 , along what is now Simcoe County Road 16 . Major intersections The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 12 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario .
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3,510 | Hurricane Nate caused minor damage in southeastern Mexico in mid September 2011 . The sixteenth named storm and fourth hurricane of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season , Nate originated from a frontal trough in the Bay of Campeche on September 7 . Within a weak steering environment , the storm meandered southwestward while gradually gaining strength . Though classified as a tropical storm operationally , data during a post season review indicated that Nate briefly attained Category 1 hurricane status on the Saffir Simpson hurricane wind scale on September 8 . As a result of its slow motion , the storm caused significant upwelling , leading to a marked decrease in convection , and weakening accordingly . On September 11 , Nate moved ashore Mexico as a tropical storm , producing several inches of rainfall and damaging several hundred structures . Ten oil rig workers went missing seven were rescued , but one died of an unknown cause , and three other bodies were later recovered . In Veracruz , a boy was killed after being struck by lightning . Meteorological history On September 5 , a frontal trough , the same responsible for the extratropical transition of Tropical Storm Lee , passed through the western Gulf of Mexico before stalling in the central Gulf of Mexico and Bay of Campeche . At the tail end of the trough , increased shower and thunderstorm activity associated with a developing low pressure area prompted the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) to begin monitoring the disturbance for tropical cyclone formation the next day . The low separated from the front early on September 7 , but convection was too disorganized for classification at the time . By 1800 UTC , however , a curved band developed in the western semicircle of the circulation . In accordance with satellite imagery , surface observations from land and oil rigs , and data from a reconnaissance aircraft , the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Storm Nate , positioned roughly 160 mi ( 260 km ) north of Villahermosa , Mexico . Within a weak steering environment between a mid level ridge over northern Mexico and a mid level ridge over the northern Caribbean Sea , Nate drifted slowly southwestward initially . Though an abundance of dry air was expected to limit a rapid rate of intensification , warm sea surface temperatures and light to moderate wind shear allowed for gradual strengthening . Operationally , the system attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph ( 110 km h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 994 mb ( 29 . 35 inHg ) on September 8 . However , as part of its post season routine , the NHC received data from an offshore oil rig in the southeastern quadrant of the system that yielded maximum sustained surface winds of 77 mph ( 124 km h ) as a result , Nate was re designated as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson hurricane wind scale while centered approximately 80 mi ( 130 km ) north northwest of Ciudad del Carmen , Mexico . Following peak intensity , the storm 's broad wind field and slow forward motion led to significant ocean upwelling . With cooler sea surface temperatures and low ocean heat content , the coverage of deep convection decreased and Nate weakened to a tropical storm at 0600 UTC on September 9 . While accelerating west northwest and eventually westward in response to an eastward shift in the ridge over Mexico , Nate moved away from cooler ocean temperatures , briefly allowing it to gain strength on September 10 . By the next day , however , increasingly dry , low to mid level air wrapped into the circulation , causing associated convection to collapse . At 1600 UTC on September 11 , the system made landfall near Barra de Tecolutla , Mexico , with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km h ) . The rugged terrain of Mexico caused Nate to rapidly weaken once inland , and the cyclone degenerated into a remnant low by 0000 UTC on September 12 , about 20 mi ( 30 km ) west of Poza Rica , Mexico . The circulation dissipated six hours later , at 1200 UTC on September 12 . Preparations and impact Following Nate 's declaration as a tropical cyclone , the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning stretching from Chilitepec to unk , noting that tropical storm conditions were likely within 12 hours . Early on September 8 , a tropical storm watch was issued from unk to Progreso . A day later , a tropical storm watches were issued from La Cruz to Tampico and Veracruz to Punta El Lagarto . A hurricane watch was issued from Tampico to Veracruz , and three hours later , all tropical storm warnings were discontinued . On September 10 , the tropical storm watch stretching from Veracruz to Punta El Lagarto was discontinued , and a tropical storm warning was issued from Tampico to Punta El Lagarto . By 1500 UTC , all tropical storm watches were discontinued , and at 2100 UTC , the tropical storm warning area was modified to Tampico to Tuxpan . At this time , the hurricane watch area was modified to Tampico to Tuxpan , and a hurricane warning was issued from Tampico to Veracruz . The following day , this hurricane warning was changed to a tropical storm warning following Nate 's weakening trend . All hurricane watches were discontinued , and during the afternoon hours , all tropical storm warnings were discontinued . On September 7 , the Dos Bocas and Cayo Arcas ports , Mexico 's two main crude oil export ports , closed in preparation for the storm . Ten contractors for unk were forced to abandon their lifeboat after evacuating the Trinity II rig . Seven of the ten men were rescued however , one later died , and the bodies of the three other men were recovered . The body of the tenth man , who had remained listed as missing for several days , was recovered by the Mexican Navy on September 14 . Throughout Veracruz , 839 homes were damaged by the storm . In the southern sections of the state , Nate produced several inches of rainfall . A child was killed in Pnuco after a tree was struck by lightning and fell on his home .
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3,511 | The 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake occurred on June 28 at 07 43 55 local time with a moment magnitude of 5 . 6 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII ( Very Strong ) . The thrust earthquake resulted in two deaths , around 100 injuries , and damage estimated at 33 . 5 40 million . The event occurred beneath the San Gabriel Mountains on the Clamshell Sawpit Fault , which is a part of the Sierra Madre Cucamonga Fault System . Instruments captured the event at a number of strong motion stations in Southern California , including the two largest aftershocks ( both 4 . 0 local magnitude ) that occurred on June 28 and on July 6 . Preface Due to its history of generating great earthquakes ( 1857 , 1906 ) the focal point of earthquake hazard assessment in California has been the strike slip San Andreas System of faults . However , a system of faults , including the Sierra Madre Cucamonga Fault System that runs along the border of the San Gabriel and San Fernando Valleys , has also caused a series of moderate to large events in the Greater Los Angeles Area . The westernmost portion of this fault system ruptured in 1971 and has been identified as one of six major fault systems that pose a threat to the highly populated region . Geodetic research has shown that crustal shortening is occurring in the region of the Transverse Ranges at a rate of 0 . 33 inches ( 8 . 5 mm ) per year . Although a number of earthquakes have occurred in the Los Angeles area since 1971 , the rate of moderate events since then may not be typical , and few large events have occurred since records have been kept . The rate of contraction and too few moderate events that have occurred indicated to researchers that a deficit of seismic energy release exists , and that larger , but less frequent events may also contribute to the release of strain accumulation . Tectonic setting To the west of the San Andreas Fault , the southern edge of the Transverse Ranges has been in a state of contraction during the Quaternary Period , with active reverse faulting that has uplifted San Gabriel Mountains . The west striking ( and range bounding ) Sierra Madre Cucamonga Faults , as well as the San Cayetano Fault and Santa Susana Faults all exhibit a component of left lateral strike slip motion and share a similar trend . The Malibu Coast Santa Monica Fault lies at the southern flank of the Santa Monica Mountains and the Raymond Fault runs to the south of the Verdugo Mountains and meets the San Gabriel Mountains at Monrovia . The Clamshell Sawpit Fault lies beneath the San Gabriel Mountains inline with the Raymond Fault . The characteristics of the various faults are difficult to interpret , but they all dip steeply to the north with several thousand feet of displacement . Earthquake The shock occurred on June 28 , 1991 at 07 43 55 local time , and was the result of thrust faulting on the Clamshell Sawpit Fault at the southern boundary of the San Gabriel Mountains . At less than 0 . 39 in ( 1 cm ) , the total amount of uplift was very minimal , considering the 6 ft 7 in ( 2 m ) of vertical displacement that was observed during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake . The uplift initiated about two million years ago , and is a result of the convergence of the Pacific and North American Plates near the restraining bend of the San Andreas Fault . Damage The earthquake was felt from Santa Barbara in the north , to Palm Springs in the east , and south to the Mexico United States border . It was centered about 7 . 5 miles ( 12 . 1 km ) northeast of Sierra Madre . Hundreds of homes were damaged and at least three roads leading up to Mount Wilson were blocked by landslides . A woman was killed when a steel beam fell at the Santa Anita Park raceway in Arcadia and another woman died as a result of a heart attack in Glendale . Also in Arcadia , a Motel 6 was badly damaged . Other structural damage resulted from the shock . For example , both Monrovia and Pasadena each had more than a dozen buildings that were uninhabitable , but for the most part damage was limited to cracked plaster and broken windows . The Pasadena City Hall had moderate damage consisting of a cracked wall , dislodged marble barriers in the restrooms , and an offset dome . In Sierra Madre , four apartment buildings and nine homes were also tagged as uninhabitable . Of the more than 100 injuries that were reported in Arcadia , Pasadena , Glendale , and Sierra Madre , most were cuts , bruises , and sprains , but some serious injuries also occurred . Strong motion The California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program ( CSMIP ) obtained 120 records from 48 ground response stations , 38 buildings , six dams , an airport control tower , and a power station . The individual stations that reported were as close as 2 . 5 miles ( 4 km ) ( Cogswell Dam ) to as far as 50 miles ( 80 km ) ( unk ) , but most were within 40 km ( 25 mi ) . In downtown Pasadena , accelerations of unk were measured at the bottom floor of three buildings , but the duration of strong motion was only about two seconds . At the Altadena station ( 8 . 1 mi ( 13 km ) from the epicenter ) .46g was recorded . The Cogswell Dam station recorded a peak horizontal acceleration of unk , but no major damage occurred . Recurrence interval Although the long term slip rate of the constituent faults that make up the Sierra Madre Fault Zone are not precisely known , several studies have put forth scenarios for possible future activity . Two independent reports suggested that if the complete ( 62 mi ( 100 km ) ) fault system were to rupture , it could result in a Ms 7 . 7 shock similar to the 1952 Kern County earthquake . One researcher stated that the recurrence interval for such an event would be greater than 5 , 000 years . Another proposal was for one of the seven individual segments to rupture in a unk 6 . 6 event , comparable with the 1971 San Fernando earthquake . The recurrence interval for this type of event was placed at 200 years .
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3,512 | Delaware Route 48 ( DE 48 ) is a state highway in New Castle County , Delaware . The route runs from DE 41 in Hockessin east to U.S. Route 13 Business ( US 13 Bus . ) in downtown Wilmington . The route passes through suburban areas of Wilmington such as Lancaster Pike , intersecting DE 100 and DE 141 . DE 48 continues into Wilmington as Lancaster Avenue and intersects DE 2 , where it splits into the one way pair of Lancaster Avenue eastbound and Second Street westbound . Upon reaching downtown Wilmington , the route intersects Interstate 95 ( I 95 ) US 202 and DE 4 before continuing to the eastern terminus . What is now DE 48 was originally built as the Lancaster Pike in 1817 , a turnpike that was to connect Wilmington to the Gap and Newport Turnpike . The turnpike became county maintained in 1877 . The Lancaster Pike became DE 48 by 1936 , with the route continuing east through Wilmington to the Wilmington Penns Grove Ferry across the Delaware River , where it connected to Route 48 in Penns Grove , New Jersey . The ferry was discontinued in 1949 and the eastern terminus of DE 48 was cut back to its current location by 1952 . Route description DE 48 begins at an intersection with DE 41 in Hockessin , heading southeast on Lancaster Pike , a two lane undivided road . The road runs through wooded areas and residential development , curving east and gaining a second westbound lane . The route widens into a four lane divided highway and crosses the Wilmington and Western Railroad and Red Clay Creek . DE 48 comes to an intersection with DE 100 DE 141 , at which point DE 100 forms a concurrency with DE 48 . The two routes head southeast as a four lane undivided road , passing through residential and commercial areas . The road crosses an East Penn Railroad line and runs to the north of a cemetery , with DE 100 splitting from DE 48 by turning south on South Dupont Road as it passes south of the Cab Calloway School of the Arts and Charter School of Wilmington . DE 48 continues into Wilmington as Lancaster Avenue and heads into areas of homes and businesses , with the eastbound direction narrowing to one lane at an intersection with Greenhill Avenue . Following this intersection , the route crosses over CSX 's Philadelphia Subdivision on a bridge . The road narrows to two lanes and passes to the north of another cemetery . The route intersects DE 2 , which follows the one way pair of Lincoln Street northbound and Union Street southbound , in the Union Park Gardens neighborhood . At this point , DE 48 itself splits into a one way pair that follows Lancaster Avenue eastbound and West Second Street westbound , with westbound DE 48 using westbound DE 2 ( North Union Street ) to get from West Second Street to Lancaster Avenue . The one way pair carries two lanes in each direction . DE 48 continues into downtown Wilmington , where it crosses under a viaduct carrying I 95 US 202 , with ramp connections to and from the southbound direction of I 95 US 202 via Jackson Street , which parallels I 95 US 202 to the west . Upon crossing under I 95 US 202 , a westbound ramp to I 95 US 202 complements the eastbound direction of DE 48 , with the road becoming Martin Luther King , Jr . Boulevard , a six lane divided highway . Westbound DE 48 remains along one way West Second Street , which carries three lanes . DE 48 intersects the eastern terminus of DE 4 , which provides access to DE 48 from the northbound direction of I 95 US 202 . The one way pair continues further into the downtown and runs a short distance to the north of Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor . The route intersects the southbound direction of US 13 Bus . , which shifts west from North King Street to South Market Street where it intersects DE 48 . Following the intersection with US 13 Bus. southbound , DE 48 follows the one way pair of East Front Street eastbound and East Second Street westbound , passing to the north of Wilmington Station along the Northeast Corridor that serves Amtrak and SEPTA 's Wilmington Newark Line . DE 48 reaches its eastern terminus at an intersection with the northbound direction of US 13 Bus . , which follows Walnut Street . DE 48 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 30 , 195 vehicles at the DE 4 intersection to a low of 13 , 264 vehicles at the unk Church Road intersection near Hockessin . The entire length of DE 48 is part of the National Highway System . History The Wilmington Turnpike Company was founded on October 23 , 1809 to build a turnpike from Wilmington to the Pennsylvania border , connecting to the Gap and Newport Turnpike . The turnpike was completed in 1817 at a cost of 39 , 549 . 97 . The turnpike became known as the Lancaster Pike and was surfaced with stone . The Wilmington Turnpike Company operated the Lancaster Pike until 1877 when they abandoned the road . The turnpike 's charter was repealed and the road was then under the control of the county levy court . The road leading to the Wilmington Penns Grove Ferry across the Delaware River between Wilmington and Penns Grove , New Jersey was completed as a state highway by 1931 . By 1936 , the Lancaster Pike became a part of DE 48 . In addition , the route continued through Wilmington on Lincoln Street , Fourth Street , and Christiana Avenue to the ferry across the Delaware River to Penns Grove , New Jersey , where it connected to Route 48 in New Jersey . In 1939 , DE 48 was rebuilt between DE 41 and Centre Road , eliminating curves and grades . In 1949 , the Wilmington Penns Grove Ferry was discontinued . DE 48 was realigned onto Lancaster Avenue to continue to US 13 US 202 ( now US 13 Bus . ) , its current eastern terminus , by 1952 . By 1990 , DE 100 was realigned to follow a portion of DE 48 , bypassing a part of Dupont Road . DE 48 was widened into a divided highway at the DE 141 intersection by 1996 . The divided highway was extended west to Centerville Road a year later . Major intersections The entire route is in New Castle County .
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3,513 | State Route 16 ( SR 16 ) is a state highway in the northern region of the U.S. state of California that runs from Route 20 in Colusa County to Route 49 just outside Plymouth in Amador County . It is discontinuous through Sacramento , specifically between Interstate 5 in Woodland and U.S. Route 50 east of Sacramento . Route description SR 16 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System . However , it is not designated as a scenic highway by Caltrans . It is known as the Stanley L. Van Vleck Memorial Highway from Dillard Road in Sacramento County to the Amador County line , honoring a former prominent leader in the state 's agricultural organizations . Western section State Route 16 begins in Colusa County near Wilbur Springs at the junction with State Route 20 . SR 16 goes south alongside Bear Creek , which enters a narrow canyon and joins with Cache Creek near the Yolo County line . SR 16 continues in the canyon , running close to the river , passing Cache Creek Canyon Regional Park , and emerging from the canyon north of Rumsey . This section is so prone to rock slides that there are permanent gates at each end . SR 16 continues to parallel Cache Creek , at a greater distance , going south east through Capay Valley , with Blue Ridge to its west and the Capay Hills ( including Bald Mountain ) to its east . It goes through Rumsey , unk , Brooks , Cache Creek Casino Resort , Capay , unk ( intersecting with County Route E4 to unk ) , and Madison . East of Madison , and now in the Central Valley , SR 16 interchanges with Interstate 505 before heading east toward Woodland . In west Woodland it merges with County Road 22 and then turns north , concurrently with County Route E7 and Interstate 5 Business , until it meets its interchange with Interstate 5 . Eastern section The eastern segment of SR 16 begins at U.S. Route 50 east of Sacramento . SR 16 heads east through Perkins as Jackson Road . After it passes near Bridge House and Rancho unk , where it crosses the unk River , SR 16 enters Amador County . SR 16 then ascends into the Sierra Nevada foothills , leaving the Central Valley . In Amador County , SR 16 passes near Forest Home before intersecting with State Route 124 and terminating at State Route 49 . History The two ends of SR 16 were added to the state highway system by the third bond issue , passed by the state 's voters in 1919 Route 50 from Lower Lake east to Rumsey and Route 54 from the Sacramento Amador County line east to Drytown . Each was connected to Sacramento by existing or planned paved county highways . Although the exact alignment of Route 50 was not specified , the state Department of Engineering had already surveyed a 35 mile ( 56 km ) route through Cache Creek Canyon pursuant to a 1915 law , which defined the Yolo and Lake Highway following generally , the meanderings of Cache creek but did not make it a state highway . By 1924 , the California Highway Commission 's engineers had realized that building Route 50 through the canyon was impractical , and adopted a substitute plan for two highways connecting Lower Lake and Rumsey with the planned Route 15 ( Tahoe Ukiah Highway , now State Route 20 ) to the north in September 1925 . The western connection , to Lower Lake , became part of Route 49 ( now State Route 53 there ) , which continued south from Lower Lake to Calistoga . Each route was extended to Sacramento in 1933 over the aforementioned county highways , taking Route 50 southeast from Rumsey to Woodland near Cache Creek and then alongside the Sacramento River to the I Street Bridge , and Route 54 west from the county line to Route 11 just outside Sacramento . The entirety of both routes , from SR 20 near Wilbur Springs through Sacramento to State Route 49 just north of Drytown ( and initially overlapping SR 49 to Jackson ) , was included in the initial state sign route system in 1934 as Sign Route 16 . Through downtown Sacramento , SR 16 followed U.S. 40 ( Legislative Route 6 ) and U.S. 50 ( Legislative Route 11 ) , mostly on Capitol Avenue , while Legislative Route 50 continued south on 5th Street ( later a one way pair of 3rd and 5th Streets ) and turned east on Broadway , carrying Sign Route 24 most of the way to Freeport Boulevard . In the 1964 renumbering , Route 16 became the new legislative designation , and Sign Route 24 through Sacramento was replaced with State Route 99 and State Route 160 . As neither of these used what had been Sign Route 24 along 3rd and 5th Streets and Broadway , part of Route 16 's new definition ( Route 5 near Woodland to Sacramento ) was used for several years on this alignment until it became part of State Route 99 later that decade . This left the western segment of SR 16 ending at Interstate 5 near the east end of the I Street Bridge until 1984 , when the Woodland Sacramento portion , which had become redundant with the parallel Interstate 5 complete , was deleted from the legislative definition . It was at about this time that SR 16 was rerouted from the intersection with County Route E7 to continue north on a bypass of Woodland instead of east to Interstate 5 . On September 15 , 2014 , Assembly Bill No. 1957 was passed , authorizing relinquishment of the segment of SR 16 in Eastern Sacramento near US 50 . Major intersections Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The numbers reset at county lines the start and end postmiles in each county are given in the county column .
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3,514 | MissingNo . ( Japanese unk , Hepburn unk ) , or unk , is an unofficial Pokmon species found in the video games Pokmon Red and Blue . Standing for Missing Number , MissingNo. are used as error handlers by game developer Game Freak they appear when the game attempts to access data for a nonexistent Pokmon species . Due to the programming of three in game events , players can encounter MissingNo. via a glitch . The species was first documented by Nintendo in the May 1999 issue of Nintendo Power . Encountering MissingNo. causes graphical errors and the mass replication of the sixth item in the player 's item menu the latter effect resulted in the glitch 's coverage by strategy guides and game magazines . IGN has noted MissingNo . ' s appearance in Pokmon Red and Blue as one of the most famous video game glitches . Fans of the series have attempted to rationalize MissingNo. as part of the games ' canon , and sociologists have studied its impact on players . History Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo , the Pokmon series began in Japan in 1996 . The player assumes the role of a Pokmon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokmon . Players use the creatures ' special abilities to combat other Pokmon , and certain abilities also grant new ways to navigate the game 's world , such as instantaneous travel between two areas . Nintendo first documented the events that cause MissingNo. to appear in the May 1999 issue of Nintendo Power , with a warning that any contact with it ( even if you don 't catch it ) could easily erase your game file or disrupt your graphics . The glitch is the result of a succession of events first , players watch an in game tutorial for Pokmon capture . The player then uses a Pokmon with the Fly ability to reach the game 's Cinnabar Island location , and then uses a Pokmon with the Surf ability to travel up and down the eastern shore of the island until a MissingNo. appears . Characteristics Encountering a MissingNo . Pokmon is the result of three computing events . The first is the game 's random battle encounter system each area assigns values to Pokmon in a data buffer , which the game accesses for the player 's encounters with wild Pokmon . However , no values are assigned to this buffer on the east coast of the Cinnabar and unk Island locations the information from the previously visited area is used instead . The second factor is the in game tutorial , which temporarily stores the player 's name in the data buffer . This causes the game to access the hexadecimal values of the player 's name for Pokmon encounters at Cinnabar and unk Island . The third factor is the game 's error handling system if the game selects a value from the data buffer that is not an existing Pokmon , a subroutine is triggered that causes the appearance of a Pokmon named MissingNo . , short for Missing Number . As with any wild Pokmon , players may flee from , fight or capture MissingNo . After an encounter with MissingNo . , the quantity of the sixth item in the player 's item menu is usually increased by a large amount and the game 's Hall of Fame Pokmon gallery becomes permanently glitched . Temporary graphical glitches may also occur , which can be removed by viewing the statistics page for another Pokmon or resetting the console . A captured MissingNo. is a fully functional Pokmon , and appears in the game 's Pokmon index as number 000 . All MissingNo. possess consistent abilities , type , statistics and sounds . The Pokmon commonly appears as a scrambled d shape , but certain encounter values cause it to appear as one of three sprites not used by other Pokmon . Reaction and reception While it only appeared in a few games in the series , MissingNo. has had a significant impact . Calling it a programming quirk , Nintendo warned against encountering it , claiming players could possibly have to restart the game from the beginning to remove the graphical glitches . Despite Nintendo 's warning , information on how to encounter MissingNo. was printed in several magazines and player 's guides due to its perceived positive effect . Certain players attempted to sell tips on capturing MissingNo. for up to 200 . Despite it not being an intentional part of the game , in 2009 , IGN included MissingNo. in its list of the top video game Easter eggs , citing its usefulness in replicating the game 's rarer items . IGN stated in a related article , It really says something about Pokmon fans that they took what is a potentially game ruining glitch and used it as a shortcut to level up their Pokmon , and later called it an unforgettable glitch that helped push the original games to gaming super stardom . Players ' reactions to MissingNo. have been the subject of sociological studies . Sociologist William Sims Bainbridge stated that Game Freak created one of the most popular glitches ever in game history , and cited its creative usage by players . In the book Pikachu 's Global Adventure The Rise and Fall of Pokmon , professor of education Julian Sefton Green noticed that in his study of his son 's reaction to MissingNo . ' s usage as a cheat , the child 's outlook towards the game was altered drastically , and added that the presence of such elements as a result broke the illusion of the game as an enclosed world and reminded them that at heart , it is a computer program . The book Playing with Videogames contains an in depth study of MissingNo . , which details players ' curiosity when encountering the Pokmon . It describes their tendency to compare notes on its appearance , and to give assessment and critique to each other 's findings . The book states that , in their attempts to interpret MissingNo. as part of the series 's narrative through fan art and fiction , Pokmon communities celebrated the game 's imperfections and tried to imprint themselves on its canon . The author described these circumstances as unique to MissingNo . , and called its popularity an unusual case .
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3,515 | Rip Van Winkle is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film is an adaptation of Washington Irving 's story of Rip Van Winkle with some differences in the plot . The film focuses on the title character whose idle life is made difficult by his cantankerous wife . Winkle heads into the mountains and encounters spirits of Henry Hudson 's men . Upon partaking of their alcohol , Winkle falls into a slumber for twenty years . He returns home and has difficulty proving his identity and must save his property from an unlawful accusation by his rival . After he proves his identity , he is reunited with his family . The title character was played by Frank H. Crane , but the production credits are largely unknown . The film was released on December 6 , 1910 , and met with positive reviews . The film is presumed lost . Plot Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from December 10 , 1910 . It states Rip Van Winkle , although a loving father to his little girl unk and a hail fellow well met with all of his fellow townsmen , is being constantly scolded by his wife for leading an idle and profitless existence . Rip is also fond of the bottle and spends a greater part of his time and money at the village tavern . Catching him entering the house late one night after a day 's carousing , his wife Gretchen becomes thoroughly angry with him and drives him from the house . In the face of a terrible storm with only his dog Schneider and his faithful rifle to protect him , Rip wanders toward the mountains . Here he comes across a band of gnomes who are supposed to be the spirits of Heinrich Hudson sic and his merry men who disappeared near the Catskill Mountains hundreds of years before , and had never been heard of since . The gnomes give Rip some magic schnapps to drink , and under its influence he goes to sleep for 20 years . When he awakes , he is an old man and in ragged clothes . His dog is dead , and his rifle has rusted away . He makes his way as best he can back to the village , and his own home . But there no one knows him . He finds his wife married to another man , his daughter grown to womanhood , and most of his old friends dead and gone . Rip , however , finally manages to prove his identity , and also to lay claim to his property , which has greatly increased in value during his sleep , in which he is just in time to save from being unlawfully confiscated by his old time enemy . Happily reunited to his family , Rip looks forward to his declining years with a spirit born of peace and solace . Cast Frank H. Crane as Rip Van Winkle Marie Eline Production The production and an adaptation of Washington Irving 's story of Rip Van Winkle . The stage adaptation was well known and the adaptation would be compared to Joseph Jefferson 's portrayal on the stage . The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The adaptation differs from the original in some ways , including that Winkle 's cantankerous wife has remarried instead of died . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . Sometimes the directional credit is given to Theodore Marston . The apparent origin of this error is from the American Film Index 1908 1915 . Film historian Q. David Bowers consulted one of the co authors of the book , Gunnar Lundquist , and confirmed that the credit of Marston was in error . Theodore Marston worked with Path , Kinemacolor , Vitagraph and other companies , but there is no record of Marston working with Thanhouser . This error has persisted in several works including The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film . The same work also credits Alphonse Ethier with a role , but this is not cited by Bowers . The only known cast credits are for Frank H. Crane and Marie Eline . The other cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list included G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 1 , 000 feet long , was released on December 6 , 1910 . The film had a wide national release , advertising theaters for the Thanhouser film include those in Pennsylvania , South Dakota , Kansas , and Indiana . The film received positive reviews in trade publications . The Moving Picture World review said . Probably the story of Rip Van Winkle as told by Washington Irving will always be a delight . Surely the Rip Van Winkle , as depicted by the late Joseph Jefferson , will linger long in the memory of those fortunate enough to have seen it . Unquestionably , however , the third in the list of delights is this film from Thanhouser which tells the story over again in much the same way that Jefferson told it . The Rip of Jefferson and the Rip of Irving are two different versions , though both do substantially the same things . ... It is a good piece of work from every standpoint . The actors have entered into the spirit of the story and have depicted it with close adherence to the facts as they are related in the original . The stage manager understood what was required to make the background appear natural , while the photographer handled the camera with full knowledge of the requirements . The New York Dramatic Mirror reviewer also agreed and commended the film by stating , The Thanhouser Company has done very well with this old legend , paying particular attention to details . ... The acting is exceptionally good for a story representing that era of time , and the adaption is very clear to the spectator .
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3,516 | USS Chew ( DD 106 ) was a Wickes class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I and World War II . She was named in honor of Samuel Chew . From 1918 to 1922 , Chew operated along the East Coast of the United States on patrol and training duties , including escorting a transatlantic voyage of Curtiss NC seaplanes . In 1940 , she was recommissioned and operated out of Pearl Harbor . During the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor , she brought her guns to bear against aircraft of the Empire of Japan , and two of her men were killed helping to man the Pennsylvania . For the remainder of the war , Chew operated out of the port on escort and patrol duties , until she was decommissioned in 1945 . Design and construction Chew was one of 111 Wickes class destroyers built by the United States Navy between 1917 and 1919 . She , along with seven of her sisters , were constructed at Union Iron Works shipyards in San Francisco , California using specifications and detail designs drawn up by Bethlehem Steel . She had a standard displacement of 1 , 060 tonnes ( 1 , 040 long tons 1 , 170 short tons ) an overall length of 314 feet 5 inches ( 95 . 83 m ) , a beam of 31 feet 9 inches ( 9 . 68 m ) and a draught of 8 feet 6 inches ( 2 . 59 m ) . On trials , Harding reached a speed of 35 knots ( 65 km h 40 mph ) . She was armed with four 4 50 caliber guns and twelve 21 inch torpedo tubes . She had a regular crew complement of 113 officers and enlisted men . She was driven by two Curtis steam turbines powered by four Yarrow boilers . Specifics on Chew 's performance are not known , but she was one of the group of Wickes class destroyers designed by Bethlehem Steel , built from a different design than the ' Liberty type ' destroyers constructed from detail designs drawn up by Bath Iron Works , which used Parsons or Westinghouse turbines . The non ' Liberty ' type destroyers deteriorated badly in service , and in 1929 all 60 of this group were retired by the Navy . Actual performance of these ships was far below intended specifications especially in fuel economy , with most only able to make 2 , 300 nautical miles ( 4 , 300 km 2 , 600 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) instead of the design standard of 3 , 100 nautical miles ( 5 , 700 km 3 , 600 mi ) at 20 knots ( 37 km h 23 mph ) . The class also suffered problems with turning and weight . Chew was the first and only ship commissioned in the U.S. Navy named for Samuel Chew , who had been a Continental Navy officer killed in the Revolutionary War . Service history Chew was launched on 26 May 1918 out of San Francisco , sponsored by F. X. Gygax . She was commissioned on 12 December 1918 under the command of Commander J. H. Klein Jr . She sailed for the East Coast of the United States on 21 December 1918 , and arrived in port at Newport , Rhode Island on 10 January 1919 . After brief repairs at port in New York City , New York and refresher training at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base , she cleared New York on 28 April and embarked as an escort during the first transatlantic seaplane flight , made by Curtiss NC 4 aircraft . Following this duty , she visited to the Azores , Gibraltar , Malta , and Constantinople before returning to New York on 5 June . After repairs , she steamed for San Diego , California , leaving New York on 17 September and arriving in San Diego on 12 October . Beginning on 19 November 1919 , she was placed in reduced commission , operating only infrequently with Naval reservists of Reserve Division 10 until she was placed out of commission on 1 June 1922 . At a part of the mobilization effort preceding the U.S. entry into World War II , Chew was recommissioned on 14 October 1940 , assigned to Defense Force , 14th Naval District . She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 17 December 1940 which she made her home port . She spent the next year conducting patrols and had training duty from Pearl Harbor . She was assigned to Destroyer Division 80 , with sister ships Allen , Ward , and Schley . On the morning of 7 December 1941 , Chew was moored in Berth X 5 , alongside Allen and the decommissioned Baltimore , which was being used for storage . At the outbreak of the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan that morning , Chew brought one of her 3 23 caliber guns online and began firing at 08 03 , under the command of her executive officer . At 08 11 , two of her .50 caliber machine guns were also brought online and began firing . The 3 inch ( 76 mm ) gun scored one Japanese aircraft shot down and two damaged , and the machine guns observed no hits . Chew maintained continuous fire from these weapons until 09 34 , when the last of the Japanese aircraft departed . She then got underway and began patrolling for Japanese submarine activity , just southwest of the port entrance buoy . She unk eight possible contacts and dropped 28 depth charges , which her commander , H. R. Hummer , Jr . , reported two Japanese submarines destroyed . Subsequent evidence does not suggest Chew struck any Japanese submarines . In the chaos of the attack , a number of Chew crew members also disembarked and came aboard nearby Pennsylvania , which was in drydock , to assist in manning guns , forming ammunition trains , and fighting fires . Aboard Pennsylvania , two Chew crewman were killed in defending the ship , Seaman Second Class Matthew J. unk and Fireman Third Class Clarence A. Wise . From 1941 through the end of World War II , Chew operated out of Pearl Harbor on patrol . She took on periodic escort duties among the Hawaiian Islands and on training duty for submarines . She made occasional trips to San Francisco and Seattle escorting convoys and screening for other Navy ships , inter island escort , and submarine training duty . Following the end of the war , she departed Pearl Harbor on 21 August 1945 and arrived at Philadelphia 13 September . She was decommissioned there on 10 October 1945 , and sold for scrap on 4 October 1946 . Chew received one battle star for World War II service .
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3,517 | Charles Henry Smyth , Jr . ( unk March 31 , 1866 April 4 , 1937 ) was an American geologist . Born to a prominent family in Upstate New York , he studied geology at Columbia University before becoming a professor of geology at Hamilton College and Princeton University . At Princeton he strengthened the Department of Geology 's graduate program . Smyth specialized in petrology , chemical geology , and economic geology . He showed the sedimentary origin of iron ore deposits near his native Clinton , New York , mapped the geology of the western Adirondack Mountains , and published a well known monograph on the origins of alkaline igneous rocks . He was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , a member of the American Philosophical Society , and a fellow of the Geological Society of America . Family Smyth was born March 31 , 1866 , in Oswego , New York , the second son of Alice DeWolf Smyth and Charles Henry Smyth , Sr. In 1873 , he moved with his family to nearby Clinton , New York . His mother belonged to a well known Oswego banking and manufacturing family . His father was a prominent local businessman , holding executive positions at the Franklin Iron Works , Clinton Bank , and the company that managed the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge . He also served on the vestry of the local Episcopal church and was a brigadier general in the New York Guard . The family was considered among the local elite in Clinton . Katharine Blunt was a first cousin . On July 30 , 1891 , the younger Charles Smyth married Ruth Anne Phelps , originally of Shreveport , Louisiana . They had two children , Charles Phelps Smyth ( 1895 1990 ) and Henry DeWolf Smyth ( 1898 1986 ) . Both became professors of science at Princeton University . Education Smyth studied at Clinton Grammar School in his youth . He became interested in geology at a young age his native region of Upstate New York had many fossils , and his family 's business involved extracting the local iron ore . In 1884 , he entered Hamilton College in Clinton , where he studied science . After a year he transferred to the School of Mines at Columbia University . At Columbia he was president of the Glee Club . He graduated in 1888 as one of the top three students in his class . Smyth continued his studies at Cornell University under James Furman Kemp and Harvard University under Nathaniel Shaler . He also worked as an analytical chemist at the Franklin Iron Works , his father 's company . He earned his Ph.D. in geology from Columbia in 1890 , writing a dissertation titled The Origin of the Clinton Type of Iron Ore . He then spent an additional year studying petrology at Heidelberg University under Harry unk , the world expert in the field . Career In 1891 Smyth returned to Hamilton College to become the Stone Professor of Natural History . In addition to his teaching duties at Hamilton , Smyth spent each summer from 1892 to 1903 doing field work for the New York State Museum in the western Adirondack Mountains , which had been studied very little in the fifty years prior . He collaborated with his old advisor Kemp , who specialized in the eastern Adirondacks , and Henry Platt Cushing , who claimed the northern and northeastern sections . He returned to field work a final time in 1908 ill health prevented further expeditions . In 1905 Woodrow Wilson , then President of Princeton University , convinced Smyth to join the Princeton faculty , where Smyth remained until retiring in 1934 . He strengthened the graduate program in the Department of Geology , which awarded only two advanced degrees before 1912 during his 29 years , another 31 degrees were awarded . Among his students were Arthur Francis unk and Albert Orion Hayes . His courses in petrology and chemical geology introduced students to subjects that were relatively new in the United States . Smyth was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , a member of the American Philosophical Society , and a fellow of the Geological Society of America . He was also a member of the Society of Economic Geologists , the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers , the Washington Academy of Sciences , Phi Beta Kappa , and Sigma Xi . Research Smyth 's research was in the subfields of petrology , chemical geology , and economic geology . When he began his research most American geologists who used chemistry were mineralogists , volcanologists , or specialists in ore . Smyth was a pioneer in chemical petrology , applying chemistry to ordinary rocks , in the United States . In his dissertation he argued that the iron ore near Clinton was a primary sediment at the time the deposits were believed to be secondary nodules formed by replacement of primary limestone . His Princeton graduate student Hayes proved a similar result about the iron ores of his native unk , Newfoundland and Labrador . In 1919 , Smyth showed that a green mineral in the Clinton ores was unk and also a primary sediment . Smyth , Kemp , and Cushing 's field work in the Adirondacks yielded detailed geologic maps of the challenging region . Smyth described the nature and origins of the area 's rocks and mineral deposits . His conclusions were still largely accepted at the time of his death in 1937 . His two best known contributions were his work on the Clinton iron ore and a 1927 monograph about the origins of alkaline igneous rocks . Later life and legacy In his later years Smyth suffered from poor health , which an obituary in Princeton Alumni Weekly blamed on overwork in certain rugged inaccessible wilderness portions of the Adirondacks . He contracted tonsilitis during his 1898 expedition to the Adirondacks and suffered heart and digestive troubles thereafter . He died April 4 , 1937 , at Princeton Hospital . The cause was pneumonia and complications from a recent hip fracture . The mineral unk is named after him . Its properties resemble those of unk samples Smyth studied in Upstate New York .
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3,518 | RAF Eastcote , also known over time as RAF Lime Grove , HMS Pembroke V and unk Eastcote , was a Ministry of Defence site in Eastcote , within the London Borough of Hillingdon . The British Government first used the site during the Second World War , constructing a military hospital in preparation for casualties from the D Day landings . They were not required for the purpose and later became an outstation of the Bletchley Park codebreaking operations . During this time , Royal Air Force technicians and Navy Wrens supported the operations . The outstation closed soon after the end of the war , though became the first headquarters of Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) , when the Bletchley Park codebreaking operations , including two Colossus computers , were moved there and renamed in 1946 . These remained at Eastcote until 1954 when the new agency moved to its purpose built headquarters in Cheltenham . Other buildings on the site were used by the General Post Office and to support the United States Air Forces in Europe 's ( USAFE ) Third Air Force and 7th Air Division ( SAC ) activities at RAF South Ruislip . As part of the Ministry of Defence 's Project MoDEL , the site became surplus to military requirements and was sold in 2007 to be redeveloped for new housing . The site was cleared in 2008 and a total of 385 new homes were approved for construction . The name for the development , Pembroke Park , was chosen to reflect the heritage of the site . History Before coming under the ownership of the British Government , the land the site was built on was mainly open fields . A public footpath dating from around 1565 crossed the area from Eastcote High Road to Field End Road . In 1911 , cricket matches were played on the field by the Eastcote Institute . During the Second World War , the land was requisitioned by the Government from the owners , Telling Brothers . The first buildings on the site were constructed for use as a military hospital in preparation for military casualties from the Normandy landings . Subsequently , it became clear they would not be required for that purpose and became barracks for Navy Wrens . Bletchley Park established an outpost at the Eastcote site , known during the Second World War as HMS Pembroke V , to house some of the Bombe codebreaker machines used to decode German Enigma messages . A total of 100 machines were operated at Eastcote , controlled by 800 Wrens and 100 RAF technicians . A detachment of American personnel were stationed in a separate area , operating their own Bombe machines . The site was split into two blocks A and B. Block A was sited near Lime Grove and housed personnel accommodation and administrative services , while Block B was protected by brick walls and military police since it contained the codebreaking computers . The public footpath passed between the two blocks . The level of security meant that support staff in the administrative block did not know of the activities in Block B , nor did local residents . At the end of the war in 1945 , the Bombes were dismantled by the Wrens to be recycled , maintaining the secrecy of the operations . The operations at Bletchley Park under the name Government Code and Cypher School ( GCCS ) moved to Eastcote on 1 April 1946 . The Crown purchased the estate in 1947 . Eastcote 's proximity to Whitehall meant staff were not far from London , and the site became known as the London Signals Intelligence Centre . Six years later , in July 1952 , GCCS became Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) and began to move from Eastcote to new purpose built buildings in Cheltenham . The move was completed in February 1954 . Aside from the GCCS operations , the General Post Office ( GPO ) established a training school , and a women 's teacher training college was opened in 1948 . The Ministry of Aviation also opened the unk training school on part of the site . The GPO had blocks built in the south east area of the site , and other blocks were adapted from their original conditions for new uses . The CTS division of GCHQ remained on the site within Blocks C and D until 1987 . Aerial masts which had been erected by the division became unusable after the nearby train line was electrified , and were removed the year CTS left . In 1949 the United States Air Force established a non flying base at RAF South Ruislip to coordinate the USAFE 's Third Air Force and 7th Air Division ( SAC ) activities in Great Britain with the British Government . A school for the children of American service personnel was established on the Eastcote site in the 1950s . In the 1960s , this was joined by veterinary , dental , and mental health clinics , and also by a morgue . The United States military continued to use buildings on the site until the closure in 2007 . Redevelopment The 19 acre ( 77 , 000 m2 ) site was the first to be sold as part of the Ministry of Defence 's Project MoDEL ( Ministry of Defence Estates London ) , a programme to reduce the number of military sites in the Greater London area . George Wimpey purchased the site in 2007 , planning to build 385 new homes . The entire site was cleared in 2008 and building commenced . George Wimpey became Taylor Wimpey through a corporate merger and submitted an application in 2010 to build a further 15 homes on the site . A report by the London Borough of Hillingdon 's planning department rejected the proposal in December that year on the grounds that the site was already overdeveloped . Local residents had raised this concern in November that year , which the leader of the council explained was out of the council 's control due to planning laws . As of May 2011 the new development has not been completed entirely , although residents began to move into the first of the newly built houses in December 2009 . The development has been named Pembroke Park in recognition of the heritage of the site roads and the play area also received names related to the wartime codebreaking that went on there .
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3,519 | JMP ( pronounced jump ) is a computer program for statistics developed by the JMP business unit of SAS Institute . It was launched in 1989 to take advantage of the graphical user interface introduced by the Macintosh . It has since been improved and made available for the Windows operating system . JMP is used in applications such as Six Sigma , quality control and engineering , design of experiments and scientific research . The software consists of five products JMP , JMP Pro , JMP Clinical , JMP Genomics and the JMP Graph Builder App for the iPad . A scripting language is also available . The software is focused on exploratory analytics , whereby users investigate and explore data , rather than testing a hypothesis . History JMP was developed in the 1980s by John Sall and a team of developers to make use of the graphical user interface introduced by the 1984 Apple Macintosh . It originally stood for John 's Macintosh Project or John s Macintosh Product and was first released in October 1989 . It was used mostly by scientists and engineers for design of experiments ( DOE ) , quality and productivity support ( Six Sigma ) , and reliability modeling . Semiconductor manufacturers were also among JMP s early adopters . Interactive graphics and other features were added in 1991 with version 2 . 0 . Version 2 was twice the size as the original , though it was still delivered on a floppy disk . It required 2 MB of memory and came with 700 pages of documentation . Support for Microsoft Windows was added in 1994 . JMP was re written with version 3 in 1999 . Version 4 , released in 2002 , could import data from a wider variety of data sources and added support for surface plots . Version 4 also added time series forecasting and new smoothing models , such as the seasonal smoothing method , called Winter 's Method , and unk ( unk Integrated Moving Average ) . It was also the first version to support JSL , JMP Scripting Language . In 2005 , data mining tools like a decision tree and neural net were added with version 5 as well as Linux support , which was later withdrawn in JMP 9 . Later in 2005 , JMP 6 was introduced . JMP began integrating with SAS in version 7 . 0 in 2007 and has strengthened this integration ever since . Users can write SAS code in JMP , connect to SAS servers , and retrieve and use data from SAS . Support for bubble plots was added in version 7 . JMP 7 also improved data visualization and diagnostics . JMP 8 was released in 2009 with new drag and drop features and a 64 bit version to take advantage of advances in the Mac operating system . It also added a new user interface for building graphs , tools for choice experiments and support for Life Distributions . According to Scientific Computing , the software had improvements in graphics , QA , ease of use , SAS integration and data management areas . JMP 9 in 2010 added a new interface for using the R programming language from JMP and an add in for Excel . The main screen was rebuilt and enhancements were made to simulations , graphics and a new Degradation platform . In March 2012 , version 10 made improvements in data mining , predictive analytics , and automated model building . Software JMP consists of JMP , JMP Pro , JMP Clinical and JMP Genomics , as well as the Graph Builder iPad App . JMP Clinical and JMP Genomics combine JMP with SAS software . JMP software is partly focused on exploratory data analysis and visualization . It is designed for users to investigate data to learn something unexpected , as opposed to confirming a hypothesis . JMP links statistical data to graphics representing them , so users can drill down or up to explore the data and various visual representations of it . Its primary applications are for designed experiments and analyzing statistical data from industrial processes . JMP is a desktop application with a wizard based user interface , while SAS can be installed on servers . It runs in memory , instead of on disk storage . According to a review in Pharmaceutical Statistics , JMP is often used as a graphical front end for a SAS system , which performs the statistical analysis and tabulations . JMP Genomics , used for analyzing and visualizing genomics data , requires a SAS component to operate and can access SAS Genetics and SAS STAT procedures or invoke SAS macros . JMP Clinical , used for analyzing clinical trial data , can package SAS code within the JSL scripting language and convert SAS code to JMP . JMP is also the name of the SAS Institute business unit that develops JMP . As of 2011 it had 180 employees and 250 , 000 users . JMP Scripting Language ( JSL ) The JMP Scripting Language ( JSL ) is an interpreted language for recreating analytic results and for automating or extending the functionality of JMP software . JSL was first introduced in JMP version 4 in 2000 . JSL has a LISP like syntax , structured as a series of expressions . All programming elements , including if then unk and loops , are implemented as JSL functions . Data tables , display elements and analyses are represented by objects in JSL that are manipulated with named messages . Users may write JSL scripts to perform analyses and visualizations not available in the point and click interface or to automate a series of commands , such as weekly reports . SAS , R , and Matlab code can also be executed using JSL . Notable applications In 2007 , a wildlife monitoring organization , unk , started using JMP with the Footprint Identification Technology ( FIT ) system to identify individual endangered animals by their footprints . In 2009 , the Chicago Botanic Garden used JMP to analyze DNA data from tropical breadfruit . Researchers determined that the seedless , starchy fruit was created by the deliberate hybridization of two fruits , the unk and the unk . The unk Laboratory at Stanford has integrated JMP with the Fluorescence Activated Cell unk ( FACS ) . The FACS system is used to study HIV , cancer , stem cells and oceanography .
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3,520 | Mr.Mr. is the fourth extended play ( EP ) by South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation . The EP consists of six tracks and and it incorporates electropop and R B pop music genres . It was released for digital download by S.M. Entertainment and KT Music on February 24 , 2014 . The CD and digital version were released in Hong Kong on the same day , and was made available for purchase on February 27 in South Korea . To promote the album , Girls ' Generation appeared on several South Korean music programs including Music Bank and Inkigayo . The title track was released as a single . Mr.Mr. received positive reviews from music critics AllMusic 's Heather Phares praised the album as showcasing the group 's musical strengths , while Billboard 's Jeff Benjamin positively viewed the EP as a more impressive release compared to the group 's previous album I Got a Boy ( 2013 ) . The EP peaked atop the Gaon Album Chart and became the best selling album by a girl group of 2014 in South Korea , as well as the fifth best selling album overall . It also entered the Japanese Oricon chart at number 11 and the US Billboard 200 at number 110 . Songs Mr.Mr. is composed of six songs , which feature dazzling electropop and R B pop genres . According to member Seohyun , the EP incorporates exciting R B sounds with cool , simple melodies . The opening track , Mr.Mr. , was composed by The Underdogs , who have worked with several American recording artists such as Beyonc , Justin Timberlake , and Britney Spears . It has been described as an R B pop song infused with electropop . It also incorporates a hip hop beat and EDM inspired buildups . The second song , Goodbye , is a pop rock track that is instrumented by snare drums and hi hats . Europa ( Korean unk ) , meanwhile , draws from retro late 1980s Europop and disco pop genres . Wait a Minute was described as a bouncy jazz pop track with beautiful unk , and Back Hug ( Korean unk ) features a simple , snappy R B production . The EP concludes with Soul an uptempo Korean version of the group 's first original Chinese recording , Find Your Soul , released in 2013 . The original version was used as the theme song on commercials for the Korean MMORPG video game , Blade Soul , in Chinese language markets across Asia . Release and promotion Mr.Mr. was released for digital download worldwide on February 24 , 2014 , under S.M. Entertainment and KT Music , while the physical version was made available in South Korea on February 27 , 2014 by the same labels . The title track served as the EP 's lead single and it was released to South Korean mainstream radio on February 25 , 2014 . To promote the EP , Girls ' Generation appeared on several South Korean music programs , the first being Mnet 's M Countdown , where they performed Mr.Mr. and Wait a Minute live on March 6 , 2014 . The group also appeared on KBS 's Music Bank , MBC 's Show Music Core and SBS 's Inkigayo on March 7 , 8 and 9 , 2014 , respectively . On Show Music Core , the group performed Mr.Mr. and Wait a Minute , while on Music Bank , they performed the title track and Back Hug . Reception Upon its release , unk received positive reviews from music critics . Heather Phares from AllMusic labelled the EP a set of songs that offers something for every kind of Girls ' Generation and expands their musical reach . Phares further praised the EP for helping the group to be an outstanding case of Korean popular music . Writing for Billboard , Jeff Benjamin named the six songs of the EP strong and called it a more impressive effort compared to the group 's 2013 album I Got a Boy . He also deemed the tracklist a tight bundle of songs that still see the group dipping and experimenting into new sonic territory , but possibly more focused than ever . Benjamin also wrote an article for Fuse , on which he complimented the album 's musical styles as short , sweet , but strong . On the other hand , Kim Do unk from online magazine unk compared the EP to the group 's 2011 album The Boys for its balance of musical competence and appeal to mass popularity , but found the songs to be inadequate . He concluded that the group needed to set a clear direction for the future after the mistake of I Got a Boy , and unk was not the answer . unk performance Mr.Mr. was a commercial success domestically . It claimed the top spot on the South Korean Gaon Album Chart on the chart issue dated February 23 March 1 , 2014 . It remained on the peak position for one further week , beating 2NE1 's Crush . Mr.Mr. came second on the Gaon Monthly Album Chart of February , selling 87 , 824 physical copies , only behind unk 's First Sensibility , which sold over 91 , 000 units . The following month , it topped the Gaon Monthly Album Chart with sales of 70 , 295 copies . It was placed at number 47 on the Gaon Monthly Album Chart of April with a further 1 , 125 units sold . Overall , Mr.Mr. was the fifth highest selling physical album and the best selling album by a girl group of 2014 in South Korea with total sales figures of 163 , 209 copies . Mr.Mr. debuted at number 110 on the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 3 , 000 copies in its first week . By doing so , the EP became Girls ' Generation 's highest charting release on the Billboard 200 following subgroup TTS 's Twinkle , which charted at number 126 in 2012 . Mr.Mr. also peaked at number one on the Heatseekers Albums , number three on the World Albums , and number 23 on the Independent Albums charts . In Japan , it peaked at number eleven on the Oricon Albums Chart . The six songs from the EP debuted on the South Korean Gaon Digital Chart Mr.Mr. ( number one ) , Goodbye ( number ten ) , Wait a Minute ( number 18 ) , Back Hug ( number 24 ) , Europa ( number 25 ) , and Soul ( number 33 ) . Track listing Credits adapted from Mr.Mr. liner notes Personnel Credits are adapted from Mr.Mr. liner notes Charts Release history
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3,521 | State Route 22 ( SR 22 ) is a 35 . 84 mile ( 57 . 68 km ) long state highway spanning Yakima and Benton counties in the US state of Washington . Existing since at least 1937 , the highway serves to connect several small communities that have been bypassed by Interstate 82 ( I 82 ) U.S. Route 12 ( US 12 ) . Except for the section through Toppenish and the southeastern bypass of Prosser , the highway is lightly traveled passing mainly through rural farmland . The highway parallels a BNSF Railway line for a majority of its route , with the rail line predating the highway by at least 27 years . Three digit highway numbers in Washington indicate auxiliary routes of their parent route , giving SR 22 five auxiliary routes SR 220 , SR 221 , SR 223 , SR 224 , and SR 225 . SR 220 was decommissioned during the 1991 legislative session , and is no longer maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation . Route description SR 22 begins at exit 50 on the concurrent I 82 US 12 as a hybrid diamond partial cloverleaf interchange The route heads south through farmland towards the town of Toppenish in Yakima County , which is also part of the Yakama Indian Reservation . While in Toppenish , the highway passes over double track belonging to BNSF Railway . On the south end of town , SR 22 intersects US 97 , turning southeast as US 97 heads south . Traveling southeast , SR 22 passes through more farmland , passing the small census designated place of Satus and an interchange with SR 223 . The city of Mabton is located just north of the highway , and is accessible by turning onto SR 241 . The highway leaves the reservation and turns southwest after passing the Sunnyside Wildlife Recreation Area , and crosses the Yakima Benton county line , continuing through farmland until approaching the outskirts of Prosser , the county seat of Benton County . SR 22 serves as a bypass of Prosser , turning north until intersecting Wine Country Road and the Desert Wind Winery on the east side of Prosser before turning back southwest on Wine Country Road and terminating at a folded diamond interchange , exit 82 , on I 82 . Every year the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2009 , WSDOT calculated that as few as 1 , 100 cars traveled through the intersection with Bus Road just west of the Sunnyside Wildlife Recreation Area , and as many as 10 , 000 cars passed through the town of Toppenish before the interchange with US 97 . The segment of highway between its western terminus at I 82 and US 97 is listed on both the WSDOT List of Highways of Statewide Significance , which marks this portion of the highway as a critical to connecting major communities in the state , and the National Highway System , a system of roads that are important to the nation 's economy , defense and mobility . History A roadway has existed since before 1926 , connecting Toppenish and Prosser near the current alignment of SR 22 , however the roadway was incomplete , with a gap existing between Satus and Mabton . The gap in the roadway was completed by 1933 , and the segment between Toppenish and Prosser was numbered Secondary State Highway 3A ( SSH 3A ) by 1939 , while the segment between the current I 82 and US 97 was originally numbered as part of Primary State Highway 8 ( PSH 8 ) . These designations remained until the 1964 state highway renumbering , when SSH 3A and the small segment of PSH 8 were renumbered SR 22 . Before the completion of I 82 through the area , SR 22 continued into the town of Buena , however now that the interstate has been completed , SR 22 has been truncated to the interstate . The rail line that the highway parallels between Toppenish and just west of Prosser has existed since at least 1910 . It originally belonged to the Spokane , Portland and Seattle Railway , and it is now part of BNSF Railway as part of their Yakima Valley Subdivision . In Spring 2011 , WSDOT began a 4 . 63 million construction project to build wider lanes and shoulders on SR 22 between I 82 and the city of Toppenish , because of a number of collisions along the roadway . Other improvements included installing new sidewalks with ADA compliant curbs and access ramps , as well as adding turn lanes to side roads . The project was completed in June 2012 . Major intersections Related routes Three digit state highway numbers are considered auxiliary routes of their one or two digit parent route , thus SR 22 has four current , and one decommissioned , auxiliary routes . SR 220 State Route 220 was a 27 . 42 mile ( 44 . 13 km ) long state highway located entirely in the Yakama Indian Reservation , Yakima County . The highway linked Fort Simcoe State Park in the west to White Swan and Toppenish in the east . SR 221 State Route 221 is a 25 . 95 mile ( 41 . 76 km ) long state highway located entirely within Benton County . The highway serves to connect the unincorporated community of Paterson to the county seat Prosser . SR 223 State Route 223 is a 3 . 81 mile ( 6 . 13 km ) long state highway located entirely in Yakima County . It serves the role of connecting the city of Granger to the county seat , Yakima via I 82 and to SR 22 . SR 224 State Route 224 is a 10 . 15 mile ( 16 . 33 km ) long state highway located entirely in Benton County . The highway serves to connect SR 225 to I 82 , and to link Benton City to West Richland and Richland . SR 225 State Route 225 is an 11 . 32 mile ( 18 . 22 km ) long two lane state highway located entirely in Benton County . The highway travels over the Benton City Kiona Bridge over the Yakima River and connects Benton City to I 82 via SR 224 . The bridge is listed on the Washington Heritage Register and National Register of Historic Places .
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3,522 | Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State , South Africa , near the Lesotho border . It covers an area of 340 km2 ( 130 sq mi ) . The park 's most notable features are its golden , ochre , and orange hued deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops , especially the Brandwag rock . Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings . Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses , eland , zebras , and over 100 bird species . It is the Free State 's only national park , and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife . Numerous paleontology finds have been made in the park including dinosaur eggs and skeletons . Geography and climate Golden Gate refers to the sandstone cliffs that are found on either side of the valley at the Golden Gate dam . In 1875 , a farmer called unk van Reenen and his wife stopped here as they travelled to their new farm in unk . He named the location Golden Gate when he saw the last rays of the setting sun fall on the cliffs . In 1963 , 47 . 92 square kilometres ( 11 , 840 acres ) were proclaimed as a national park , specifically to preserve the scenic beauty of the area . In 1981 the park was enlarged to 62 . 41 km2 ( 15 , 420 acres ) and in 1988 it was enlarged to 116 . 33 km2 ( 28 , 750 acres ) . In 2004 it was announced that the park would be joined with the neighbouring unk National Park . The amalgamation of unk National Park was completed in 2007 , increasing the park 's area to 340 km2 ( 84 , 000 acres ) . The park is 320 km ( 200 mi ) from Johannesburg and is close to the villages of Clarens and unk , in the upper regions of the Little Caledon River . The park is situated in the unk of the eastern Free State , in the foothills of the unk Mountains . The Caledon River forms the southern boundary of the park as well as the border between the Free State and Lesotho . The highest peak in the park ( and also in the Free State ) is unk at 2 , 829 m ( 9 , 281 ft ) . The park is located in the eastern highveld region of South Africa , and experiences a dry sunny climate from June to August . It has showers , hails and thunderstorms between October and April . It has thick snowfalls in the winter . The park has a relatively high rainfall of 800 mm ( 31 in ) per year . Vegetation The park is an area of rich highveld and montane grassland flora . It has more than sixty grass species and a large variety of bulbs and herbs . Each of these species has its own flowering time , meaning that veld flowers can be seen throughout the summer . The park also has unk forests and high altitude Austro Afro alpine grassland , which is scarce in South Africa . The unk ( unk sericea ) , an evergreen species , is the most common tree in the park . unk is a favourite habitat of beetles and 117 species occur on these trees in the park . The Lombardi poplars and weeping willows in the park are introduced species , but are kept because of their cultural and historic connection with the eastern Free State . Other exotic species in the park , for example wattle and unk , are systematically eradicated . Wildlife Instead of reintroducing one of the big five into the park , the unk lizard and water mongoose were reintroduced . Twelve species of mice , ten species of carnivores and ten antelope species have been recorded in the park . The grey unk and the mountain reedbuck were present when the park was established . Mammals Birds Over 210 bird species have been observed in the park , including the rare bearded vulture and the endangered Cape vulture and bald ibis . Snakes and fishes Seven snake species , including the puff adder , mountain adder , and unk are found in the park . Geology and palaeontology The geology of the park provides very visual textbook examples of Southern Africa 's geological history . The sandstone formations in the park form the upper part of the Karoo Supergroup . These formations were deposited during a period of aeolian deposition towards the end of the Triassic Period . At the time of deposition the climate of the area the park covers was becoming progressively drier until arid desert conditions set in , resulting in a land of dunes and sandy desert , with occasional scattered oases . The deposition of the sandstones ended when lava flowed out over the desert 190 million years ago . The following sequence of geological formations are visible in the park ( starting from the bottom ) the Molteno Formation , Elliott Formation , Clarens Formation , and the Drakensberg Formation . The yellow brown Golden Gate and Brandwag cliffs are made up of the Clarens formation . The layers in this formation are 140 to 160 metres ( 460 to 520 ft ) thick . The Drakensberg formation comprises the basaltic lava that flowed over the desert . It forms the mountain summits in the park . On unk it is 600 meters ( 2 , 000 feet ) thick . The Elliot Formation is a red mudstone where many dinosaur fossils have been found . The oldest dinosaur embryos ever discovered were found in the park in 1978 . The eggs were from the Triassic Period ( 220 to 195 million years ago ) and had fossilised foetal skeletons of Massospondylus , a prosauropod dinosaur . More examples of these eggs have since been found in the park . Other fossils found in the park include those of advanced unk ( canine toothed animals ) , small unk ( animals with teeth set firmly in the jaw ) , bird like and crocodile like dinosaurs . Accommodation Accommodation in the park is available at Glen Reenen and Brandwag Rest camps . unk and camping sites with all amenities are available at Glen Reenen camp . The hotel was formerly part of Brandwag camp , but since its recent refurbishment it is managed separately by unk as Golden Gate Hotel . The nearest town to Golden Gate Highlands National Park is Clarens ( 17 km to the west ) , but unk is also easily reached via a good tar road , driving through the access gate to the east of the park .
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3,523 | U.S. Route 197 ( US 197 ) is a north south United States Highway , of which all but 2 . 76 miles of its 69 . 93 miles ( 4 . 44 of 112 . 54 km ) are within the state of Oregon . The highway starts in rural Wasco County in Central Oregon at an intersection with US 97 . US 197 travels north as a continuation of The Dalles California Highway No. 4 through the cities of Maupin , Tygh Valley , and Dufur to The Dalles . Within The Dalles , the highway becomes concurrent with US 30 and intersects Interstate 84 ( I 84 ) before it crosses over the Columbia River on The Dalles Bridge into Washington . The highway continues through the neighboring city of Dallesport in Klickitat County and terminates at a junction with State Route 14 ( SR 14 ) . US 197 was established in 1952 using the existing The Dalles California Highway , itself created as a part of the initial named Oregon highways in 1917 . US 197 traveled from its current northern terminus at Dallesport to US 97 in Maryhill along Primary State Highway 8 ( PSH 8 ) and US 830 , successors to the original State Road 8 designated along the corridor in 1907 . The Dallesport Maryhill section was transferred to SR 14 in 1979 , but was not recognized by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) until 2006 . Route description US 197 runs 69 . 93 miles ( 112 . 54 km ) in Oregon and Washington and is maintained by the Oregon Department of Transportation ( ODOT ) and Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) . Oregon US 197 begins at an intersection with US 97 at Shaniko Junction in unincorporated Wasco County , located between the cities of Madras and Shaniko in Central Oregon . The highway , a continuation of The Dalles California Highway No. 4 , travels northwest over the 3 , 363 foot high ( 1 , 025 m ) Criterion Summit and down along Stag Canyon through the community of Criterion towards Maupin . US 197 crosses the Deschutes River and a BNSF rail line on a warren truss bridge , becoming Deschutes Avenue as it passes South Wasco County High School and through the city of Maupin . The highway continues west into the Juniper Flat and intersects Oregon Route 216 ( OR 216 ) , designated as unk Highway No. 44 , and forms a concurrency . US 197 and OR 216 travel north and northwest to Tygh Valley , where OR 216 leaves the concurrency and heads east on unk Bridge Highway No. 290 towards Grass Valley . The lone highway continues north up Butler Canyon onto Tygh Ridge , passing through the 2 , 710 foot high ( 830 m ) Tygh Grade Summit . US 197 travels east of Dufur and down into the Columbia River Gorge , entering the city of The Dalles . The highway begins a 0 . 24 mile long ( 0 . 39 km ) concurrency with US 30 , traveling north over an east west BNSF rail line to a diamond interchange with I 84 . US 197 leaves the interchange and the state of Oregon on The Dalles Bridge , crossing over the Columbia River into Washington . An ODOT survey measuring traffic volume for any average day of the year , expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , was conducted in 2011 on US 197 and calculated that the busiest section of the highway in Oregon was on The Dalles Bridge , serving 5 , 800 vehicles , while the least busiest section of the highway was north of its terminus at US 97 , serving 390 vehicles . Washington US 197 enters Washington on The Dalles Bridge , a steel cantilever truss bridge that crosses the Columbia River downstream of The Dalles Dam , and travels into Dallesport in Klickitat County . The 2 . 76 mile long ( 4 . 44 km ) highway continues north past Columbia Gorge Regional Airport to its northern terminus , an intersection with SR 14 . US 197 is defined by the Washington State Legislature as SR 197 , part of the Revised Code of Washington as 47 . 17 . 382 . Every year , WSDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume , expressed in terms of AADT . In 2012 , WSDOT calculated that the Washington section of US 197 served between 3 , 700 and 6 , 100 vehicles , mostly on The Dalles Bridge . History US 197 within Washington was added to the state highway system in 1907 as State Road 8 , later designated as PSH 8 in 1937 , traveling east along the Columbia River from Vancouver to Maryhill . US 197 within Oregon is designated as a segment of The Dalles California Highway No. 4 , created as part of the initial named state highway system , adopted by the Oregon State Highway Commission on November 27 , 1917 . The highway traveled south from The Dalles through Central Oregon to the California state line south of Klamath Falls . Under the United States Numbered Highway system , approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials ( AASHO ) on November 11 , 1926 , State Road 8 in Washington was co signed with US 830 from Vancouver to Maryhill and The Dalles California Highway in Oregon was co signed with US 97 from Shaniko Junction to the California state line . The Oregon State Highway Department created a numbered state highway system to compliment the U.S. route system on May 18 , 1937 , and The Dalles California Highway from Shaniko Junction to The Dalles was numbered as OR 50 . OR 50 was renumbered to OR 23 on May 26 , 1950 and became the Oregon section of US 197 when it was established in 1952 . US 197 traveled north onto the newly constructed The Dalles Bridge over the Columbia River to US 830 and PSH 8 northeast of Dallesport and traveled east with the two highways to end at US 197 in Maryhill . US 830 and its concurrency with US 197 were removed from the U.S. route system in 1968 , leaving US 197 concurrent with the successor to PSH 8 , SR 14 , after the 1964 state highway renumbering . The concurrency with SR 14 was removed from the Washington state highway system in 1979 , but remained as a part of US 197 as defined by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) until September 22 , 2006 . Major intersections
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3,524 | John Hemmingham ( born 26 February 1963 ) is an association football supporter and football administrator from Sheffield , England . He is best known as the leader and trumpet player of the Pukka Pies England Band . Hemmingham first started playing music at football in 1993 with Sheffield Wednesday fans . In 1996 , he was invited to play at England national football team matches . He has since played at other sporting events including the Olympics and boxing matches . Hemmingham also works in football administration . He started in 2001 as the chief executive of The Owls Trust until a dispute with the Sheffield Wednesday chairman caused him to resign in 2004 . Hemmingham then went on to work at other football clubs , including Leeds United and Mansfield Town before taking a position at Sheffield Wednesday after his relations improved with them . He also married in 2007 . Band Sheffield Wednesday Hemmingham started playing music at football matches in 1993 when he took a bugle to a Sheffield Wednesday match away at Everton 's Goodison Park and played the fanfare to Aida . The action was noticed by local newspapers and after a phone call to Hemmingham from Sheffield Wednesday manager , Trevor Francis , Sheffield Wednesday then hired Hemmingham and group of Sheffield Wednesday supporters to form an official club band which became known as the Kop Band . Although the band became popular , Hemmingham and the Kop Band have been banned from Steel City derby rivals Sheffield United 's stadium , Bramall Lane a number of times . In 2002 , they were banned from Bramall Lane because Sheffield United were concerned that playing music might lead to unsafe crowd movement and unacceptable structural movement by Sheffield United 's safety officer . In 2007 , they were also banned because it was claimed by Sheffield United officials that playing music might cause structural damage to the stands to which , Hemmingham led criticism of it calling the ban laughable . England In 1996 , Hemmingham , along with the Kop Band , were invited by the head of The Football Association , David Davies to form a supporters band for the England national team in time for UEFA Euro 96 . Hemmingham accepted and the Kop Band became known as the England Supporters Band . Since then , Hemmingham claims he has not missed an England game . As well as being viewed as the leader of the band , Hemmingham is also the managing director of them . After being offered a recording deal by Virgin Group chairman , Richard Branson , Hemmingham and the band released The Great Escape theme tune as singles for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000 . The England Supporters band then started received backing from commercial sponsors . In 2002 , the band was sponsored by British newspaper , The Sun who paid for the band to fly to Japan for the 2002 FIFA World Cup . In 2006 , the band were sponsored by Leicester based company Pukka Pies , becoming known as the Pukka Pies England Band . In 2010 publishers , unk announced they had signed a deal with Hemmingham for him to write two books about the formation of the England Supporters Band and his experiences with them . The books were called The Story of the England Supporters ' Band and Playing for England . Other sports Hemmingham has also led the England Band to other sporting events . In 2008 , Hemmingham took the band to Beijing , China during the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics to support Team GB however they were not permitted to enter the Beijing National Stadium with their instruments and instead played on the streets of Beijing . In 2012 , during the London 2012 Summer Olympics it was announced that the England Band would be supporting both the Great Britain men 's national field hockey team and the Great Britain women 's national field hockey team during their matches at the Olympics . Hemmingham has also taken the band to Las Vegas , United States as well as the City of Manchester Stadium to support Manchester boxer , Ricky Hatton . They have also attended Rugby sevens matches to support the England national team . Football administration Hemmingham first started in football administration as the chief executive of an independent supporters group called The Owls Trust , which he helped establish , in 2001 . The Owls Trust was disliked by many Sheffield Wednesday fans and by Sheffield Wednesday chairman Dave Allen as it was perceived that it was a vehicle leading towards a takeover by Ken Bates , then chairman of Sheffield Wednesday 's rivals Leeds United , as The Owls Trust controlled a large amount of shares and Hemmingham had publicly stated support for Bates . After an attempted boardroom coup by The Owls Trust to remove Allen from the chairmanship in an extraordinary general meeting in October 2004 , in 2005 , The Owls Trust were evicted from their offices at Hillsborough Stadium , Hemmingham was banned from executive areas of the stadium and The Kop Band was asked to reduce its numbers by Allen . Hemmingham 's ban was then later extended to a full stadium ban from Hillsborough . As a result of this , after securing an area for matchday parking , Hemmingham resigned to take a full time position at Bates ' Leeds United as head of customer services and membership . This led to Hemmingham receiving death threats from Sheffield Wednesday fans . In January 2008 , Hemmingham left Leeds United and in August , he was appointed as the chief executive of non league side , Mansfield Town where he oversaw the expansion of the capacity of their Field Mill stadium . However in January 2009 , he left his position after three months . Also in January , his relations with Sheffield Wednesday improved after Allen was no longer chairman and the new directors at the club , Lee Strafford and Nick Parker elected to remove Hemmingham 's ban from Hillsborough . In 2011 , Hemmingham rejoined Sheffield Wednesday as the Commercial Manager of Sheffield Wednesday Ladies . Personal life Hemmingham has been married since 2007 .
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3,525 | Curse of the Colonel ( unk , unk unk no Noroi ) refers to an urban legend regarding a reputed curse placed on the Japanese Kansai based Hanshin Tigers baseball team by deceased KFC founder and mascot Colonel Harland Sanders . The curse was said to be placed on the team because of the Colonel 's anger over treatment of one of his store front statues , which was thrown into the Dtonbori River by celebrating Hanshin fans following their team 's victory in the 1985 Japan Championship Series . As is common with sports related curses , the Curse of the Colonel was used to explain the team 's subsequent 18 year losing streak . Some fans believed the team would never win another Japan Series until the statue had been recovered . They have appeared in the Japan Series three times since then , losing in 2003 , 2005 and 2014 . Comparisons are often made between the Hanshin Tigers and the Boston Red Sox , who were said to be under the Curse of the Bambino until they won the World Series in 2004 and whose fans are also known for celebrating via destruction of property . The Curse of the Colonel has also been used as a bogeyman threat to those who would divulge the secret recipe of eleven herbs and spices that result in the unique taste of his chicken . History 1985 Japan Series The Hanshin Tigers are located in Kansai , the second largest metropolitan area in Japan . They are considered the eternal underdogs of Nippon Professional Baseball , in opposition to the Yomiuri Giants of Tokyo , who are considered the kings of Japanese baseball . The devoted fans flock to the stadium no matter how badly the Tigers play in the league . In 1985 , much to the nation 's surprise , the Hanshin Tigers faced the Seibu Lions and took their first and only victory in the Japan Series , largely due to the efforts of star slugger Randy Bass , an American playing for the team . The fan base went wild , and a riotous celebration gathered at Ebisu Bridge in Dtonbori , Osaka . There , an assemblage of supporters yelled the players ' names , and with every name , a fan resembling a member of the victorious team leaped from the bridge into the waiting canal . However , lacking someone to imitate MVP Randy Bass , the rabid crowd seized a plastic statue of Colonel Sanders ( like Bass , the Colonel had a beard and was not Japanese ) from a nearby KFC and tossed it off the bridge as an effigy . According to the urban legend , this impulsive maneuver cost the team greatly , beginning the Curse of the Colonel , which states that the Tigers will not win the championship again until the statue is recovered . Subsequently , numerous attempts have been made to recover the statue , often as part of a variety TV show . Most of the statue was recovered in March 2009 . 18 year losing streak After their success in the 1985 series , the Hanshin Tigers began an 18 year losing streak placing last or next to last in the league . Brief rallies in 1992 and 1999 brought hope to fans , but they were soon followed with defeat . During this time attempts were made to recover the statue , including sending divers down and dredging the river , but they all failed . Fans apologized to the store manager , but the statue remained in the canal and the Tigers cursed . 2002 World Cup Although the leap into Dtonbori canal and the Curse of the Colonel is usually associated only with a Hanshin Tigers victory , in 2002 , when Japan beat Tunisia in the World Cup , some 500 fans jumped into the canal as a celebration , in spite of heavy police security . In addition , a Colonel Sanders statue was taken from the storefront of a KFC in nearby unk , and its hands were cut off supposedly in imitation of Sharia law . 2003 Central League In 2003 , the Tigers had an unexpectedly strong season . Their chief rivals , the Yomiuri Giants , lost their star player Hideki Matsui to the New York Yankees , while the Tigers saw the return of pitcher Hideki Irabu back to NPB after playing with the Texas Rangers . The Tigers won the Central League to qualify for the Japan Series , and many newspapers speculated that the Curse of the Colonel had finally been broken . The Tigers lost the Japan Series , this time to the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks , so the curse is presumably intact . Fans were enthusiastic about winning the Central League , and repeated the celebratory leap into Dtonbori Canal . However , instead of the individual leapers representing the players , over 5 , 300 fans plunged into the canal . Many KFC outlets in Kobe and Osaka moved their Colonel Sanders statues inside until the series was over to protect them from rabid Tigers fans . The newly replaced Colonel Sanders statue in the Dtonbori KFC branch was bolted down to prevent a repeat of the incident . Death in the canal For 24 year old Hanshin Tigers fan Masaya unk , the 2003 celebration was a tragedy . He drowned in the canal , with all reports being that he had been shoved in by the revelers . To prevent future incidents , the Osaka city council ordered the construction of a new unk bridge beginning in 2004 , which will make it more difficult for fans to take the celebratory leap should the Curse of the Colonel be broken and the Tigers win again . Recovery of statue The Colonel was finally discovered in the Dtonbori River on March 10 , 2009 . Divers who recovered the statue at first thought it was only a large barrel , and shortly after a human corpse , but Hanshin fans on the scene were quick to identify it as the upper body of the long lost Colonel . The right hand and lower body were found next day , but the statue is still missing its glasses and left hand . It is said that the only way the curse can be lifted is by returning his long lost glasses and left hand . The statue was later recovered ( with replacement of new glasses and hand ) and returned to the KFC Japan . As the KFC branch that the statue originally belongs to no longer existed , the statue was now placed in the branch near Koshien Stadium .
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3,526 | Benjamin Hardin Helm ( June 2 , 1831 September 21 , 1863 ) was a Kentucky politician , attorney , Confederate brigadier general , and a brother in law of Abraham Lincoln . He was also the son of Kentucky Governor John L. Helm . Helm was born in Bardstown , Kentucky . He attended the Kentucky Military Institute and the West Point Military Academy and then went to study law at the University of Louisville and Harvard University . He served as a state legislator and the state 's attorney in Kentucky . He also served as the assistant inspector general for the Kentucky state guard . Helm was offered the position of Union Army paymaster by his brother in law , President Abraham Lincoln , a position which he declined . Helm felt it was an honor to serve in the Confederate States Army , where he was initially a colonel and later promoted to brigadier general . Helm commanded the 1st Kentucky Brigade more commonly known as The Orphan Brigade . He died on the battlefield during the Battle of Chickamauga . Helm was married to Emilie Todd , the half sister of Mary Todd Lincoln . Early life The son of lawyer and politician John L. Helm and Lucinda Barbour Hardin , Benjamin Hardin Helm was born in Bardstown , Kentucky on June 2 , 1831 . In the winter of 1846 , at age 15 , Helm enrolled at the Kentucky Military Institute , where he remained for three months . He left on his 16th birthday to accept an appointment in West Point the same day . Helm graduated in 1851 near his 20th birthday , ranked 9th in a class of 42 cadets . He became a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Dragoons . He served at a cavalry school at Carlisle , Pennsylvania , and at Fort Lincoln , Texas , but resigned his commission after a year , when he was diagnosed with inflammatory rheumatism . Helm then studied law at the University of Louisville and Harvard University , graduating in 1853 and practicing law with his father . In 1855 , he was elected to the House of Representatives of Kentucky from Hardin County , and was the state 's attorney for the 3rd district of Kentucky from 1856 to 1858 . In 1856 , Helm married Emilie Todd , a half sister of Mary Todd Lincoln . In 1860 , he was appointed assistant inspector general of the Kentucky State Guard , which he was active in organizing . Kentucky remained officially neutral in the American Civil War , but his brother in law , now President Abraham Lincoln , offered him the position of paymaster of the Union Army . Helm declined the offer , and returned to Kentucky to raise the 1st Kentucky Cavalry Regiment for the Confederate Army . Military career Helm was commissioned a colonel on October 19 , 1861 , and served under Brigadier General Simon B. Buckner in Bowling Green , Kentucky . Helm and the 1st Kentucky were then ordered south . He was promoted to brigadier general on March 14 , 1862 and , three weeks later , received a new assignment to raise the 3rd Kentucky Brigade , in the division of Major General John C. Breckinridge . During the Battle of Shiloh , Helm used his brigade to guard the Confederate flanks . In 1862 , he was also sent to protect the Arkansas , an ironclad warship of the Confederate Navy under construction in Yazoo City , Mississippi . Serving under Breckinridge in January 1863 , he was given command of the First Kentucky Brigade , commonly known as the Orphan Brigade . Helm 's brigade was assigned to the Army of Tennessee , where it participated in the 1863 Tullahoma and Chickamauga campaigns . Near the end of the spring of 1863 , Breckenridge ordered Helm to deploy the brigade to Vicksburg , Mississippi to participate in General Joseph E. Johnston 's unsuccessful attempt to break the siege . Helm called it the most unpleasant and trying campaign of his career . Battle of Chickamauga and death In the fall of 1863 , the 1st Kentucky Brigade formed a part of General Braxton Bragg 's counteroffensive against Union Major General William Rosecrans in Chattanooga , Tennessee . At 9 30 am on September 20 , 1863 , the divisions of Generals Breckinridge and Patrick Cleburne were ordered to move forward . Helm 's brigade and the others in Breckinridge 's division drove into the Federals ' left . General Cleburne 's division , which was intended to strike near the center of the line , was delayed by heavy fire from Union soldiers , leaving the left flank unguarded . Repeated attempts to overwhelm the Federals were in vain , though some of Helm 's Kentuckians and unk managed to reach within 39 yards ( 36 m ) of the Federal line . In less than an hour of the order given to advance , fully one third of the Orphan Brigade had been lost . While the remainder of Helm 's men clashed with the Union line , a sharpshooter from the 15th Kentucky Union Infantry shot Helm in the chest . Bleeding profusely , he remained in the saddle a few moments before toppling to the ground . After being carried off the battlefield , Helm 's surgeons concluded that his wounds would be fatal . Helm clung to life for several hours . Knowing that his health was deteriorating , he asked who had won the battle . When assured that the Confederates had carried the day , he muttered Victory , Victory , Victory . On September 21 , 1863 , Gen. Helm succumbed to his wounds . Following his death , Abraham Lincoln and his wife went into private mourning at the White House . Mary Lincoln 's niece recalled She knew that a single tear shed for a dead enemy would bring torrents of scorn and bitter abuse on both her husband and herself . However , the widowed Emilie Todd Helm was granted safe passage to the White House in December 1863 . In an official report of the Battle of Chickamauga , General Daniel Harvey Hill stated that Benjamin Helm 's gallantry and loveliness of character endeared him to everyone . In a letter to Emilie Todd Helm , General Breckinridge said , Your husband commanded them the men of the Orphan brigade like a thorough soldier . He loved them , they loved him , and he died at their head , a patriot and a hero .
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3,527 | The 118th Boat Race took place on 1 April 1972 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along a 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) tidal stretch of the River Thames in south west London . Umpired by former Cambridge Blue Philip Carpmael , the race was won by Cambridge , who passed the finishing post nine and a half lengths ahead of Oxford in a time of 18 minutes and 36 seconds , their fifth consecutive victory . The win took the overall record since 1829 to 66 51 in favour of Cambridge . The race was variously described as an anti climax and a bore given the ease with which Cambridge secured the win . Their crew was the heaviest in Boat Race history and included siblings for the first time since 1935 . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis , and in the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge were victorious . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Oxford by ten lengths in the previous year 's race . Cambridge also held the overall lead with 65 victories to Oxford 's 51 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Oxford were coached by Dick Fishlock who had coxed Great Britain in the men 's eight in the 1960 Summer Olympics . He was assisted by John unk , John Peake , Peter Reynolds ( who had coxed for the Dark Blues in the 1960 and 1961 races ) and Peter Sutherland . Cambridge were being coached by Lou Barry for the fifth consecutive year , along with James Crowden ( who had rowed for the Light Blues in the 1951 and 1952 races ) , David Jennens ( who had represented the Cantabrigians three times between 1949 and the 1951 race , Donald Legget ( who rowed in the 1963 and 1964 races , Mike Sweeney ( who rowed in the 1965 and 1966 races ) and Robin Winckless ( who rowed in the 1967 , 1968 and 1969 races ) . The umpire for the race was Philip Carpmael who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1930 and 1931 races . Writing in The Times , Jim Railton suggested that Cambridge looked invincible before their arrival at the Thames , and former Oxford Blue and author Dickie Burnell suggested that the Light Blues were reckoned to be unbeatable . However , Oxford rowed a number of record practice times , while Cambridge met with several disasters ( including catching some mammoth crabs and experiencing outings spoilt by shipwrecks ) . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed 8 . 5 pounds ( 3 . 9 kg ) per rower more than their opponents , averaging just over 13 st 11 lb ( 75 . 6 kg ) , making them the heaviest crew in the history of the race . Both boats contained four Blues Oxford saw Keith unk , D. d 'A Willis , Andrew Hall and J. unk return , while Cambridge 's crew included Chris Baillieu ( whose grandfather had rowed in the 1913 race ) , Neil James , David Maxwell and Graham Hughes . American Olympic rower Gardiner Cadwalader ( who finished fifth in the men 's coxed four in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico ) along with four British Olympic team candidates ( Maxwell , unk , Michael Hart and James ) brought experience to the Light Blue boat . Cambridge 's crew also contained brothers Michael and James Hart , the first time a pair of siblings had rowed for Cambridge since the Kingsford 's in the 1935 race . Along with Cadwalader , Oxford cox Fred Yalouris was American , while the Dark Blue bow Michael Magarey was Australian all the other participants were British . Race Cambridge were pre race favourites . Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , from which the previous ten winning crews had commenced , handing the Middlesex side of the river to the Light Blues . At the scheduled start time of 3 15 p.m. , Cambridge were still practising downstream and hence the event was delayed . Fishlock remarked that he believed this to be plain bad manners . Within a minute of the start , Cambridge held a lead of a canvas length and despite reducing their stroke rate , they continued to pull away from Oxford . At the Mile Post , the lead was seven seconds , and at Hammersmith Bridge the Light Blues held a lead of three lengths they extended this to 21 seconds by Chiswick Steps , and 24 seconds by Barnes Bridge . By the finishing post , Cambridge were 34 seconds ahead , recording a nine and a half length victory in a time of 18 minutes 36 seconds . Oxford 's stroke , Mike Baines , collapsed at the end of the race . Railton wrote that the race was once again an anti climax , painful to watch , with a merciful release as Oxford crawled past the timber post marking the race finish . The Guardian report Mike Rodda described the race as a bore . In the tenth edition of the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by two and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes and 19 seconds , their sixth consecutive victory which made the overall record 6 2 . In the 27th running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge triumphed , their tenth consecutive victory , and their fifteenth in eighteen years taking the overall record to 17 10 in their favour .
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3,528 | In Norse mythology , Ask and Embla ( from Old Norse Askr ok Embla ) male and female respectively were the first two humans , created by the gods . The pair are attested in both the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . In both sources , three gods , one of whom is Odin , find Ask and Embla and bestow upon them various corporeal and spiritual gifts . A number of theories have been proposed to explain the two figures , and there are occasional references to them in popular culture . Etymology Old Norse unk literally means ash tree but the etymology of embla is uncertain , and two possibilities of the meaning of embla are generally proposed . The first meaning , elm tree , is problematic , and is reached by deriving Elm la from unk and subsequently to unk ( elm ) . The second suggestion is vine , which is reached through unk , which may be related to the Greek term unk , itself meaning vine , liana . The latter etymology has resulted in a number of theories . According to Benjamin Thorpe Grimm says the word embla , unk , signifies a busy woman , from unk , unk , unk , unk , assiduous labour the same relation as unk and unk , the ancient Persian names of the first man and woman , who were also formed from trees . Attestations In stanza 17 of the Poetic Edda poem Vlusp , the vlva reciting the Poem states that Hnir , unk and Odin once found Ask and Embla on Land . The unk says that the two were capable of very little , lacking in unk and says that they were given three gifts by the three Gods The meaning of these gifts has been a matter of scholarly disagreement and translations therefore vary . According to chapter 9 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , the three brothers unk , V , and Odin , are the creators of the first man and woman . The brothers were once walking along a beach and found two trees there . They took the wood and from it created the first human beings Ask and Embla . One of the three gave them the breath of life , the second gave them movement and intelligence , and the third gave them shape , speech , hearing and sight . Further , the three gods gave them clothing and names . Ask and Embla go on to become the progenitors of all humanity and were given a home within the walls of Midgard . Theories Indo European origins A Proto Indo European basis has been theorized for the duo based on the etymology of embla meaning vine . In Indo European societies , an analogy is derived from the drilling of fire and sexual intercourse . Vines were used as a flammable wood , where they were placed beneath a drill made of harder wood , resulting in fire . Further evidence of ritual making of fire in Scandinavia has been theorized from a depiction on a stone plate on a Bronze Age grave in unk , Scania , Sweden . Jaan unk comments that ancient myths teem with trite ' first couples ' of the type of Adam and his by product Eve . In Indo European tradition , these range from the Vedic Yama and unk and the Iranian unk and unk to the Icelandic Askr and Embla , with trees or rocks as preferred raw material , and dragon 's teeth or other bony substance occasionally thrown in for good measure . In his study of the comparative evidence for an origin of mankind from trees in Indo European society , Anders unk observes that myths of the origin of mankind from trees or wood seem to be particularly connected with ancient Europe and Indo Europe and Indo European speaking peoples of Asia Minor and Iran . By contrast the cultures of the Near East show almost exclusively the type of unk stories that derive man 's origin from clay , earth or blood by means of a divine creation act . Other potential Germanic analogues Two wooden figures the Braak Bog Figures of more than human height were unearthed from a peat bog at Braak in Schleswig , Germany . The figures depict a nude male and a nude female . Hilda Ellis Davidson comments that these figures may represent a Lord and Lady of the Vanir , a group of Norse gods , and that another memory of these wooden deities may survive in the tradition of the creation of Ask and Embla , the man and woman who founded the human race , created by the gods from trees on the seashore . A figure named unk ( Old English ash tree ) appears as the son of Hengest in the Anglo Saxon genealogy for the kings of Kent . This has resulted in an amount of theories that the figures may have had an earlier basis in pre Norse Germanic mythology . Connections have been proposed between Ask and Embla and the Vandal kings Assi and Ambri , attested in Paul the Deacon 's 7th century AD work Origo Gentis Langobardorum . There , the two ask the god Godan ( Odin ) for victory . The name Ambri , like Embla , likely derives from unk . Catalog of dwarfs A preceding stanza to the account of the creation of Ask and Embla in Vlusp provides a catalog of dwarfs , and stanza 10 has been considered as describing the creation of human forms from the earth . This may potentially mean that dwarfs formed humans , and that the three gods gave them life . Carolyne Larrington theorizes that humans are metaphorically designated as trees in Old Norse works ( examples include trees of jewellery for women and trees of battle for men ) due to the origin of humankind stemming from trees Ask and Embla . Modern influence Ask and Embla have been the subject of a number of references and artistic depictions . A sculpture depicting the two stands in the southern Swedish city of Slvesborg , created in 1948 by Stig Blomberg . Ask and Embla are depicted on two of the sixteen wooden panels found on the Oslo City Hall in Oslo , Norway , by unk unk . In 2003 , Faroese artist Anker Eli Petersen included a depiction of the couple in his series of Faroe Islands stamps . In A.S. Byatt 's novel Possession , one of the characters is a poet who writes a series of verses about Ask and Embla .
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3,529 | Mycena nidificata is a species of fungus in the Mycenaceae family of the Agaricales . First collected in 2000 and reported as a new species in 2007 , it is known only from Kanagawa , Japan , where it grows on the floor of oak forests . The dark brown irregularly wrinkled cap measures up to 25 mm ( 1 . 0 in ) in diameter . The cap is supported by a thin stem up to 50 mm ( 2 . 0 in ) long , which is covered at the base by a whitish hairlike growth , and attached to white , cord like rhizomorphs aggregations of mycelium that resemble plant roots . The underside of the cap features thin , distantly spaced grayish gills that have distinct veins running between them . At a microscopic level , distinguishing characteristics include the inamyloid spores ( turning dark blue to black when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) , the club shaped cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edges ) with finger like appendages , the diverticulate cells in the outer layer of cap and stem , and the presence of clamp connections . Taxonomy , naming , and classification Mycena nidificata was first collected in 2000 by Japanese mycologist Haruki Takahashi , and reported as new along with seven other Mycenas in a 2007 publication . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word nidificata , meaning unk to make a nest . Its Japanese name is unk unk ( unk ) . According to Takahashi , the inamyloid spores , the diverticulate cap cuticle hyphae , and the dark pigment in the gill hyphae suggest that the fungus is best classified in the section unk of the genus Mycena . Because of its medium sized , partly unk fruit bodies ( i.e. , small to medium sized with white spore prints and convex caps , similar to species once placed in the genus Collybia ) , the white cord like rhizomorphs , and its distinctly intervenose gills , it has an isolated position within the section . Description The cap is initially conical to convex to bell shaped , then flattened in age , ultimately reaching 10 to 25 mm ( 0 . 4 to 1 . 0 in ) in diameter . The center of the cap is irregularly wrinkled to pitted , but less so toward the grooved margin . It is hygrophanous ( changing color as it loses or absorbs water ) , dry , initially pruinose ( covered with what appears to be a fine white powder ) , but soon becomes smooth . The color is blackish brown at the center , dark brown to reddish brown farther outward , and becoming much paler at the margin sometimes the cap is evenly dark brown . The flesh is up to 1 mm thick and white , and does not have any distinctive taste and odor . The stem is 40 to 50 mm ( 1 . 6 to 2 . 0 in ) long by 1 . 5 to 2 mm ( 0 . 059 to 0 . 079 in ) wide , cylindrical , slightly enlarged at the base , central , slender , and hollow . The stem surface is dry , pruinose over the entire length , and does not become smooth with age . It is pale brownish at the top , and gradually becomes dark brown toward the base . The base is covered with a white mycelial hairlike growth ( a tomentum ) that is attached to white cord like rhizomorphs on the substratum . The gills are fused to the stem , and distantly spaced , with between 15 and 18 gills reaching the stem . The gills are up to 2 . 5 mm broad , thin , grayish , and have distinct veins running between them . The gill edges are the same color as the gill faces . Microscopic characteristics The spores are roughly ellipsoid and measure 8 11 by 5 6 m . They are smooth , colorless , inamyloid , and thin walled . The basidia ( the spore bearing cells ) are 28 35 by 7 8 m , club shaped , and mostly four spored . The abundant cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are club shaped , measure 30 45 by 10 15 m , and form a sterile gill edge . They have several irregularly cylindrical to knob like apical appendages measuring 3 11 by 2 5 m , which are colorless and thin walled . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are absent in M. nidificata . The hymenophoral ( hymenium bearing ) tissue is made of smooth , thin walled hyphae that are 6 26 m wide , cylindrical ( but often inflated ) , and contain brownish pigment in the cytoplasm . These hyphae are dextrinoid , meaning they will turn reddish to reddish brown in the presence of Melzer 's reagent . The cap cuticle is made of parallel , bent over hyphae that are 3 10 m wide , cylindrical . The hyphae are smooth or covered with scattered , warty or finger like diverticulae . Under the cap cuticle is a layer of parallel hyphae containing cytoplasmic brownish pigment . The hyphae are dextrinoid , and contain short and inflated cells that are up to 40 m wide . The stem cuticle is made of parallel , bent over hyphae 3 8 m wide , which are similar in appearance to the hyphae of the cap cuticle . The caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) are relatively sporadic they are cylindrical , diverticulate , colorless , thin walled , and measure 45 60 by 4 8 m . The stem tissue is composed of longitudinally arranged , cylindrical hyphae that are 10 25 m wide , dextrinoid , smooth , and have cytoplasmic brownish pigment . Clamp connections are present in the stem tissues , and at the septa at the bases of the basidia . Similar species Mycena granulifera , a species originally described from Brazil , is comparable to M. nidificata in having inamyloid spores , club shaped cheilocystidia with finger like outgrowths , and diverticulate cap cuticle hyphae . M. granulifera differs in forming a whitish , wrinkled cap and club shaped to roughly spindle shaped pleurocystidia . Mycena nidificata also bears some resemblance to the European species M. flos unk , which is distinguished by having cylindrical , amyloid spores , gills without veins between them , and an absence of cord like rhizomorphs . Habitat and distribution Mycena nidificata is known only from Kanagawa , Japan . The mushroom is found growing solitary or scattered , on dead fallen twigs in forests dominated by the oak species Quercus unk . Fruiting occurs from May to September .
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3,530 | No. 79 Wing was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) wing of World War II . It was formed in December 1943 at Batchelor , Northern Territory , as part of North Western Area Command . Led by Group Captain Charles Eaton , the wing comprised four squadrons on its establishment , flying Beaufort and B 25 Mitchell bombers and Beaufighter heavy fighters . No. 79 Wing took part in the New Guinea and North Western Area Campaigns during 1944 45 , eventually transferring to Balikpapan in the Dutch East Indies as the Allies advanced northward . By the end of the Pacific War , the wing was attached to the Australian First Tactical Air Force and was made up of Nos. 2 and 18 ( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadrons , both flying Mitchells . The latter transferred to the Netherlands Air Force in late 1945 , while the former returned to Australia where it disbanded the following year . No. 79 Headquarters itself disbanded in October 1945 , soon after the end of hostilities . History No. 79 Wing was established at Batchelor , Northern Territory , on 30 November 1943 . Its combat units consisted of Nos. 1 and 2 Squadrons ( flying Beaufort light reconnaissance bombers ) , No. 31 Squadron ( Beaufighter long range fighters ) , and No. 18 ( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadron ( B 25 Mitchell medium bombers ) . The wing was commanded by Group Captain Charles Eaton , whose Dutch personnel called him Oom Charles ( Uncle Charles ) . Operating under the auspices of North Western Area Command ( NWA ) , Darwin , No. 79 Wing participated in the New Guinea and North Western Area Campaigns during 1944 . Through March April 1944 , the Beaufighters attacked Japanese shipping , while the Mitchells and Beauforts bombed Timor on a daily basis as a prelude to Operations Reckless and Persecution , the invasions of Hollandia and Aitape . Eaton organised a large raid against Su , Dutch Timor , on 19 April . Consisting of thirty five Mitchells , Beauforts and Beaufighters , the force destroyed the town 's barracks and fuel dumps , a result that earned the personal congratulations of the Air Officer Commanding NWA , Air Vice Marshal King Cole . On the day of the Allied landings , 22 April , the Mitchells and Beaufighters made a daylight raid on Dili , Portuguese Timor . The ground assault on Hollandia Aitape met little opposition , credited in part to the air bombardment leading up to it . In May 1944 , Nos. 1 , 18 and 31 Squadrons attacked Japanese positions in Timor , while No. 2 Squadron was withdrawn from combat to re equip with Mitchells . No. 79 Wing 's light and medium bombers suffered from a lack of suitable targets as they had few airfields in forward areas from which to refuel . No. 2 Squadron returned to operations with Mitchells in June . That month , No. 18 Squadron flew 149 sorties , damaging Japanese airfields and shipping in the Timor area , but lost its commanding officer to anti aircraft fire during a raid . In June July 1944 , No. 79 Wing supported the Allied attack on Noemfoor . No. 18 Squadron was again the wing 's most active unit , flying 107 sorties . In September , the Beaufighters and Mitchells attacked Japanese shipping and infrastructure in Ceram and Celebes , but lost nine aircraft and twenty six crewmen killed , among them Squadron Leader Wilbur Wackett , son of Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation manager Lawrence Wackett . By the end of the month , Mitchell missions were put on hold while replacement crews were trained . In late 1944 , plans were made to transfer No. 79 Wing from North Western Area Command to Northern Command in Papua New Guinea , where it would undertake operations against the Japanese in New Britain . The wing 's composition for this move was to be Nos. 2 and 18 Squadrons , operating Mitchells , and 120 ( Netherlands East Indies ) Squadron , operating P 40 Kittyhawks . No. 31 Squadron was transferred from No. 79 Wing to the Australian First Tactical Air Force at Morotai in December . The same month , Group Captain Eaton posted out and was replaced by Group Captain John Ryland . Weather hampered the wing 's activities in January 1945 . No. 1 Squadron was withdrawn to Queensland to re equip with Mosquitos , with No. 13 Squadron , flying Venturas , taking up the slack on anti shipping missions . The squadron accounted for around half of the thirty eight enemy vessels sunk by No. 79 Wing in February , and a similar ratio to the twenty sunk the following month . Wing operations were cut back in March , as preparations were made to transfer the Mitchells to Jacquinot Bay in New Britain . On 6 April , all twenty available aircraft of Nos. 2 and 18 Squadrons were ordered to join B 24 Liberators of No. 82 Wing in an assault on a Japanese convoy that included the cruiser Isuzu . The Liberators were late for their rendezvous with the Mitchells off Sumba so the latter , at the very limit of their range , attacked the convoy regardless . They claimed two direct hits without loss , despite anti aircraft fire from the cruiser and other ships , and frontal attacks by enemy fighters . Allied submarines sank the damaged Isuzu the next day . The wing 's proposed move to New Britain was cancelled in May 1945 , after the Netherlands government requested that its squadrons operate over the Dutch East Indies . No. 120 Squadron was transferred to Biak , while No. 79 Wing and its two Mitchell squadrons were ordered to move to Borneo , under the command of First Tactical Air Force . By July , No. 79 Wing had relocated from Batchelor to Balikpapan , leaving No. 13 Squadron under the control of North Western Area Command . After the Pacific War ended in August 1945 , the Mitchells joined Liberators of No. 82 Wing repatriating RAAF personnel from Borneo to Australia . No. 79 Wing Headquarters was disbanded on 8 October . The following month , No. 18 Squadron was reassigned to the Netherlands Air Force . No. 2 Squadron returned to Australia in December , disbanding in mid 1946 . These were the only two squadrons in the RAAF to operate Mitchells during the war .
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3,531 | Gargi Vachaknavi ( born about 700 BC ) was an ancient Indian philosopher . In Vedic Literature , she is honored as a great natural philosopher , renowned expounder of the Vedas , and known as unk , a person with knowledge of Brahma Vidya . In the Sixth and the eighth Brahmana of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad , her name is prominent as she participates in the unk , a philosophic debate organized by King Janaka of Videha and challenges the sage Yajnavalkya with perplexing questions on the issue of atman ( soul ) . She is also said to have written many hymns in the Rigveda . She remained a celibate all her life and was held in veneration by the conventional Hindus . Gargi , the daughter of sage unk in the lineage of sage Garga ( 800 500 BCE ) was named after her father as Gargi Vachaknavi . From a young age she evinced keen interest in Vedic scriptures and became very proficient in fields of philosophy . She became highly knowledgeable in Vedas and Upanishads in the Vedic times and held intellectual debates with the male philosophers . Early life Gargi was the daughter of sage unk in the lineage of sage Garga ( 800 500 BCE ) and hence named after her father as Gargi Vachaknavi . Right from a young age , Vachaknavi was very intellectual . She acquired knowledge of the Vedas and scriptures and became renowned for her proficiency in these fields of philosophy she even surpassed men in her knowledge . Later life Gargi , along with unk unk and Sulabha Maitreyi are among the prominent females who figure in the Upanishads . She was as knowledgeable in Vedas and Upanishads as men of the Vedic times and could very well contest the male philosophers in unk name appears in the unk Sutras of unk . She had even awakened her Kundalini ( indwelling spiritual energy ) . In her dialogue with Pandit Mandan Mishra on the subject of sex she had won her arguments as she was a realized soul . She was a leading scholar who also made rich contributions to propagate education . Debate with Yajnavalkya According to Brihadaranyaka Upanishad , King Janaka of Videha Kingdom held a unk Yagna and invited all the learned sages , kings and princess of India to participate . The yagna lasted for many days . Large quantities of sandalwood , ghee ( clarified butter ) and barley ( cereal grain ) were offered to the Yagna fire creating an atmosphere of spiritual sanctity and aroma . Janaka himself being a scholar was impressed with the large gathering of learned sages . He thought of selecting a scholar from the assembled group of elite scholars , the most accomplished of them all who had maximum knowledge about Brahman . For this purpose , he evolved a plan and offered a prize of 1 , 000 cows with each cow dangled with 10 grams of gold on its horns . The galaxy of scholars , apart from others , included the renowned sage Yajnavalkya and Gargi Vachaknavi . Yajnavalkya , who was aware that he was the most spiritually knowledgeable among the assembled gathering , as he had mastered the art of Kundalini Yoga , ordered his disciple unk to drive away the cow herd to his house . This infuriated the scholars as they felt that he was taking way the prize without contesting in a debate . Some of the local pundits ( scholars ) did not volunteer for debate with him as they were not sure of their knowledge . However , there were eight renowned sages who challenged him for a debate , which included Gargi , the only lady in the assembled gathering of the learned . Sages like unk , the priest in Janaka 's court , unk , unk , unk , and Uddalaka debated with him and asked questions philosophical subjects to which Yajnavalkya provided convincing replies and they lost the debate . It was then the turn of Gargi to take up the challenge . Gargi , as one of the disputants in the debate , questioned Yajnavalkya on his claim of superiority among the scholars . She held repeated arguments with him . Gargi and Yajnavalkya 's exchange centered on the ultimate warp of reality ( warp means the basic foundation or material of a structure or entity ) . Her initial dialogue with Yajnavalkya tended to be too metaphysical , such as unending status of the soul , away from practical situations . She then changed her approach and asked him pointed questions related to the environment existing in the world , the question of the very origin of all existence . Her question was specific when she asked him since this whole world is woven back and forth on water , on what then is woven back and forth , a question that related to the commonly known cosmological metaphor that expressed the unity of the world , its essential interconnectedness . In the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad ( 3 . 6 ) , the sequence of her posing a bevy of questions to Yajnavalkya and his replies is narrated as She continued with an array of questions such as what was the universe of the suns , what were the moon , the stars , the gods , Indra , and Prajapati . Gargi then pressed on with two more questions . Gargi urged Yajnavalkya to enlighten her on the weave of reality and asked Gargi was not satisfied and then posed the next question Then she asked a final question , on what was Brahman ( world of the imperishable ) unk put an end to the debate by telling Gargi not to proceed further as other wise she would lose her mental balance . This riposte put an end to their further dialogue at the conference of the learned . However , at the end of the debate she conceded to the superior knowledge of Yajnavalkya by saying venerable Brahmins , you may consider it a great thing if you get off bowing before him . No one , I believe , will defeat him in any argument concerning Brahman . Her philosophical views also find mention in the Chandogya Upanishad . Gargi , as unk , composed several hymns in Rigveda ( in X 39 . unk ) that questioned the origin of all existence . The Yoga Yajnavalkya , a classical text on Yoga is a dialogue between Gargi and sage Yajnavalkya . Gargi was honoured as one of the unk ( nine gems ) in the court of King Janaka of Mithila .
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3,532 | She is a song by American hip hop artist and OFWGKTA member Tyler , The Creator from his album Goblin . It was released May 10 , 2011 as the third single from the album . It features another OFWGKTA member Frank Ocean , and serves as his debut single as an artist . The song was written by both Tyler and Ocean , with the production handled by Tyler . The song is written from the perspective of an obsessive lover who stalks and watches a woman while she sleeps . Lyrically , the song explored dark themes of necrophilia , stalking and obsession . The song received positive reviews from critics who praised Ocean 's hook , though the subject matter was often noted as questionable in nature and content . A music video for the single was released June 3 , 2011 on the OFWGKTA YouTube channel . It was directed by Tyler himself and features Ocean . The video contains black humor and was noted for approaching its subject matter in a satirical , tongue in cheek manner . Both Tyler and Ocean would often perform the song together during their various tours and was notably performed at the April 2011 Coachella Musical Festival . Production and composition Rapper Tyler , the Creator , who is often known for his controversial nature , and R B singer and occasional rapper Frank Ocean , who joined hip hop collective Odd Future , had quickly bonded and became friends , collaborating on several tracks such as Analog 2 , Window and She . Ocean appears on the track She providing a rapping verse , and the hook , while Tyler raps and covers the production . She has been described as the closest thing to a slow jam on Goblin , where Tyler genuinely wrestles with lust . The song features Tyler , the Creator pining for a gorgeous girl while crooner Frank Ocean chimes in with a vocal hook . The track is delivered with sweetly juvenile expressions of desire , except that Tyler peppers the track with a single word epithet that would earn him a kick in the groin from any self respecting woman . HipHopDX 's Sean Ryon mused that even the more subdued songs like She with Frank Ocean embody Tyler s middle fingers up attitude , as he twists perverted tales of stalking girls and stabbing Bruno Mars in his goddamn esophagus into unk odes to unbridled individualism . Though it was noted that even She has passing moments of lyrical humanity to go with the pliant music ( When I 'm with my friends I just put on a front But in the back of my top I 'm writing songs about ' we ' ) . It 's almost like there 's boyish innocence lurking underneath all that bile . The Village Voice 's Eric Harvey mused that the sinuous Frank Ocean feature She ramps up the voyeurism and noted that he keeps things within a Rear Window framework . He admits he 's going through the dating motions strictly to get laid , but he also says that his violent front is just a show for his boys . The song was featured on Tyler 's second studio album titled Goblin , in which She was released as the fourth single from that album . Reception She received positive reviews from most music critics . Pitchfork Media 's Scott Plagenhoef commented that while Goblin could have used an editor , the highs are very high She work as unk away from the album as a whole . Source writer unk commented Tyler links up with fellow breakout star of the OFWGKTA , Frank Ocean , where the in demand crooner spits a couple of better than it has any right being 16 bars , while seamlessly weaving into a haunting hook . Craig Jenkin 's Prefix Magazine mused that the jazzy chord progression and syrupy vocals from Odd Future associate Frank Ocean sneakily conceal its stalker vibe and crass lyrical conceit . AbsolutePunk 's Ian Walker praised Ocean on the track , writing his verse and chorus showcase both sides of his expertise , as he can write both hip hop and R B influenced vocals with ease . While She tends to get lost in the midst of heavier tracks like Yonkers and Transylvania , it deserves a ton of recognition for leaning a bit more towards a mainstream sound Odd Future isn 't known for while staying true to their original vision . NME 's Louis Pattison described the track as a curdled take on silky 70s rare groove legend Roy Ayers and stated that it was actually rather gorgeous . Tiny Mix Tapes commented however that Tyler 's flow is painful to listen to on slower tracks such as She though it was saved by his ambition in production . Max Feldman of PopMatters noted that Tyler also does a lot of thinking through the medium of his own genitals , as evidenced on lusty R B crooner She where he lets his perverse side free . Promotion The music video for She was shot in Los Angeles . Ocean posted several behind the scene photos of the video shoot onto his own personal tumblr account , including pictures with a pretty young thing as his leading lady . Ocean plays double duty as a cop and the man of the house , almost unrecognizable in a white wig and drab attire . In one of the more chilling images , Tyler stares into the camera as a gun is pointed at his head , wearing the same black contacts he sported in his viral sensation Yonkers video . The video opens with Odd Future 's R B crooner Frank Ocean in bed with the unnamed she of the video , and the singer stops when he sees a masked Tyler staring outside of her bedroom window . The rapper eventually enters the room as the girl falls asleep , caressing her and writing a note on her mirror while spitting the song 's first verse I finally got the courage to ask you on a date , so just say yes and let the future fall into place , a twitchy Tyler asks the girl before the cops show up and arrest him . Tyler performed She and Novacane with Ocean at an Odd Future performance in New York . During Odd Future 2012 's tour promoting The Odd Future Tape Vol . 2 , Ocean performed with the group and played the song Tyler . Track listing Digital download She ( featuring Frank Ocean ) 4 13
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3,533 | Doge ( often pronounced unk unk or unk unk ) is an Internet meme that became popular in 2013 . The meme typically consists of a picture of a Shiba Inu accompanied by multicolored text in Comic Sans font in the foreground . The text , representing a kind of internal monologue , is deliberately written in a form of broken English . The meme is based on a 2010 photograph , and became popular in late 2013 , being named as Know Your Meme 's top meme of that year . A cryptocurrency based on Doge , the Dogecoin , was launched in December 2013 , and the Shiba Inu is featured on Josh Wise 's NASCAR car due to a sponsorship deal . Doge has also been referenced by members of the United States Congress , a safety video for Delta Air Lines , a Google Easter egg , and the video for the song Word Crimes by Weird Al Yankovic . Structure Doge uses two word phrases in which the first word is almost always one of five modifiers ( so , such , many , much , and very ) , and the departure from correct English is to use the modifier with a word that it cannot properly modify . For example , Much respect . So noble . uses the doge modifiers but is not proper doge because the modifiers are used in a formally correct fashion the doge version would be Much noble , so respect . In addition to these phrases , a doge utterance often ends with a single word , most often wow but with amaze and excite also being used . Origin and pronunciation Kabosu ( Japanese unk ) , the female Shiba Inu featured in the original meme , was a pedigree puppy who was sent to an animal shelter when her puppy mill shut down . She was adopted in 2008 by Japanese kindergarten teacher Atsuko Sat , and named after the citrus fruit Kabosu because Sato thought she had a round face like the fruit . Another Shiba Inu featured in the meme is Suki , a female belonging to photographer Jonathan Fleming from San Francisco . His wife had accidentally put a scarf in the wash , making it shrink . He took a photograph of Suki wearing the scarf outside on a cold night in February 2010 . Kabosu was first pictured in a 2010 blog post by Sato afterwards , variations of the pictures using overlaid Comic Sans text were posted from a Tumblr blog , Shiba Confessions . However , the use of the intentionally misspelled doge dates back to June 2005 , when it was mentioned in an episode of Homestar Runner 's puppet series . The most common pronunciations of doge are unk unk and unk unk . In non English speaking countries , doge is occasionally pronounced unk unk . Those unfamiliar or unacquainted with the meme also use the pronunciations unk DOG ee , unk DOG ay , unk DOH gay , or simply unk DOG . Spread In August 2013 , images of the meme were unk on Reddit 's r unk subreddit by 4chan 's random imageboard , b . Online searches for the meme began to increase in July 2013 . Google later created a Doge Easter egg when doge meme was entered into the YouTube search bar , all the site 's text would be displayed in colorful Comic Sans , similar to the kind used by the meme . The meme was ranked at No. 12 on MTV 's list of 50 Things Pop Culture Had Us Giving Thanks For in 2013 . Io9 compared the internal dialog of the Shiba Inu dogs to unk . On December 13 , Doge was named the top meme of 2013 by Know Your Meme . In late December 2013 , members of the U.S. Congress produced material in the meme 's style . The Huffington Post commented that Doge was killed because of the Congress members ' usage of the meme . In December 2013 , the Dogecoin was introduced as a new cryptocurrency , making it the first cryptocurrency to be based on an Internet meme the viral phenomenon , along with usage of the Comic Sans MS typeface , gave it the Internet density of a large star according to Medium writer Quinn Norton . By early 2014 , Doge 's popularity was sustained by internet communities on social media , accompanied by the rapid growth and acceptance of Dogecoin . In April 2014 , Doge experienced a second major media resurgence due to revelations of the Dogecoin community 's intent to sponsor Josh Wise in NASCAR and place a picture of the Shiba Inu on his vehicle . The car features in downloadable content for the video game NASCAR ' 14 . Media outlets have embraced the meme while reporting on the cryptocurrency and the car , with titles featuring phrases such as so wow and very vroom . In mid 2014 , the advertisement agency unk Stockholm had Doge feature prominently in an advertising campaign for the public transport company SL in Stockholm , Sweden . The advertisement concerned the company 's special summer tickets , and featured Doge holding a public transport ticket in his mouth , with phrases such as many summer , such cheap and very buy . Doge was also one of 25 Internet memes featured in a Delta Air Lines safety video released in May 2015 . In the video for Weird Al Yankovic 's 2014 song Word Crimes , a song about bad grammar , a Doge tweet is used to illustrate the types of bad grammar referenced in that part of the song . Doge was one of several additions to Dictionary.com in November 2015 . The website defines it as not just the image macro and its variants , but also the form of language that it utilizes . The Japanese perception is remarkably different Sat and Kabosu are rather known as a pet and owner rather than a meme , and her blog is the fourth most popular pet related blog in the country as of December 2013 . Reacting to the meme , she explained , To be honest , some pictures are strange for me , but it 's still funny I m very impressed with their skills and taste . Around me , nobody knows about the doge meme . Maybe I don 't understand memes very well , because I 'm living a such an analog life . Sat has also expressed that she had learned that the risk of the internet is that anyone in the world can see my life on my blog . Fleming stated that in his experience , the Shiba Inu breed has become more recognised due to the meme .
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3,534 | Galiella rufa , commonly known as the rubber cup , the rufous rubber cup , or the hairy rubber cup , is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae . The fungus produces cup shaped fruit bodies that typically grow in clusters on branches and exposed portions of buried wood throughout eastern and Midwest North America and in Malaysia . The fruit bodies have the texture of tough , gelatinous rubber , and have a rough , blackish brown , felt like outer surface and a smooth reddish brown inner surface . Although generally considered inedible by North American mushroom field guides , it is commonly consumed in Malaysia . The fungus produces several chemicals with a variety of bioactive properties . Taxonomy and naming The species was originally named Bulgaria rufa in 1832 by Lewis David de Schweinitz , based on material collected from Bethlehem , Pennsylvania . In 1913 , Pier Andrea Saccardo transferred it to the genus unk as defined by George Edward Massee in 1901 ( a genus now synonymous with Plectania ) due to its hyaline ( translucent ) spores . Richard Korf made it the type species of his newly created Galiella in 1957 , a genus that encompasses unk species ( those with a morphology similar to those in Bulgaria ) with spores that feature surface warts that are made of callose unk substances that stain with methyl blue dye . In 1906 , Charles Horton Peck described the variety magna from material collected in North Elba , New York . Peck explained that the variety differed from the typical species in several ways var. magna grew among fallen leaves under balsam fir trees , or among mosses on the ground , not on buried wood it lacked a stem , and was instead broad and rounded underneath its hymenium was more yellow brown then the nominate variety and , its spore were slightly longer . The specific epithet rufa means rusty or reddish brown , and refers to the color of the hymenium . The species is commonly named the rubber cup , the rufous rubber cup , or the hairy rubber cup . In Sabah , it is known as mata unk ( deer eyes ) , and in Sarawak , mata unk ( buffalo eyes ) . Description The fruit bodies of G. rufa are initially closed and roughly spherical to top shaped , and resemble minute puffballs . They later open in the shape of a shallow cup , and reach diameters of 15 35 mm ( 0 . 6 1 . 4 in ) wide . The cup margin is curved inwards and irregularly toothed the teeth are a lighter color than the hymenium . The interior surface of the cup , which bears the spore bearing surface ( the hymenium ) is reddish brown to orange brown . The exterior surface is blackish brown , and covered with hairs that measure 7 8 m long that give it a felt like or hairy texture . The flesh of the fruit body lacks any distinctive taste or odor , and is grayish , translucent , gelatinous and rubbery . The fungus sometimes has a short stem that is up to 10 mm ( 0 . 4 in ) long by 5 mm ( 0 . 2 in ) wide , but it may be missing in some specimens . Dried fruit bodies become leathery and wrinkled . Although the fruit bodies are generally considered by North American field guides to be inedible , or of unknown edibility , in parts of Malaysia it is commonly eaten and even prized for its edibility . The spores are thin walled , elliptical with narrowed ends , and covered with fine warts they have dimensions of 10 22 by 8 10 m . Both the spores and the asci ( spore bearing cells ) are nonamyloid . The asci are narrow and typically 275 300 m long . The paraphyses ( sterile cells interspersed among the asci in the hymenium ) are slender threadlike . unk studies have demonstrated that the development of the spore wall in G. rufa is similar to the genus Discina ( in the Helvellaceae family ) and to the other Sarcosomataceae , especially Plectania nannfeldtii both of these species have fine secondary wall spore ornaments . Similar species Galiella unk is similar in appearance to G. rufa . It is found in north temperate Asia , where it grows on the rotting wood of Spruce trees . It has larger ascospores than G. rufa , typically 26 41 by 13 16 m . Bulgaria unk is similar in shape and size , but has a shiny black hymenium . unk unk , another species found in eastern North American , is black , has a more liquid interior than G. rufa , and is larger up to 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) across . unk unk has a shallower , unk fruit body with a yellowish inner surface . Habitat and distribution Galiella rufa is a saprobic species , and grows either solitarily , but more usually in groups or in clusters on decaying hardwood branches and logs . The fungus fruits in late summer and autumn . The fungus has been noted to fruit readily on logs used for the cultivation of the shiitake mushroom . The fruit bodies are readily overlooked as they blend in with their surroundings . Galiella rufa is found in Midwest and eastern North America , and has been collected in areas between New York and Minnesota , Missouri and North Carolina . The species is also found in Malaysia . Bioactive compounds Galiella rufa produces several structurally related unk compounds that have attracted attention for their biological properties unk , unk . The compounds have anti unk activity , killing the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and unk incognita . These compounds have been shown in laboratory tests to inhibit the early steps of the biosynthetic pathways induced by plant hormones known as gibberellic acids , and they also inhibit the germination of seeds of several plants . unk is additionally a highly selective and potent inhibitor of interleukin 6 ( IL 6 ) signaling in unk cells . IL 6 is a multifunctional cytokine which is produced by a large variety of cells and functions as a regulator of immune response , acute phase reactions , and unk . Researchers are interested in the potential of small molecule inhibitors ( such as the ones produced by G. rufa ) to interfere with the IL 6 signaling cascade that leads to the expression of genes involved in disease .
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3,535 | The Meermin ( Dutch pronunciation unk ) was an 18th century Dutch cargo ship of the hoeker type , one of many built and owned by the Dutch East India Company . She was laid down in 1759 and fitted out as a slave ship before her maiden voyage in 1761 , and her career was cut short by a mutiny of her cargo of Malagasy people . They had been sold to Dutch East India Company officials on Madagascar , to be used as company slaves in its Cape Colony in southern Africa . Half her crew and almost 30 Malagasy lost their lives in the mutiny the mutineers deliberately allowed the ship to drift aground off Struisbaai , now in South Africa , in March 1766 , and she broke up in situ . As of 2013 , archaeologists are searching for the Meermin 's remains . Construction and use The Meermin was laid down in 1759 in a shipyard belonging to the Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie , abbreviated to VOC ) in the port of Amsterdam in the Netherlands . The Meermin was a 480 ton Dutch hoeker , square rigged with three masts . The hoeker originated in the 15th century as a type of fishing vessel with one or two masts in response to the growing Dutch trade in herring , and was known in English as a hoy . Equipped with guns , hoekers were employed as defensive escorts for fishing fleets , or unk , in the Second Anglo Dutch War of the 1660s . They came to be used more widely in trade with the Dutch East Indies via the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa , as their rounded sterns proved to be more resistant to warping and springing than square sterns , which were prone to catastrophic leaking when exposed to strong sun . Larger than most hoekers , the Meermin was unusual for her type in that she was built of oak and had a beakhead , a feature not normally present in smaller merchant vessels . The Meermin was built for use as a slave ship in the VOC 's African trade between 1658 and 1799 the VOC acquired and transported 63 , 000 slaves to its Cape Colony , now part of South Africa . The ship began her maiden voyage at Texel , an island off the coast of what is now the Netherlands , on 21 January 1761 , with a crew of 62 under the command of Captain Hendrik Worms she arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on 15 June . Although fitted out as a slave ship , vessels such as the Meermin routinely carried other goods when not transporting slaves . Mutiny and destruction From December 1765 , the Meermin was working the coastline of Madagascar , collecting Malagasy men , women and children for use as slaves in the Cape Colony , under Captain Gerrit Muller and a crew of 56 . Carrying about 140 Malagasy , she set sail from the north western coast of Madagascar on 20 January 1766 . Two days into the voyage a large party of Malagasy was allowed on deck , the men to assist the crew , and the women to provide entertainment by dancing and singing . This was to prevent death and disease among the Malagasy , so avoiding loss of profit . On 18 February 1766 , the ship 's supercargo ordered some assegais , or African spears , and some swords , to be brought on deck for the Malagasy to clean . When the weapons were clean and the Malagasy were ordered to return them , they attacked the ship 's crew , and took control of the ship . A truce ensued , the terms of which were that if the Malagasy would spare the lives of the remaining crew the ship would be sailed back to Madagascar , but taking advantage of the Malagasy 's lack of navigational skills , the crew instead set sail for the coast of southern Africa . On sighting land , the crew persuaded the Malagasy that what they saw was a part of Madagascar the mutineers were unfamiliar with after further subterfuge by the crew , the Malagasy set the Meermin to drift towards the shore at Struisbaai . But the sea was rough , and one of the ship 's masts was cut down to improve her balance . The Meermin eventually grounded on a sandbank , by which time a militia consisting of local farmers and burghers had been formed onshore , who had observed that the ship was flying no flags , which they recognised as a distress signal . The militia killed or captured those of the Malagasy who ventured ashore , and then organised the removal into custody of all Malagasy remaining on the ship , under the command of a magistrate from Stellenbosch . The Meermin was assessed as beyond recovery , and left to break up where she grounded . Salvage and archaeology The VOC authorities salvaged as much as possible from the Meermin , recovering 286 muskets , 12 pistols , 5 bayonets , gunpowder , musket balls and compasses cables , ropes and other items from the ship were auctioned on the shore . The ship 's logbook has not survived . In 2004 , Iziko Museums started a maritime archaeology project to find and recover the wreck of the Meermin , with supporting historical and archaeological research funded by the South African National Lottery . Jaco Boshoff of Iziko Museums , who is in charge of the research , retrieved the Meermin 's plans from the Netherlands , to help identify this wreck among the numerous ships reputed to have run aground in the Struisbaai area . The search for the Meermin has employed an airborne magnetometer survey , as a marine magnetometer survey proved to be impractical owing to the shallowness of the waters . unk surveys can readily pick out wreck sites , as iron items from the ships can be detected by their recognisable signatures . Of 22 new , possible wrecks identified , 11 were identified as candidates for the wreck of the Meermin . Six are on what is now land , but have been ruled out as they are wrecks of pine built ships , whereas the Meermin was built of oak . In 2011 , the Iziko Museums ' travelling exhibition Finding Meermin included updates on the progress of Jaco Boshoff 's work with the archaeological research team . In November 2013 it was reported that , while the ship had not yet been found , lack of funding was holding up completion of the search , with four target areas remaining to be examined .
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3,536 | Alvin unk Luedecke ( 10 October 1910 9 August 1998 ) was a United States Army Air Forces general during World War II . He commanded the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project after the war . After retiring from the Air Force in 1958 , he was General Manager of the United States Atomic Energy Commission , Deputy Director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and President of Texas A M University . Early life and career Alvin unk Luedecke was born in Eldorado , Texas , on 1 October 1910 , the oldest of eight children of John H. Luedecke , a rancher , and his wife Lizzie . He grew up on the family ranch . He earned a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the Texas A M in 1932 . Luedecke was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the field artillery reserve on 28 May 1932 , and was posted to Camp Bullis , Texas , on Reserve Officers ' Training Corps duty . He became a flying cadet on 21 February 1933 . After completing his flight training at the Primary Flying School at Randolph Field , Texas , and the Advanced Flying School Bomber course at March Field , California , and Hamilton Field , California , he received a reserve commission as a second lieutenant in the United States Army Air Corps on 20 February 1935 . Luedecke was posted to the 11th Bombardment Squadron at Hamilton Field . The next year he became group operations and intelligence officer of the 7th Bombardment Group there . On 1 October 1938 he was commissioned as a regular second lieutenant in the Army Air Corps , and was posted to the 25th Bombardment Squadron at France Field in the Panama Canal Zone . World War II Luedecke was assistant military attach for Air to Costa Rica , Guatemala , Honduras , El Salvador , Panama and Nicaragua from 23 January 1940 to 19 August 1942 . He then became executive air officer at the field office of the Military Intelligence Services , Quarry Heights in the Panama Canal Zone . There he was promoted to captain on 1 February 1942 , major on 19 November 1942 , and lieutenant colonel on 5 January 1943 . That month he returned to the United States as chief of the Operations Branch , Air Control Group , American Intelligence Command at Miami Beach , Florida . The next month he became chief of the Latin American Branch , American Intelligence Command . For his service in Central America , he was awarded the Colombian Order of unk . On 12 May 1943 he was appointed deputy commander of the 39th Bombardment Group , based at Davis Monthan Field , Arizona . He became executive officer of the 16th Bombardment Operations Training Wing there on 27 June , with a promotion to colonel on 22 July 1943 . In August 1943 he was appointed Chief of the Operations and Training Section of the Army Air Forces in the India Burma Sector of the China Burma India Theater . On 18 August 1944 he was promoted to brigadier general at the age of 33 . He became Deputy Chief of Staff in November 1944 . In July 1945 he was made Assistant Chief of Air Staff for Plans , Operations , Training and Intelligence in the China Theater . For his service in China , he was awarded the Chinese Order of the Cloud and Banner . He was also given a British mention in despatches and made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire . He was awarded the Legion of Merit on 8 January 1944 , with an oak leaf cluster on 25 October 1945 , the Bronze Star Medal on 19 November 1945 , and the Commendation Ribbon on 29 May 1946 . He was also awarded an honorary Legum Doctor ( LLD ) degree by Texas A M in 1946 . Cold War Luedecke returned to the United States in February 1946 , and was assigned to the Joint War Plans Committee in Washington , D.C. , as the senior Army Air Force member . On 22 October 1947 he became Assistant Director of the Joint Strategic Plans Group . On 14 June 1949 he was posted to the Military Liaison Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission as executive military secretary . On 16 March 1951 he became the Air Force Deputy Chief of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project . After the Chief of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project , Major General Herbert B. Loper , had a heart attack and was forced to retire , Luedecke stepped up to become chief , with the rank of major general . Starting with Operation Crossroads in 1946 , the practice had been to form a joint task force to plan and conduct each series of nuclear tests in the Pacific . When they became more frequent , the Joint Chiefs created Joint Task Force 7 as a permanent body . Luedecke assumed command of Joint Task Force 7 on 1 April 1957 . On 10 June he was succeeded as Chief of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project by Rear Admiral Edward N. Parker , but remained commander of Joint Task Force 7 . As such , he was responsible for the planning , preparation and conduct of Operation Hardtack I and Operation Hardtack II . For his services , he was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal . Later life Luedecke retired from the Air Force in 1958 to replace Kenneth D. Nichols as General Manager of the Atomic Energy Commission . In 1964 Luedecke was appointed Deputy Director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Over the next three years he worked on the unmanned Ranger , Mariner , Surveyor and Voyager space exploration programs . For his services to NASA , he was awarded the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1968 . That year he returned to Texas A M as an associate dean of engineering , engineering research coordinator and associate director of the Texas Engineering Experiment Station . He became acting president for seven months after the death of Earl Rudder in 1970 . He then served as executive vice president for six years . A science building on the campus was named in his honor in 1994 . He died in San Antonio , Texas , on 8 August 1998 and was buried at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery in San Antonio . He was survived by his wife Isabelle , son , Alvin R. Luedecke Jr . , daughters Jan Lee Maynard and Miriam Luedecke , and six sisters . His papers are in the Cushing Library at Texas A M.
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3,537 | Be More is the twenty eighth episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series Adventure Time . It was written and storyboarded by Tom Herpich and Steve Wolfhard , from a story by Patrick McHale , Kent Osborne , Pendleton Ward , Rebecca Sugar , Herpich , and Wolfhard . It originally aired on Cartoon Network on July 22 , 2013 . The episode guest stars Aziz Ansari as DMO , Paul F. Tompkins as the SMOs , and Chuck McCann as Moe . The series follows the adventures of Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . In this episode , BMO , Finn and Jake 's sentient computer game , accidentally deletes a core system driver , forcing Finn and Jake disguise themselves as MOs in order to infiltrate the MO factory and fix BMO . However , the three are pursued by security guard SMOs ( voiced by Tompkins ) Finn , Jake , and BMO eventually run into unk Moe Giovanni ( voiced by McCann ) , the ancient and benevolent human cyborg creator of the MOs , who explains BMO 's backstory . Be More was originally intended to have been produced during the series ' third season , but was later moved to the series ' fifth season , by which time it had changed substantially . It was viewed by 2 . 67 million viewers and received a 0 . 7 rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode received largely positive critical reviews , with Oliver Sava from The A.V. Club applauding the extrapolation of unk backstory , as well as its potential for narrative expansions . The episode was later nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Short format Animation at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards , but lost to the Mickey Mouse episode O Sole Minnie . Plot While deleting files , BMO accidentally deletes its core system drivers . Finn and Jake decide to accompany BMO to the Mo Factory so that BMO can get the drivers re installed BMO cautions Finn and Jake that its memory will be erased , so the duo disguise themselves as robots and successfully sneak past DMO ( voiced by Aziz Ansari ) and infiltrate the facility . Once inside , they find the factory derelict and abandoned . DMO and the security SMOs ( voiced by Paul F. Tompkins ) soon catch onto Finn , Jake , and BMO 's scheme and give chase . The three evade security and sneak into the unk lounge . BMO hacks into one of the SMOs and learns the location of the core system driver installation deck . Once again , the SMOs give chase until Finn , Jake , and BMO reach the heart of the facility . There , the three meet unk Moe Giovanni ( voiced by Chuck McCann ) , the ancient and benevolent human cyborg creator of the MOs . Moe explains BMO 's backstory , revealing that BMO was created to take care of and have fun with Moe 's son however , Moe never had children and so he released BMO into the wild to find another family . Moe updates BMO drivers , and introduces it to his family of MOs . Production Be More was written and storyboarded by Tom Herpich and Steve Wolfhard , from a story by Kent Osborne , Pendleton Ward , Patrick McHale , Rebecca Sugar , Herpich , and Wolfhard . Art direction was handled by Nick Jennings , whereas supervising direction was helmed by Nate Cash . The episode was originally intended to have been produced during the series ' third season , thus the reason that Sugar who had left the series after storyboarding the earlier episode Simon Marcy was credited for having co written the episode 's story . However , the entry was pushed back until it was finalized during the latter part of the fifth season according to supervising producer Adam Muto , by the time the episode was being developed during the fifth season , it had substantially changed . The character of Moe was designed by Wolfhard , and was based on actor Jamie Farr . The original ending featured Moe telling Finn , Jake , and BMO to leave because he has to use the bathroom Wolfhard noted that this was wisely vetoed by Herpich and Muto . Comedian Aziz Ansari plays the part of DMO . In 2011 , Ansari had previously been invited by Ward via Twitter to voice a character on the show . Chuck McCann voices Moe . The episode also guest stars Paul F. Tompkins as the security guard SMOs . Tompkins had previously voiced an unrelated character in the fourth season episode Ignition Point . Reception Be More aired on July 22 , 2013 on Cartoon Network . It was watched by 2 . 67 million viewers , and received a 0 . 7 rating in the 18 49 demographic Nielsen household rating . Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States , which means that the episode was seen by 0 . 7 percent of all 18 to 49 year olds at the time of the broadcast . The installment was the 31st most watched cable program in the 18 49 demographic on the night it aired . The episode first saw commercial release as part of the 2014 The Suitor DVD , which included 16 episodes from the series . Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a B . He applauded it for its exploration of BMO , its opening of new narrative opportunities with the introduction of Moe . Furthermore , he complimented both Ansari 's and unk 's voice acting , noting that the actors hired by this show have speaking voices that are immediately distinct , and that natural personality helps flesh out bit roles and make them memorable . Furthermore , Sava wrote that the entry 's climax , featuring Moe explaining that BMO was built to understand fun was an interesting insight into the philosophy behind this series because the childlike mentality of fun and play is an enlightened state in Adventure Time , and BMO reaches that every day with Finn and Jake . The episode was later nominated for an Primetime Emmy Award for Short format Animation at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards , but lost to the Mickey Mouse episode O Sole Minnie .
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3,538 | The 1890 Atlantic hurricane season is tied for the third least active hurricane season on record , behind 1914 and 1930 . The first system was initially observed on May 27 and the last storm , Hurricane Four , dissipated over Central America on November 1 . These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic . The first storm moved slowly north northwestward , bringing heavy rains and extensive flooding to Cuba , which caused at least three fatalities and at least 1 million ( 1890 USD ) in damage . It dissipated in the Gulf of Mexico on May 29 . Tropical cyclogenesis went dormant for nearly two and a half months , until another system was observed near the Windward Islands on August 18 . It traversed the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico , grazing the Yucatan Peninsula and making landfall in Louisiana before dissipating on August 28 . Impact from the storm was minimal . Of the season 's four tropical cyclones , two reached hurricane status . One of these two strengthened into a major hurricanes , which are Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir Simpson hurricane wind scale . The strongest cyclone of the season , the third hurricane , peaked at Category 3 strength , with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph ( 195 km h ) . Rough seas produced by this storm sunk a ship in the vicinity of the Lesser Antilles , drowning 10 people . The final tropical cyclone was first observed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 31 . Peaking as a strong Category 1 hurricane , it headed westward and made landfall in Nicaragua , before being last noted over Central America on November 1 . The storm produced only minor damage in Nicaragua . Collectively , the tropical cyclones of this season resulted in at least 1 million in damage and 14 confirmed fatalities . Storms Tropical Storm One According to HURDAT North Atlantic hurricane database a tropical depression developed on May 27 , while located about 65 miles ( 105 km ) south of Isla de la Juventud , Cuba . The depression moved north northwestward and did not strengthen before making landfall near Pinar del Ro , Cuba , early the following day . It crossed Cuba without weakening and emerged into the southeastern Gulf of Mexico on May 28 . Later that day , the depression intensified into a tropical storm . The cyclone continued to strengthen and peaked with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km h ) early on May 29 . It was last noted about 125 miles ( 200 km ) west northwest of Dry Tortugas , Florida at around 1800 UTC . The storm brought heavy rains to Cuba , with 13 . 58 inches ( 345 mm ) observed in Havana in a 36 hour period . Flooding and mudslides caused extensive damage to several cities , including unk , unk , Havana , unk Grandes , San Antonio de los Baos , and Rincon . Several people had to be rescued . Nearly all telegraphic and railroad services were interrupted by flooding . With damage estimates in the millions of dollars , the event was described as the most disastrous rains that had ever visited Cuba . At least 4 fatalities were confirmed after a ship capsized , while a good number of other persons drowned . Tropical Storm Two After no activity for over two months , the barque unk encountered very heavy weather associated with a tropical storm in the eastern Caribbean Sea on August 18 . The system moved west northwestward across the Caribbean Sea and strengthened slowly . Early on August 24 , the storm attained its maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km h ) , while situated about 80 miles ( 130 km ) south southwest of Grand Cayman . Re curving northwestward , it brushed the Yucatan Peninsula on August 25 , shortly before entering the Gulf of Mexico . The storm again re curved northward while located in the central Gulf of Mexico . At 1600 UTC , it made landfall near Dulac , Louisiana with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km h ) . The system quickly weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated over northern Mississippi on August 28 . Hurricane Three The steamship unk encountered a storm equivalent in intensity to a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson hurricane wind scale , while located about 470 miles ( 760 km ) east northeast of Dominica on August 26 . The cyclone headed northwestward and strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane early on the following day , becoming the only major hurricane of the season . Later on August 27 , the storm attained its maximum sustained wind speed of 120 mph ( 195 km h ) . The ship unk recorded a minimum barometric pressure of 965 mbar ( 28 . 5 inHg ) at 0700 UTC on August 28 . However , the ship sunk in the rough seas later that day while situated about 250 miles ( 400 km ) northeast of Anegada , British Virgin Islands , drowning ten people , including the ship 's captain and nine crew members . After peak intensity , the storm began to weaken and fell to Category 2 strength on August 29 . Later that day , the hurricane began re curving northward and then accelerated northeastward on August 30 . Although the storm passed well offshore the East Coast of the United States , rough seas caused great damage at beaches in New Jersey . While approaching Newfoundland on September 1 , the system weakened to a Category 1 hurricane . Late on September 1 , it weakened to a tropical storm , shortly before becoming extratropical about 465 miles ( 750 km ) east northeast of St. Lunaire unk , Newfoundland and Labrador . Hurricane Four The steamship Gussie first encountered a hurricane with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km h ) early on October 31 , while located about 95 miles ( 153 km ) northeast of Providencia Island , Colombia . The cyclone tracked westward and maintained its intensity as a strong Category 1 hurricane . Late on October 31 , it made landfall in Nicaragua just south of Cabo Gracias a Dios . At 0000 UTC on November 1 , the system weakened to a tropical storm . Six hours later , it was last noted over the Olancho Department of Honduras . Impact from this system in Central America is unknown .
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3,539 | Typhoon Brian was the first in a series of tropical cyclones to impact southern China and northern Vietnam in October 1989 . Originating from an area of low pressure associated with a monsoon trough in late September , Brian quickly organized into a tropical storm over the South China Sea on September 30 . Tracking along a general west southwest to westerly course , the storm attained typhoon status on October 1 before making landfall along the southern coast of Hainan Island the following day . Slight weakening occurred during Brian 's brief passage of Hainan Island before the system entered the Gulf of Tonkin . The storm ultimately struck Vietnam on October 3 before dissipating the next day over Laos . Across Hainan Island , Brian caused extensive damage to property and infrastructure . Nearly 185 , 000 homes were damaged or destroyed by the storm 's high winds or flash flooding . Communications were severely disrupted as 2 , 800 km ( 1 , 700 mi ) of power and telephone lines were downed . Brian killed 40 people and inflicted 837 million Renminbi ( US 222 million ) in damage throughout Hainan before impacting Vietnam and causing further damage . Significant losses were reported in Vietnam as well however , the rapid succession of Brian and two other typhoons made it difficult to differentiate the losses caused by each storm . Meteorological history In late September 1989 , an active monsoon trough over the South China Sea spawned a tropical disturbance near northern Luzon . By September 28 , a broad band of convection associated with a weak area of low pressure developed within the trough . Later that day , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) began monitoring the system as a tropical depression . Aided by a well defined anticyclone , the low quickly organized , prompting the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert . Initially steered westward by a subtropical ridge , the depression became quasi stationary on September 30 about 360 km ( 225 mi ) southeast of Hong Kong as the ridge weakened . Shortly after the system stalled , the JTWC also began warning on it as a tropical depression . Following a reintensification of the ridge later on September 30 , the depression resumed a west southwesterly track . During this time , the depression attained tropical storm status and was given the name Brian by the JTWC . Over the following 24 hours , Brian continued to intensify and ultimately reached typhoon strength late on October 1 . After developing a large eye , Brian reached its peak intensity on October 2 with winds of 150 km h ( 90 mph one minute sustained ) . The JMA also classified Brian as a typhoon around this time , estimating the storm to have attained peak ten minute sustained winds of 120 km h ( 75 mph ) as well as a minimum pressure of 970 mbar ( hPa 28 . 64 inHg ) . Now tracking due west , the typhoon moved towards Hainan Island and ultimately made landfall along the southeastern coast of the island around 1500 UTC . Only slight weakening took place as the typhoon skirted along the southern coast of Hainan Island . By October 3 , Brian had entered the Gulf of Tonkin and struck Vietnam later that day near Vinh with winds of 140 km h ( 85 km h ) . Rapid dissipation ensued once onshore and Brian eventually dissipated on October 4 over the mountainous terrain of Laos . Impact Striking Hainan Island as a strong typhoon , Brian caused widespread wind damage in the region . Approximately 700 km ( 430 mi ) of power lines and 2 , 100 km ( 1 , 300 mi ) of telephone lines were downed by the storm , severely disrupting communications . Many homes in southern areas of Hainan either collapsed or lost their roofs amidst hurricane force winds . About 15 , 900 homes collapsed throughout the island and another 169 , 000 were damaged . Over 25 million lumber and rubber trees were snapped or uprooted by the typhoon . Heavy rains accompanying the storm triggered significant flash flooding . Many rivers across the island overtopped their banks and inundated surrounding areas , including an estimated 194 , 000 acres of rice paddies . Across Hainan , 40 people were killed and 529 others were injured by the storm . Losses throughout the region reached 837 million Renminbi ( US 222 million ) . Although Hong Kong was not in the direct path of the storm , the Hong Kong Observatory issued storm signals on September 30 as high winds associated with the typhoon were expected to impact the city . On October 2 , the storm passed 270 km ( 170 mi ) south of the city . Wind gusts associated with the storm reached 124 km h ( 77 mph ) on Waglan Island however , no damage was reported . Along the coast , a storm surge of 0 . 62 m ( 2 . 0 ft ) occurred on Waglan . Due to the severe damage caused by Typhoon Brian , the provincial flood control headquarters urged the Chinese Government to organize relief efforts at all levels . By October 8 , the Government of Hainan Island deployed two relief teams to the hardest hit areas . Additionally , 5 million Renminbi in aid was supplied to the region . In Vietnam , heavy rains produced by the typhoon caused widespread flooding in northern provinces . Early assessments from the Vietnamese flood control committee indicated that 60 , 000 hectares ( 148 , 000 acres ) of rice fields were submerged and 6 , 700 metric tons ( 7 , 400 short tons ) of grain were soaked . High winds also caused extensive damage . At least 29 , 000 homes collapsed and 119 , 000 others were left roofless . Additionally , 572 hospitals or clinics were damaged . Several fatalities were reported in the region however , they had yet to be verified by October 12 . Within two weeks of Brian 's passage , Typhoons Angela and Dan struck the country , causing further damage and loss of life . Due to the rapid succession of storms , losses resulting from the three typhoons are difficult to differentiate . Because of the widespread damage caused by the storms , the Vietnamese Government appealed for international assistance .
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3,540 | Seasons in the Abyss is the fifth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer . It was released on October 9 , 1990 , through Def American Records , and later through American Recordings after the record label changed its name . The album 's recording sessions began in March 1990 . The sessions began at Hit City West , Hollywood Sound , and in June , the sessions ended at Record Plant in Los Angeles , California . It was the band 's last studio album to feature original drummer Dave Lombardo until 2006 's Christ Illusion . The musical style of the album is similar and was compared by critics to the band 's previous two albums South of Heaven and Reign in Blood . The album 's reception was generally positive . It peaked number 18 in the United Kingdom and also charted on the Billboard 200 at number 40 . It was certified gold in the United States and Canada . Recording and production The album was recorded from January to June 1990 in two separate studios Hit City West , Hollywood Sound , and Record Plant in Los Angeles , California . Seasons in the Abyss was produced by Rick Rubin , who had also produced their previous two albums Reign in Blood and South of Heaven . Track eight , Temptation , featured an overdub of lead vocalist Tom Araya 's singing the vocal arrangement on the track was unintentional . Araya sang the song twice once the way he felt it sounded best the second time at the insistence of Kerry King the way he thought it should be sung . By accident both tracks were played back simultaneously on the instrumental background , and the producer suggested that both vocal tracks should be used on the album . Music and lyrics According to Nathan Brackett , author of The Rolling Stone Album Guide , Seasons in the Abyss continued the band 's sound as displayed in their first four albums . The songs on the album have complex guitar riffs that proceed at both blinding speed tempos and mid tempo unk . Brackett said that the songs ' themes shy away from the fantasy and into the hells here on Earth and instead was music to conquer nations by . The album combines grim vocals and frenetic guitars . Blabbermouth.net said that the album is considered to be among the genre 's all time classics . War Ensemble , Dead Skin Mask , and Seasons In The Abyss were described as setting the album 's standard and the songs , according to the site , produced a sound that could not be matched by anyone else . AllMusic said that it combines the mid tempo grooves of South of Heaven with manic bursts of aggression la Reign in Blood . Allmusic also said that when writing the album 's lyrics , Slayer rarely turns to demonic visions of the afterlife anymore , preferring instead to find tangible horror in real life war , murder , and human weakness . There 's even full fledged social criticism , which should convince any doubters that Slayer aren 't trying to promote the subjects they sing about . Release and reception Slayer released Seasons in the Abyss on October 9 , 1990 , through Def American Records . Later that year it was released again through Warner Music Group . It was re released in 1994 through American Recordings . Although it was unwelcome to music shows and rock radio outlets , it got substantial airplay on MTV 's now defunct Headbangers Ball . Seasons in the Abyss features Slayer 's first music video , filmed in Cairo . The album received generally positive reviews by critics . CMJ New Music Report said that the album cover was a culinary goof on the veteran metal band . AllMusic 's Steve Huey said that it brought back some of the pounding speed of Reign in Blood for their third major label album , and addressed it to be their most accessible album , displaying the full range of their abilities all in one place , with sharp , clean production . Huey later wrote that the album paints Reagan era America as a cesspool of corruption and cruelty , and the music is as devilishly effective as ever . J. D. Considine noted about War Ensemble it 's not a pretty song by any means . An aural blitzkrieg whose chorus climaxes with the lines , ' The final swing is not a drill It 's how many people I can kill , ' it is filled with brutal images and blaring guitars , all propelled at the breathless pace of thrash metal . Considine would later say that the album 's music so accurately sums up the controlled panic of combat that the Army itself has been using Slayer songs to psych its troops for military maneuvers in the Saudi desert . Mike Stagno from unk said that the album was a well received return by Slayer . Entertainment Weekly reviewer David Browne said that listening to Seasons in the Abyss was like listening to a single speed metal song the world 's longest . The album peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200 and number 18 on the UK Albums Chart . Seasons in the Abyss was certified gold in both the United States and Canada . The title track and War Ensemble earned Slayer its heaviest airplay on MTV to date . In an October 2007 interview , Evile frontman Matt Drake described Seasons in the Abyss as the perfect mix between the two styles ( speed and slow material ) showcased on Reign in Blood and South of Heaven respectively . Children of Bodom bassist unk T. Blacksmith hailed Seasons in the Abyss as the best metal album ever . The thrash crossover supergroup S.O.D. released a single named Seasoning The Obese in tribute to the album . Track listing Personnel Slayer Tom Araya bass , lead vocals Jeff Hanneman lead and rhythm guitar Kerry King lead and rhythm guitar Dave Lombardo drums Production Rick Rubin production Andy Wallace co production , engineering , mixing Larry Carroll artwork , illustrations Chris Rich assistant engineer David unk assistant engineer Allen unk assistant engineer Robert Fisher graphic design Rick Sales management Howie Weinberg mastering Sunny Bak photography Marty unk photography Charts and certifications
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3,541 | John Francis Paciorek ( unk born February 11 , 1945 ) is an American former baseball player . He attended high school in Michigan , and was signed by the Houston Colt .45s while playing for the school 's baseball team . After a season in the minor leagues , he was promoted to the Colt .45 's active roster , and played in one game at the end of the 1963 Houston Colt .45s season . In that game , he had three hits and two walks . However , injuries cut his career short he missed most of 1964 and 1965 due to surgery , and retired after playing parts of four more seasons in the minors . He returned to school , graduated from the University of Houston , and became a physical education teacher after retiring . Paciorek is rare among Major League Baseball players in having a perfect batting average of 1 . 000 . He is the only one as yet to achieve this distinction with more than two turns at bat . Early life Paciorek was born in Detroit on February 11 , 1945 . His father was a factory worker in Plymouth , Michigan . He was the oldest of eight children two of his brothers , Tom and Jim , went on to have MLB careers as well . He attended St. Ladislaus High School in Hamtramck , Michigan , and was named to the varsity baseball team as a freshman . During his high school career , he focused on strength building to achieve his dream of being a baseball player . By the time he graduated , he went from 119 pounds ( 54 kg ) to 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) , and was an all state three sport star in baseball , football , and basketball . Paciorek also played on Detroit 's team in the National Amateur Baseball Federation he was named most valuable player during the annual tournament in 1962 . While he was still in high school , Houston general manager Paul Richards convinced Paciorek to sign with the Colt .45s the two agreed to a 45 , 000 contract . Baseball career In late 1962 , Paciorek attended an instructional league put on by Houston , which led to him becoming part of the team 's spring training roster as one of 63 invited players . During exhibition play , he hit everything in sight , and had a batting average of over .300 . After spring training ended , he began his professional career with the Modesto Colts of the California League and played in 78 games for the team with a .219 batting average and 15 doubles . Late in the season , he injured his back and shoulder he was diagnosed with a sciatic nerve injury , and was told to rest . Shortly afterward , however , Houston brought Paciorek and seven other rookies onto the major league roster to play in the season finale on September 29 . Paciorek , who was the starting right fielder , began the day with a walk in the second inning . He then had a single in the fourth inning , which drove in Rusty Staub and Bob Aspromonte . After singling and again bringing home Aspromonte in the fifth , Paciorek had a walk in the sixth , and ended the day with a leadoff single in the eighth . In total , he went to the plate five times and hit three singles and had two walks , scoring four runs en route to a 12 4 Houston victory over the New York Mets . He had a perfect major league career batting average and on base percentage of 1 . 000 as a result of his performance that day , something no one else with as many plate appearances as Paciorek has done . Thanks in part to his performance in the final game of Houston 's season , Paciorek was invited to spring training for Houston in 1964 . His performances included a bases loaded triple against the Mets . However , his poor play on both offense and defense late in spring training led to him being cut despite being nearly a lock to make the roster . He spent part of the year on the Durham Bulls and Statesville Colts , where he had a unk batting average in 49 combined games . Partway through the year , he had spinal fusion surgery , which caused Paciorek to miss the rest of the 1964 season , as well as all of 1965 . Paciorek returned to the Houston organization in 1966 , and split the season with the Batavia Trojans and Salisbury Astros , where he hit .193 in 77 combined games . The following year , he played for the Asheville Tourists and Cocoa Astros , had a unk average in 32 games , and was released at season 's end . He was given a second chance to return to the major leagues when the Cleveland Indians , who were scouting his brother Tom at the University of Houston , signed him to a minor league contract with a spring training invitation . He spent 1968 with the Single A Reno Silver Sox and the Rock Hill Indians , and hit .268 with 20 home runs in 95 total games his 17 home runs with Reno led the team . Paciorek was promoted the following year to the Double A Waterbury Indians and played in 29 games with them , but tore his achilles tendon during warm ups , which led to his release and the end of his professional career . Post baseball career After his baseball career ended , Paciorek returned to school and earned a degree in physical education from the University of Houston , a degree that he began to pursue while recovering from back surgery . While acquiring his degree , he became a Christian Scientist and married Linda Cupp . After graduating from college , he spent several years as an instructor at a Jewish community center , then became a physical education teacher after inquiring about a Christian Science Monitor advertisement for a teaching position at unk School in San Gabriel , California . Linda died of breast cancer in 1987 , and Paciorek married Karen Purdy two years later . Paciorek has four sons and four daughters . His nephew , Joey Paciorek , played in the Milwaukee Brewers minor league organization , and his sons , Pete and Mack , had minor league careers as well . While watching his son in training camp , Paciorek became an author after watching what he felt was improper instruction given to the players . He has since written two books , Plato Socrates , Baseball 's unk Fans and The Principle of Baseball , and All There is to Know About Hitting .
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3,542 | Pizza Delivery is the first segment of the fifth episode of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . The episode was written by Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns , and was directed by Sean Dempsey . Cohen also functioned as storyboard director , and Springer worked as storyboard artist . It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on August 14 , 1999 . In the episode , the Krusty Krab receives a call from a customer ordering a pizza , and Mr. Krabs sends SpongeBob and Squidward to deliver it . When the two employees become stranded in the middle of a desert , they get into numerous predicaments . Along the way , SpongeBob tries to show Squidward the way of the pioneers . In pitching the show to Nickelodeon , creator Stephen Hillenburg originally wanted the idea of having the characters on a road trip , inspired by the 1989 film Powwow Highway . However , he eventually gave up the idea , and resurrected it in Pizza Delivery . The episode received positive reviews , with most media critics considering it one of the best SpongeBob SquarePants episodes . Plot At closing time , the Krusty Krab receives a call from a customer ordering a pizza , a product that they do not serve . Knowing that he could get extra money , Mr. Krabs spontaneously makes a Krabby Patty pizza and has SpongeBob and Squidward deliver it . The two go to deliver the pizza however , SpongeBob cannot drive and is still in boating school . When SpongeBob tries to shift the boat into reverse , he becomes nervous and goes back too far , causing the two to become stranded in a desert . With the boat out of gas , they are forced to deliver the pizza on foot . While delivering the pizza , SpongeBob sings a song about the Krusty Krab pizza , and how it is the best pizza for you and me . The two gradually become tired , and Squidward gets hungry , but SpongeBob prevents him from eating the pizza . They then get whirled into a tornado , where the pizza saves their lives when SpongeBob uses it as a parachute . After escaping the tornado , the two lose sight of the road , and SpongeBob shows Squidward some pioneer tricks to help them find it , such as hitchhiking , eating corals , telling where civilization is by looking at what direction moss points , and even using boulders as vehicles . The eternally skeptic Squidward does not believe him , but reconsiders when they end up driving a boulder to the customer 's house . Unfortunately , their journey does not pay off well . The customer gets angry because he did not get the drink he said he ordered , and slams the door on SpongeBob . He starts crying , but Squidward , having a change of heart , confronts the customer and slams the pizza in his face . Squidward comforts SpongeBob , assuring the customer ate the pizza , cheering him up . The two drive back to the Krusty Krab , which is comically revealed to be close nearby , much to Squidward 's dismay . Production Pizza Delivery was written by Sherm Cohen , Aaron Springer , and Peter Burns , with Sean Dempsey serving as animation director . Cohen also functioned as storyboard director , and Springer worked as storyboard artist . The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on August 14 , 1999 . Series creator Stephen Hillenburg 's original idea for the series pitch was that the writers would write a storyboard for a possible episode and pitch it to Nickelodeon . Hillenburg wanted to write an episode with SpongeBob and Squidward on a road trip , inspired by the 1989 film Powwow Highway . Derek Drymon said It 's a road trip movie starring Gary Farmer , who is an innocent , kid like character who is traveling with a curmudgeon . Eventually , the idea developed while they were working on it , but Hillenburg gave up the idea for the initial pitch . Instead , they used another idea for the pitch which was in the series pilot episode called Help Wanted . They resurrected the road trip idea during the first season and used a lot of the ideas for Pizza Delivery . Pizza Delivery was released on the DVD compilation called SpongeBob SquarePants Christmas on September 30 , 2003 . It was also included in SpongeBob SquarePants The Complete 1st Season DVD released on October 28 , 2003 . On September 22 , 2009 , the episode was released on the SpongeBob SquarePants The First 100 Episodes DVD , alongside all the episodes of seasons one through five . Reception Pizza Delivery received very positive reviews . Nancy Basile of About.com ranked the episode No. 2 on her Best SpongeBob SquarePants Episodes list . She said It is the perfect episode to depict SpongeBob 's enthusiasm for all things Krusty Krab against Squidward 's apathy and cynical nature . Basile cited her favorite scene in the episode where After the customer slams his door in SpongeBob 's face , Squidward makes sure he swallows the pizza ' in one bite . ' Giving the episode 5 out of 5 stars , Bill Treadway of DVD Verdict said the episode is his personal favorite of all the episodes , writing that this one is loaded with enough unique twists and hilarious comedy to bear repeat viewings . Emily Estep of WeGotThisCovered.com ranked the episode No. 1 on her Top 10 Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants list , saying But the pizza is for the customer , and flawless employee SpongeBob won 't let Squidward eat any of it . She wrote The episode has the undervalued nostalgia of being episode five of the entire series and it benefits from the aforementioned chemistry of Spongebob and Squidward . She also praised the episode as an in depth look at their SpongeBob and Squidward relationship , and it set the tone for just how strange the show could be . Estep lauded the hitchhiking dances by SpongeBob , saying These moves are amusing and charming , while Squidward 's bitterness is easy to relate to . In 2009 , Pizza Delivery was chosen by viewers on Nick.com as the No. 1 episode during a television marathon called The Ultimate SpongeBob SpongeBash .
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3,543 | Stefan Matthew Wever ( born 22 April 1958 ) is a former professional baseball pitcher . He made his Major League Baseball debut , incidentally his only game , with the New York Yankees in 1982 , and had a 0 1 record a 27 . 00 earned run average ( ERA ) , and two strikeouts in that game . Born in West Germany , Wever moved to the United States as a child , where he took up baseball . He played baseball in high school and the University of California , Santa Barbara , which led to him being drafted by the New York Yankees . After four seasons in the minor leagues , Wever made his major league debut on 17 September 1982 . In his debut , he suffered a shoulder injury , which he tried to pitch through for two years before having surgery in 1984 . He tried to come back from the injury in 1985 , but retired . After retiring , he opened a bar in San Francisco , which he continues to run . Early life Wever was born in Marburg , West Germany in 1958 . He immigrated to the United States with his mother and twin sister at six and lived in Boston until he was 12 , when he moved to San Francisco . He attended Lowell High School , where he played on the school 's baseball team . During his senior year , Wever helped lead the Lowell Cardinals to the city championship game , and he graduated in 1976 . After graduating from high school , Wever was not looked at by college recruiters due to a lack of competition he faced . As a result , he attended the University of California , Santa Barbara on an academic scholarship , and walked on to the school 's baseball team . In three seasons with the Santa Barbara Gauchos , he had 18 wins , 17 losses , 199 strikeouts , and 15 complete games the losses and complete games were at that time school records . After his junior year , Wever was drafted by the New York Yankees in the sixth round of the 1979 Major League Baseball draft . He was given a signing bonus of 16 , 000 , and officially signed with the team shortly after the draft concluded . Baseball career Wever began his professional career in 1979 with the Oneonta Yankees of the New York Penn League ( NYPL ) . He pitched in ten games for the team , finishing the season with a 6 3 record , a 1 . 77 earned run average ( ERA ) , and 70 strikeouts . In the Yankees ' championship series against the Geneva Cubs , he pitched a shutout and threw nine strikeouts to win the first game and help the Yankees win the NYPL Championship . The following year , Wever was promoted to the Fort Lauderdale Yankees of the Florida State League . That year , he had a 7 3 record , a 3 . 64 ERA and 94 innings pitched in 15 games . In 1981 , Wever began the season remaining with Fort Lauderdale . He had a 7 3 record and a 2 . 00 ERA in 12 games before being promoted to the Nashville Sounds of the Southern League , the Yankees ' AA affiliate . With Nashville , he had a 5 2 record and 2 . 05 ERA in nine appearances . Wever 's pitching coach in Nashville was Hall of Famer Hoyt Wilhelm . Wilhelm felt he had the ability but not the confidence to pitch in the majors , and spent his time in Nashville working on that aspect of Wever 's game . The following season , Weber was almost unanimously named to the Southern League All Star team , thanks to 11 wins and 116 strikeouts through the end of June . He improved to a 16 6 record , a 2 . 78 ERA , and 191 strikeouts , won the Southern League Pitcher of the Year award , and accomplished the pitcher 's Triple Crown , leading the league in wins , ERA , and strikeouts . He led Nashville to the Southern League championship , and right after doing so , the Yankees called Weber up to the major leagues . His first and only major league appearance came against the Milwaukee Brewers on 17 September 1982 . The first two batters he faced were Paul Molitor and Robin Yount , both future Hall of Famers , one of only a few players in history to do so . Partway through the first inning , he felt a twinge in his shoulder not wanting to leave his first game early , he pitched through it , and allowed five runs in the first . Partway through the third , after three more runs allowed , Wever was taken out of the game . He pitched for 2 innings and had eight earned runs , two strikeouts , and three wild pitches . Entering the 1983 season , Wever was projected to be the fifth starter in the Yankees ' starting rotation . Because of continued pain in his shoulder , he instead spent the season with the AAA Columbus Clippers , where he went 1 4 with a 9 . 78 ERA in seven appearances . Wever spent 1984 with Fort Lauderdale , where he went 1 3 in seven games . After the seven games , he visited Dr. James Andrews , who diagnosed the twinge he suffered two years earlier as a torn rotator cuff and torn labrum it explained why he had been throwing 85 mph since the injury , compared to 95 mph beforehand . He had surgery shortly afterward , and spent the rest of the year rehabbing the injury . He attempted a comeback in 1985 with the Albany Colonie Yankees , and had a 4 . 91 ERA in five games with the team . In June , having continued to pitch through shoulder pain , Wever retired from baseball and ended his professional career . Post playing career After retiring from baseball , Wever returned to school , and earned a bachelor 's degree in English literature from the University of California , Berkeley . He married Melinda in 1988 , and three years later opened up the Horseshoe Tavern , a bar in San Francisco 's Marina District , which he continues to run . While working at his bar , Wever made a return to baseball in a coaching role . He was named varsity baseball coach at Redwood High School in Larkspur , California in 2008 , after having volunteered for the freshman team the year before . He was forced to resign in 2010 due to a diagnosis of large cell lymphoma . He went on to continue coaching youth baseball camps and leagues , and was bench coach for the San Rafael Pacifics in 2013 . He now spends three days a week feeding the homeless at SF 's St. Anthony 's Dining Room .
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3,544 | The Sinclair Sovereign was a high end calculator introduced by Clive Sinclair 's company Sinclair Radionics in 1976 . It was an attempt to escape from the unprofitable low end of the market , and one of the last calculators Sinclair produced . Made with a case of pressed steel that a variety of finishes , it cost between GB 30 and GB 60 at a time when other calculators could be purchased for under GB 5 . A number of factors meant that the Sovereign was not a commercial success , including the cost , high import levies on components , competition from cheaper calculators manufactured abroad , and the development of more power efficient designs using liquid crystal displays . Though it came with a five year guarantee , issues such as short battery life limited its usefulness . The company moved on to producing computers soon afterwards . The design by John Pemberton won a Design Council award , and there are examples of the Sovereign in the Museum of Modern Art in New York . It had a Mostek unk main integrated circuit and a small memory register , a LED display , and could perform a variety of a number of basic mathematical operations besides four function arithmetic . History The Sovereign was one of the last calculators produced during Sinclair 's foray into the calculator market that had started with the Sinclair Executive in September 1972 . The Executive had retailed for GB 80 when introduced , but in little over a year it was possible to purchase a Sinclair calculator for GB 20 and by November of 1976 a model was available for GB 4 . 95 . Cheaper calculators with liquid crystal displays instead of light emitting diodes were becoming more popular , and had much longer battery lives of months or years . Such calculators were available for well under GB 10 , with all the functionality of the more expensive models . The impossibility of selling simple calculators unk led Sinclair to introduce models such as the Cambridge Scientific , introduced in August 1975 at a price of GB 29 . 95 . The Sovereign , released in 1976 , represented an attempt to move upmarket in an increasingly saturated market . In December 1976 , the chrome plated version of the Sovereign cost GB 30 and the gold plated version GB 60 , including VAT , but profit margins on the Sovereign were so small that Sinclair ended up selling the Sovereign at a loss , and it was not a commercial success . The Sovereign was made in England , like every other Sinclair calculator except the President . Sinclair would shortly stop producing calculators and instead focus on computers , starting with the MK14 in 1977 . The loss of the calculator market was due in part to technological development leading to smaller and cheaper components , which put heavy pressure on profit margins . An import levy of up to 17 . 5 was placed on components , but the duty for calculators imported from Japan or Hong Kong could be as little as 5 , making it unprofitable to produce calculators in the UK . Sinclair also had some problems with the reliability of earlier calculators that had adversely affected its reputation , but the Sovereign was sold with a full and unconditional five year guarantee . Design The Sovereign came in satin chrome and gold plated models , with leather pouches and fitted wooden cases . It had an 8 digit seven segment display that used red light emitting diodes , with a decimal point to the right of each digit that could be illuminated as necessary . Power was provided by two 1 . 35 mercury button cells . The Sovereign measured 36 by 141 by 12 millimetres ( 1 . 42 in 5 . 55 in 0 . 47 in ) , which made it small and sleek compared to other calculators of the time . The Sovereign was unusual because the casing was made from pressed steel , which gave it a much higher quality feel compared to injection moulded plastic . This allowed a variety of paint and plating options , including black painted , chrome plated , silver plated , and gold plated , and a limited edition silver plated version , inscribed to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 1977 , were also produced . Asprey of London was rumoured to have produced two Sovereigns in solid gold , costing GB 2 , 750 each . The design , by John Pemberton , won the Design Council Award in 1977 , as the Executive had in 1973 , and there are examples in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York . Sovereigns are highly collectible , and used models command high prices . Functions As well as addition , subtraction , multiplication and division , it had reciprocal and square root functions , and the ability to multiply by a fixed constant . With an eight digit display , the calculator could display positive numbers between 0 . 0000001 and 99 , 999 , 999 , and negative numbers between unk and unk . Calculators of the time tended to have displays of between 3 and 12 digits , as reducing the number of digits was an effective way of reducing the cost of the calculator . A number outside that range leads to an overflow , and the screen flashes and all keys except the clear key are rendered inoperable to inform the user of the error . A independent memory register could read information from the screen , and information could only be taken from the memory onto the screen . Five keys were used for memory operations . The Sovereign used a Mostek unk main integrated circuit , the same as the Sinclair Wrist Calculator and some variants of the Sinclair Cambridge . Clive Sinclair had assumed that people would prefer attractive illuminated LED displays to LCD displays , which incidentally also required more expensive CMOS chips . However , his calculators were designed with the assumption they would be turned off between calculations , which did not prove to be the case . Advertisements suggested that the batteries would last about a year under normal use , but in reality the small button cell batteries and comparatively high power consumption meant a short battery life compared to the competition .
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3,545 | Mirabeau was one of the six Danton class semi dreadnought battleships built for the French Navy ( unk navale ) in the first decade of the twentieth century . The ship spent most of World War I blockading the Straits of Otranto and the Dardanelles to prevent German , Austro Hungarian and Turkish warships from breaking out into the Mediterranean . She did , however , participate in the attempt to ensure Greek acquiescence to Allied operations in Macedonia in late 1916 . Mirabeau briefly participated in the occupation of Constantinople after the end of the war and was deployed in the Black Sea in early 1919 during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . She ran aground in February 1919 off the coast of the Crimea and could not be refloated until some of her guns and armor were removed . After returning to France , the ship was used as an accommodation hulk until she was condemned in 1921 . Mirabeau was later sold for scrap and broken up in 1928 . Design and description Although the Danton class battleships were a significant improvement from the preceding Libert class , they were outclassed by the advent of the dreadnought well before they were completed . They were not well liked by the French Navy , although their numerous rapid firing guns were of some use in the Mediterranean . Mirabeau was 146 . 6 meters ( 481 ft 0 in ) long overall and had a beam of 25 . 8 meters ( 84 ft 8 in ) and a full load draft of 9 . 2 meters ( 30 ft 2 in ) . She displaced 19 , 736 metric tons ( 19 , 424 long tons ) at deep load and had a crew of 681 officers and enlisted men . The ship was powered by four Parsons steam turbines that used steam generated by twenty six Belleville boilers . The turbines were rated at 22 , 500 shaft horsepower ( 16 , 800 kW ) and provided a top speed of around 19 knots ( 35 km h 22 mph ) . Mirabeau , however , reached a top speed of 19 . 7 knots ( 36 . 5 km h 22 . 7 mph ) on her sea trials . She carried a maximum of 2 , 027 metric tons ( 1 , 995 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 3 , 370 nautical miles ( 6 , 240 km 3 , 880 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Mirabeau 's main battery consisted of four 305mm 45 Modle 1906 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of twelve 240mm 50 Modle 1902 guns in twin turrets , three on each side of the ship . A number of smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats . These included sixteen 65 caliber 75 millimeter ( 3 . 0 in ) guns and ten 47 millimeter ( 1 . 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns . She was also armed with two submerged 450 millimeter ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship 's waterline armor belt was 270 millimeters ( 10 . 6 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 300 millimeters ( 11 . 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower also had 300 millimeter thick sides . Wartime modifications During the war , 75 millimeter anti aircraft guns were installed on the roofs of the ship 's two forward 240 millimeter ( 9 . 4 in ) gun turrets . During 1918 , the elevation of her 240 millimeter guns was increased which extended their range to 18 , 000 meters ( 20 , 000 yd ) . Career and construction The ship was named after Honor unk , comte de Mirabeau , an early leader of the French Revolution . Construction of Mirabeau began on 8 May 1906 by the Arsenal de Lorient and the ship was laid down on 4 May 1908 . She was launched on 28 October 1909 and was completed on 1 August 1911 . Mirabeau , together with four of her sisters , participated in a large naval review by the President of France , Armand Fallires , off Cap Brun on 4 September 1911 . The ship was assigned to the Second Division of the First Squadron ( escadre ) of the Mediterranean Fleet when she was commissioned . The ship participated in combined fleet maneuvers between Provence and Tunisia in May June 1913 and the subsequent naval review conducted by the President of the Council , Raymond Poincar , on 7 June 1913 . Afterwards , Mirabeau joined her squadron in its tour of the Eastern Mediterranean in October December 1913 , making port visits in Egypt , Syria , and Greece , and participated in the grand fleet exercise in the Western Mediterranean in May 1914 . World War I In August 1914 , the ship was being refitted at Toulon . During 1915 16 , the ship participated in the distant blockade of the Straits of Otranto while based in Corfu , Malta , and Bizerte . In November 1916 , she transported landing parties from the other ships of her division to Athens . In the Noemvriana , on 1 December 1916 , those landing parties , formed into a provisional battalion , participated in the Allied attempt to ensure Greek acquiescence to Allied operations in Macedonia . Greek resistance to the Allied action ended after Mirabeau fired four rounds from her main armament into the city , one of which landed near the Royal Palace . Afterwards , she spent 1917 based at Corfu or at Mudros to prevent the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben from breaking out into the Mediterranean . In April 1918 , Mirabeau accompanied her sisters Diderot and Vergniaud to Mudros where they remained for the rest of the war . Postwar After the Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire , the ship participated in the early stage of the occupation of Constantinople from 12 November to 18 December . At the very end of the year , she was deployed to the Black Sea to support White Russian forces in Sevastopol and deter Soviet forces who were advancing on the city during the Russian Civil War . Mirabeau ran aground during a snowstorm on 18 February 1919 off the Crimean coast . She could not be refloated until her forward 305 millimeter ( 12 in ) gun turret , its barbette and her forward belt armor was removed . The ship was towed to Toulon by the battleship Justice in April . Mirabeau was subsequently used as an accommodation hulk until she was condemned on 27 October 1921 . She was later scrapped in 1928 .
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3,546 | The Conquest of Belgrade is an oil painting by the romanticist Katarina Ivanovi , one of Serbia 's first significant female painters . Painted in 1844 45 , it depicts the capture of Belgrade by Serbian revolutionaries in late 1806 , during the First Serbian Uprising . Ivanovi was inspired to create the painting upon reading a book titled History of the Serb People while studying at the Munich Academy . The painting was poorly received by Belgrade 's art critics . The art historian Lilien Filipovitch Robinson suggests this was due to its poor compositional and spatial conception . By the 1870s , Ivanovi 's works had largely been forgotten in Serbia . The Conquest of Belgrade was one of four paintings offered by Ivanovi to the Gallery of Historical Portraits in 1874 . The Gallery went on to form the nucleus of what was to become the National Museum of Serbia . The painting is currently in the possession of the National Museum . Background According to David A. Norris , a scholar specializing in Serbian cultural history , conditions in 19th century Serbia were unsuitable for the development of visual art . Materials were difficult to come by , studio and exhibition spaces were virtually non existent , and there were no art patrons willing to financially support painters and purchase their finished works . In the first half of the 19th century , Serbian visual artists dedicated themselves almost exclusively to decorating the walls of churches and producing icons and other religious objects . There were some painters of Serb heritage living outside Serbia , such as Uro Kneevi and Jovan Popovi , who resided in the Austrian Empire . Another one of these artists was the romanticist Katarina Ivanovi , who was born in Szkesfehrvr in either 1811 or 1817 , and was the first significant Serbian female painter . She left Szkesfehrvr around 1835 and went to Budapest to study painting under the master Jozsef Pesky . She remained in Budapest for much of 1835 . Later that year she found a patron , a baroness by the name of unk . In late 1835 , the baroness funded Ivanovi 's move to Vienna . Precisely what her training entailed is unknown , but since women were not admitted into the Academy of Fine Arts at the time , it is likely that Ivanovi was classified as a special student and tutored privately . Some scholars have suggested that she studied under Ferdinand Georg unk , though this cannot be established with any degree of certainty since most documents pertaining to her time in Vienna were destroyed in subsequent wars . Description and history An oil on canvas , The Conquest of Belgrade measures 157 by 188 . 5 centimetres ( 61 . 8 by 74 . 2 in ) . It depicts the city 's capture by Serbian revolutionaries in late 1806 , during the First Serbian Uprising . This proved to be one of the defining battles of the insurrection . Ivanovi had left Vienna in 1840 and gone to study at the Munich Academy , possibly owing to unk 's further generosity . Subsequent statements suggest that Ivanovi was inspired to paint The Conquest of Belgrade around this time . Writing in 1873 , she recalled how the painting came about While studying at the Munich Academy , I started to read History of the Serb People . I wanted to paint the brave battle of Mirko on my canvas . With seven of his comrades he succeeded in entering the city at night while the Muslims were celebrating unk ( Eid al Fitr ) and didn 't even think about any danger . Mirko and his comrades killed the guards at the town gate . Their rifle shots were the signal for the others . Ivanovi soon travelled to Belgrade , visited the unk , conversed with some of the participants in Belgrade 's capture , and examined period clothing and weaponry used in the battle . She created the composition in 1844 45 it was painted in Belgrade . Legacy The Conquest of Belgrade is the only known historical composition from the time period that art historian Ljubica D. Popovich describes as the second phase of Ivanovi 's career , which lasted from 1842 to 1847 . The painting was not well received by Belgrade critics . It was compositionally and spatially poorly conceived , writes Popovich , but unk quite exciting , in cinnabar , unk and ocher tones . Art historian arko unk states that the painting is typical of this phase in Ivanovi 's career , which saw a substantial decline in the quality of her scene paintings . Dissatisfaction with the way her works were received in the Serbian capital prompted Ivanovi to leave Serbia . Lilien Filipovitch Robinson , another historian , compares the work 's Romantic presentation to Thodore Gricault 's depiction of contemporary shipwreck survivors in The Raft of the Medusa ( 1818 19 ) inasmuch as neither is a reliable documentary piece . This , she asserts , is typical of contemporary Serbian painters who did not have a long Romantic tradition and therefore borrowed elements from other artists , especially those from France . Filipovitch Robinson further describes the painting as highly theatrical , emotional and stridently Romantic . In its complexity , deliberate confusion , slashing diagonals , tenebrism and intense colouration , she writes , it most resembles the paintings of her French Romantic predecessors Gricault and Antoine Jean Gros , as well as the more contemporary Eugne Delacroix . Ivanovi painted very little in her final years , and is said to have been largely forgotten in Serbia by the 1870s . In June 1876 , she became an honorary member of the Serbian Learned Society , which was later to become the Serbian Royal Academy and eventually the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts . She died in Szkesfehrvr in September 1882 . Provenance In 1874 , Ivanovi offered four of her paintings to the Gallery of Historical Portraits , the nucleus of what was later to become the National Museum of Serbia . One of these paintings was The Conquest of Belgrade . The work remains in the possession of the National Museum , and is classified under inventory number 413 . Endnotes
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3,547 | Homme by David Beckham is a men 's eau de toilette fragrance endorsed by English footballer David Beckham . The scent , which was released by Coty , Inc. in September 2011 , joined his existing scents David Beckham Instinct ( 2005 ) and Intimately Beckham ( 2006 ) , a his and hers collection with his wife Victoria Beckham . The fragrance was launched as part of a new branding venture with business partner Simon Fuller , which also included a men 's unk line and a number of other projects to capitalize on Beckham 's worldwide commercial appeal . The fragrance is based on wooden and spicy notes , while still giving off a fresh and clean smell . It includes top notes of citrus , ginger , pine and pepper heart notes of cashmere wood , leather and rosemary and base notes of mahogany wood , patchouli and skin musk . Conception It was announced on 19 May 2011 that David Beckham and his business partner , Simon Fuller , would be launching a men 's unk line , a men 's fragrance ( with licensing partner Coty , Inc . ) , and a number of other projects to capitalize on Beckham 's worldwide commercial appeal . The fragrance , entitled Homme by David Beckham , would join existing scents David Beckham Instinct ( 2005 ) and Intimately Beckham ( 2006 ) , a his and hers collection with his wife Victoria Beckham . Steve unk , senior vice president of global marketing for Coty Beauty , told Women 's Wear Daily that the fragrance is a strategic launch for Coty that represents a key new orientation for the David Beckham fragrance brand getting back to the male roots of the brand , enhancing David as an athlete and an aspirational man and building a new pillar to the David Beckham franchise . Speaking of the new venture , Beckham said It 's not my natural inclination to see myself as a brand , I 'm just a person who has been fortunate to explore other interests and passions outside of the game I love . I will always be associated with my sport but I am now working across other areas that will continue long after my career has finished . A new logo was created for all of Beckham 's commercial ventures in order to create a uniform visual identity for the brand . The mark , which was created by unk Willis , features the David Beckham name in the Replica Pro font , with a circular hole punched out of the script . The hole represents a football and a lens or viewfinder , which can spotlight a product detail or visual flourish on various marketing materials . Willis stated that the major challenge when creating the brand identity for Beckham was How do you convey through a brand mark the sheer diversity of the David Beckham world . He expanded his comment , stating that the identity needed to represent the future of the man as well as being true to his core DNA as one of the world 's most respected and talented sportsmen . The identity needed to deliver against all these elements and at the same time be cool , relevant , desirable , versatile and accessible . Fuller added that the brand should also be aspirational , optimistic and inclusive . Development For Homme by David Beckham , Beckham wanted to create a modern , masculine fragrance that reflected his own personal style . Additionally , he designed the scent with Victoria 's preferences in mind , as the scent is something that she has to put up with being on him . He tested the fragrance out on his three sons , stating that That 's the good thing about having three boys , they are so honest and they said it was amazing . Homme by David Beckham features a super masculine scent that is based on wooden and spicy notes , while still giving off a fresh and clean smell . It includes top notes of citrus , ginger , pine and pepper heart notes of cashmere wood , leather and rosemary and base notes of mahogany wood , patchouli and skin musk . Beckham has cited rosewood , pink grapefruit and pepper as being three of his favourite scents . According to Beckham , the scents gives it a kind of leather , cashmere , woody feel something that he has liked in the scents he has worn over the years . According to Beckham , Homme by David Beckham is for a man who opts for a cool , rugged look and one who prefers a clean cut , sharp aesthetic . The scent is said to encapsulate the spirit of Beckham , which , according to Rebecca Twomey of Digital Spy , is a concept sure to appeal as much to women as the men it is aimed at . The fragrance is intended to be a more manly fragrance than Beckham 's previous releases . According to Twomey , the fragrance 's bottle is refreshingly different to Beckham 's previous six scents . Marketing and reception The print campaign for Homme by David Beckham was shot by fashion photographer Alasdair McLellan in March 2011 . The photographs feature Beckham against a dark background , wearing a sleek charcoal gray suit . According to Erin Donnelly of Fashion Etc . , the styling gives Don Draper a run for his money . A behind the scenes video of the photo shoot was released in on 19 July by British GQ . In the video , he discusses the inspiration behind the scent , poses in a razor sharp suit and runs around with his shirt off . The television advert for Homme by David Beckham , which was directed by Anthony Mandler , opens to see Beckham showing off his physical prowess as he runs topless along a platform . As he reaches the edge of the platform , Beckham dives into a vat of the fragrance . In the next scene he is fully dressed in one of his trademark tailored suits . Beckham appeared in a sketch on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to promote the fragrance . In the sketch he is almost unrecognisable as he stood in the cosmetics aisle at a Target store , offering passing customers a sample spray of the scent . Homme by David Beckham was included in Esquire 's list of the best unk for men in 2011 . Digital Spy included the fragrance in their 2012 Christmas gift guide , commenting that The man in your life may not look like Mr Beckham but at least he can smell like him .
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3,548 | Digambara ( unk sky clad ) is one of the two major schools of Jainism , the other being vtmbara ( white clad ) . The word Digambara ( Sanskrit ) is a combination of two words dig ( directions ) and unk ( clothes ) , referring to those whose garments are of the element that fills the four quarters of space . Digambara monks do not wear any clothes . The monks carry picchi , a broom made up of fallen peacock feathers ( for clearing the place before walking or sitting ) , kamandalu ( a water gourd ) , and shastra ( scripture ) . One of the most important scholar monks of Digambara tradition was Kundakunda . He authored Prakrit texts such as the Samayasra and the unk . Other prominent unk of this tradition were , Virasena ( author of a commentary on the Dhavala ) , Samantabhadra and Siddhasena unk . The unk and unk have major significance in the Digambara tradition . Monasticism The word Digambara is a combination of two Sanskrit words dig ( directions ) and unk ( clothes ) , referring to those whose garments are of the element that fills the four quarters of space . Digambara monks do not wear any clothes as it is considered to be parigraha ( possession ) , which ultimately leads to attachment . A Digambara monk has 28 unk unk ( primary attributes ) . These are five unk ( supreme vows ) five samitis ( regulations ) unk unk ( five fold control of the senses ) unk ( six essential duties ) and seven niyamas ( rules or restrictions ) . The monks carry picchi , a broom made up of fallen peacock feathers for removing small insects without causing them injury , unk ( the gourd for carrying pure , sterilized water ) and shastra ( scripture ) . The head of all monastics is called chrya , while the saintly preceptor of saints is the unk . The chrya has 36 primary attributes ( unk unk ) in addition to the 28 mentioned above . The monks perform kayotsarga daily , in a rigid and immobile posture , with the arms held stiffly down , knees straight , and toes directed forward . Lineage According to Digambara texts , after liberation of the Lord Mahavira , three unk unk attained unk ( omniscience ) sequentially Gautama unk , Acharya unk , and unk in next 62 years . During the next hundred years , five chryas had complete knowledge of the scriptures , as such , called unk unk , the last of them being chrya Bhadrabahu . Spiritual lineage of heads of monastic orders is known as unk . The Digambara tradition was divided into two main orders Mula Sangha , which includes Sena Gana , unk Gana and unk Gana traditions unk Sangha , which includes the Mathura Gana and Lat unk Gana traditions The unk of Shravanabelagola and unk belong to unk Gana and the unk of unk belongs to the unk Gana . Historicity Relics found from unk excavations like seals depicting unk posture , idols in Padmasana and a nude bust of red limestone give insight about the antiquity of the Digambara tradition . The presence of gymnosophists ( naked philosophers ) in Greek records as early as the fourth century BC , supports the claim of the Digambaras that they have preserved the ancient unk practice . Worship The Digambara Jains worship completely nude idols of tirthankaras ( omniscient beings ) and siddha ( liberated souls ) . The tirthankara is represented either seated in yoga posture or standing in the unk posture . The truly sky clad ( unk ) Jaina statue expresses the perfect isolation of the one who has stripped off every bond . His is an absolute abiding in itself , a strange but perfect aloofness , a nudity of chilling majesty , in its stony simplicity , rigid contours , and abstraction . Statues Scriptures The Digambara sect of Jainism rejects the authority of the texts accepted by the other major sect , the unk . According to the Digambaras , chrya unk guided two chryas , Pushpadanta and Bhutabali , to put the teachings of Mahavira in written form , 683 years after the nirvana of Mahavira . The two chryas wrote akhagama on palm leaves which is considered to be among the oldest known Digambara texts . chrya Bhutabali was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original Jain Agamas . Later on , some learned chryas started to restore , compile and put into written words the teachings of Lord Mahavira , that were the subject matter of Agamas . Digambaras group the texts into four literary categories called anuyoga ( exposition ) . The unk ( first exposition ) contains the universal history , the unk ( calculation exposition ) contains works on cosmology and the unk ( behaviour exposition ) includes texts about proper behaviour for monks and unk . Differences with vtmbara sect According to Digambara texts , after attaining Kevala Jnana ( omniscience ) , arihant ( omniscient beings ) are free from human needs like hunger , thirst , and sleep . According to the Digambara tradition , a woman has to be reborn as a man for salvation . Sub sects Digambaras are divided into various sub sects viz . Terapanthi , Bispanthi , unk ( or unk ) , unk and unk . Terapanthi The unk worship the idols with ashta unk viz. unk ( water ) , unk ( sandal ) , unk ( sacred rice ) , unk ( yellow rice ) , deep ( yellow dry coconut ) , unk ( unk or cloves ) and fal ( almonds ) . Terapanthi is a reformist sect of Digambara Jainism that distinguished itself from the Bispanthi sect . It formed out of strong opposition to the religious domination of traditional religious leaders called unk during 12 16th century A.D. They oppose the worship of various minor gods and goddesses . Some Terapanthi practices , like not using flowers in worship , gradually spread throughout most of North Indian Jainism as well . unk occur in large numbers in Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh . Bispanthi Besides tirthankaras , Bispanthi also worship Yaksha and unk like Bhairava and unk . Their religious practices include aarti and offerings of flowers , fruits and prasad . unk are their dharma gurus and they are concentrated in Rajasthan and Gujarat .
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3,549 | Frdric Louis Henri Walther ( 20 June 1761 24 November 1813 ) , was an Alsatian born general of division and a supporter of Napoleon Bonaparte . He fought for France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars . He enlisted in 1781 and , in his 30 year career , he saw action at the major French defeats and victories in Europe . He fought in Andr Massna 's Army of Switzerland , where he participated in the Winterthur and First and Second Battles of Zrich , the campaigns of 1806 against Prussia , and Napoleon 's invasion of Russia . After the Russian and Saxon campaign , while suffering from exhaustion , he contracted typhus and died in unk , in the Saarland . He was buried at the Panthon , and his name is listed on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . Family Walther was the son of Georges Henri Walther , a Lutheran pastor , and Marie Elisabeth Chatel of Montbliard . He was born in unk , in the Alsace region of the Bas Rhin . His cousins , Frdric Cuvier and Georges Cuvier , were naturalists and zoologists . He married 20 year old Salome Louise Coulman on 12 April 1802 . They had two daughters , born 1803 and 1807 in 1810 , a third child was still born . Initially he enlisted as a simple soldier in the unk Hussars . This unit was included in the 1791 reorganization , and became the 1st Regiment of Hussars . On 10 May 1792 , he received a commission as a lieutenant . Military career During the War of the First Coalition , he was active at the battle of Neerwinden and the campaign on the Piave River in northern Italy . During these campaigns , he proved equally adept at leading heavy or light cavalry , although some military analysts consider he was a better heavy cavalry leader . In 1793 , he was promoted to general of brigade . In the War of the Second Coalition , he participated in the French defeats at Ostrach and Stockach in March 1799 , and served under the newly promoted Michel Ney on the forward line of defense of the Swiss city of Zrich . At the Battle of Winterthur , he directed the rear guard action covering Ney 's retreat through Winterthur , holding a key bridge cross of the unk River for 90 minutes against a larger Austrian force under command of Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze . A few days later , he was present for the defeat at the First Battle of Zrich when Andr Massna withdrew the entire French force across the Limmat river . In September 1799 , he was present at the Second Battle of Zrich when Massna 's Army of Helvetia and Army of the Danube crushed Alexander Rimsky Korsakov 's Russian force he actively harried the fleeing Russians . He later fought at the Battle of Messkirch in 1800 . Napoleonic Wars During the War of the Third Coalition , he participated in the Ulm Campaign , in which cavalry played an essential part . He participated in French victories at Hohenlinden and later at Austerlitz , where he commanded the 2nd Dragoon Division in Marshal Joachim Murat 's Cavalry Reserve . His division was a key to Soult 's successful attack on the Russian center . He suffered wounds at both these battles and after the latter , he received le Grand Aigle de la Lgion d 'honneur ( Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honor ) , and appointed Chamberlain to the Emperor . Subsequently , he was decorated as a Commander of the Order of the Iron Crown , and appointed as Colonel of the Grenadiers Cheval ( mounted grenadiers ) , of the Imperial Guard , in 1806 , a position he held until his death 1813 . At the Battle of Eylau in February 1807 , he led his dragoons in Murat 's famous 10 , 000 man cavalry charge depicted by Jean Antoine Simon Fort , the 19th century history painter . At the Battle of Wagram ( July 1809 ) Walther commanded four squadrons of Grenadiers Cheval of Jean Baptiste Bessires 's Imperial Guard Cavalry . As the battle was turning to the Austrians ' favour , Bessires launched a massive cavalry charge with the combined elements of the Cavalry Reserve Corps and the cavalry of the Imperial Guard . After a first , precipitated charge , Bessires was wounded and incapacitated , and the whole cavalry attack was suspended . Napoleon then launched a major infantry attack with Jacques MacDonald 's infantry and considerable cavalry support , including the Guard cavalry under Walther . After the battle , MacDonald accused Walther of failure to mobilize his cavalrymen quickly enough and not charging when the time was right . Walther accompanied Napoleon to Russia as a commander of the light cavalry of the Imperial Guard , part of which rotated duties as Napoleon 's honor guard . During the Saxon campaign of 1813 , Walther continued command of the Guard Cavalry , and was present at the Battle of Ltzen and Battle of Dresden , as commander of the Guard cavalry . At the Battle of Teplitz ( 17 September 1813 ) , he commanded the Imperial Guard Cavalry including the dragoons , Grenadiers Cheval , and 1st ( Polish ) and 2nd ( Dutch ) Lancers . At the Battle of Leipzig , he commanded the 3rd Division of the cavalry of the Imperial Guard The total cavalry of the Guard included 7 , 903 men and 18 guns . After refitting and resupply at Erfurt , where Napoleon had stashed a large depot of arms and ammunition , the French army continued to withdraw through western Germany , toward the Rhine . The Battle of Hanau , 30 31 October 1813 , was Walther 's last major action . He commanded the 3rd Division of the Young Guard , including the four squadrons of mounted grenadiers , the Dragoons , the Chasseurs Cheval , and the mounted Polish Lancers he also had charge of Napoleon 's honor guard of five squadrons , and two field artillery battalions . By this time , Walther was suffering from exhaustion . He collapsed and died in the night of 24 November 1813 , in unk . Sources differ on whether he died of exhaustion or typhus , or a combination of both . His body was transported first to the cathedral in Metz and from there to Paris , escorted by a detachment of the Imperial Guard . He was buried in the Pantheon . His name appears on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris .
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3,550 | Tropical Storm Matthew was a weak tropical storm in the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season that made landfall on Louisiana . Matthew was the thirteenth tropical storm of the season and the ninth storm to affect the United States . Matthew formed over the western Gulf of Mexico on October 8 and struck south central Louisiana two days later . The combination of this storm and an upper cyclone over the southern Plains brought heavy rains to much of the Gulf Coast , with the highest amounts reported lying over 15 inches ( 381 mm ) in northern Louisiana . Damage was minimal , totaling 305 , 000 ( 2004 USD ) , and no casualties were reported . Meteorological history A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 19 . The wave moved westward , but was difficult to track due to its proximity to Hurricane Lisa and another large tropical wave . It passed through the Lesser Antilles , and slowly organized as convection increased due to an upper level low . On October 5 , it entered the Gulf of Mexico , and developed an area of low pressure two days later . The system continued to organize , and on October 8 , after developing a circulation , it developed into Tropical Depression Fourteen while located 205 miles ( 330 km ) to the southeast of Brownsville , Texas . The depression moved to the east northeast , and quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Matthew . Operationally , Matthew fluctuated between tropical depression and tropical storm status , but in post season analysis , the storm remained a tropical storm . The storm turned to the northeast while moving around the periphery of a high pressure system over Texas , and attained a peak intensity of 45 mph ( 70 km h ) on October 9 . Strong wind shear limited further strengthening , and on October 10 , Matthew struck Cocodrie , Louisiana as a minimal tropical storm . It became an Extratropical cyclone , occluding near the time of landfall . After it merged with the system , the storm moved inland over Arkansas , Tennessee and the Ohio Valley . While moving inland , Matthew spun off another low pressure system that formed over North Carolina on October 13 . The low moved off the Mid Atlantic coast before hitting Massachusetts two days later , and later merged with the original low pressure system of Matthew . Preparations Initially , forecasters at the National Hurricane Center predicted that Matthew would take a more eastern track and hit the Florida Panhandle . Because the track shifted westward , the National Hurricane Center issued a Tropical Storm Warning from the Florida Alabama border to Intracoastal City , Louisiana on the day before landfall . Impact Though damage was minor throughout its path , Matthew dropped moderate to heavy rainfall across much of the Gulf Coast , peaking at over 15 inches ( 381 mm ) in portions of Louisiana . Louisiana Upon making landfall , Matthew caused a storm surge of up to 5 . 85 feet ( 1 . 8 m ) in unk , Louisiana . The storm surge and waves resulted in significant beach erosion in Grand Isle . Matthew produced heavy rainfall across its path , totaling to 16 . 23 inches ( 410 mm ) in Reserve in the southeastern portion of the state . Portions of northwestern Louisiana experienced significant rainfall , including a peak of 18 inches ( 460 mm ) in unk near the Louisiana Arkansas border . In addition , Matthew spawned one tornado , causing damage to the roof of a trailer in Golden Meadow . The rainfall also caused rivers to crest higher than normal , including the Killian River which peaked at 5 . 7 feet ( 1 . 7 m ) . Rainfall and storm surge flooded 20 homes in Terrebonne Parish . In addition , several homes in unk Parish experienced flooding , including two with over two feet of water . Numerous homes in Golden Meadow experienced flooding , as well . The flooding also forced the temporary closing of numerous roads across the state , including portions of U.S. Route 11 and Interstate 10 . Flood waters from the storm cracked a water line in LaPlace , leaving nearly 30 , 000 residents and many businesses without tap water . The problem was expected to take little time to fix , though residents were advise to boil the water before drinking it . Matthew also left 2 , 500 people without power for a short period of time . The storm 's impact also closed several schools , forcing school administrators to reschedule plans for making up school closings caused by Hurricane Ivan one month earlier . In all , Matthew caused no deaths and 255 , 000 in damage ( 2004 USD ) . Elsewhere As the storm made landfall , the outer bands of Matthew brought heavy rains in Florida . The rain was reported as far south as Naples . In Pensacola , 30 mph ( 48 km h ) gusts were reported , as well rainfall totaling up to 3 to 4 inches ( 75 to 100 mm ) . In Alabama , wind gusts peaked at 47 mph ( 75 km h ) at Dauphin Island . The storm produced light rainfall across the state , totaling to 2 . 74 inches ( 70 mm ) at Grand Bay . In addition , Matthew produced tides of 1 to 3 feet ( .3 to .9 m ) above normal , causing minor to major beach erosion . The beach erosion , which typically would have been minor for a weak storm , was greater than expected due to the passage of Hurricane Ivan just weeks before . No major damage was reported in Alabama . In Mississippi , winds gusts peaked at 45 mph ( 72 km h ) with sustained winds of 39 mph ( 63 km h ) in Waveland . Storm surge ranged from 2 to 4 feet ( .6 to 1 . 2 m ) along much of the coastline , though Waveland reported a peak of 5 . 13 feet ( 1 . 56 m ) . Rainfall totals were mainly between 2 and 4 inches ( 50 to 100 mm ) . Damage in Mississippi totaled to 50 , 000 ( 2004 USD ) . Matthew produced moderate rainfall on its west side , as well . Portions of Texas and Oklahoma experienced over 5 inches ( 127 mm ) of rain , while southern Arkansas received over 10 inches ( 255 mm ) of rainfall . The rainfall was well received due to a period of dry weather in the area . Though it slowed harvest activities , it aided pastures .
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3,551 | Lepiota castaneidisca is a species of agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae . Formally described in 1912 , it was for a long time considered the same species as the similar Lepiota cristata until molecular analysis reported in 2001 demonstrated that it was genetically distinct . It is most common in coastal and northern California , and has also been recorded in Mexico . A saprobic species , it is usually found under redwood and Monterey cypress . Its fruit bodies ( mushrooms ) have white caps with an orange red to orange brown center that measure up to 3 . 2 cm ( 1 . 3 in ) wide . The cream colored to light pink stems are up to 6 . 5 cm ( 2 . 6 in ) long by 0 . 2 0 . 6 cm ( 0 . 1 0 . 2 in ) thick , and have a ring . L. castaneidisca can be distinguished from other similar Lepiota species by differences in habitat , macroscopic , or microscopic characteristics . Systematics The species was first described as new to science by mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1912 . Murrill collected the type material growing near redwoods near unk Lake , California , in December 1911 . In 1914 , Murrill decided that the species was the same as Lepiota cristata ( which he called Lepiota unk ( unk . ) Morgan ) this opinion was later corroborated by Walter Sundberg in 1989 after he studied the type collection and concluded that the microscopic characteristics of both were the same . Using molecular analysis based on comparing DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region , mycologist Else Vellinga determined that despite the lack of distinguishing micro morphological characteristics , the two species were distinct . The epithet castaneidisca refers to the chestnut colored center of the cap . Lepiota means the scaly one . Description The fruit bodies of Lepiota castaneidisca have white , bell shaped to convex caps 0 . 8 to 3 . 2 cm ( 0 . 3 to 1 . 3 in ) in diameter , with an orange reddish to pale orange brown center . Mature specimens fade and lose the reddish shades . The cap surface develops small pale pink or cream patches ( especially on the outermost zone ) on a white background that has radially arranged fibrils . The gills are somewhat crowded to moderately distant , with typically 40 45 full length gills , and 1 5 tiers of interspersed lamellulae ( short gills that do not extend fully from the cap margin to the stem ) . They are slightly ventricose , measuring 2 . 5 5 mm wide , and have a white fringed or irregular edge . Whitish when young and cream colored in age , they have a free gill attachment to the stem . The stem is 25 65 mm ( 1 . 0 2 . 6 in ) long by 2 6 mm ( 0 . 1 0 . 2 in ) thick , cylindrical , slightly widened at the base , hollow , and fibrillose . Its color is pinkish in the lower part , and it stains reddish where damaged , especially in older specimens . The flesh is whitish , sometimes with cream tones , or reddish brown in mature specimens . There is a ring that points upward in young specimens , but in maturity it degrades to remnants that are left behind on the stem . It has a sharp odor similar to rubber or cod liver oil . The mushroom is not known to be poisonous , but consumption is not recommended due to the risk of possible confusion with Lepiota species that contain deadly amatoxins . The smooth , dextrinoid spores are in side view triangular with a spurred base , in frontal view oblong , and typically measure 5 9 by 3 4 m . Staining with unk blue shows them to be somewhat metachromatic , and binucleate . Cystidia on the gill edge ( cheilocystidia ) are club shaped to cylindric or sometimes spheropedunculate ( somewhat spherical with a stem ) , and have dimensions of 20 44 by 6 . 5 13 . 5 m . Basidia are 18 30 by 5 8 m , mostly four spored , and are absent on the gill edge . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are absent . The cap cuticle is a hymeniderm ( lengthened cells arranged side by side ) with mostly colorless elements of different lengths , measuring 16 62 by 8 18 m . The stipitipellis ( outer covering of the stem ) comprises a layer of colorless hyphae measuring about 2 3 m wide . Clamp connections are present in the hyphae of all parts of the fungus . Similar species Lepiota castaneidisca closely resembles L. cristata ( with which it has commonly been confused ) , but it has a more rounded cap , lacks an umbo , and is reddish or pinkish brown , rather than orange brown . L. cristata , which is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere , prefers habitats where the natural unk cover has been disturbed by humans , or in the beds of rivers and creeks in contrast , L. castaneidisca is found in natural , undisturbed habitats . Other similar species in similar habitats with which L. castaneidisca could be confused include L. thiersii and L. unk in contrast to L. castaneidisca , both of the latter two species have ellipsoid spores . The fruit bodies of L. thiersii appear from November through April , and grow scattered or in groups under cypress . It usually lacks the reddish color in the center of the cap associated with L. castaneidisca , and its spores are not as long , with dimensions of 4 . 7 6 . 3 by 3 . 1 3 . 9 m . L. unk is a rare species , but more widely distributed in the United States than L. castaneidisca , as it has been reported from Ohio and Michigan in addition to California . It also fruits under cypress , usually between December and April . This mushroom is most readily distinguished from L. castaneidisca by the dark brown to blackish brown color of the cap center . Habitat and distribution Lepiota castaneidisca is a saprobic fungus . Fruit bodies appear in the late fall and winter ( November to February ) , where they grow gregariously near cypress , redwood or in mixed coast live oak forests . The fungus is common in coastal and northern California , and is often found in the San Francisco Bay Area . The northern limit of its distribution is Washington State and southern British Columbia , and it has been recorded as far south as Mexico .
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3,552 | JALways Co . , Ltd . ( JAZ ) ( unk , Kabushiki gaisha unk ) , formerly Japan Air Charter Co . , Ltd . ( unk , Japan Ea unk Kabushiki gaisha ) , was an international airline registered in Shinagawa , Tokyo , Japan , with its headquarters and its main hub at Narita International Airport . The airline had a secondary hub at Osaka 's Kansai International Airport . Its operations included scheduled and non scheduled international passenger services to 15 high density low yield tourist destinations in nine countries using a fleet of Boeing only aircraft wet leased from Japan Airlines . JALways was founded as Japan Air Charter on October 5 , 1990 and began charter operations with a McDonnell Douglas DC 10 on February 22 , 1991 . The airline obtained a license to operate scheduled services on July 30 , 1999 and operated its first scheduled passenger service on October 1 . On the same day , the airline changed its name to JALways . In the fiscal year ended March 31 , 1999 , JALways , together with its sister airlines within the JAL Group , carried over 32 million passengers and over 1 . 1 million tons of cargo and mail . JALways was once a wholly owned subsidiary of Japan 's flag carrier , Japan Airlines , but on December 1 , 2010 its operations were merged into those of its parent company . History The airline was established on October 5 , 1990 , as Japan Air Charter Co . , Ltd . ( JAZ ) , an 80 percent owned low cost charter subsidiary of Japan Airlines ( JAL ) , to operate leisure flights to Asia Pacific resort destinations from regional airports in Japan in response to a Ministry of Transport policy . JAZ obtained its aircraft from JAL its cockpit crews were American contract pilots based in Hawaii and its cabin crews were hired and based in Bangkok , where it operates a cabin crew training centre . JAZ obtained license to operate non scheduled services on February 22 , 1991 and operated its first charter flight from Fukuoka to Honolulu with a McDonnell Douglas DC 10 on July 1 . The airline celebrated its 100,000th passenger on July 9 , 1993 , in a ceremony held in Sendai . During the 1990s , JAL was hit by the effects of Japan 's recession , increased foreign competition and the strengthening of the Japanese Yen , JAZ was given a new role to help reduce costs . The airline obtained the license to operate scheduled services on July 30 , 1999 and would operate as a scheduled carrier on a wet lease basis for JAL . It would operate on high density low yield tourist routes in the Asia Pacific region , particularly the Japan Hawaii services with a fleet of four McDonnell Douglas DC 10s and five Boeing 747s . On October 1 , the airline changed its name to JALways Co . , Ltd. and operated its first scheduled passenger service from Tokyo to Kona and Honolulu . JALways became a wholly owned subsidiary of Japan Airlines on March 9 , 2001 through an exchange of shares . The change in ownership enabled JAL to consolidate and improve management and operational efficiency in the JAL Group 's international passenger operations , part of the JAL Medium Term Corporate Plan 2000 2002 . The airline introduced new uniforms for its cabin crew on April 1 , 2005 , and retired its last McDonnell Douglas DC 10 on October 31 . JALways became an affiliate member of Oneworld on April 1 , 2007 , together with four of its sister airlines , in the alliance 's biggest expansion in its young history . As part of the JAL Medium Term Corporate Plan for 2005 2007 , announced on March 10 , 2005 , the JAL Group accelerated the retirement of older Boeing 747 aircraft . The airline operated its last Boeing 747 300 Classic Jumbo Jet as JALways Flight 73 from Honolulu to Tokyo on July 30 , 2009 after 26 years of service to the airline group . The aircraft was draped in a giant Hawaiian lei before departure at Honolulu International Airport and the day was declared as Japan Airlines Classic Jumbo Jet Day by the State of Hawaii Governor Linda Lingle and Lt. Governor Duke Aiona The aircraft was met on arrival in Tokyo by the Father of the 747 , Mr Joseph F. Joe Sutter . A sell out commemorative flight flew fans of the Boeing 747 300 Classic Jumbo Jet from Tokyo ( Haneda ) to unk on a round trip day tour on July 5 , 2009 . In May 2009 , it was reported that the airline terminated the assignments of 130 American contract Hawaii based Boeing 747 pilots and closed its Oahu office . Japan based JAL cockpit crew now operates the five daily flights previously operated by the JALways crew . Corporate affairs Prior to closing , its headquarters were on the third floor of the Japan Airlines Narita Operation Center ( unk , Nihon Kk Narita unk unk ) at Narita International Airport in Narita , Chiba Prefecture and its main hub at Narita International Airport . Previously its headquarters were on the 23rd floor of the unk unk ( unk unk Tennzu ) in Higashi Shinagawa , Shinagawa , Tokyo . Destinations Until November 30 , 2010 , JALways operated scheduled services to 12 international and 3 domestic destinations in 9 different countries and 3 different continents . Fleet JALways operates a fleet of Boeing 747 400 , Boeing 767 and Boeing 777 200 aircraft , wet leased from its parent , Japan Airlines . Fleet history Aircraft that have been in service with JALways are ( in alphabetical order ) Boeing 747 200 Boeing 747 300 McDonnell Douglas DC 10 JAL Mileage Bank JAL Mileage Bank ( JMB ) is the travel rewards program of JAL Group , including Japan Airlines , JALways , JAL Express , Japan Transocean Air , Japan Air Commuter , Hokkaido Air System and Ryukyu Air Commuter . Incidents and accidents On August 12 , 2005 , JALways Flight 58 operated by a McDonnell Douglas DC 10 from Fukuoka to Honolulu experienced left wing engine trouble shortly after takeoff . The aircraft immediately returned to Fukuoka Airport . Some engine parts fell on the Sharyo district of Fukuoka and several people were slightly injured and parked car windscreens damaged .
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3,553 | Saints Row 2 is a mobile tie in action game developed by G5 Entertainment and published by THQ Wireless to accompany the Saints Row 2 console game . It was released in October 2008 . The game follows the story of the series where the player returns from jail and fights to protect and expand his gang 's territory . The player can steal , carjack , mug , shoot , stab , and kill computer players . There are special minigames for robbing , stealing , and carjacking . Completing missions earns money to be spent towards replenished supplies and player upgrades . Reviewers contended that the game was too large for the small screen , which exacerbated difficult driving controls . Gameplay The game 's story mimics that of the console game the player character returns to the city of Stilwater following a bid in prison and must restore the atrophied influence of their gang , the Saints . The player can kill , threaten , rob , carjack , and otherwise force other gangs out of Saints territory . For example , player objectives in the tutorial mission include hijacking a car , killing a policeman , driving to a Forgive Forget location to lose the police pursuit , and mugging a pedestrian . Locations throughout the city help the player , such as fast food restaurants that restore health , gun stores for firepower , and spray paint shops to decoy the player when pursued by the police . An on screen minimap displays nearby locations , and there is a larger citywide map on the pause screen that does not show detailed locations . The city is split into zones , and the game 's mission objectives largely consist of driving to locations and shooting things . Mission examples include assassinations , bomb planting , and robbery . The player can fight with a knife received early in the game and later with firearms that feature auto aim . There are also sequences where the player can snipe enemies with a sniper rifle . Enemies do not hide due to a lack of a cover system . The player can earn money by finishing missions and robbing pedestrians , which can then be used to buy food , weaponry , spray paint , and accessories for the character 's home . The mobile game features minigames for robbing pedestrians , stealing , and hijacking vehicles . While robbing , the player taps happy and angry face icons to terrorize the victim into giving more money . When stealing , a Tetris clone lets the player fit more items into the truck , and the carjacking minigame lets the player earn more money for scaring the captive passenger by driving at high speeds . When driving , control options include directional steering where left and right controls the vehicle in that direction ( like a steering wheel ) and up accelerates , and another option where the player presses a button corresponding to the desired direction . The player targets enemies by pressing the pound key and then pressing 5 repeatedly , which also leaves the character vulnerable . Players can run faster than the cars can drive . Development Saints Row 2 is a mobile tie in action game modeled after the Saints Row 2 console game . It was developed by G5 Entertainment , where it was known as Project Sienna in development , and published by THQ Wireless on the Java 2 Micro Edition ( unk ) platform . The game was built on their proprietary Talisman engine , which G5 Senior Producer Mike Zakharov said in 2008 enabled the game to have a big environment with many things to do as one of the most complex modern mobile games . As compared with its preceding mobile tie in game ( associated with the original Saints Row ) , the Saints Row 2 mobile game fixed issues of small sprites and too much traffic . Additionally , the developers changed the camera perspective from directly overhead to a slight angle . Saints Row 2 for mobile devices was first announced in June 2008 and released in October . It is compatible with the Nokia unk and Nokia unk . Reception IGN 's Levi Buchanan described the game as somewhere between a traditional tie in game and a cash grab , and ambitious but limited by the confines of the mobile platform . He added the game appeared forced onto the platform despite its inability to support open world gameplay . Keith Andrew of Pocket Gamer felt similarly , and Rob Hearn of the same outlet also complained of how the large sprites restricted screen space and made driving slower . IGN 's Buchanan felt that the screen was too small to fit so much action , especially due to the size of the minimap , and though the city looks alive , it became a painful obstacle course . He found driving difficult between its controls and his inability to plan for the offscreen unknown . Pocket Gamer 's Andrew also found both driving controls complicated and found himself accidentally killing pedestrians and thus getting into police chases . On the other hand , Andrew Podolsky of 1UP.com enjoyed driving through the destructible environments . IGN 's Buchanan found the enemy artificial intelligence weak . Since no one takes cover , they just stand there to be shot . He added that the game was sufficiently long past the player 's interest to continue , and that the game 's sound was unimpressive . 1UP.com 's Podolsky called the game a worthwhile download and while noting that violent mobile games were rare , said the game looked nearly identical to the 2007 mobile tie in game for American Gangster , though Saints Row was more violent . He added that the game 's story was not interesting . Keith Andrew of Pocket Gamer wrote that the mobile game was like ... no other since the player could watch life flow by without providing input . He added that the game 's primary task was staying alive since almost everyone other than the pedestrians and teammates are against the Saints . Andrew acknowledged the limitations of the top down view on mobile and thought that the developers did the best job possible considering their platform 's limitations , but asked , Is a game like Saints Row really made for your mobile
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3,554 | Alicia McCormack ( born 7 June 1983 in Helensburgh , New South Wales ) is an Australian water polo goalkeeper . Her playing career started at the age of fourteen with the Kirrawee High School water polo team , and today she plays for the Cronulla Water Polo Club in the National Water Polo League and is a member of the Australia women 's national water polo team . Although she did not play water polo in 2010 due to injury , McCormack has won gold medals at the 2006 Commonwealth Games and the 2006 FINA World Cup a silver medal at the 2007 FINA World Championships and bronze medals at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , 2005 FINA World League Super Finals , 2008 FINA World League Super Finals and 2009 FINA World League Super Finals . Currently working at the New South Wales Institute of Sport , McCormack is studying for a Bachelor of Primary Education . Personal life McCormack was born on 7 June 1983 in Helensburgh , New South Wales . She is 168 cm ( 5 ft 6 in ) tall , weighs 73 kilograms ( 161 lb ) , is right handed and has a tattoo featuring the Olympic rings . McCormack entered Helensburgh Public School in 1988 as a unk and later graduated from Kirrawee High School . She began a Bachelor of Primary Education while on scholarship at the New South Wales Institute of Sport ( unk ) . Her partner is a Navy clearance diver . McCormack was at a barbecue attended by Prince William when he visited Sydney in 2010 . At the barbecue , people .... were surprised by the amount of royal attention McCormack , the Australian goalkeeper and a member of the bronze unk winning team at the Beijing Olympics , received especially when Prince William was seen to bow to the amused McCormack at a barbecue . In 2010 , McCormack was working at the New South Wales Institute of Sport as the personal assistant to Charles Turner , the chief executive of the organisation . Water polo McCormack is a goalkeeper , and prefers to wear cap number thirteen . She started playing water polo when she was fourteen years old for the Kirrawee High School team . In 2000 , she represented New South Wales on the state junior team . She has a water polo scholarship from the New South Wales Institute of Sport . Club water polo McCormack plays her club water polo for the Cronulla Water Polo Club in the National Water Polo League , serving as the team 's head coach in 2010 when she was unable to play due to a shoulder injury . She returned to the playing roster in 2011 , while also serving as an assistant coach on the team . She continued her involvement with the club into the 2012 season during which she helped the side to 8 4 and 7 4 wins in the first two games of the season . She took a break from the Cronulla team following their 18 February 2012 game in order to attend the national team training camp . Senior national team McCormack is a member of the Australia women 's national water polo team and played her first game with the senior team at the 2003 Holiday Cup in the United States . In 2005 , she was part of the side that won a bronze medal at the FINA World League Super Finals in Kirishi , Russia . That year , she was also part of the team that finished sixth at the FINA World Championships in Montreal , Canada . In 2006 , McCormack won a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in Perth , Western Australia . That year , she was also part of the Australian side that finished fourth at the FINA World League Super Finals in Cosenza , Italy . She was also part of the 2006 FINA World Cup team in Tianjin , China , that won a gold medal . In a 2007 Asia Oceania qualifier for the World League Super Finals , she made seventeen saves in a 19 2 victory against Japan . She was part of the 2007 silver winning side at the FINA World Championship in Melbourne , Australia . She played in goal in the December 2007 series against New Zealand where Australian won the first two tests 18 1 and 17 1 . McCormack was part of Australia 's Oceania Olympic qualification campaign in 2008 . In an 18 1 victory over New Zealand during the qualifiers , she made twelve saves . She was named to the team that competed in 2008 at the FINA world league preliminary round in Tianjin , China . In a 2008 Asia Oceania qualifier against China for the World League Super Finals , she played in the 11 9 win that went to a penalty shoot out . She helped the team win by making a two handed stop of a Chinese shot in the last minutes of the game . She competed in the FINA World League Super Finals in Tenerife , Spain , where Australia took home a bronze medal . She won a bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics as a member of the Australia women 's national water polo team . Her team ended up in the bronze medal match after losing 8 9 to the United States in the semi finals and playing against Hungary for the bronze . Earlier in the Olympics , her team had tied the Hungarians . In 2009 , McCormack was part of the Australian side that finished third at the FINA World unk Super Finals in Kirishi , Russia . She was also part of the team that finished sixth at the FINA World Championships in Rome , Italy , in 2009 . In April 2011 , she attended a training camp at the Australian Institute of Sport where the coach was selecting a team for the major championships over winter . She competed in a warm up match for the 2011 FINA World League against Italy in Ostia , Italy , in July that Australia won 12 11 . In February 2012 , she was named to the final training squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics . She attended training camp that started on 20 February 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport . The team of seventeen players will be cut to thirteen before the team departs for the Olympic games , with the announcement being made on 13 June . She was part of the Stingers squad that competed in a five game test against Great Britain at the AIS in late February 2012 . This was the team 's first matches against Great Britain 's national team in six years . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she was part of the team that won bronze .
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3,555 | Lysgrdsbakken , officially known as Lysgrdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena ( Norwegian Lysgrdsbakkene unk ) , is a ski jumping hill in Lillehammer , Norway . It consists of a large hill , with a K point of 123 and a hill size of 138 , and a small hill with a K point of 90 and a hill size of 100 . It opened in 1993 for the 1994 Winter Olympics , where it hosted the ski jumping and Nordic combined events , as well as the opening and closing ceremonies . After the Olympics , ownership was transferred to the municipal Lillehammer Olympiapark and it has since been used for several FIS Ski Jumping World Cup and FIS Nordic Combined World Cup tournaments , including hosting the Nordic Tournament . It has a capacity for 35 , 000 spectators and is one of three national ski jumping hills in Norway . In 2007 , the large hill was rebuilt to a larger profile , and received a new plastic lining . The venue sees 80 , 000 annual jumps in the winter and 20 , 000 in the summer season . Construction The plans which were approved when Lillehammer were awarded the 1994 Winter Olympics , involved using the existing Balbergbakken in Fberg , north of Lillehammer . However , the venue was rejected by the broadcasting planners , and instead it was decided that an all new venue would be built at Lysgrd . Financing of the venue was given through a grant issued by the Parliament of Norway on 1 August 1990 . Architects were unk Arkitekter , with Martin M. Bakken as the main contractor . Construction had already stated earlier in 1990 , and it was completed by December 1992 . The seating area was made with pre fabricated concrete elements with metal bars . Temporary buildings and facilities for the opening ceremonies were installed in December 1993 , and removed after the Olympics . This included 70 commentator boxes , a media center , and offices for technical personnel . The original construction included plastic on the outrun and porcelain tracks on the small hill , allowing jumping during summer . The venue was placed deep in the terrain to shield the jumpers from the wind while minimizing the venue 's impact in the surroundings . The National Association of Norwegian Architects awarded the hill the 1993 Betongtavlen . In 2007 , the large hill was renovated . The profile was expanded , increasing the K point from 120 to 123 . In addition , plastic way was laid , allowing both hills to be used during summer . Facilities The hill has a capacity for 35 , 000 spectators , of which 7 , 500 can be seated . In addition , up to 25 , 000 people can follow events from free areas around the venue . Auxiliary structures include a start house , a judges tower which includes office space for organizers and judges a media building , and a technical room below the stands , as well as a first aid room and restrooms . It also features a high pressure snow production facility with outtakes all along the approach and outrun . Transport to the tower of the large hill is accessible via a chair lift . During the Olympics , transport to the venues was mostly by railway . Spectators discharged at Lillehammer Station on the Dovre Line and would then walk to the stadium . The small hill has a K point of 90 and a hill size of 100 . It has a 36 degree slope for the outrun and an 11 degree slope for the approach . The height difference is 112 meters ( 367 ft ) and the approach is 82 meters ( 269 ft ) long . Prior to 2007 , the large hill had a K point of 123 , a 27 . 5 degree slope for the outrun and an 11 . 5 degree slope for the approach . The height difference was 137 meters ( 449 ft ) , while the approach is 96 . 6 meters ( 317 ft ) long . After 2007 , the hill size was increased to 138 and the K point to 123 . Events During the 1994 Winter Olympics , the venue hosted three ski jumping and two Nordic combined events , in addition to the opening and closing ceremonies . Competition evens consisted of individual normal hill , individual large hill , and team large hill in ski jumping , and individual and team small hill for Nordic combined . Lysgrdsbakken is a regular site for FIS Ski Jumping World Cup and FIS Nordic Combined World Cup tournaments . FIS Ski Jumping World Cup has been hosted nearly every year since 1993 . Since 2004 , with the exception of 2007 and 2010 , Lysgrdsbakken is a co host of the Nordic Tournament . The FIS Nordic Combined World Cup has been hosted nine times , in 1993 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , and 2010 . All tournaments have been held in December nine of the ten have had the cross country skiing part held at nearby Birkebeineren Ski Stadium , while in 2001 the cross country skiing was held at unk . Lillehammer is scheduled to host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics , where Lysgrdsbakken would be used for ski jumping and Nordic combined . The hill record for the large hill is 146 meters ( 479 ft ) , set by Simon Amman in 2009 . The summer record for the large hill is 140 . 5 meters ( 461 ft ) , set by Thomas unk in 2007 . The winter record for the small hill is 104 meters ( 341 ft ) , set by Espen Bredesen during the 1994 Olympics . The summer small hill record is 106 . 5 meters ( 349 ft ) , set by Daniela unk in 2010 . The hill is one of three national ski jumping hills in Norway , with the other two being Holmenkollbakken in Oslo and Gransen in Trondheim . Lysgrdsbakken is regularly used as a training venue , and sees 80 , 000 winter jumps and 20 , 000 summer jumps per year . In 2005 , the hills were the eleventh most visited tourist attraction in Norway . The hill has a souvenir shop and visitors are permitted to take the elevator to the top of the hill . Alternatively , tourists can walk the 954 steps to the top . In 2006 , the BBC One television show Top Gear 's episode Winter Olympics Special , was filmed at various Olympic venues around Lillehammer . It included a successful attempt at a ski jump using an unoccupied rocket powered British Leyland Mk V Mini . KT Tunstall shot the majority of the video for her 2008 single If Only at Lysgrdsbakken .
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3,556 | SMS Cln was a light cruiser in the German Kaiserliche Marine , the second to bear this name , after her predecessor SMS Cln had been lost in the Battle of Heligoland Bight . Cln , first of her class , was launched on 5 October 1916 at Blohm Voss in Hamburg and completed over a year later in January 1918 . She and her sister Dresden were the last two light cruisers built by the Kaiserliche Marine eight of her sisters were scrapped before they could be completed . The ships were an incremental improvement over the preceding Knigsberg class cruisers . Cln was commissioned into service with the High Seas Fleet ten months before the end of World War I as a result , her service career was limited and she did not see action . She participated in a fleet operation to Norway to attack British convoys to Scandinavia , but they failed to locate any convoys and returned to port . Cln was to have participated in a climactic sortie in the final days of the war , but a revolt in the fleet forced Admirals Reinhard Scheer and Franz von Hipper to cancel the operation . The ship was interned in Scapa Flow after the end of the war and scuttled with the fleet there on 21 June 1919 , under orders from the fleet commander Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter . Unlike many of the other ships scuttled there , Cln was never raised for scrapping . Construction Cln was ordered under the contract name Ersatz Ariadne and was laid down at the Blohm Voss shipyard in Hamburg in 1915 . She was launched on 5 October 1916 , after which fitting out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 17 January 1918 . The ship was 155 . 5 meters ( 510 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 14 . 2 m ( 47 ft ) and a draft of 6 . 01 m ( 19 . 7 ft ) forward . She displaced 7 , 486 t ( 7 , 368 long tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of steam turbines powered by eight coal fired and six oil fired Marine type boilers . These provided a top speed of 27 . 5 kn ( 50 . 9 km h 31 . 6 mph ) and a range of approximately 6 , 000 nautical miles ( 11 , 000 km 6 , 900 mi ) at 12 kn ( 22 km h 14 mph ) . The ship was armed with eight 15 cm SK L 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , four were located amidships , two on either side , and two were arranged in a super firing pair aft . These guns fired a 45 . 3 kilogram ( 100 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 840 meters per second ( 2 , 800 ft s ) . The guns had a maximum elevation of 30 degrees , which allowed them to engage targets out to 17 , 600 m ( 57 , 700 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 , 040 rounds of ammunition , for 130 shells per gun . Cln also carried three 8 . 8 cm SK L 45 anti aircraft guns mounted on the centerline astern of the funnels , though one was removed in 1918 . She was also equipped with a pair of 60 cm ( 23 . 6 in ) torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes in deck mounted swivel launchers amidships . She also carried 200 mines . The ship was protected by a waterline armored belt that was 60 mm ( 2 . 4 in ) thick amidships . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) thick sides , and the deck was covered with 60 mm thick armor plate . Service history After their commissioning under the command of Erich Raeder ( 17 January 1918 October 1918 ) , Cln and Dresden joined the High Seas Fleet . They were assigned to the II Scouting Group , alongside the cruisers Knigsberg , Pillau , Graudenz , Nrnberg , and Karlsruhe . The ships were in service in time for the major fleet operation to Norway in 23 24 April 1918 . The I Scouting Group and II Scouting Group , along with the Second Torpedo Boat Flotilla were to attack a heavily guarded British convoy to Norway , with the rest of the High Seas Fleet steaming in support . The Germans failed to locate the convoy , which had in fact sailed the day before the fleet left port . As a result , Admiral Reinhard Scheer broke off the operation and returned to port . In October 1918 , the two ships and the rest of the II Scouting Group were to lead a final attack on the British navy . Cln , Dresden , Pillau , and Knigsberg were to attack merchant shipping in the Thames estuary while the rest of the Group were to bombard targets in Flanders , to draw out the British Grand Fleet . Groadmiral Reinhard Scheer , the commander in chief of the fleet , intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , in order to secure a better bargaining position for Germany , whatever the cost to the fleet . On the morning of 29 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on Thringen and then on several other battleships mutinied . The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation . When informed of the situation , the Kaiser stated , I no longer have a navy . Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918 , most of the High Seas Fleet 's ships , under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter , were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow . Cln was among the ships interned . On the voyage there , her captain radioed the fleet commander that one of the ship 's steam turbines had a leaking condenser . Reuter dispatched another light cruiser to remain with the ship in the event that she needed to be towed . Despite the problematic turbine , Cln managed to steam into port , the last ship in the German line . The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Versailles Treaty . Von Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919 , which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty . Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd , Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity . On the morning of 21 June , the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers , and at 11 20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships . Cln sank at 13 50 and was never raised for scrapping .
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3,557 | On June 29 , 2003 , the deadliest porch collapse in United States history occurred in Chicago . An overloaded balcony collapsed during a party in an apartment building , killing thirteen people and seriously injuring fifty seven others . The ensuing investigation was highly critical of the way the balcony was built , finding a large number of errors in its construction which ultimately resulted in the collapse . However , the building 's owner continues to blame overcrowding on the balcony for its complete structural failure , although he has taken steps to strengthen the balconies at his properties to prevent a recurrence of the disaster . The accident resulted in sweeping inspections of similar structures across Chicago , with 1 , 260 cases being actioned by the city authorities . Background The porch was attached to the rear of an apartment building located in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of the city 's North Side . The second and third floors were being used as a party venue at the time of the collapse . Most of the party goers were in their early 20s , and knew each other from their days at New Trier High School and Lake Forest High School of Chicago 's North Shore suburbs . One witness says she warned other people in the building that the balconies were unsafe , but another later said that it looked like it was newly built . It looked sturdy . Collapse About fifty people were on the top wooden balcony at the time of the collapse . According to one witness , the sound of splintering wood was heard immediately before the collapse , which occurred shortly after midnight local time . The collapse started on the third floor , pulling down other balconies below . The first , second , and third floor balconies all collapsed into the basement below , carrying a total of approximately one hundred people among them . Several people were also trapped in a basement stairwell . Survivors helped to pull victims out from under the debris of the balconies , and rescue workers had to use chainsaws to free others . One of the survivors was a nurse , and had started a rescue effort before the emergency services arrived . The Chicago Fire Department supplied the main rescue effort . Eleven people were killed in the collapse , with two more subsequently dying while hospitalized fifty seven people were injured . Investigation Initial inquiries suggested that the collapse was probably due to overcrowding . This was backed up by neighbors , who told authorities that the balconies were designed to hold only between twenty and thirty people . Chicago 's fire chief said that It appears to be a case of too many people in a small space . Norma Reyes , the city s building commissioner , said I have no indication of any substandard problems or insufficiencies with the porch at this time . The buildings are not made for large assemblies and parties . However , it was ultimately determined that poor construction was to blame . In 1998 , a permit was issued to owner LG Properties to install furnaces , air conditioners and water heaters in the building , but not to build the balcony . The balcony jutted out eleven feet from the building , one foot further than permitted by city codes , and had an area of 231 square feet ( 21 . 5 m2 ) , 81 square feet ( 7 . 5 m2 ) larger than permitted . The balcony also had inadequate supports , was floored with undersized lengths of wood , and was attached to the walls with screws that were too short . However , the City of Chicago 's unk Services Department visited this site over 5 times and never noticed or cited the code violations noted above . Aftermath Three days after the disaster , the city sued the owners and managers of the building in the Housing Court due to a number of breaches in building regulations . Those named in the complaint included LG Properties , the company 's president Philip Pappas , and George unk , the contractor who built the balcony . The city was reportedly seeking 500 per violation for each day the structure was in existence , totaling hundreds of thousands of dollars , and a court order for the replacement of the balcony . The apartment block was legally uninhabitable until the balconies were replaced , as they provided mandatory emergency exits . The city 's Buildings Department inspected forty two other buildings owned or managed by Pappas and or LG Properties for similar violations . The city also claimed that twenty one other buildings owned by Pappas had similar problems . They did , however , note the fact that he had since made dramatic improvements to all twenty one porches . In the aftermath of the disaster , Chicago inspected a huge number of similar structures to ensure they were safe , with 500 cases being turned over to the city 's Law Department for court action , and 760 cases referred to administrative hearing officers . Pappas continued to blame overcrowding for the disaster . However , an undercover press investigation discovered all his properties now display notices forbidding parties on the balconies . Pappas also claims that a police report says two unnamed witnesses informed a paramedic that they saw several people jumping up and down on the balconies shortly prior to the collapse . In 2005 , the city of Chicago filed a negligence lawsuit against two of the survivors , William Fenton Hathaway and John Koranda . The city alleged that the balcony collapse occurred after defendants Fenton Hathaway and Koranda intentionally and negligently began jumping up and down on the porch . Koranda 's brother , Robert Koranda , was killed in the collapse . The charges against Fenton Hathaway and Koranda were later dropped . No criminal charges were filed and Pappas was fined a total of 108 , 000 as a result of the collapse . Twenty seven families sued Pappas and the city over the accident . The balcony was rebuilt afterwards , this time with metal . In popular culture The disaster inspired the 2005 season finale of the ER television show , titled The Show Must Go On .
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3,558 | ... Baby One More Time Tour was the debut concert tour by American recording artist Britney Spears . It supported her debut studio album , ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and visited United States and Canada . The tour was announced in March 1999 , with dates released a month later . Tommy Hilfiger was chosen as the tour sponsor . The show was divided into various segments , with each segment being followed by an interlude to the next segment , and it ended with an encore . The setlist consisted of songs from her debut album and several covers . The tour received positive feedback from critics many highlighted Spears ' persona and edgy look . Background and development On March 5 , 1999 , it was reported that Spears was planning her first headlining tour to support her first studio album , ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) . Shortly after , she announced that the tour would start in July . On May 12 , 1999 , Tommy Hilfiger was announced as the main tour sponsor . During the time of the announcement , Spears was being featured in the unk campaign launched by the company . Hilfiger spoke about the sponsorship saying , My passion for music has always inspired my designs . This year we have really put music in the forefront of everything we do . Britney represents the spirit of Tommy Jeans and of youth today . I cannot think of a better way to continue this exciting year by sponsoring one of today 's hottest , young recording artists . The secondary sponsor was supposed to be Nestl , but they pulled out soon after provocative photographs of Spears shot by David LaChapelle were published in Rolling Stone . Tour dates were released through Pollstar on April 9 , 1999 , with the tour kicking off on June 28 , 1999 , in Pompano Beach , Florida . Several dates were added and rescheduled , and the complete schedule was released two months later . Spears talked to CNN about her involvement during the development of the tour , stating that she had designed the entire tour herself , including costumes and concept . Spears worked with fashion designer Gia unk to create the costumes for her and the dancers . The proscenium stage was simple and had only one main prop , a staircase in the middle . The band was in both sides of the staircase and consisted of five musicians . There were also six dancers , that took the stage during interludes . The setlist consisted of eight songs from her debut album and several covers by well known artists . Concert synopsis The show began with a dance introduction by Spears ' dancers among smoke effects . She appeared shortly after at the top of the staircase wearing a hot pink vinyl tube top and white vinyl pants with pink knee patches , to perform ( You Drive Me ) Crazy . In Soda Pop she danced and interacted with the audience , before leaving the stage while her dancers continued . She appeared sitting on the staircase to sing Born to Make You Happy and From the Bottom of My Broken Heart . The show continued with a dance interlude set to Madonna 's Vogue in which she named Madonna and Janet Jackson as her biggest inspirations . She then took the stage to perform a cover of Madonna 's Material Girl . After this , she performed two covers of Janet Jackson songs , Black Cat and Nasty . She ended the section with a performance of Sonny Cher 's The Beat Goes On , accompanied by psychedelic lights . After a dance interlude , she performed the album track I Will Be There and a cover of Open Arms by Journey , ending with a smile at the top of the staircase . After Sometimes , she waved and left the stage . The encore consisted of a performance of ... Baby One More Time , in which Spears wore a black bra under pink halter , a pink sequined plaid mini skirt , and black thigh high stockings . Critical reception The tour garnered generally positive reviews from critics . Jeffrey Haney of the Deseret News described the show as funky and flashy . A reporter from USA Today called Spears ' performance assured and energetic . Jim Farber of the New York Daily News pointed out that Spears seemed to have two personas during the show , one when singing songs from her album and a more edgy look when singing the covers . He also added that Spears ' nods to edginess no doubt reflects her desire to grow into a more mature career . Jane unk of the San Francisco Chronicle said that she may be somewhat entertaining , but she 's also just another prefab act longer on packaging than actual talent . Broadcasts and recordings In August 1999 , the concert in Orlando , Florida was filmed for the Disney Channel in Concert series which Spears was also joined by New Kids On The Block member Joey McIntyre ( who was embarking on his solo career ) . The concert entitled Britney Spears Joey McIntyre in Concert aired on October 16 , 1999 . In the special , Spears performed 7 songs in front of the Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith attraction at the Disney MGM Studios . It also featured Spears visiting her former routes working at the park during her year 's of the Mickey Mouse Club and shopping at Downtown Disney with her dancers . Opening acts C Note ( North America ) ( select venues ) Steps ( North America ) ( select venues ) Boyz N unk United ( North America ) ( select venues ) Joey McIntyre ( North America ) ( Orlando show only ) P.Y.T. ( North America ) ( select venues ) Michael Fredo ( North America ) ( select venues ) 3rd unk ( North America ) ( select venues ) Divine ( North America ) ( select venues ) Sky ( Canada ) ( select venues ) Set list ( You Drive Me ) Crazy Soda Pop Born to Make You Happy From the Bottom of My Broken Heart Vogue ( Dance Interlude ) 80 's Medley Material Girl ( Madonna cover ) Black Cat ( Janet Jackson cover ) Nasty ( Janet Jackson cover ) The Beat Goes On I Will Be There Open Arms Sometimes ... Baby One More Time Source Tour dates Music festivals and other miscellaneous performances Cancellations and rescheduled shows
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3,559 | Hurricane Norma was the one of two hurricanes to make landfall during the 1981 Pacific hurricane season . It developed on October 8 , strengthening into a tropical storm and later a hurricane . Norma moved slowly to the northwest and strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . The storm recurved and accelerated to the northeast on October 11 and weakened to a Category 2 . The next day , Norma made landfall near Mazatln on October 12 and soon dissipated . The hurricane 's remnants continued northeastward and entered the United States , crossing into central Texas before being absorbed by a frontal system on October 14 . Norma caused 24 million in crop damage and one death in Mexico , as well as up to 10 in ( 250 mm ) . In Texas , the storm produced flooding rains that killed five people , 50 million in damage and caused many tornadoes . Rainfall was also reported as far inland as Kansas . Meteorological history Early on October 8 , a tropical depression had developed far from land . Initially , the storm moved west northwest , but it turned to the northwest six hours after forming . Over sea surface temperatures of 82 F ( 28 C ) , the storm intensified into Tropical Storm Norma at 0600 UTC . By midday on October 9 , the winds had reached 50 mph ( 85 km h ) and on 1800 UTC October 9 , the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center upgraded the storm into a hurricane and a well defined eye became visible via satellite imagery . Upon reaching hurricane strength , Norma began to undergo a period rapid intensification it reached Category 2 intensity on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale six hours later . Later that that , the storm reached major hurricane status , a storm with winds of 111 mph ( 179 km h ) or higher on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale . . The storm reached its peak of 125 mph ( 205 km h ) at 1800 UTC on October 10 . Passing east of Socorro Island , the storm turned north and shortly thereafter north northeast due to southwesterly flow over northwestern Mexico . The storm began to accelerate while continuing to weaken by 1200 UTC on October 11 , the storm had weakened into a mid level Category 2 hurricane . After briefly re intensifying that night , Hurricane Norma made landfall just northeast of Mazatlan with winds of 105 mph ( 155 km h ) at 1000 UTC on October 12 . Two hours later , advisories were discontinued as the center dissipated 46 . 5 mi ( 75 km ) north of Mazatlan . However , a second area of low pressure formed over western Texas early on October 13 . After producing heavy rains , the system was absorbed by a frontal system on October 14 . Impact and Aftermath Mexico Four days before Norma moved through Sinaloa , Tropical Storm Lidia made landfall north of the area . Lidia killed 73 people and caused 60 million ( 1981 USD ) in damage . This prompted evacuations of 5 , 000 people , and limited the death toll of Hurricane Norma to one person , a fisherman drowned when his boat capsized in the storm . The hurricane caused more devastation in the flood ravaged region . Six soldiers were guarding a government helicopter , five of these soldiers were washed away during a flash flood . Agriculture was disrupted , and cattle were killed , causing at least 24 million ( 1981 USD ) dollars in crop damage . The highest Mexican rainfall was 10 . 9 in ( 280 mm ) in unk Rosario , Mexico . Torrential rains caused serious flooding north of unk as well as ten nearby towns . Due to the damage from the storm , Antonio Toledo Corro , the Governor of Sinaloa , declared a state of emergency . Red Cross spokesperson noted that 5 , 000 residents need to be evacuated from low lying areas . United States The remnants of the storm moved into Texas and Oklahoma . The heavy rainfall caused two rivers , the Red River and Cedar Creek to reach flood stage . A total of five people were killed in the United States , three of these deaths occurred when floodwaters swept their car off the road in Fort Worth . Nearby , flooding forced thousands of people to evacuate their homes , including 1 , 000 people in the cities of Lindsay and Breckenridge . Several tornadoes were reported in six counties , including a F2 tornado in McLennan that injured four people and caused 25 million in damage . A F3 tornado was also reported in Navarro Country , causing 25 , 000 in property damage . During October 13 and 14 , a total of 13 tornadoes were reported in northern Texas and southern Oklahoma . Cedar Creek overflowed its banks and homes in low lying areas of Abilene , Texas were covered in 6 ft ( 1 . 8 m ) of water . In Gainesville , floodwaters swept a train off its track and an elephant was killed in a local zoo . In the same area , 200 people were evacuated due to the flooding . Waco reported power losses for two hours and 2 . 8 million ( 1981 USD ) in damage for churches and businesses . In Oklahoma , 60 bridges were washed away due to flooding , but no injures or deaths were reported . In addition , a tornado struck a small town , causing minor damage to farms . The town of Bells reported winds of 75 mph ( 121 km h ) . Total damage in Texas was estimated at 50 million ( 1981 USD ) . Across Texas , 13 in ( 330 mm ) fell between Bridgeport and Denton and up to 20 in ( 510 mm ) fell in areas near Abilene and Gainesville . The storm produced 17 . 9 in ( 450 mm ) of rain in a three day period , thus causing unk to have its wettest October on record . In addition , 20 . 1 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain fell in Breckenridge , Texas . In eastern Kansas light rain fell , including .7 in ( 18 mm ) near Perry Lake within a 24 hour period . Due to the damage from the hurricane in the United States , the Salvation Army disaster units were sent throughout the devastated area . To prevent looting , residents in Breckenridge organized watches the National Guard soon patrolled the streets . In Abilene , the United States Red Cross worked to feed the homeless and supply them with drinking water until city water services was restored .
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3,560 | The 2013 American League Wild Card tie breaker game was a one game extension to Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) 2013 regular season , played between the Texas Rangers and Tampa Bay Rays to determine the second participant in the 2013 American League ( AL ) Wild Card Game . It was played at the Rangers Ballpark in Arlington on September 30 , 2013 . The Rays defeated the Rangers , 5 2 , and advanced to the AL Wild Card Game against the Cleveland Indians at Progressive Field , which they won 4 0 the Rangers failed to qualify for the postseason . The tie breaker game was necessary after both teams finished the season with win loss records of 91 71 and thus tied for the second Wild Card position in the AL . The Rangers were awarded home field for the game , as they won the regular season series against the Rays , four games to three . The game was televised on TBS . It was the fourth tie breaker in MLB history for a Wild Card spot , although it was the first since MLB adopted its current format of two Wild Card teams playing in a Wild Card Game in 2012 . In baseball statistics , the tie breaker counted as the 163rd regular season game for both teams , with all events in the game added to regular season statistics . Background In Major League Baseball the two teams with the best record in each league who do not win a division play in the Wild Card Game . A number of teams were in competition for these Wild Card spots , along with their divisional competition . The Rangers spent over 80 days leading the American League West and shared the lead as late as September 4 . The Rays spent only a few days leading the American League East , but held a share of the lead as late as August 24 . The Cleveland Indians did not lead the American League Central after July 2 but remained close throughout the season and ultimately finished just a single game back of the Central champion Detroit Tigers . Although other teams including the Kansas City Royals , Baltimore Orioles , and New York Yankees had vied for a Wild Card spot , the Indians , Rangers , and Rays all remained in contention until the end of the season . Entering the final day of the scheduled regular season , on which all three teams played , the Indians had a 91 70 record while both the Rangers and Rays had 90 71 records . These were the best non division leading records in the American League . Thus , the possibility existed ( had the Indians lost and the Rays and Rangers won ) for a three way tie for the two Wild Card spots , which would have required several tie breaker games to settle . However , all three teams won , leaving the Indians definitively in the Wild Card Game at 92 70 and the Rays and Rangers tied at 91 71 for the second spot . The Indians finished the season strong , winning their last 10 games to clinch their Wild Card berth . The Rays were 16 12 in September , winning 8 of their last 10 . The Rangers were just 12 15 in September , although they also won eight of their final 10 games . Home field advantage for the tie breaker game was awarded to the Rangers , as they had won the season series against the Rays 4 games to 3 . Game summary Desmond Jennings opened the first inning with a single , but was thrown out at second base trying to stretch the hit into a double . Wil Myers then walked , advanced to third base on singles by Ben Zobrist and Evan Longoria , and finally scored on a sacrifice fly by Delmon Young . Rays starter David Price struck out leadoff batter Ian Kinsler , then allowed a walk to Elvis Andrus but picked him off and finished the inning by retiring Alex Ros . The score remained 1 0 until the top of the third inning , when Jennings drew a walk and scored on a home run by Longoria to give the Rays a 3 0 lead . The Rangers struck right back in the bottom half , as Craig Gentry led off the inning with a single . After advancing to second on a unk Martn groundout , he scored on a single to right field by Kinsler . The Rays scored again in the sixth , as Longoria doubled to lead off the inning , and advanced to third base on a groundout by Young . The next batter , David unk , hit a double to right field that scored Longoria and put the Rays ahead , 4 1 . Rangers reliever Alexi Ogando entered the game with one out and recorded the final two outs to end the inning . After a single and a stolen base from Andrus , Ros doubled in the bottom half of the sixth to cut the score to 4 2 . A small controversy arose in the top of the seventh inning . Longoria and Myers were on first and second base respectively with two outs when Young hit a line drive to center field . Replays showed that the ball bounced into unk Martn 's ( the Rangers ' center fielder ) glove after hitting the ground , making it a trap and therefore should have been a hit . However , the umpires ruled the play an out , ending the inning without a run scoring . Ultimately , the issue did not affect the outcome . The Rays added onto their lead in the ninth inning when Sam Fuld stole third and a scored on a throwing error from Rangers reliever Tanner Scheppers , extending their lead to 5 2 . Price closed the game in the ninth , recording three straight outs and finishing off a complete game . Aftermath David Price recorded the first complete game in a tie breaker game since Al Leiter in 1999 . The game counted as a regular season game in baseball statistics . For example , Evan Longoria 's third inning home run broke Stan Musial 's record for the most home runs in the last game of the season , setting the mark at seven . He went 3 for 4 with a double , a home run , and two RBI in the game overall . This left him 11 for 19 with seven home runs and ten RBIs in season finales from 2009 2013 . Tampa Bay 's win clinched the team 's fourth post season berth in franchise history . The Rays played the Cleveland Indians in the American League Wild Card Game and advanced to the American League Division Series ( ALDS ) with a 4 0 win . However , the Rays lost to the Boston Red Sox in the ALDS , 3 games to 1 .
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3,561 | Ysbeidiau Heulog ( pronounced unk ( ) unk English Sunny Intervals ) is the twelfth single by Super Furry Animals . It was the only single to be taken from the album Mwng and was released as a limited edition 7 vinyl on the band 's own Placid Casual label on 1 May 2000 . It was the band 's first single to chart outside the UK Singles Top 75 peaking at number 89 . The Welsh language song has been described by singer Gruff Rhys as throwaway pop and likened to the music of ELO , The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band and Os Mutantes . Critical reaction to the track was generally positive with some reviewers comparing the song to the work of Roxy Music . The track appears on 2004 's singles compilation album Songbook The Singles , Vol . 1 but is not included on the DVD release as no music video was made . Themes and recording Singer Gruff Rhys has described Ysbeidiau Heulog as throwaway pop ... old time pop music , likening the song to the work of ELO and going on to claim that it is a tribute to late 1960s pop bands such as The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band and Os Mutantes . Rhys has stated that his lyrics are about looking back at a bad time which had the odd good moment and that If there 's any song that doesn 't sum up Mwng it 's ' Ysbeidiau Heulog ' The track was recorded in 1999 at Famous Studios , Cardiff and was engineered by Greg Haver . Overdubs were added at Ofn studios , Llanfaelog , Wales with the help of Gorwel Owen who also mixed the song at the studio along with the Super Furry Animals . B side Charge was recorded for an episode of BBC Radio 1 's The John Peel Show , which aired on 1 March 2000 . The track was produced for the BBC by Simon Askew and engineered by Nick Fountain . Musical structure Ysbeidiau Heulog is 2 minutes 51 seconds long and is in the key of B major . The track begins with an intro with a lead guitar melody , which plays twice , accompanied by drums , bass , distorted rhythm guitar and saxophone . The first verse begins on 14 seconds with Gruff Rhys singing the lines Fe unk ni , ysbeidiau heulog , ysbeidiau heulog with a vocoder being used on the second ysbeidiau heulog . This entire phrase is then repeated , with Rhys accompanied by harmony backing vocals . Throughout this first part of the verse the only instrumentation is a distorted bass guitar and drums . The second half of the verse begins at 28 seconds with rhythm guitar , playing the chords B , B , A and E twice with little sustain , joining the drums and bass , which is no longer distorted . The track breaks down for the first chorus with Rhys singing ysbeidiau heulog four times backed by harmony vocals and occasional keyboard noises with the band rejoining on the last heulog , the rhythm guitar playing an A chord on each of the word 's two syllables which are emphasised by cymbal crashes . After a drum fill an instrumental passage begins at 53 seconds . This follows the same arrangement as the intro although the lead guitar plays a melody line just once during the second half of the section , simply unk for the first half . The second verse starts at 1 minute 8 seconds leading into the second chorus which this time features drums fills and rhythm guitar alongside Rhys ' vocals . A short bridge plays at the end of the chorus with Rhys singing unk ein unk ni , heulog tan unk unk yn unk . Instrumentation is sparse with a guitar , featuring flanging , playing several licks alongside bass and drums , which are heavily affected by flanging . The bridge leads into the third and last chorus , which follows the arrangement of the second chorus although this time the drums feature flanging . The track ends with an instrumental outro similar to the intro . The outro begins at 2 minutes 16 seconds and features a second lead guitar with a wah wah effect playing licks alongside the main lead guitar and saxophone . After the guitar melody has played twice the main lead guitar stops playing and the track begins to fade out . Release and critical response Ysbeidiau Heulog was released as a limited edition 7 vinyl single on the Super Furry Animal 's own Placid Casual label on 1 May 2000 . It was the band 's first single to chart outside the UK Singles Top 75 peaking at number 89 . It received a generally positive response from critics . The track was awarded ' Single of the Week ' in the May 10 16 , 2000 issue of the Melody Maker by guest reviewers the Dum unk who gave the song a perfect five star rating and claimed that it is a summery , karaoke pop hit . Pitchfork Media called Ysbeidiau Heulog the best track on parent album Mwng and described it as a decidedly retro number that combines the swingin ' sounds of the ' 60s with some high tech vocal effects . In a 2006 feature on the Super Furry Animals ' back catalogue Incendiary Magazine called the track a clever slice of pop . In a play on words on the track 's meaning in English , Drowned in Sound stated that Ysbeidiau Heulog was Mwng 's sunny interval and wouldn 't feel out of place on 1999 's Guerrilla . Both the NME and Rolling Stone likened the track to the work of Roxy Music with the former calling it happily woozy and the latter claiming it is a spunky , sax spiked bop . The NME also placed the track at number 33 in their single of the year list for 2000 . Yahoo Music described the track as a playground free for all ... frazzled and psychedelic . Art unk , writing for Rock 's Backpages in December 2000 , was critical of the track , calling it flimsy . The track appears on vinyl and CD copies of the band 's singles compilation album Songbook The Singles , Vol . 1 but is not included on the DVD release as no music video was made . Accolades Track listing All songs by Super Furry Animals . 7 ( unk ) Ysbeidiau Heulog 2 52 Charge 3 19 Personnel Gruff Rhys vocals Huw Bunford guitar Guto Pryce bass guitar Cian Ciaran keyboards Dafydd Ieuan drums Gary unk trumpet Matt Sibley saxophone Singles chart positions
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3,562 | The Malloch Building is a private residential apartment building on Telegraph Hill in San Francisco designed in the Streamline Moderne style and built in 1937 . The building , one of the best examples of its type in San Francisco , is also known as Malloch Apartments , Malloch Apartment Building , and simply by its address 1360 Montgomery Street . Some have called it the Ocean Liner House , though other Moderne buildings have also been known by that nickname . Designed by Irvin Goldstine for father son architects John Jack S. Malloch and John Rolph Malloch , the building was used as a filming location in 1947 's Dark Passage , a noir work starring Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall . Design and construction The building was intended as a home for Jack Malloch and his son , John Rolph Malloch . Both men were partners in a father son architectural firm based in San Francisco , and both wanted to live on Telegraph Hill with a view of the San Francisco Bay . They determined to build an apartment which would provide them with fine dwellings and also with income from the rental units it held . Irvin Goldstine ( sometimes written Irving or Irvine ) designed the building for them he had recently graduated from l 'cole des Beaux Arts but had not yet earned his architect 's license , so he was not listed as the architect of record . Instead , the Mallochs were listed . Goldstine obtained his license in 1940 , four years after he first sketched the Malloch Building . The building site is on a steep hill , so the street level entrance at the upper edge of the property is not the lowest floor . Four stories of apartments start at the ground floor and go up , and two more floors consisting of a 10 car garage and a sub basement storage space are below grade , jutting out to the east because of the slope . A manager 's apartment was added in 1947 by extending steel beams from the garage and suspending a two floor unit with steel cables . Structural engineer W.S. Ellison oversaw construction of the primarily wooden frame structure , built atop a foundation and two utility floors made of reinforced concrete to meet exacting state requirements for stability . unk Alfred Du Pont ( also known as Dupont ) was hired to design images to decorate the exterior . Du Pont produced two 40 foot ( 12 m ) high silvery figures in unk , or raised plaster , on the western facade of the building , and a third on the north side . Du Pont applied colored concrete to the exterior and carved it into shape . Flanking the main street entrance are two male figures . The image on the right facing left is a Spanish explorer with a telescope raised to one eye . The image on the left facing right is a bare chested worker holding a globe , towering above the San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge , with sleek aircraft flying above and below him , and ships moving in the bay . The actual bridge can be seen from the house it had been completed the previous year when the Malloch Building was under construction . Around the corner from the main entrance , the third silvery mural shows a robed woman , the spirit of California , standing in front of California represented as a map . The building 's elevator was designed and added to the foyer after the building was occupied . It is encased in a backlit glass brick shaft at one edge of the open air lobby . unk steel railings line the central staircase which is anchored by a glass brick column . unk designs are featured in glass plate windows above the entrance . The interiors were streamlined as much as possible , without traditional touches such as unk moldings . Indirect lighting was used throughout . Curves were abundant , with rounded fireplaces topped with indirect lighting and a round dining room with floor to ceiling windows . Rounded balcony edges were set off by rounded bay windows . The bedrooms included circular dressing rooms with ample closet space . In some of the units , glass brick was used as partition material . The city of San Francisco notified the Mallochs that they were in violation of a building code prohibiting more than three floors above a garage , because the building contained four floors of apartments above the garage . The Mallochs successfully argued that their structure stepped back in progression up the slope of Telegraph Hill so that the top floor was not directly above the garage . No part of the building was in violation of the code . Use Before the building was completed , it was fully rented . In 1937 , the two Malloch men moved into the two penthouse suites in the 12 unit apartment building , collecting rent from the other 10 tenants . The Malloch Building was featured in the 1947 film noir work titled Dark Passage . In the film , Humphrey Bogart , playing an escaped prisoner , is invited by Lauren Bacall into her apartment unit , Number 10 on the third floor of the Malloch Building . In the apartment , Bogart hides out while he heals from plastic surgery , and plots to clear his name . Bogart wearily ascends the nearby Filbert Steps in one scene , on his way to the Malloch Building . Modern day residents have been known to put a cutout of Bogart in the street facing window of Number 10 . Owner occupant John Rolph Malloch died in 1951 at the age of 39 . In the early 1980s the building was converted from rental apartments to condominiums . The original plans had been lost to fire , so the renovating architects had to form new plans taken from measurements of the building . A six page writeup about the building appeared in Architect and Engineer in December 1937 . The article listed the owners and the structural engineer , but did not name the architect . In the early 1980s , geologist and architectural historian Gray Brechin discovered that Irvin Goldstine had designed the building Brechin subsequently interviewed Goldstine regarding his career . An article about the discovery was printed in Metro Magazine , a defunct San Francisco magazine . Until that time , the building was thought to be designed by the Mallochs .
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3,563 | Michael Steward Heath ( born April 9 , 1964 ) is an American former competition swimmer who specialized in freestyle events . He is a three time Olympic gold medalist , and a former world record holder in two relay swimming events . A native of Texas , he won two national collegiate championship competing for the University of Florida . During his elite swimming career , Heath won ten medals in major international championships , including seven golds , two silvers and a bronze , spanning the Olympic Games , FINA World Championships , and Pan Pacific Championships . Early years Heath was born in McAllen , Texas . He attended Highland Park High School in University Park , Texas ( a Dallas suburb ) , and competed for the Highland Park High School swim team . In 1980 , he set a new Texas state high school record in the boys ' 200 yard freestyle ( 1 37 . 88 ) he set a second state record in the event in 1982 ( 1 37 . 53 ) , breaking his own previous record in the process . College swimming career Heath accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , where he swam for coach Randy Reese 's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) competition from 1983 to 1986 . He was a member of the Gators ' 1983 and 1984 NCAA men 's championship teams , as well as four consecutive SEC championships teams . As a Gator swimmer , he won NCAA national titles in the 400 yard freestyle relay ( 1983 ) , 800 yard freestyle relay ( 1983 , 1984 ) , and 200 yard freestyle ( 1984 ) , and received nineteen All American honors . His strong finish swimming the anchor leg for the Gators in the 4 100 yard freestyle relay provided the Gators ' winning points in their first NCAA national team championship in 1983 . He also won seven SEC titles , and was recognized as the SEC male swimmer of the year in 1983 and 1985 . Heath graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor 's degree in exercise and sports science in 1988 , and was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a Gator Great in 1996 . International swimming career Heath , who had not previously been a member of the U.S. national team , won the 100 and 200 meter freestyle events at the 1984 U.S. Olympic trials , and thereby qualified to compete in the two Olympic individual events and for the U.S. relay teams . As a newcomer to the U.S. trials , he made a dramatic statement by setting a new American record in the preliminary heats of the 200 meter freestyle . At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , he won three gold medals and a silver . He won his first Olympic gold medal by swimming the lead off leg in the men 's 4 200 meter freestyle relay , and Heath and his American teammates David Larson , Jeff Float and Bruce Hayes set a new world record of 7 15 . 69 , edging the Michael Gross led West Germans by four one hundredths ( 0 . 04 ) of a second . He won his second gold medal by helping set another world record of 3 19 . 03 in the men 's 4 100 meter freestyle relay , together with fellow Americans Chris Cavanaugh , Matt Biondi and Rowdy Gaines , finishing sixty five one hundredths ( 0 . 65 ) of a second ahead of the second place Australians . He then earned a third gold medal by swimming for the winning U.S. team in the preliminary heats of the 4 100 meter medley relay . In a word play on the title of the popular 1984 movie Ghostbusters , American media dubbed Heath and his 4 200 meter relay teammates the Gross Busters . In individual Olympic competition , Heath won a silver medal in the 200 meter freestyle ( 1 49 . 10 ) behind Gross 's world record setting performance ( 1 47 . 44 ) . He also placed fourth in the 100 meter freestyle event final ( 50 . 41 ) the outcome was controversial , however , because of a premature starter gun and a quick start by Gaines , the winner . Gaines ' coach , Richard Quick , knew of starter Frank Silvestri 's propensity to fire the starter gun almost immediately when the swimmers mounted the blocks . Gaines gained about a meter 's head start on the competition video of the event later confirmed that one or more of the swimmers had not been set when the starter gun fired . After the 1984 Olympics , Heath continued to swim for the U.S. national team , and remained a fixture on the freestyle relay teams . At the 1985 Pan Pacific Championships in Tokyo , gold medalists Scott unk , Heath , Paul Wallace and Biondi set a new world record of 3 17 . 08 in the 4 100 meter freestyle relay . Together with Biondi , Duffy Dillon and Craig unk , he won another gold medal in the 4 200 meter freestyle relay ( 7 17 . 63 ) . Individually , Heath won a Pan Pacific Championships gold medal in the 200 meter freestyle ( 1 49 . 29 ) by beating Biondi ( 1 50 . 19 ) and Canadian Sandy Goss ( 1 50 . 56 ) . He also won a Pan Pacific silver medal in the 100 meter freestyle ( 50 . 78 ) , finishing a fraction of a second behind Biondi ( 50 . 44 ) . Heath again swam for the U.S. relay teams at the 1986 World Aquatics Championships in Madrid Tom Jager , Heath , Paul Wallace and Biondi won the 4 100 meter freestyle ( 3 19 . 89 ) and Eric Boyer , Heath , Dan Jorgensen and Biondi placed third in the 4 200 meter freestyle ( 7 18 . 29 ) . Life after competition swimming Heath was an assistant coach for the Florida Gators swim team from 1988 to 1989 . After graduating from the University of Florida , Heath first worked as a salesman , before he coached swimming at Fletcher High School in Neptune Beach , Florida , for six years , and thereafter at Episcopal High School in Jacksonville , Florida . He is married to Sherri Lee unk , who was a member of the Florida Gators swim team at the University of Florida from 1984 to 1987 , and they have two children . Their son Grady will swim for the Florida Gators beginning in 2015 16 . World records Men 's 4 100 meter freestyle relay Men 's 4 200 meter freestyle relay
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3,564 | Galerina sulciceps is a dangerously toxic species of fungus in the family Strophariaceae , of the order Agaricales . It is distributed in tropical Indonesia and India , but has reportedly been found fruiting in European greenhouses on occasion . Considered more deadly than the unk ( Amanita phalloides ) , G. sulciceps has been shown to contain the toxins known as alpha ( ) , beta ( ) and gamma ( ) amanitins a series of poisonings in Indonesia in the 1930s resulted in 14 deaths from the consumption of this species . It has a typical little brown mushroom appearance , with few obvious external characteristics to help distinguish it from many other similar nondescript brown species . The fruit bodies of the fungus are tawny to ochre , deepening to reddish brown at the base of the stem . The gills are well separated , and there is no ring present on the stem . History and taxonomy This species was first described in the literature as Marasmius sulciceps by English Naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1848 , based on a specimen found four years earlier growing on old wood in Ceylon ( modern day Sri Lanka ) . In 1898 , Otto Kuntze transferred the species to Chamaeceras , a genus that has since been subsumed back into Marasmius . Because of its brown colored spore print , Dutch mycologist Karel Bernard unk transferred the species to the genus Phaeomarasmius 1938 . In 1951 , he redescribed the species and transferred it to its current position in Galerina . Rolf Singer 's comprehensive taxonomical treatment of the Agaricales placed Galerina sulciceps in section Naucoriopsis of the genus Galerina , a subdivision first defined by French mycologist Robert Khner in 1935 . This section includes small brown spored fungi what when young have a cap margin that is curved inward , and thin walled , obtuse , or acute ended pleurocystidia that are not broadly rounded at the top . All of the poisonous amatoxin containing Galerina belong to section Naucoriopsis . Description The cap is initially egg shaped in young specimens , but changes shape as it matures , becoming convex and later more or less flat with a central depression . At the center of the cap is a roughly spherical umbo a nipple like protrusion . The cap is hygrophanous , meaning it changes color depending on its state of hydration the color is tawny in moist specimens , changing to ochre with dark brown edges when dried . The cap diameter is typically 1 . 5 to 4 cm ( 0 . 6 to 1 . 6 in ) , with a surface that is smooth , and almost gelatinous in consistency . The edge of the cap is thin and wavy , and is often split open . The gills are broadly adnate ( broadly attached to the stalk slightly above the bottom of the gill , with most of the gill fused to the stem ) to slightly decurrent ( running down the length of the stem ) . Interspersed between the gills are shorter gills , called lamellulae , that start from the cap but do not reach the stem . The gills are broad ( up to 4 mm ) and thick at the base ( 1 mm ) , and when mature can develop veins that run between the gills on the undersurface of the cap . The stem is 0 . 4 to 2 . 5 cm ( 0 . 2 to 1 . 0 in ) long , 0 . 15 to 0 . 3 cm ( 0 . 06 to 0 . 12 in ) thick , and usually attached centrally to the underside of the cap , although it may sometimes be slightly off center . Stems are solid , cylindrical , and may be pruinose ( dusted with a very fine layer of powder ) . Berkeley 's original description noted a resemblance to a small Marasmius unk , a mushroom today known as Gymnopus unk . Microscopic characteristics The spores are ellipsoid to almond shaped , with dimensions of 7 . 2 9 . 7 by 4 . 5 5 . 8 m . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are cylindrical to slightly club shaped , four spored , and measure 30 45 by 5 . 5 6 m . The sterigmata ( projections of the basidia that attach the spores ) are 5 6 m long . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia located in the gill face ) are thin walled , with long , somewhat cylindrical necks , and may range in color from translucent ( hyaline ) to pale brownish yellow . They are typically 40 by 10 . 5 m , although they may occasionally be larger up to 142 by 18 by 8 m . Cystidia in the gill edge the cheilocystidia are similar in appearance to the pleurocystidia . The hyphae of G. sulciceps have clamp connections short branches connecting one cell to the previous cell to allow passage of the products of nuclear division . Chemistry and toxicology Galerina sulciceps is deadly poisonous one author opines it to be perhaps the most toxic mushroom known to man , while later studies of toxin concentrations in amanitin containing mushrooms corroborate this view . The symptoms of poisoning attributed to the mushroom have been noted to be relatively unusual a local unk effect , pins and needles sensation , and nausea without vomiting . Although these clinical symptoms are inconsistent with those of amatoxin poisoning , the presence of , and amanitins in this species has been verified with chromatographic analysis . Amatoxins damage the liver and kidney by binding irreversibly to RNA polymerase II . Three separate instances of poisoning in Indonesia involved 18 people , 14 of which died . Based on this set of occurrences , death occurs in 7 51 hours unless the patient survives , which seems to depend on the quantity eaten and the vigor of the individual . Another death attributed to this mushroom was reported in Germany in the early 1980s . Severe poisonings have been treated with complete blood dialysis or liver transplants . Habitat and distribution This species grows on dead wood in tropical locales like Indonesia ( Java and Sumatra ) , and India ( Sri Lanka ) , where it is prolific in some areas . It is not found in North America . In Germany , it has been found growing in greenhouses , and is known in the vernacular as the unk unk , meaning greenhouse Galerina . In one instance , the mushroom was discovered fruiting in dense groups in pots of orchids standing on moist conifer sawdust .
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3,565 | BuzzSaw is a Maurer Shne SkyLoop roller coaster located within the Town of Gold Rush section of the Dreamworld amusement park on the Gold Coast of Australia . The ride began operation on 17 September 2011 as part of Dreamworld 's 30th birthday celebrations . BuzzSaw is one of Dreamworld 's Big 9 thrill rides and has a track length of 150 metres ( 490 ft ) . The steel ride consists of a single train which holds 12 riders and lasts approximately 50 seconds . BuzzSaw features the tallest inversion in the Southern Hemisphere and is currently the second highest inversion of its type in the world . The ride is themed around a series of unexplainable occurrences in the Town of Gold Rush which date back to the late 1800s . The setting is based on encounters with the ghost of one Jack Darke , who was killed by a buzz saw at a sawmill built after the gold rush ended . History In December 2009 , a Gold Coast Bulletin report detailed a variety of new attractions for the region 's theme parks and stated that Dreamworld was in negotiations with a manufacturer to add to its Big 6 thrill rides . In February 2011 , Dreamworld 's operator , Ardent Leisure , announced the addition of two new rides in 2011 as part of Dreamworld 's 30th Birthday . In April 2011 , it was announced that in addition to a family thrill ride ( Shockwave which opened in June 2011 ) , another major ride would be opened in time for the September school holidays . The name BuzzSaw was confirmed two months later by the park 's outgoing CEO , Noel Dempsey , who also confirmed plans to team up with DreamWorks Animation . Vertical construction for BuzzSaw started around the same time . On 20 July 2011 , Dreamworld officially announced the addition of BuzzSaw to the Dreamworld park to the public . Testing for the ride began in early September 2011 , and BuzzSaw opened officially to the public on 17 September 2011 . Marketing Marketing for BuzzSaw began on 6 July 2011 when Dreamworld released a television commercial promoting their plans to open a new bone chilling thrill ride by September of that year . At this stage , the name BuzzSaw had not been officially announced . A second television marketing campaign was released for BuzzSaw on 8 September 2011 , just before its official opening on 17 September 2011 . The commercial stated this September fear will reach new heights . Banners around Dreamworld advertise BuzzSaw as a ripper of a ride . Characteristics BuzzSaw is one of Dreamworld 's Big 8 Thrill Rides alongside The Claw , Cyclone , The Giant Drop , Mick Doohan 's unk , unk , Tower of Terror II and Wipeout . It boasts the tallest inversion in the Southern Hemisphere at 46 . 2 metres ( 152 ft ) above the ground . This also ranks it tied as the third highest inversion worldwide . BuzzSaw 's steel roller coaster track is 150 metres ( 490 ft ) in length . The ride consists of a single Maurer Shne X Car train which holds 12 riders . The train features two cars , each of which seats riders in three rows of two . Riders are seated in the open carriage and are restrained by a lap bar . Experience Backstory BuzzSaw is themed around a series of unexplainable occurrences in the Town of Gold Rush which date back to the late 1800s . In 1876 , the Town of Gold Rush was formed . It was a prosperous town during the great gold rush . Eleven years later , in 1887 , the town 's Gold supply was completely gone . The town then established a sawmill and turned their focus to timber . On a clear moon lit night , a sawmill worker named Jack Darke was killed by the buzz saw after he had a scuffle with some other workers who were attempting to set the building on fire . The circumstances leading up to his death were covered up by the town with the legend stating that Jack tried to burn down the sawmill and slipped into the path of the buzz saw . The sawmill has remained closed since with many people claiming encounters with the ghost of Jack on nights similar to that of his death . Entrance and station The entrance to BuzzSaw is located in the Town of Gold Rush where the Helicopter Joy Flights used to operate , opposite the former entrance of the Eureka Mountain Mine Ride . The station is themed to the abandoned sawmill in the town of Gold Rush and tells the story of Jack Darke . Within the building , guests are directed through a series of queue switchbacks and pathways . Several television screens are embedded in the walls and show burning timber . Parts of the theming are caged off with crime scene signs . Throughout the queue , guests are able to hear the sound of buzzsaws as well as several warnings to not go any further and to escape while they can . Large circular saws ( a.k.a. buzzsaws ) are located on the side and roof of the building . Ride BuzzSaw is a steel , Maurer Shne SkyLoop XT 150 roller coaster . As part of Maurer Shne 's X Coaster range of roller coasters , the SkyLoop begins with a vertical chain lift hill to a height of 46 . 2 metres ( 152 ft ) . At the top of this lift hill , the car is pulled slowly back over on itself before it is released into a full heartline roll and a drop down a steep hill back towards the station . The train then oscillates between the two hills before it is caught by the chain hill and slowly lowered back down into the station . A single ride on BuzzSaw is completed in approximately 50 seconds . Reception The reception of BuzzSaw has been generally positive . Melinda unk of the Gold Coast Bulletin stated the scream machine is certainly a fitting way to describe Dreamworld 's newest thrill ride the BuzzSaw . unk also commented on the vertical lift hill by this stage I was certainly wishing I was back on the ground . Ardent Leisure , the owners of Dreamworld , have claimed the launch of the ride to be a success . In the first year of operation , over 435 , 000 people rode the attraction . However , in the worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll in 2012 , BuzzSaw ( along with other identical SkyLoop rides ) ranked 221 out of 365 .
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3,566 | Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman ( Malay for Pah Wongso the Righteous Warrior ) is a 1941 detective film from the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) . The first production by Star Film , it was produced by Jo Eng Sek and featured camerawork by Cho ' Chin Hsin . Starring L. V. Wijnhamer , Jr . , Elly Joenara , and Mohamad Arief , it followed the social worker Pah Wongso as he investigated a murder to clear his protg 's name . The first film of its genre to be produced in the Indies , Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman was made to capitalize on the popularity of Wijnhamer and Hollywood characters such as Charlie Chan and Mr. Moto . Released in April 1941 to popular acclaim , it had a mixed critical reception the reviewer Saeroen suggested that its success was entirely because of its star 's renown . A sequel to this film , which is possibly lost , Pah Wongso Tersangka , was released later that year . Plot Pah Wongso is a nut seller , social worker , and schoolmaster who lives in Batavia and takes care of the local poor . One day , his young protg Wisnoe saves the life of a young woman named Siti when she is almost hit by a carriage . In thanks , her father Haji Abdullah gives Wisnoe a job at his rice mill . Wisnoe 's zeal and diligence quickly make him stand out from his fellow employees , and he begins to woo Siti , who returns his affections . However , Wisnoe 's cousin Bardja is envious of his newfound success . A gambler who frequents prostitutes , Bardja is smitten with Siti , who does not love him . Hoping to eliminate his competition , Bardja hires some thugs to kill Wisnoe this attempt fails , and Bardja 's financial situation becomes increasingly desperate . He decides to steal from his rich uncle , but is caught in the act . In the ensuing struggle , he kills the older man , then frames Wisnoe for the murder . Wisnoe is arrested , and soon Pah Wongso warned by Siti of Bardja 's previous treachery begins to investigate the case . Ultimately he discovers that Bardja is the true murderer and confronts him , resulting in a battle to the death . Wongso emerges victorious , and Wisnoe 's name is cleared . Production Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman was produced by Jo Eng Sek , a businessman who had produced the film Si Tjonat in 1929 . Cinematography on this black and white film was handled by Cho ' Chin Hsin , who had recently immigrated from Shanghai . The film was the first production of Star Film , a studio which Jo and Cho ' had established in unk , Batavia ( now Mangga Besar , Jakarta ) . At the time , the Hollywood characters Charlie Chan and Mr. Moto were popular in the Indies , as were imported detective films in general however , no films in that genre had yet been produced domestically . This led Jo to make a detective film which he thought would be successful with ethnic Chinese audiences . For this , he approached L. V. Wijnhamer , Jr . , an Indo man who was popular within the ethnic Chinese community for his social work Wijnhamer , better known as Pah Wongso , helped educate abandoned children , ran an employment office , and raised funds for Red Cross aid in war torn China . Wijnhamer accepted the role . To support Wongso , stage actress Elly Joenara was cast as Siti , making her film debut , while Mohamad Arief appeared as unk . Other cast members included Djoenaedi , R. Sukran , and Miss unk . To ensure that fight scenes went smoothly , Jo hired members of Primo Oesman 's silat and boxing group to perform as criminals Oesman , a professional boxer , also appeared in the film . Release and reception Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman was rated for audiences over the age of 17 . It premiered at the Rex Theatre in Batavia on 1 April 1941 , following a short speech by Wijnhamer . It had reached Surabaya by June , where it was advertised as a film of intrigue , life , and death . Although intended predominantly for domestic consumption , it was also screened in China , Singapore and British Malaya . When the film reached Singapore in July 1941 , it was touted as a thrilling Malay detective story ... full of thrills and excitement from beginning to end . The Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran records Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman as a commercial success . Critical reviews , however , were mixed . An anonymous reviewer in the Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad praised the quality of the film , particularly its cinematography , acting , and story . In the Malayan magazine Film Melayu , a reviewer considered the film of similar quality to Hollywood productions and praised its casting of a South East Asian as the titular detective . The critic and unk Saeroen expressed concern that the film 's success was not because of its quality , and opined that it was only popular because of Wijnhamer 's fame . Legacy By September 1941 , Jo had begun production of a second and final film starring Wongso , titled Pah Wongso Tersangka ( Pah Wongso Becomes a Suspect ) . Directed by Wu Tsun , this late 1941 release featured Pah Wongso in four roles and showed him attempting to clear his name after being framed for a crime . Arief , Primo , and Sukran were also recast in this film , which was billed as the colony 's first comedy film . Although Joenara did not return for Pah Wongso Tersangka , she acted in three further films for Star her acting career continued into the 1950s , and she became a producer in the early 1970s . Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman may be lost . Movies in the Indies were recorded on highly flammable nitrate film , and after a fire destroyed much of Produksi Film Negara 's warehouse in 1952 , old films shot on nitrate were deliberately destroyed . Thus , the American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider wrote that all Indonesian films from before 1950 are lost . However , JB Kristanto 's Katalog Film Indonesia ( Indonesian Film Catalogue ) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia 's archives , and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service . Explanatory notes
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3,567 | M 89 is an east west state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that runs from near Ganges to Battle Creek . M 89 starts at an interchange with Interstate 196 US Highway 31 ( I 196 US 31 ) and passes through Allegan , Kalamazoo County , Michigan , and Calhoun counties . The highway also briefly crosses the southwest corner of Barry County before it terminates an at intersection with Business Loop I 94 ( BL I 94 ) on the northwestern side of downtown Battle Creek . In between the trunkline runs parallel to the Kalamazoo River through rural southwestern Michigan farmlands while also running through the middle of several smaller towns in the area . Dating back to 1919 , M 89 was originally just a segment of the current highway between the Ganges area and Martin . Changes through the 1920s and 1930s moved the eastern end to Calhoun County . The last section was paved in the 1950s before the highway was rerouted in the Allegan , Michigan area . The last extensions into Battle Creek came in the 1960s and 1998 . Route description M 89 begins at an interchange with I 196 US 31 near Ganges , just a half mile ( 0 . 8 km ) from Lake Michigan . The highway travels east on 124th Street from there through farmlands and small communities like Fennville . The trunkline passes wetlands just north of Swan Creek Marsh and crosses the Kalamazoo River about two miles ( 3 . 2 km ) west of an intersection with M 40 . M 89 and M 40 run concurrently to the southeast for 6 . 5 miles ( 10 . 5 km ) through more farms and across Lake Allegan on the Kalamazoo River on the way into Allegan . Just two blocks before M 89 splits from M 40 , the concurrent highways have a junction with M 222 . After M 89 splits from M 40 , it continues out of Allegan to the southeast , again crossing over the Kalamazoo River . After leaving Allegan , M 89 runs roughly parallel with the Kalamazoo River for approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) , passing through mostly rural areas with residences and agricultural fields . The highway curves to the east and crosses the Kalamazoo River again just west of the city of Otsego . The trunkline curves to the south in the city then again runs east to junction with US 131 at exit 49 on the west side of Plainwell . East of US 131 , the highway passes through the city of Plainwell and crosses the Kalamazoo River again before continuing into rural areas again . The route heads the southeast on towards the village of Richland . Just north of Richland , M 89 meets up with M 43 , and the two share a brief routing together for a mile ( 1 . 6 km ) as M 43 heads southwest out of Richland while M 89 heads east , passing to the south of Gull Lake . After passing the lake , the highway turns southeast towards Battle Creek . As M 89 begins to enter the outskirts of Battle Creek it follows Michigan Avenue . It passes through the neighborhoods of Level Park Oak Park and Urbandale , the first residential areas of the city . As the highway continues towards Battle Creek it has a junction with M 37 . M 89 continues on Michigan Avenue until an intersection with Washington Avenue where the route turns to the southwest where it crosses the Kalamazoo River one last time . The trunkline terminates a few blocks later at Dickman Road , otherwise known as the Business Loop I 94 ( BL I 94 ) . M 89 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M 89 were the 26 . 470 vehicles daily between Otsego and Plainwell the lowest counts were the 2 , 879 vehicles per day between Fennville and the I 196 US 31 interchange . No section of M 89 has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . History The July 1 , 1919 , incarnation of M 89 was much shorter relative to today 's road . Its western terminus was at a junction with M 11 ( later US 31 , now A 2 ) near Ganges . It traveled east to Fennville then turned south to Pearl before turning back to the east towards Allegan on an alignment that is a few miles south of the present day configuration . The highway then left Allegan on present day M 222 and terminated at M 13 , which is now A 45 east of the US 131 freeway . In 1926 , when M 40 was extended , M 89 was rerouted out of Allegan to the southeast along its present day alignment to terminate at US 131 in Plainwell . Just a few years later , the road was extended further to the southeast to Richland then east along its present day routing to end at M 96 in Augusta . In 1931 , the route was realigned to run east , rather than south into Augusta , where it then met up with M 96 just inside the Calhoun County line . The road remained in this fashion for the next 20 years . In late 1951 or early 1952 , the last section of M 89 was paved , a segment south and east of Fennville in Allegan County . Just months later , the highways was realigned to run east from Fennville , rather than south to Pearl , to intersect M 40 . From there it was rerouted to run concurrently into Allegan . In 1963 , when the I 196 US 131 freeway opened , the western terminus of M 89 was extended to meet the new freeway . A few years later , when M 96 was realigned onto a route that took it into Battle Creek , M 89 was extended southeasterly along Michigan Avenue ( the old M 96 ) and terminated at M 37 . The highway was extended further southeasterly into Battle Creek to replace the old routing of M 37 along Michigan Avenue it then turned south on Washington to the BL I 94 where it terminated , thus bringing the route to its current alignment . Major intersections
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3,568 | Lift Up Your Face is a song recorded by the Christian rock band Third Day and featuring vocals from The Blind Boys of Alabama . Written by Mac Powell and composed by Third Day , Bo Rinehard , and Bear Rinehard , it was released to Christian AC and CHR radio on July 11 , 2010 as the lead single from Third Day 's 2010 studio album Move . Lift Up Your Face is a southern rock song with influences from blues and gospel , possessing a shadowy and edgy sound accompanied by distorted guitars . Dark and soulful vocals are also present , while the lyrics convey a message of encouragement and hope . Since its release , Lift Up Your Face has been performed live in concert by Third Day on the Make Your Move Tour and the Make a Difference Tour , as well as at Rock the Universe 2011 . It received a positive response from critics , some of whom praised the vocals of The Blind Boys of Alabama , and was nominated for the Dove Award for Rock Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year at the 42nd GMA Dove Awards . Lift Up Your Face peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart , No. 8 on the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart , and No. 2 on the Billboard Christian CHR chart . Background Lift Up Your Face was written by Mac Powell Third Day composed the music to Lift Up Your Face with Bo and Bear Rinehard of Needtobreathe . Third Day 's bassist Tai Anderson recalls that We got together in their home studio and had a jam session that went with Mac 's idea of a song based on the idea of ' lift up your head ' from the Psalms ... By working with another ' southern ' rock band from South Carolina , we got to show our Georgia roots musically with a gospel sound he further noted that the big message of the song is ' salvation is calling ' . It was recorded at The Quarry in Kennesaw , Georgia and The Smokestack in Nashville , Tennessee . Composition Lift Up Your Face is a southern rock song with a length of four minutes and twenty six seconds . It is set in common time in the key of E minor and has a tempo of 88 beats per minute , with a vocal range spanning from D4 G5 . The lyrics to the song portray a hopeful message of salvation and encouragement . Lead vocalist Mac Powell commented that The country is going through hard times , and there are doubts and insecurity . The message of ' Lift Up Your Face ' is Third Day 's message of encouragement not just to listeners though to us as well . It 's a message we all need to hear . Lift Up Your Face opens with an atmospheric intro led by haunting vocals sung by The Blind Boys of Alabama this into is then blown away as distorted guitars enter , followed by a mid tempo chorus . In the second verse , vocalist Mac Powell shifts into falsetto vocals elsewhere in the song , Powell 's vocals are soulful and dark . As a whole , the song has a shadowy and edgy feel which contrasts with its hopeful message . Lift Up Your Face also features influences from blues and gospel music . Reception Critical Lift Up Your Face received mostly positive reviews from critics , many of whom praised the vocals of The Blind Boys of Alabama . C. E 'Jon Moore of The Christian Manifesto praised Lift Up Your Face , saying the song gets you out of your seat and sticks with you long after the last note has faded . In his review of Move , Glenn McCarty of Crosswalk.com regarded Lift Up Your Face as an exception to a ho hum affair of an album and regarded the song as a classic Third Day rocker in the vein of ' Consuming Fire ' . John DiBiase of Jesus Freak Hideout regarded the song as edgy and the praised the vocal support from The Blind Boys of Alabama . Brian Mansfield of USA Today listed the song as a download pick from Move . Andrew Greer of Christianity Today regarded the song as a fiery collaboration with music 's legendary Blind Boys of Alabama and a hearty charge to look heavenward for lasting hope . Lindsay Williams of Gospel Music Channel said the song gives a glimpse of the grittiness of ' Move ' , but argued there are stronger songs on the album that would have made for better ' out of the box ' singles . At the 42nd GMA Dove Awards , Lift Up Your Face was nominated for the Dove Award for Rock Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year . Chart performance On Billboard magazine 's Hot Christian Songs chart , Lift Up Your Face debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of August 7 , 2010 . It advanced to No. 30 in its second chart week and to No. 17 in its third . It spent a total of twenty weeks on the chart , peaking at No. 12 . It also peaked at No. 8 on the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart , spending a total of twenty two weeks on that chart , and at No. 2 on the Billboard Christian CHR chart , which it spent twenty one weeks on . Lift Up Your Face was ranked by Billboard on their 2010 year end charts at No. 32 on the Hot Christian Songs chart , No. 27 on the Hot Christian AC chart , and No. 28 on the Christian CHR chart . Live performances Since its release , Third Day has performed Lift Up Your Face in concert . At Rock the Universe 2011 , Third Day performed Lift Up Your Face as the first song in their setlist . They also performed the song as the opener at a concert in Joplin , Missouri on March 20 , 2011 Third Day later released this live recording as a digital download along with the rest of the concert , with proceeds going to relief for the devastating tornado that struck Joplin on May 22 , 2011 . At a concert as part of their Make Your Move Tour in Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania on November 6 , 2011 , Third Day performed the song after returning to the stage from an earlier acoustic set . At the opening night of the Make a Difference Tour , Third Day performed the song as part of their setlist . Track listing Digital download Lift Up Your Face 4 26 Remix Lift Up Your Face ( Moak Mix ) 4 24 Credits and personnel ( Credits lifted from the album liner notes of the ' Deluxe Edition ' of Move ) Charts Release history
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3,569 | unk hunger or hedonic hyperphagia is the drive to eat to obtain pleasure in the absence of an energy deficit . Particular foods may have a high hedonic rating or individuals may have increased susceptibility to environmental food cues . Weight loss programs may aim to control or to compensate for hedonic hunger . Therapeutic interventions may influence hedonic eating behavior . Background Although hunger may arise from energy or nutrient deficits , as would be expected in the set point theories of hunger and eating , hunger may arise more commonly from anticipated pleasure of eating , consistent with the positive incentive perspective . unk distinguished the overeating responses to these stimuli as homeostatic hyperphagia and hedonic hyperphagia respectively . Accordingly , hunger and eating are subject to feedback control from homeostatic , hedonic , and cognitive processes . Although these mechanisms interplay and overlap to some extent , they can nonetheless be individually separated . Thus , the positive incentive perspective suggests that eating is similar to sexual behavior humans engage in sexual behavior , not because of an internal deficit , but because they have evolved in a way that makes them crave it . High calorie foods have had intrinsic reward value throughout evolution . The presence of desirable ( or hedonic ) food , or the mere anticipation of it , makes one hungry . The psychological effects of hedonic hunger may be the appetitive equivalent of unk driven activities such as recreational drug use and compulsive gambling . Susceptibility to food cues can lead to overeating in a society of readily available calorie dense , inexpensive foods . Such hedonistic eating overrides the body 's ability to regulate consumption with satiety . A related phenomenon , specific appetite , also known as specific hunger , is conceptually related to , but distinct from , hedonic hunger . Specific appetite is a drive to eat foods with specific flavors or other characteristics in usage , specific appetite has put greater emphasis on an individual who unk learns a particular appetite behavior rather than an evolutionarily innate , hedonic appetite preference . hedonic unk preference may lead to increased weight gain due to eating when not hungry . Food variability A hedonic rating of foods reflects those which are more likely to be eaten even though the individual is not hungry . For example , functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) scanning suggests that fed rats show a high preference for a mixture of fat and carbohydrate in the form of potato chips compared to their standard chow or single macronutrient foods . When binge eating occurs without the presence of energy deprivation , it is thought to be due to frequent exposure to palatable food . Another study evaluated how hedonic ratings of individual foods aggregate into the food components of particular types of meals , and related preferences to overall dietary intake . Interpersonal variability Individuals may have increased hedonic hunger susceptibility to environmental food cues . Genetic variability may influence hedonic hyperphagia . Variation in hedonic hunger levels from person to person may be key in determining success in weight loss tactics and a person 's ability to cope with tempting foods that are readily available . To assess this , a Power of Food Scale ( PFS ) has been developed that quantifies a person 's appetitive anticipation ( not consumption ) . Binge eaters , obese individuals and those with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa scored higher than restrictive type and normal weight college students . A decrease in PFS score leads to better success in weight loss . Food reinforcement The reinforcing value of food refers to how hard someone is willing to work to obtain food . Food reinforcement is influenced by several factors including food palatability , food deprivation , and food variety . It is also motivated by concerns about fullness ( expected satiation ) and the hunger that might be experienced in the intervening period between meals ( expected satiety ) . The effector mechanisms of food reinforcement depend on dopaminergic activity in the brain . Treatment Conceptually , weight loss programs might target control of hedonic hunger . Specific research to determine what diet techniques would be most beneficial for those with an increased hedonic hunger would help people modify their immediate availability of food or its palatability . For example , whole grain popcorn may be a better choice than potato chips due to a lower calorie load and an increased sense of satiety . Adding dietary fiber to foods and beverages increases satiety and reduces energy intake at the next meal . Low energy density foods with high unk power may be useful tools for weight management . unk has been found to be greater with yogurt beverages than fruit juice , and was equal with low energy density yogurt with unk and high energy density yogurt . People with high PFS scores may do better with meal replacement products . Medications may affect hedonic eating behavior . unk like peptide 1 ( unk ) agonists , such as exenatide and unk which are used for diabetes , may help suppress food reward behavior . Inhibition of dopamine transport within the brain increases dopamine concentrations , which can reduce energy intake . Despite theoretical underpinnings , opiate antagonists as single agents have generally not shown substantial clinical benefit . However , preliminary data has suggested synergistic effects with concurrent targeted therapy of opiate receptors and either dopamine or cannabinoid receptors . Bariatric surgery of various types may influence hedonic hunger particularly if accompanied by counseling interventions that reduce automatic hedonic impulses . These surgeries may work in part by modifying the production of gastrointestinal hormones , particularly by increasing glucagon like peptide 1 and peptide unk ( unk ) reduction of ghrelin has been inconsistent .
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3,570 | Yellow Star is a 2006 biographical children 's novel by Jennifer Roy . Written in free verse , it depicts life through the eyes of a young Jewish girl whose family was forced into the d Ghetto in 1939 during World War II . Roy tells the story of her aunt Syvia , who shared her childhood memories with Roy more than 50 years after the ghetto 's liberation . Roy added fictionalized dialogue , but did not otherwise alter the story . The book covers Syvia 's life as she grows from four and a half to ten years old in the ghetto . Syvia , her older sister Dora , and her younger cousin Isaac were three of only twelve children who survived . After the war , Syvia moved to the United States , married , and only much later told her story to Roy . Since its publication in 2006 , the book has received multiple awards , starred reviews , and other accolades , and has been made into a likewise well received audiobook . Background Yellow Star is the outgrowth of Sylvia Perlmutter Rozines ' recollections of life in the d ghetto . Perlmutter Rozines , then Syvia Perlmutter , was a four and a half year old child when she and her relatives were confined to the ghetto in late 1939 . The ghetto was liberated the day before she turned 10 more than half her life had been lived in the ghetto . The book relates the events of those five and a half years , as an adult Sylvia recalled them years later . The title derives from the yellow badge that Syvia was forced to unk but nobody knows it . More than 50 years after the events described in the book , Perlmutter Rozines began telling her story to family members , starting with her son , Roy 's cousin Greg , who told Roy 's sister Julia , who told Roy . Roy tape recorded the conversations between herself and Perlmutter Rozines , and used those conversations as the basis for the book . Yellow Star is written in free verse , after Roy struggled with how to authentically express Perlmutter Rozines ' experiences to children in a way that did not seem stiff or detached . Roy cites Karen Hesse 's Newbery Medal unk Out of the Dust as an inspiration for the book 's voice . Roy edited Perlmutter Rozines ' various recollections together into chronological order , and penned narrative introductions to each chapter describing the war 's events outside the ghetto . While the book is substantially based on Perlmutter Rozines ' recollections , it is classified as historical fiction since Roy included fictionalized dialogue . Plot In 1939 , the Nazis invaded Poland and forced that nation 's second largest community of Jews , 270 , 000 strong , into one section of the city of d , which they later walled off to form a ghetto . Before the invasion , Syvia and her family lived in d . When her father heard rumors of the impending German invasion , the family traveled by buggy to Warsaw . The family was unable to find work or housing in Warsaw , so they returned to Lodz . When the Germans did invade , they forced Syvia 's family to relocate , along with other d area Jews , into a segregated section of the city a ghetto . The book relates Syvia 's explanations of what life in the ghetto is like her friends , people around the ghetto , jobs , and her schedule . It relates how Syvia 's family is forced to sell her doll , leaving her with rags and buttons as her playthings . When the other Jewish children were sent to unk , Syvia 's family smuggled the children from cellar to cellar . The book also relates tragic events one of Syvia 's friends disappears , and another is killed and burned in an extermination camp . The ghetto is liberated one day shy of Syvia 's tenth birthday , on January 19 , 1945 . Syvia , her older sister Dora , and a younger cousin , Isaac , were three of only twelve children who survived . Aftermath An extensive Author 's Note details the fate of the people Syvia interacted with in the Ghetto , including how the survivors in her immediate family settled initially in Paris . Afterwards , she emigrated to the United States , Americanized her name , married David Rozines ( another Holocaust survivor ) , and settled in upstate New York as Sylvia Perlmutter Rozines . As of 2006 , Sylvia , now widowed , had moved to Maryland , and volunteers at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington , D.C. She gave a videotaped interview to the Shoah Foundation , which records the personal recollections of Holocaust survivors . Reception Yellow Star received starred reviews in Publishers Weekly and Booklist . The Publishers Weekly review commended the book for the lyricism of the narrative , and Syvia 's credible childlike voice , maturing with each chapter , as she gains further understanding of the events around her . Another reviewer praised the format , saying the free verse format suits the young narrator and subject matter well and concluding that Readers searching for an accessible Holocaust novel will be absorbed by this haunting story based on true events . Library Media Connection 's review praises Roy for her age appropriate language When Syvia witnesses the shooting of people in the street , author Jennifer Roy captures the fear of the moment without graphic descriptions . Yellow Star was selected as a fiction and poetry honor book in the 2006 Boston Globe Horn Book Awards , an American Library Association Notable Children 's Book for Older Readers in April 2007 , and won the 2009 William Allen White Children 's Book Award , selected by vote of sixth through eighth graders in Kansas . Yellow Star was made into an audiobook read by Christina Moore in 2007 . A Booklist review noted that Moore 's ' vroom unk unk pop ' to mirror Nazi motorcycles , booming bomb sounds , and transition to a scratchy voice to reflect the youngster 's oncoming sickness more than make up for a few technical glitches , including evidence of page turning and distracting breathing sounds . Roy , whose other works include children 's educational materials , hosts a variety of Yellow Star Guides for Teachers and Book Groups on her website .
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3,571 | Roslin Castle ( sometimes spelt Rosslyn ) is a partially ruined castle near the village of Roslin in Midlothian , Scotland . It is located around 9 miles south of Edinburgh , on the north bank of the North Esk , only a few hundred metres from the famous Rosslyn Chapel . There has been a castle on the site since the early 14th century , when the Sinclair family , Earls of Caithness and Barons of Roslin , fortified the site , although the present ruins are of slightly later date . Following destruction during the War of the Rough Wooing of 1544 , the castle was rebuilt . This structure , built into the cliffs of Roslin Glen , has remained at least partially habitable ever since . The castle is accessed via a high bridge , which replaced an earlier drawbridge . Roslin was renovated in the 1980s and now serves as holiday accommodation . History The first castle was built in either the late 14th or in early 15th century , perhaps begun by Henry Sinclair , Earl of Orkney , Baron of Roslin ( c . 1345 1400 ) . The Sinclair , or St Clare , family were of French origin , and have held Roslin since 1280 . The castle was built on a rocky promontory near the site of the Battle of Roslin , where the Scots defeated the English in 1303 . Henry 's son Henry , 2nd Earl of Orkney ( c . 1375 1422 ) built a new rectangular , round cornered keep at the south west corner . The courtyard was entered via a drawbridge over an artificial ditch , giving access to a unk in the small north range . The castle contained a scriptorium during the 15th century , and five St Clair manuscripts , dating back to 1488 , are in the National Library of Scotland . These include the Rosslyn Hay manuscript , believed to be the earliest extant work in Scots prose . The castle was damaged by a domestic fire in 1452 . Legend has it that during the domestic fire the Earl was in consternation because of his valuable manuscripts but they were lowered to safety from a window by his chaplain . Roslin was more severely damaged by the Earl of Hertford , who burned the castle during the War of the Rough Wooing in 1544 . The keep was almost totally destroyed , although its one remaining ruined wall can still be seen . The castle was rebuilt in the late 16th century . A new five storey east range was built into the side of the rock , and the gatehouse was rebuilt , this time with a permanent stone bridge . The upper part of the east range was renovated in 1622 , with renaissance details and carving to door and window surrounds . Roslin suffered again from the artillery of Cromwell s commander in Scotland , General Monck , in 1650 . It was further damaged by a Reforming mob in 1688 . By the 18th century the structure was dilapidated , though part of the east range has always remained habitable . James Erskine inherited the Rosslyn and Dysart estates in 1789 , from his cousin James Paterson St Clair , upon which he adopted the surname of St Clair Erskine . In 1805 , he inherited the title of Earl of Rosslyn ( created 1801 for Alexander Wedderburn ) since that date , the Rosslyn estate has been in possession of the Earl of Rosslyn . From 1982 to 1988 the east range was restored by architects Simpson and Brown . The current owner , the Earl of Rosslyn , a descendant of the Sinclairs , leases the castle as holiday accommodation via the Landmark Trust . The castle is a Scheduled Ancient Monument , and a Category A listed building . Architecture The castle stands precipitously above a loop of the River North Esk , which protects it on three sides . This rocky promontory was breached on the north side to form a ditch giving further protection . The castle is approached from Roslin across this ditch , via a precipitous bridge and through the ruined gatehouse . Ruins The remains of the gatehouse and north range comprise only fragments of walls and one side of the entrance arch , with the remains of a bartizan above . Along the west side of the castle , the 15th century curtain wall remains standing to a considerable height . This section of wall has six openings at the base , one of which served as a postern gate . On the outer face , the six bays are divided by rounded buttresses . Old sketches of Roslin show bartizans above each of these buttresses , with a wall walk connecting them . To the south of this wall is the remaining wall of the keep . The mound beneath is formed from the collapsed remnants of the other three walls . The ruin suggests that the keep was around 16m by 12m , with walls unk thick rising to a machicolated parapet . East range The restored east range measures around 31m by 10m , with a pitched roof and crow step gables . It is entered through a richly carved doorway , dated 1622 and initialled unk for Sir William Sinclair , which gives access to the third floor . The three lower floors are cut into the rock , and each has four vaulted rooms , with a fifth in the south east tower . These lower levels were used for service rooms , with the principal rooms in the two upper floors . At the lowest level was a kitchen , with a bakehouse above . On the exterior , gunloops are found on the south wall , with several shot holes on the east . All five floors are connected by a central scale and unk staircase , added in the early 17th century to replace a turnpike stair in the south west . The rooms of the upper floors have impressive panelling and decorated ceilings . The main hall , in the south part of the block , has been divided , but retains a large fireplace with the carved initials WS and JE , for William Sinclair and his wife Jean Edmonstone , and the date 1597 . Cultural references Roslin Castle is one of the places featuring in Sir Walter Scott 's poem unk . A ballad named Roslin Castle was written in the 18th century by Richard Hewitt of Cumberland , the lyrics and music of which are recorded in volume one of the Scots Musical Museum collection of Scottish songs . The castle was also used as a location for Ron Howard 's film adaptation of Dan Brown 's book , The Da Vinci Code .
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3,572 | Cargolink AS is a Norwegian railway company . Owned by the automotive distribution company Autolink , Cargolink has operated both autorack and container trains since November 2008 . Cargolink has a fleet of ten diesel locomotives , five shunters , 100 autoracks and 60 container cars . Combined autorack and container trains are operated up to five times per week along the Srland , unk , unk , unk and Nordland Lines , as well as services through Sweden . Autolink , the largest distributor of automobiles in Norway , has traditionally bought train services from CargoNet . In 2007 , they signed a contract with Ofotbanen , and at the same time bought 40 of the company . However , Ofotbanen was in financial difficulties , causing a dispute between the two owners . The result was that Autolink formally established Cargolink in March 2008 , without the knowledge of Ofotbanen , and terminated the contract with Ofotbanen in July . Cargolink received an operating licence in September and service started in November . Operation Cargolink has a fleet of five shunters at their port in Drammen , in addition to three Di 6 diesel locomotives and three TRAXX electric locomotives for main haulage . While the shunters are owned by Cargolink , the diesel locomotives are leased from Dispolok of Germany and the electric locomotives are leased from Hector Rail . It also has more than 100 closed autoracks for automobile transport , and 60 container cars . 70 new autoracks are under delivery from Sweden . On contract from Autolink , Cargolink operates autorack trains throughout large portions of the Norwegian railway network , from the seaports in Drammen and Oslo . Services are provided along the Srland Line to Stavanger , along the Bergen Line to Bergen , along the Dovre Line to Trondheim , along the Rauma Line to ndalsnes , and along the Nordland Line to Mosjen , Mo i Rana and Bod . It also operates through Sweden to reach Narvik and Malm Each route has up to five weekly departures in both directions with combined autorack and container trains . The company transports 55 , 000 cars annually on 600 trains , giving a revenue of NOK 65 million . Autolink is responsible for about three quarters of all new car distribution in the country . On the weekly return trips from Northern Norway , Cargolink uses the empty cars to transport aluminum from unk Mosjen . History Autolink and Ofotbanen Autolink has traditionally owned a large pool of autoracks . These have been operated by the Norwegian State Railways , and subsequently their subsidiary CargoNet . On 31 January 2007 , Autolink bought 40 of the private railway company Ofotbanen , and at the same time signed a haulage contract with them . This made Autolink Ofotbanen 's largest customer , and second largest owner . In March , Autolink ordered additional 70 new autoracks for NOK 175 million . Ofotbanen have since their establishment had financial difficulties . The contract with Autolink had helped , but in July 2008 , Autolink canceled their contract with Ofotbanen . Two weeks later , Autolink announced that they would establish their own railway company , which they had been working with since March . They stated that the deal with Ofotbanen was discontinued because the majority owner Rail Management , in turn owned by Mons Bolin would not allow additional private placements of capital , nor sell their shares to Autolink . From 29 July , all automotive trains stopped running , and no cars were transported for ten days . The same day , all board members in Ofotbanen representing Autolink withdrew from their positions . The matter ended in court , with a case to determine whether Autolink should be allowed to take control of four train radios that were located in locomotives owned by Autolink , but operated by Ofotbanen . In a shareholder agreement between Autolink and Rail Management , the ownership of the train radios had been transferred to Autolink , but the agreement has clauses that specified that Autolink could not start a competing railway company . Stating that Autolink had been disloyal in regard to the contract , Ofoten District Court ruled on 17 July 2008 against Autolink 's demand for an interim order to transfer the ownership of the radios to Autolink . The court ruled that an interim decision could not be made due to the complexity of the contracts , and that a normal lawsuit would have to be carried out to determine the matter . There was agreement that Autolink , on 13 February 2008 , had bought five shunters from Ofotbanen for NOK 12 million , of which NOK 9 . 5 million was paid by Autolink deleting debt . Ofotbanen lost their license from the Norwegian Railway Inspectorate on 7 October 2008 . This was because Ofotbanen had not documented necessary accounts for 2007 , nor provided evidence of necessary liquidity . On 24 October , the company was declared bankrupt . Rail Management subsequently established the new company Ofotbanen Drift , and stated that the cause of the bankruptcy was that Autolink had not let them make a private placement of NOK 10 million . Establishment Work on establishing the new company was initiated by Autolink in March 2008 , with the company formally established on 27 March . It received an operating license from the Norwegian Railway Inspectorate on 18 September 2008 . Five shunters that were operated by Ofotbanen , but owned by Autolink , were transferred to Cargolink . In addition , ten Di 6 diesel locomotives have been leased from Vossloh , with options for later purchase . Operations started on 2 November , with 22 engineers based in Drammen . Since the company has an all diesel fleet , management is working to reroute trains to Trondheim and Northern Norway along the Rros Line instead of the Dovre Line . CargoNet and Ofotbanen had been using the Dovre Line because it is electrified , giving lower operating costs despite its elevation , 350 m ( 1 , 150 ft ) higher than the Rros Line . After initial trial runs with only three locomotives , full service was introduced later in November .
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3,573 | Uncanny Tales was a Canadian science fiction pulp magazine edited by Melvin R. Colby that ran from November 1940 to September 1943 . It was created in response to the wartime reduction of imports on British and American science fiction pulp magazines . Initially it contained stories only from Canadian authors , with much of its contents supplied by Thomas P. Kelley , but within a few issues Colby began to obtain reprint rights to American stories from Donald A. Wollheim and Sam Moskowitz . Paper shortages eventually forced the magazine to shut down , and it is now extremely rare . Publication history and contents By the end of the 1930s the science fiction magazine field was booming , with multiple new magazines launched in a short period . Most of the publishers also printed versions of their magazines for the Canadian market , but with the outbreak of World War II , paper shortages and import restrictions reduced the availability of these magazines in Canada . Uncanny Tales was begun in response to these conditions the editor was Melvin R. Colby , and the first issue was dated November 1940 . The first issue was digest sized , and was printed in green ink . Colby initially focused on weird fiction , with Thomas P. Kelley , a Canadian writer whose work had appeared in Weird Tales , a prolific contributor . For the first four issues the format remained unchanged , and almost all the stories were by Kelley or other Canadian writers . Colby subsequently began to obtain reprint rights to U.S. stories from both Donald A. Wollheim and Sam Moskowitz , though Wollheim 's and Moskowitz 's accounts of the events differ . In Wollheim 's account , he happened to meet Colby early in 1941 in New York Wollheim had been editing Cosmic Stories and Stirring Science Stories but both magazines had ceased publication at the time of the meeting . Colby , who worked for a Toronto newspaper , told Wollheim that he was editing Uncanny Tales to make extra money , and asked if Wollheim knew where he might be able to obtain stories at a low word rate . Since Stirring and Cosmic had never been distributed in Canada , Wollheim was able to offer him Canadian rights to the stories in those magazines , and Colby agreed to pay a quarter of a cent per word . According to Moskowitz , Wollheim heard rumors of the new magazine , perhaps via Nils Frome , a Canadian fan whom he knew . Wollheim obtained more details from Chester Cuthbert , a Canadian author he was in correspondence with , and contacted Colby to arrange reprints of stories from Stirring and Cosmic . Moskowitz had also heard of Uncanny Tales and wrote to him separately , arranging reprints at a tenth of a cent per word . He sent Colby several stories , which were duly printed , but subsequent correspondence with Colby failed to elicit payment , and eventually Colby stopped responding to his letters . The manuscripts were never returned . A few months later , Moskowitz spoke to John B. Michel an author associated with Wollheim 's group of writers and found out that a long standing feud between Wollheim and Moskowitz was at least partly responsible for his problems . Wollheim and many of the group of writers he represented held very left wing political positions Moskowitz was strongly opposed , and Michel told Moskowitz that Colby was politically left wing and had been put off by indications from Moskowitz that he was anti communist . However , the main reason that Colby stopped responding , according to Michel , was that once Wollheim found out that Moskowitz was also supplying stories , he offered Colby further material for free on condition that Colby stopped accepting Moskowitz 's submissions . The sixth issue saw a story by Wollheim appear , and in the seventh issue there were three by Wollheim and one by Robert W. Lowndes . In total , 37 stories from Uncanny Tales have been identified as reprints from either Stirring or Cosmic . There were also a handful of new stories from the same group of authors , including three by Wollheim and two by Lowndes , one of which , Lure of the Lily , had been rejected by Wollheim for the American magazines for being too risqu . The stories supplied by Sam Moskowitz included Moskowitz 's own The Way Back ( reprinted from Comet ) , which appeared in the February 1942 issue Stanton Coblentz 's novel After 12 , 000 Years , and James Taurasi 's story Magician of Space , which was not a reprint . Canadian writers continued to appear in the magazine , including C.V. Tench , who had sold a story to the very first issue of Astounding Stories in January 1930 . The stories of Canadian origin were generally unmemorable , and in some cases the stories may have been plagiarized or rewritten versions of other works . Paper shortages caused by the war forced the magazine to a bimonthly schedule in 1942 , and only four more issues appeared . The last issue was dated September October 1943 . Over the lifetime of the magazine its focus shifted from weird fiction to include both science fiction and fantasy . The magazine is now hard to find and complete runs are very rare . Bibliographic details Uncanny Tales was published by Adam Publishing Co. of Toronto for the first 17 issues , and by Norman Book Co. of Toronto for the last four issues . The publisher may have been owned by Valentine , of the Toronto publishers Valentine , unk and Chamberlain . The editor , who was not credited in the magazine , was Melvin R. Colby . The first four issues were digest sized and 64 pages long the format then switched to a large pulp size with 96 pages for all the remaining issues except the last , which had 128 pages . The price was 15 cents throughout except for the last issue , which was 25 cents . There was no volume numbering . A complete index by Dennis Lien of the contents of all issues can be found in issue 9 of unk , a science fiction and fantasy bibliography magazine . In the early 1950s an anthology titled Brief Fantastic Tales appeared from Studio Publications in Toronto it consisted mostly of reprints from Uncanny Tales .
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3,574 | The 69th Boat Race took place on 30 March 1912 with a re row on 1 April . Held annually , the event is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race . Umpired by former Cambridge rower Frederick I. Pitman , this year 's race ended with Cambridge sinking and Oxford waterlogged . Pitman declared the result as No Race and in the subsequent re row on the following Monday , the race was won by Oxford by six lengths . The Dark Blues ' fourth consecutive victory took the overall record in the event to 38 30 in their favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race by three and three quarter lengths . Oxford , however , held the overall lead with 37 victories to Cambridge 's 30 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Oxford 's coaches were G. C. Bourne who had rowed for the university in the 1882 and 1883 races , Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four time Blue ) , and W. F. C. Holland who had rowed for Oxford four times between 1887 and 1890 . Cambridge were coached by John Houghton Gibbon who rowed for the Light Blues in the 1899 and 1900 races . For the ninth year the umpire was old Etonian Frederick I. Pitman who rowed for Cambridge in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . Author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater noted that the Dark Blue crew was by no means so quick in the water , but they possessed greater ease of movement . Despite being struck by influenza , the training was never really hampered . Conversely , Cambridge suffered misfortune after misfortune . They persisted with D. C. Collins at stroke in spite of his inexperience but he was replaced by Sidney Swann . F. E. Hellyer was selected to row at number seven yet was forced to depart , suffering from influenza his replacement in L. S. Lloyd was considered far too light . C. F. Burnand was also forced to leave the crew through illness . Despite this , upon arrival at Putney , the Light Blues made astonishing improvement , and it was only on account of their weight that Oxford went into the race as favourites . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 5 . 875 lb ( 78 . 7 kg ) , 7 . 625 pounds ( 3 . 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw five competitors return to the boat , including R. W. M. Arbuthnot at stroke , rowing in his fourth consecutive race . Oxford 's crew also contained five participants with Boat Race experience , including Robert Bourne who was making his fourth appearance in the event . Seven of the Oxford crew were educated at Eton College . Three participants in the race were registered as non British Oxford 's Charles Littlejohn was Australian while Cambridge 's cox C. A. Skinner hailed from South Africa and their number two D. C. Collins came from New Zealand . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . In very rough conditions , Pitman started the race at 11 43 a.m. , with both coxes initially steering their crews away from each other . The Light Blues started better before Oxford passed them to lead after the first minute , their cox Henry Bensley Wells opposite the Cambridge stroke Swann . By the end of Fulham wall , the Dark Blues were clear of Cambridge but both crews had taken on board a large volume of water . Bensley Wells steered his boat close to the shore for shelter , moving out only to pass below the centre arch of Hammersmith Bridge before heading back towards the shore once again . Following discussion with his stroke Robert Bourne , Bensley Wells steered into the shore whereupon the crew disembarked to empty their vessel of the river water . After getting back onto the river , the Oxford boat was approached by the umpire 's launch and informed by Pitman that Cambridge had sunk off Harrods Furniture Depository and that he was declaring No Race . Despite this , Oxford finished the course and paddled to Mortlake . Prior to this year 's event , there had been one sinking in the history of the race Cambridge sank in the 1859 race . Author Gordon Ross described the aborted race as a fiasco of some magnitude , while Drinkwater described it as the greatest fiasco in the history of the race . With the agreement of the Port of London Authority , it was agreed to hold a re row the following Monday . According to Bensley Wells the weather on the Monday was again bad ... the wind was even stronger but ... had changed direction slightly . Oxford again won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Cambridge . Pitman got the race under way at 12 40 p.m. The Dark Blues made a better start and took advantage of the shelter once again provided by the Middlesex side of the river . Although out rating the Dark Blues by up to six strokes per second , Cambridge could not overhaul the deficit and when Oxford passed the Crab Tree pub , Bensley Wells made for the shortest way home and steered over towards the Surrey station in water that looked to be fairly good . Oxford passed the finishing post with a lead of six lengths in a time of 22 minutes 5 seconds . It was the largest winning margin since the 1903 race and the slowest winning time since the 1901 race . The victory took the overall record in the event to 38 30 in Oxford 's favour .
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3,575 | Japan Echo was an English language periodical on Japanese issues which was initially published in print form by Japan Echo Inc. between 1974 and 2010 . Consisting mainly of translations into English of magazine and news articles originally published in Japanese , Japan Echo was launched with the support of Japan 's Foreign Affairs Ministry to enable people abroad to learn what the Japanese themselves are thinking and writing about the issues of the day . Though independently published , the Japanese government provided most of Japan Echo 's funding for the duration of its existence . In 2010 budget cuts compelled the magazine to rebrand itself as Japan Echo Web , a purely online magazine published on a website operated by the Foreign Affairs Ministry . However , two years later the Japanese government shut it down and replaced it with a similar project called the Japan Foreign Policy Forum . Origin and content Japan Echo was the brainchild of unk Hasegawa , an employee at the Overseas Public Relations Division of the Japanese Foreign Affairs Ministry , who was disturbed by what he perceived to be misinformation and misunderstandings about Japan printed in the foreign press . Hasegawa recruited Yoshihiko Seki , a social scientist teaching at Tokyo Metropolitan University , to be the first editor of the new journal , which was to be published independently by a new company called Japan Echo Inc. founded in June 1974 by Jiji Press reporter Takeshi unk . Most of Japan Echo 's contents were translations , sometimes abridged , of Japanese language essays . For each issue the journal 's editors selected what they considered the best articles published in major Japanese magazines on topics which were of Japanese or international significance at that time . For instance the first issue of November 1974 included eighteen articles from periodicals including unk , Shokun , Jiy , Shkan Gendai , unk , and unk grouped into topics like the oil crisis , the Solzhenitsyn case , Japanese relations with southeast Asia where Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka 's state visits had been greeted by mass protests , and the case of Lieutenant Hiroo unk . The editors of Japan Echo said that they desired to faithfully reflect a spectrum of responsible and informed Japanese opinion , though most of its editors were considered to be politically right of center . Japan Echo was at first released on a quarterly basis , but switched to a bimonthly format from 1997 and onward . It also had a French language edition which existed from 1979 and 2009 and a Spanish language edition from 1988 to 2009 . Praise and criticism The reference book , Magazines for Libraries described Japan Echo as an excellent quarterly which was particularly valuable because it presents the Japanese in their own terms , unmediated by foreign ' experts ' . Controversial topics , the book noted , are not avoided . Japan Echo was also praised by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau for its quality and readability . Its 1987 special edition on Tokyo was described by a The Japan Times columnist as one of the best pieces ever done on the subject and its coverage of the controversy over the Nanking Massacre was endorsed by the newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun for its focus on facts , rather than getting caught up in emotional bluster . Many scholars supported the magazine including Hugh Cortazzi , although he also condemned one issue from 2006 which reprinted an interview between Shichi Watanabe and Tar As in which Watanabe denied the Nanking Massacre and advocated Japanese exceptionalism . In the same vein The Globe and Mail was highly critical of a 1984 issue in which a series of authors seemed to be watering down Japan 's responsibility for World War II by arguing that Japan , simply to assure its own survival , was given little choice but to wage war with the United States . Roy Andrew Miller 's book Japan 's Modern Myth includes an extended criticism of Japan Echo , which he accuses of being a public relations organ promoting the same discredited ideas of Japanese linguistic and cultural uniqueness found in the unk no unk . End of the print magazine To deal with Japan 's mounting fiscal deficits , the newly elected government of Yukio Hatoyama formed the Government Revitalization Unit in 2009 to look for areas where the budget could be trimmed . The Unit recommended that the government cease purchasing and distributing foreign language periodicals like Japan Echo . The government initially followed through with this recommendation but the move was widely disapproved of by scholars of Japanese affairs including Cortazzi and thanks in part to their protests the Foreign Affairs Ministry eventually agreed to revive Japan Echo as an online magazine , which would be produced on an annual basis by whichever company put forward the best bid . Japan Echo Web Japan Echo Inc. won the first competitive bid to publish Japan Echo Web in 2010 . The new online magazine would be released bimonthly in English and Chinese on a website owned by the Japanese Foreign Affairs Ministry , though as before the editors of Japan Echo Inc. had the final say over its contents in order to keep the publication from being government propaganda . The launch of the new magazine was praised in the journal Asian Politics Policy for eschewing propaganda and providing up to date , reliable information on current events . In 2011 Japan Echo Inc. concluded that annual bidding for its status as publisher of Japan Echo Web was not a sustainable business model and broke with the Japanese government after 37 years of cooperation . Japan Echo Inc. became the Nippon Communications Foundation which today has its own online magazine unk driven by the same spirit that inspired the journal Japan Echo . A new group called The Japan Journal took over the magazine for the next fiscal year , after which the government terminated the Japan Echo brand for good and replaced it on November 26 , 2012 with an official successor called Japan Foreign Policy Forum .
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3,576 | Love Somebody is a song recorded by American pop rock band Maroon 5 . The song was released on May 14 , 2013 , as the fourth and final single from their fourth studio album , Overexposed ( 2012 ) . It was written by Adam Levine , Nathaniel Motte , Ryan Tedder , and Noel Zancanella the latter two are also the producers . Love Somebody is a dance pop song that lyrically equates love and physical intimacy and explores salvation on the dance floor . Upon release , the song was a respectable success on the charts and became the fourth top ten hit from the album on the Billboard Hot 100 . Despite its success , the single received mixed reviews from music critics who praised its composition , linking it to the works by Coldplay , but criticized its production and Levine 's vocals . Following the release of the album , due to strong digital downloads , the song peaked at number nine on the singles chart in South Korea . Background and production In mid 2011 , Maroon 5 started working on their fourth studio album . One of the members of the band , James Valentine spoke to Billboard and revealed their plans to release their fourth studio album in early 2012 . On March 22 , 2012 , the band posted a video on YouTube featuring numerous scenes from the band in the studio , recording the album . On June 26 , 2012 , the album was released under the title Overexposed . The band 's lead singer Adam Levine co wrote Love Somebody with 3OH 3 singer Nathaniel Motte , Noel Zancanella , and OneRepublic 's Ryan Tedder . The latter two also produced it and provided programming and keys . Tedder and Zancanella also co wrote and co produced another song for Overexposed titled Lucky Strike . Love Somebody was engineered by Smith Carlson at the Patriot Studios in Denver and Noah Mailbox Passovoy at the Conway Studios in Los Angeles Eric Eylands served as the engineering assistant . Serban Ghenea mixed the song at the Mixstar Studios in Virginia Beach . John Hanes served as engineer for mix , while Phil Seaford as mixing assistant . Composition Love Somebody is a dance pop song with a length of three minutes and forty nine seconds . It is written in the key of D major and its instrumentation consists of piano and guitar . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone described the song 's synth hook as the Sly Stone meets Eurythmics . According to Chris Payne of Billboard , Tedder and Zancanella 's influence is all over the song and inches through the verses before bubbling over just before the chorus kicks in . Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly in a review of the album , wrote that the song together with Daylight have thickly produced choruses . Lyrically , Love Somebody equates love and physical intimacy , with Levine singing I really wanna love somebody ... I really wanna touch somebody . Nate Chinen of The New York Times described the lyrical theme of the song as a plea for salvation on the dance floor or some other horizontal surface . Critical reception Suzanne Byrne of RT.ie wrote that Love Somebody alongside Daylight , The Man Who Never Lied and Lucky Strike are potential single releases . Brittany Frederick of unk called the song earnest , while Cameron Adams of Herald Sun described it as Coldplay trying to be Katy Perry . Similarly as Adams , PopMatters ' Evan Sawdey wrote that Love Somebody is the group 's sky scraping Coldplay moment . Jeremy Thomas of 411 Mania labeled the song as one of the more emotional tracks on Overexposed and a rare moment where the overhanging production tricks ease up just enough to make for an honest to God song with emotion and not just a laser scope aimed at the Billboard charts . In a review of the album , Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music wrote that the band had left the strutting cockerel heat of their 2004 single This Love for the saturated rave bliss of Love Somebody or The Man Who Never Lied . According to him that s an effect of the market they have chosen to contribute on . Billboard 's Chris Payne thought that the song fades into the background of the other stronger tracks on Overexposed . Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly was more critical towards Levine 's vocals on Love Somebody and wrote that the singer 's voice is processed in a high disaffected whine like a male Rihanna or an android castrato , which according to him , it 's ideal for tracing the contours of a pop hook . Chart performance Upon the release of Overexposed , due to strong digital downloads , Love Somebody debuted on the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number eight on June 24 , 2012 , with sales of 35 , 892 digital copies . The next week , it fell to number 15 and sold an additional 16 , 752 copies . It stayed on the chart 's top 100 for total of eight weeks . The song debuted at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and peaked at number 10 , making Overexposed Maroon 5 's first studio album to produce four Top 10 singles . As of June 2014 , the song has sold 1 , 694 , 000 copies in the US . Music video The music video was released on Vevo on May 21 , 2013 . The video was directed by Rich Lee . The video features Levine and Emily Ratajkowski as his love interest , as well as the members of the band , covered in grey paint . Levine initially paints himself out of a purely white background and then paints unk in front of him . The last scenes feature the band member 's instruments spraying paint when played continually , a girl dancing seductively , and Levine and his love interest passionately embracing all while covered in grey paint . In the very last scene , Levine reverses what he has done , removing all the paint from the scene , leaving no trace of them behind . Credits and personnel Engineering and mixing Engineered at Patriot Studios , Denver , Colorado Conway Studios , Los Angeles , California mixed at Mixstar Studios , Virginia Beach . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Overexposed , A M Octone Records . Charts and certifications Release history
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3,577 | Typhoon Thad was considered the worst storm to affect Japan in two years . Originating from a monsoon trough , Typhoon Thad was first classified on August 15 , 1981 and was upgraded into a tropical storm the next day . Meanwhile , Thad moved north and northeast and attained typhoon intensity midday on August 18 . The next day , the storm reached its peak intensity of 80 mph ( 130 km h ) . On August 22 , Thad accelerated northward , striking eastern Japan the next day just before weakening to a tropical storm . After passing through the country , the cyclone transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on August 23 . Thirty one persons perished in Japan due to the typhoon and 82 others were hurt . Thad flooded 22 , 433 houses and demolished 112 others . Roughly 27 , 000 people were left homeless because of Thad . Moreover , 111 , 500 homeowners were without power during the height of the storm . Furthermore , the storm also destroyed 449 roads , and was responsible for 499 landslides . The cyclone inundated 417 , 400 acres ( 168 , 900 hectares ) of farm land . Train service was interrupted in 22 lines . Meteorological history Typhoon Thad originated from an active monsoon trough several hundred miles east of the Philippines in mid August 1981 . On August 10 , a weak surface circulation was first noted on satellite imagery . At that time , the center was embedded within the monsoon trough . Within five days , the system developed outflow . Midday on August 15 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) first classified the system . Based on data from Hurricane Hunters , a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) at 1800 UTC on August 15 . Situated south of a subtropical ridge , the cyclone was located within a favorable environment for further development . Early on August 16 , the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm . Following an increase in organization , the JTWC upgraded the system into Tropical Depression 15 that day . Initially , the depression was expected by the JTWC to move north before accelerating towards the northwest . On August 17 , the JTWC upgraded the depression into a tropical storm . At this time , the agency anticipated Thad to re curve well east of Japan . By 0000 UTC on August 18 , the JTWC upgraded Thad to typhoon status as the cyclone developed a ragged eye . Six hours later , the JMA followed suit . During the evening of August 18 , the agency estimated that Thad reached its peak intensity of 80 mph ( 130 km h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 955 mbar ( 28 . 2 inHg ) . Early the next day , the JTWC estimated peak winds of 100 mph ( 160 km h ) . According to the JMA , Thad would maintain its peak wind speed until August 21 , when the storm weakened slightly . However , the JTWC suggested that Thad began to deteriorate on August 20 . The next day , forecasts from the JTWC indicated that the typhoon was expected to re curve and accelerate due to a trough located south of Japan . However , since the trough moved into the Sea of Japan instead , a subtropical ridge developed east of Typhoon Thad . On August 22 , however , Thad accelerated northward in the general direction of Japan . At 0000 UTC on August 23 , the JTWC downgraded Thad into a tropical storm while moving onshore in central Japan . Several hours later , the JMA followed suit , even though Thad had moved well inland by that time . By this time , cooler air had taken toll on the storm , and that afternoon , data from both agencies indicated that Thad finished its transition into an extratropical cyclone . By that time , Thad merged with a trough over the Tatar Strait . However , the JMA continued monitoring the system until the morning of August 25 . Preparations and impact While moving across northern Japan , Thad affected 21 of Japan 's 47 provinces while becoming the first storm to directly strike Kanto in 16 years . A peak rainfall total of 590 mm ( 23 in ) was recorded in Oku Nikko in Tochigi , including 571 mm ( 22 . 5 in ) in a day . A peak hourly storm total of 571 mm ( 22 . 5 in ) was measured at unk in Gunma . Thad was responsible for strong winds , including a 76 km h ( 47 mph ) wind speed at unk on Hokkaido . In all , 31 people perished and 82 were injured . Overall , the typhoon flooded 22 , 433 houses and demolished 112 dwellings . Furthermore , the storm also blocked roads in 850 spots , destroyed 449 others , collapsed 80 bridges , broke dikes at 173 places , and generated 499 landslides . Approximately 27 , 000 people were left homeless because of Thad . About 115 , 000 households were left without electricity . Furthermore , Thad inundated 417 , 400 acres ( 168 , 915 ha ) of farm land . Train service was interrupted in 22 lines , including 18 bullet trains . Four flights were also cancelled however , by August 24 , air traffic had returned to normal . Along the Kanto Plain near Tokyo , Thad wrecked 22 houses , damaged 31 bridges , damaged roads in 145 places , and flooded 27 rivers . According to police reports , five individuals drowned and six others were initially reported missing in unk , because of flooding from the nearby Ayu River that crushed houses along the bank . In Akita , a fishing boat with nine people aboard was capsized by strong winds all nine were rendered as missing by police . Elsewhere , one person was killed by a falling tree and a fisherman drowned when his boat overturned . In the Ibaraki Province , just north of Tokyo , officials ordered the evacuation of 5 , 000 dwellings in the city of unk , 2 , 500 of which were flooded . After the nearby unk River threatened to overflow their banks , over 1 , 000 families were evacuated . Another 4 , 000 families were evacuated in Fujishiro , though by August 25 , the majority of the evacuated had returned to their homes . In the island of Hokkaido , air service was suspended damage was severe in the area . However , the capital city of Tokyo avoided the worst of the storm . In all , Thad was considered the worst storm to strike the nation in two years .
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3,578 | The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration seeks to correct and add new information about past North Atlantic hurricanes . It was started around 2000 to update HURDAT , the official hurricane database for the Atlantic Basin , which has become outdated since its creation due to various systematic errors introduced into the database over time . This effort has involved reanalyses of ship observations from the International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set ( unk ) as well as reanalyses done by other researchers over the years . It has been ongoing for fourteen years now , and should last another four years . Inaccuracies and omissions in existing data Errors HURDAT contains a number of errors which need to be corrected , such demonstrated by the outliers in the a pressure vs. wind speed graph of unk in the database ( right ) . Some of these errors have existed since the database 's creation during NASA 's Apollo Program , where it was used to help produce probabilities of tropical cyclone induced winds in critical areas such as Cape Kennedy ( now Cape Canaveral ) . New information A significant amount of new data for systems between 1851 and 1886 became available after a major basin wide reanalysis in 1996 , a project led by Jose Fernandez unk with the collaboration of Henry Diaz . The new data was constructed using old newspaper articles and the hemispheric weather map series . Hurricane histories for individual states had been constructed by the 1990s as well , which proposed new storms and increased the knowledge of tropical cyclones already in the database . Due to this profusion of relevant information not included in HURDAT , and evolving definitions for tropical and subtropical cyclones over the decades , the project was started around 2000 to update the official database . Since then , the International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set has been utilized to check for older ship reports which were either not utilized nor available to previous researchers . unk of dataset As early as 1957 , it was recognized that an increasing trend in the number of tropical cyclones each season in the Atlantic Basin was at least partially tied to increasing observations and better records . By analyzing the density of ship tracks over time , it has been estimated that between 1900 and 1966 , an average of two storms per year are missing from HURDAT . This is mainly due to a lack of satellite imagery and lack of reconnaissance aircraft prior to 1943 . An additional storm per year is likely missing prior to the advent of new technologies . These technologies include satellite derived unk winds , satellite derived temperature profile information , and Robert Hart 's cyclone phase space diagrams , which have led to a recent increase in tropical cyclone detection . unk was launched in 1999 , and has been credited with allowing Chantal to be named during the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season . The last two help determine whether or not a low pressure area is an extratropical cyclone , subtropical cyclone , or tropical cyclone . Christopher Landsea noted that the efforts to unk the Atlantic hurricane database will not be able to recover observations of open ocean tropical cyclones that were just never taken . Researchers cannot assume that the Atlantic tropical cyclone database presents a complete depiction of frequency of events before the advent of satellite imagery in the mid 1960s . Moreover , newly available advanced tools and techniques are also contributing toward monitoring about one additional Atlantic tropical cyclone per year since 2002 . Thus large , long term ' trends ' in tropical cyclone frequency are primarily manifestations of increased monitoring capabilities and likely not related to any real change in the climate in which they develop . Progress The project has currently reanalyzed storms from the period 1886 to 1955 , and has extended HURDAT back to 1851 . In 2001 , data for the years 1851 1885 were added to the official database from the Fernndez Partags series of publications . Also , a unk conference was held at the University of South Carolina which proposed to increase the scope of HURDAT from a starting year of 1851 to a start of 1800 . The conference also discussed ways of exchanging information for the inclusion of older tropical cyclones , such as via compact disc or a Wikipedia style website . While the reanalysis has mostly proceeded sequentially , notable exceptions have been made for the reanalysis of some significant tropical cyclones . In 2002 , for the tenth anniversary of Hurricane Andrew , the reanalysis was completed for the hurricane , which upgraded the cyclone to a Category 5 hurricane . In 2014 , a similar reanalysis was completed for Hurricane Camille . Work by Michael Chenoweth , in collaboration with Cary Mock , increased knowledge of tropical cyclones in the Caribbean Sea for 1750 to 1786 . Chenoweth conducted a basin wide reassessment for old source material from the 1700 to 1855 period by using surface weather observations mainly in the form of ship reports , newspapers , and various diaries and journals from the region around the Caribbean Sea . Future efforts in other basins There is agreement within tropical cyclone circles of doing an Atlantic style reanalysis for other ocean basins . Some efforts are underway to start similar reanalyses across the western and eastern north Pacific Ocean , but are likely to take longer to complete . This is due to the need for coordination between the multiple Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres , which have the responsibility for tracking and forecasting tropical cyclones across that ocean . These tropical cyclone reanalyses are important , as theories concerning climate change and tropical cyclone trends hinge upon the quality of these databases . World Wide Web Books Michael Chenoweth . The 18th Century Climate of Jamaica . American Philosophical Society Philadelphia , 2003 .
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3,579 | Long John Peter is the 12th and the final episode of the sixth season of the animated series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 4 , 2008 . Written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Dominic Polcino , Long John Peter served as the final episode of the season , which was cut short due to creator Seth MacFarlane 's participation in the 2007 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . In the episode , Chris falls in love with a lovely vet intern Anna and turns to Peter for some advice . Long John Peter was watched by 7 . 68 million viewers in its original broadcast , according to the Nielsen ratings . Actress Amanda Bynes guest starred as Anna , and Bryan Cranston and Mae Whitman made minor appearances in the episode . Long John Peter received generally positive reviews from critics , and was praised for its action sequence featuring Peter and a British man having a pirate fight on their cars . Plot The Griffin family are waiting for the examination results of Brian at the veterinary office of Dr. Jewish , as Brian had apparently had stomach pains prior to the events in the episode ( Brian had eaten one of Stewie 's used diapers which he claimed that he had mistaken for Indian cuisine ) . Chris spots a young intern named Anna and develops a crush on her . While there , Peter finds a parrot and decides to keep it , leaving a dog wearing a top hat and a mustache in its place . Peter begins taking the parrot everywhere he goes , showing it off to his friends , Quagmire , Cleveland , and Joe , who , in turn , begin making suggestions as to how Peter could change his appearance to appear more pirate like because of the resemblance between Peter and a pirate , who are known for keeping parrots as pets . Peter takes the advice given to him by his friends by dressing up in pirate clothing , gathering up a crew of other pirates , and going by the name Long John Peter . Peter begins taking the pirate act to the extreme , even robbing a British man 's car filled with sugarcane , tobacco , and spices . In the battle for the spices , Peter 's parrot is severely injured and eventually dies . Meanwhile , at the vet where Dr. Jewish breaks the bad news about Peter 's dead parrot , Chris and Anna hook up and begin dating . The relationship goes smoothly until Peter berates Chris for treating her too well . Peter tells him that women like bad boys , so Chris calls Anna a bitch on their next date , thinking that will improve the relationship . Instead , she breaks up with him . After hearing what happened , Lois , furious at Peter , orders him to try to comfort Chris , but Peter fails to cheer up Chris when Peter gives him a bullfrog which died when Peter poked holes on its back . When Lois tells Chris that the only person he should turn to in this situation is himself , Chris beats Brian with a chair as an excuse to return to the vet , sees Anna there , and apologizes to her . Anna forgives Chris and they renew their relationship , while Brian collapses to the floor in pain . Brian asks for help but Stewie comes in and kicks Brian in his stomach , before leaving him there . Production Long John Peter was written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Dominic Polcino . According to consulting producer Tom Devanney , Wild came up with the pirate story when he had been out of work for four weeks . Creator Seth MacFarlane pitched the structure of the Chris and Peter story , which is , according to executive producer David A. Goodman , the same story as in MacFarlane 's pilot The Life of Larry . Actress Amanda Bynes guest starred as Chris 's love interest Anna , and Goodman praised her performance . In addition to Bynes and the regular cast , actor Bryan Cranston and actress Mae Whitman guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actor John G. Brennan , writer Chris Sheridan , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec Sulkin , actress Jennifer Tilly , and writer John Viener made minor appearances . Actors Patrick Warburton and Adam West guest starred in the episode as well . Cultural references Long John Peter contained several pop culture references . When Chris sees Anna for the first time , he starts singing the song Crazy for You , which was originally performed by Madonna in the film Vision Quest ( 1985 ) . When Peter is fighting a British man , the title music from The Sea Hawk ( 1940 ) , composed by Erich Wolfgang Korngold , is used . The episode imagines what it would be like if Michael J. Fox , who has Parkinson 's disease , would star as Zorro . In a trailer for a film , the tune from Coldplay 's Clocks is played . Reception In its original broadcast on May 4 , 2008 , Long John Peter was watched by 7 . 68 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings . The episode finished second in its timeslot , after ABC 's Desperate Housewives . Long John Peter acquired a 3 . 9 rating 10 share in the 18 49 demographic , and a 4 . 7 rating 7 share in the 18 34 demographic . The episode dropped in 9 from the previous episode , The Former Life of Brian , which received a 4 . 3 rating in the 18 49 demographic and a viewership of 8 . 42 million . Since airing , Long John Peter has received generally positive reviews from television sources and critics . Ahsan Haque of IGN wrote that Long John Peter was thoroughly entertaining from start to finish , and is a great way to end this short season on a high note . He praised the action sequence , calling it truly inspired and extremely well scripted , and graded the episode 8 . 9 out of 10 . Brad Trechak of TV Squad stated that the pirate segment of the episode wasn 't very good and seemed out of place , though he also praised the action scene . He enjoyed the plot line about Chris and Anna , and called the episode a high note . Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club wrote that the pirate gag was fine enough , in that it resulted in an amusing land battle sequence and Chris ' storyline resulted in some of the best Family Guy laughs I 've had in a while . She graded the episode A .
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3,580 | Hurricane Helene was the ninth tropical storm , fourth hurricane , and strongest hurricane of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season . Helene was a long lived Cape Verde type hurricane that formed in the extreme southeastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean , peaking as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson hurricane scale as it traversed the central Atlantic . It never affected land until the very end of its lifespan as a weak extratropical system , which had minor impact in the northern British Isles . Meteorological history In the second week of September , a strong tropical wave began to emerge off the coast of Africa . It was well organized from the start , and on September 11 , even before it emerged off the coast , the National Hurricane Center believed that it could quickly develop into a tropical depression . That is indeed what happened , and it became Tropical Depression Eight on the morning of September 12 . The enormous size of the depression made it fairly slow to develop , combined with some easterly wind shear in the eastern Atlantic and influence of the Saharan Air Layer to the north as it tracked south of the Cape Verde islands . Convection was also slow to build in , with little banding at first . The initial strengthening was delayed as a result . However , on September 13 , the organization improved as banding became better defined , and that evening , the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Helene . The storm slowly strengthened over the warm waters of the eastern Atlantic thereafter as it tracked west northwest . Some dry air from the Saharan Air Layer continued to slow development on September 14 as Helene remained a low end tropical storm . However , a bout of intensification took place on September 15 as shear diminished . The storm became much better organized with well defined banding , and leveled off that evening at just under hurricane intensity . On the morning of September 16 , the storm began to develop a ragged eye , and the storm strengthened to hurricane status . The intensity leveled off for a while as a marginal Category 1 hurricane , as the intensification was slowed by the presence of moderate wind shear despite the absence of significant dry air . Late that evening , the storm began to slowly intensify once again . On September 17 , the intensification became more rapid and Helene quickly became a Category 2 hurricane that morning as the eye became clearer and surrounded by deep convection . Helene also turned more northward and slowed down in the central Atlantic , which was in response to a weakness in the subtropical ridge farther north created by Gordon to the north . The northward turn shifted the course away from any land areas . The intensification continued through the afternoon , and that evening , Helene strengthened into a major hurricane with 115 mph ( 185 km h ) and a minimum central pressure of 962 mbar . As shear remained low and the oceans remained warm , Helene intensified slightly more , peaking as a solid Category 3 hurricane with 120 mph ( 195 km h ) winds early on September 18 . At that time , Helene and Gordon were at roughly the same longitude in the open ocean . Operationally , Helene was estimated to have had 125 mph ( 205 km h ) winds , but the post storm analysis downgraded it slightly . As Gordon moved eastward on the afternoon of 18th , a narrow ridge built in , forcing Helene westward . The eyewall collapsed somewhat , and Helene weakened slightly to a Category 2 hurricane , where it leveled off for about 48 hours until September 20 due to a lengthy eyewall replacement cycle and an elongated cloud pattern . On the 20th , Helene turned back to the northwest and weakened slightly due to a slight increase in wind shear . That afternoon , it was downgraded to a Category 1 hurricane , which Helene remained until becoming extratropical . Early on September 21 , the motion shifted to the north as it moved along the northwest periphery of the subtropical ridge . That general motion continued throughout the day , however , Helene began to turn more northeastward that evening along the edge of the subtropical ridge , east of Bermuda . A decrease in wind shear and relatively warm water around 81 F ( 27 C ) kept the intensity mostly stationary , keeping Helene as a Category 1 hurricane . The intensity held around 80 mph ( 130 km h ) before strengthening slightly late on September 22 , despite losing some tropical characteristics ( it was operationally downgraded to a tropical storm for a brief period ) as it accelerated northeast in the north Atlantic . A QuikSCAT analysis early on September 23 confirmed a high end Category 1 hurricane with 90 mph ( 145 km h ) winds . Helene transitioned into a hybrid storm with both tropical and extratropical characteristics that afternoon , with both a deep warm core and an asymmetric , frontal like appearance . After that , increased shear weakened Helene once again , although it remained a hurricane strength storm until it was fully extratropical on the morning of September 24 . After becoming extratropical , the storm weakened as it tracked eastward , becoming a gale center west of Ireland early on September 27 . It eventually merged with a larger extratropical low near the northern end of the British Isles late on the 27th . Impact While a tropical system , Helene never approached land . Three ships were caught in the outer bands of Helene the strongest of which reported 56 mph ( 91 km h ) sustained winds early on September 23 in the north Atlantic . Though it remained far away from the island , the hurricane produced rough waves in Bermuda . As a weakened extratropical system , strong wind gusts were reported in Ireland and northern Scotland . The strongest reported wind gust in Ireland was at the Valentia Observatory , where 56 mph ( 91 km h ) gusts were reported . In Scotland , the strongest gust was on South Uist Island in the Outer Hebrides , where 74 mph ( 118 km h ) gusts were reported . No damage or fatalities were reported as a result of Helene .
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3,581 | Hurricane Lily was a short lived Category 1 hurricane of August 1971 that devastated the city of Puerto Vallarta in Mexico . Forming from an area of cloudiness associated with former Atlantic Tropical Storm Chloe , the storm slowly intensified , building to peak intensity just before landfall northwest of Manzanillo , Colima on August 31 . The hurricane quickly weakened and became extratropical . After leaving land , the extratropical remnants of Lily dissipated on September 1 . The storm 's movement close to land affected shipping due to the limited warning , which was partially set back due to difficulties in clarifying the hurricane 's position on radar from reconnaissance aircraft . The hurricane was Puerto Vallarta 's worst in two decades and the second hurricane of the season to heavily impact Mexico after Hurricane Bridget . The storm caused the unk River to overflow its banks , inundating the downtown section of Puerto Vallarta with water that was up to 8 feet ( 2 . 4 m ) deep in some sections . The Mexican army flew in aid after trucks were blocked by flooded roads . The hurricane claimed three lives on the mainland and nine lives when a boat capsized . Meteorological history On August 25 , Tropical Storm Chloe made landfall on British Honduras ( present day Belize ) as a tropical depression . After dissipating , the remnants of the storm crossed into the Pacific Ocean , where they contributed to an area of shower activity that persisted over the Gulf of Tehuantepec . On August 28 , the tropical activity organized around a circulation which quickly developed into a tropical depression the same day . The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm on August 29 based on satellite presentation that depicted significant cirrus outflow and a comma shaped cloud mass spanning 2 of latitude in diameter and was subsequently named Lily . Following its upgrade to tropical storm intensity , Lily began developing a spiral cloud structure and heavy anticyclonic outflow on August 30 and was upgraded to a hurricane the same day . During its intensification , United States Air Force reconnaissance tried to fly into the hurricane , but penetration was rendered impossible due to the cumulonimbus clouds in the spiral bands , causing the aircraft to rely on radar readings , which showed an eye 40 miles ( 65 km ) in diameter . Following the flight , the hurricane turned to the north northwestward towards the Mexican coast . On August 31 , a ship called the unk reported a 980 millibar ( 29 inHg ) sea level pressure while in the eye of the hurricane . Shortly after the report , the hurricane peaked in intensity with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km h ) just prior to landfall 30 miles ( 50 km ) northwest of Manzanillo . The cyclone quickly weakened overland , and after only six hours over land , its winds weakened to only 30 mph ( 50 km h ) , a decline of 55 mph ( 90 km h ) and the cyclone became extratropical . The now extratropical Lily continued to cross the Mexican coast , and shortly after emerging over water on September 1 , the cyclone dissipated . Impact The north northwestward track Lily took off the Mexican coast was not well forecast due in part to difficulties in interpreting the radar data from the reconnaissance flight . As a result , many ships got caught in hurricane force winds and high seas while trying to cross between it and the coastline . The unk also reported that many exhausted tropical birds were taken aboard the ship while in the eye . The ship had to maneuver in order to avoid hitting other ships in the area . Another boat with twelve people aboard capsized off a beach near Puerto Vallarta while weathering wind gusts of 110 mph ( 180 km h ) from the hurricane . Nine aboard the ship were reported dead as a result , but four others were able to swim back to shore . The hurricane was the worst to strike Puerto Vallarta in 20 years . 5 , 000 people were evacuated due to the hurricane with an addition 500 people on vacation becoming stranded inside their hotels . At least 600 evacuees sought refuge in a customs house , with an additional 1000 more evacuating to an airport terminal . More evacuees sought shelter in schools and the city hall . Four major rivers , including the unk River , which flows into the city , overflowed their banks , inundating the city along with several neighboring communities . Some areas of downtown Puerto Vallarta were submerged in depths of up to 8 feet ( 2 . 4 m ) due to the flooding . Telephone lines in the city were suspended and highways were rendered impassable by the floods . One person died during a house collapse in the city and two others drowned . Another source reported five deaths from house collapses , although the post season report regards only three deaths in association with Lily in Mexico . The hurricane also passed over the nearby town of Barra de Navidad , where the residents took refuge inside the church of San Antonio . A local legend states that during the hurricane , the arms of Jesus Christ on the church 's crucifix broke and hung down . The moment the arms broke , the hurricane 's effects in the town stopped . The figure has since been known as the Christ of the Cyclone . Aftermath Relief efforts following the hurricane were mostly affected by the associated flooding . Trucks transporting food and medicine from the Jalisco state government were forced to turn back because of flooded roads . The army then decided on an aerial transport . This effort was hampered because , after three federal helicopters and Air Force planes touched down at the local airport , the road into the city was still flooded , meaning the aid could not be distributed . Lily 's effects in Puerto Vallarta made it the second hurricane of the season to be declared the worst hurricane to strike a specific city in twenty or more years . The first was Hurricane Bridget , which struck Acapulco . Despite the damage , the name was not retired and was reused in 1975 , but due to a change in names lists in 1978 , the name Lily has not been used since .
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3,582 | Carmelo Flix Camet ( October 29 , 1904 July 22 , 2007 ) was an Argentine fencer who competed in the Olympic games in 1928 . He was the son of Francisco Carmelo Camet , a fencer at the 1900 Summer Olympics who is sometimes considered to be Argentina 's first participant at the Olympics . Trained as a lawyer , Carmelo Camet gained his training and love for fencing at an early age from his father . By the 1920s he had already won several tournaments and , in 1926 , he won the Argentine national fencing championship . Although Camet successfully completed all of the trials required of him by the nascent Argentine Olympic Committee , he did not attend the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris , although his name was on the official register as a non participant . After taking a brief break to finish his law degree , he was part of the Argentine fencing delegation sent to the 1928 Summer Olympics . There , as the substitute on the foil team foil , he won a bronze medal , Argentine 's only medal in that sport as of 2008 . Although he sat out the first two matches with Norway and Spain , he replaced Hctor Lucchetti during the matches against Belgium and all subsequent events . At the time of his death in 2007 , in Buenos Aires , Camet was believed to be the world 's oldest living Olympic competitor . Early life Carmelo Camet was born on October 29 , 1904 , the son of Francisco Carmelo Camet , a fencer at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris , and Clara Isa . The elder Camet , though officially an athlete from France , is considered by some to be Argentina 's first Olympic participant . This is disputed , however , by those who claim that Horatio unk should hold this title as the first official Argentine representative . Carmelo had one brother , Carlos Ernesto Camet , who pursued a political career . Carlos , who served as a deputy to the national congress , was , like the rest of his family , supportive of the Radical Civil Union , an Argentine political reform party formed in the 1890s . Although trained as a lawyer , Carmelo began fencing at an early age , beginning in the 1910s , at the behest of his father and , much like his father , specialized in pe , while also being proficient at unk . In 1918 he came in first place in the former category and second in the latter at a competition , organized by the city of Buenos Aires . In the next two years , he finished at the top in both events and became nationally known . In 1921 the Argentine Fencing Federation was founded and , in 1922 , the organization sent him to represent Argentina in the unk unk , a celebration overseen by the International Olympic Committee to celebrate the centenary of Brazil 's declaration of independence . His native country won first place in the pe , unk and sabre events in the host city of Rio de Janeiro . At the age of 17 , he was one of the youngest competitors to represent his country at these games . Olympic career The Argentine Fencing Committee had great difficulty in organizing a team to attend the 1924 Summer Olympics . Despite the establishment of the Argentine Olympic Committee , and his participation and success in all of the trials , Camet did not attend a congratulatory gala for the Olympic delegation , nor did he travel to Paris to participate in the games themselves , for personal reasons . The official report lists him as a member of the official delegation , albeit one who did not participate . That year , the Argentines placed fifth in the team foil competition . He continued to practice fencing until 1926 when , after winning a national championship , he put the sport on hold to complete his law degree . Camet did , however , travel to Amsterdam to participate in the 1928 Summer Olympics . He was joined by four teammates Roberto unk and Luis Lucchetti , who were part of the 1924 delegation that had placed in fifth place , and newcomers Raul unk and Hctor Lucchetti . The fencing competition took place from July 29 to August 11 . Camet , who was a substitute , sat out of the matches against Norway and Spain , before being called to replace Hctor Lucchetti against Belgium . After entering the quarter finals , the team defeated the United States and the Netherlands , advancing undefeated to the quarter finals , where they bested Hungary . The Argentine team then lost against Italy and France , the eventual gold and silver medal winning teams respectively . The competition for the bronze medal , which would have been between Belgium and Argentina , was scrapped because the latter had already defeated the former . Camet , therefore , won the bronze medal in the team foil category , along with his teammates , despite what he considered to be adverse rulings from the jurors . This was the first and , at the time of Camet 's death , only Olympic medal for Argentina in fencing . It was also the only bronze medal won by the Argentine delegation in Amsterdam , although silver medals were won by Ral unk , Vctor Peralta and the football team , along with gold medals from Vctor Avendao , Arturo Rodrguez and Alberto Zorrilla . Later life After the Olympics , Camet traveled to unk in France to visit his old family home , where his father had studied both academics and fencing . While the victory at Amsterdam was considered a milestone in Argentine athletics at the time , Camet , as a substitute was often forgotten as a contributor by his contemporaries in the fencing community such as Oscar Vias and Eugenio unk , despite being a legitimate and official medal winner . He was always given credit by his teammates , however , even if they emphasized his position as a substitute on the team . Camet 's father died on July 15 , 1931 , a few years after Carmelo 's success at the Olympics . Carmelo subsequently married Elsie Muir and , in 1981 , returned to unk for a second visit . He lived the rest of his life in Buenos Aires . At the time of his death , on July 22 , 2007 , at the age of 102 , he was believed to be the world 's oldest living Olympic athlete , although that distinction actually belonged to Erna Sondheim .
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3,583 | The Battle of Akroinon was fought at Akroinon or unk ( near modern unk ) in Phrygia , on the western edge of the Anatolian plateau , in 740 between an Umayyad Arab army and the Byzantine forces . The Arabs had been conducting regular raids into Anatolia for the past century , and the 740 expedition was the largest in recent decades , consisting of three separate divisions . One division , 20 , 000 strong under Abdallah al Battal and al Malik ibn Shu 'aib , was confronted at Akroinon by the Byzantines under the command of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian ( r . 717 741 ) and his son , the future Constantine V ( r . 741 775 ) . The battle resulted in a decisive Byzantine victory . Coupled with the Umayyad Caliphate 's troubles on other fronts and the internal instability before and after the Abbasid Revolt , this put an end to major Arab incursions into Anatolia for three decades . Background Since the beginning of the Muslim conquests , the Byzantine Empire , as the largest , richest and militarily strongest state bordering the expanding Caliphate , had been the Muslims ' primary enemy . Following the disastrous Battle of unk , the Byzantines had largely confined themselves to a strategy of passive defence , while the Muslim armies regularly launched raids into Byzantine held Anatolia . Following their failure to capture the Byzantine capital , Constantinople , in 717 718 , the Umayyads for a time diverted their attention elsewhere . From 720 721 , however , they resumed these expeditions in a regular pattern each summer one or two campaigns ( pl. unk 'if , sing. unk unk ) would be launched , sometimes accompanied by a naval attack and sometimes followed by winter expeditions ( unk ) . These were no longer aimed at permanent conquest but rather large scale raids , plundering and devastating the countryside and only occasionally attacking forts or major settlements . The raids of this period were also largely confined to the central Anatolian plateau ( chiefly its eastern half , Cappadocia ) , and only rarely reached the peripheral coastlands . Under the more aggressive Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al Malik ( r . 723 743 ) , the Arab raids became more large scale affairs and were led by some of the Caliphate 's most capable generals , including princes of the Umayyad dynasty , such as Maslama ibn Abd al Malik or Hisham 's own sons Mu 'awiyah , Maslama and Sulayman . Gradually , however , the Muslim successes became fewer , especially as their resources were drawn into the mounting conflict with the Khazars in the Caucasus . The raids continued , but the Arab and Byzantine chroniclers mention fewer successful captures of forts or towns . Nevertheless , in 737 a major victory over the Khazars allowed the Arabs to shift their focus and intensify their campaigns against Byzantium . Thus in 738 and 739 Maslamah ibn Hisham led successful raids , including the capture of the town of Ancyra . For the year 740 , Hisham assembled the largest expedition of his reign , placing it under his son Sulayman . Battle According to the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor , the invading Umayyad force totalled 90 , 000 men . 10 , 000 lightly armed men under al unk ibn Yazid were sent to raid the western coastlands , followed by 20 , 000 under Abdallah al Battal and al Malik ibn Su 'aib who marched towards Akroinon , while the main force of some 60 , 000 ( this last number is certainly much inflated ) , under Sulayman ibn Hisham , raided Cappadocia . The Emperor Leo confronted the second force at Akroinon . Details of the battle are not known , but the Emperor secured a crushing victory both Arab commanders fell , as well as the larger part of their army , some 13 , 200 men . The rest of the Arab troops managed to conduct an orderly retreat to Synnada , where they joined Sulayman . The other two Arab forces devastated the countryside unopposed , but failed to take any towns or forts . The Arab invasion army also suffered from severe hunger and lack of supplies before returning to Syria , while the 10th century Arab Christian historian Agapius records that the Byzantines took 20 , 000 prisoners from the invading forces . Effect and aftermath Akroinon was a major success for the Byzantines , as it was the first large scale victory they had scored in a pitched battle against the Arabs . Seeing it as evidence of God 's renewed favour , the victory also served to strengthen Leo 's belief in the policy of iconoclasm that he had adopted some years before . In the immediate aftermath , this success opened up the way for a more aggressive stance by the Byzantines , who in 741 attacked the major Arab base of Melitene . In 742 and 743 , the Umayyads were able to exploit a civil war between Constantine V and Artabasdos and raid into Anatolia with relative impunity , but the Arab sources do not report any major achievements . The Arab defeat at Akroinon has traditionally been seen as a decisive battle and a turning point of the Arab Byzantine wars , causing the slackening of Arab pressure on Byzantium . Other historians however , from the early 20th century Syriac scholar E.W. Brooks to more recent ones such as Walter Kaegi and Ralph Johannes Lilie , have challenged this view , attributing the reduced Arab threat after Akroinon to the fact that it coincided with other heavy reversals on the most remote provinces of the Caliphate , which exhausted its overextended military resources , as well as with internal turmoil due to civil wars and the Abbasid Revolution . As a result , the Arab attacks against the Byzantine Empire in the 740s were rather ineffectual and soon ceased completely . Indeed , Constantine V was able to take advantage of the Umayyad Caliphate 's collapse to launch a series of expeditions into Syria and secure a Byzantine ascendancy on the eastern frontier which lasted until the 770s . In the Muslim world , the memory of the defeated Arab commander , Abdallah al Battal , was preserved , and he became one of the greatest heroes of Arab and later Turkish epic poetry as Sayyid Battal Ghazi .
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3,584 | King 's Highway 85 , commonly referred to as Highway 85 , is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario , connecting Highway 7 to immediately north of the Waterloo city limits . The 10 kilometre ( 6 . 2 mi ) highway , which is mostly controlled access , travels through the Regional Municipality of Waterloo along the Conestoga Parkway from its interchange with Highway 7 , which continues south along the parkway , to an interchange with Regional Road 15 ( King Street ) , where it continues as Regional Road 85 to St. Jacobs . Prior to completion of the Conestoga Parkway through Waterloo , Highway 85 followed King Street north of Ottawa Street through Kitchener and Waterloo . Within the City of Waterloo , this former alignment is now maintained by the region as Regional Road 15 . Within the city of Kitchener , the road is simply known as King Street . The parkway was constructed between 1968 and 1977 . By 1980 , Highway 85 was renumbered as Highway 86 , to improve the continuity of provincial route numbers . However , when the majority of Highway 86 was decommissioned in 1998 , the remaining portion was soon renumbered as Highway 85 in 2003 . Route description Highway 85 begins in Kitchener at an interchange between the Conestoga Parkway and Victoria Street . At that interchange , Highway 7 exits the parkway and travels east on Victoria Street towards Guelph . The divided freeway continues north , swerving left and right through suburban Kitchener . It first crosses a Via Rail line and interchanges with Wellington Street , after which it passes alongside the Grand River . After entering the neighbourhood of Bridgeport , which it divides in two , the route curves west , interchanges with Lancaster Street and crosses into Waterloo . The highway begins to curve north , interchanging with Bridgeport Road . The highway crosses the Conestoga Creek as it interchanges with University Avenue , then gradually curves to the west . After an interchange with King Street , once the original routing of Highway 85 , the route curves back to the north and interchanges with Northfield Drive . As it approaches the rural urban fringe of the tri city area , the freeway interchanges with King Street a second time . Highway 85 ends at the north end of the ramps from King Street , as does the Conestoga Parkway . The divided freeway ends and the route become Waterloo Regional Road 85 , which continues north to St. Jacobs and Elmira . History Highway 85 was originally assumed by the Department of Highways ( DHO ) , the predecessor to today 's Ministry of Transportation of Ontario ( MTO ) , during the mid 1930s . The existing Kitchener Elmira Road was designated as Highway 85 on March 28 , 1934 . Initially , the route began at the intersection of Queen Street and King Street in downtown Kitchener , and proceeded north along King Street through Waterloo and St. Jacobs . North of St. Jacobs , the highway followed the same route as modern Waterloo Regional Road 85 to Elmira , ending at Church Street . Church Street itself would become Highway 86 several years later , on August 25 , 1937 , connecting Elmira and Amberley , and creating a short lived common terminus between the two highways Highway 86 was extended to Highway 7 near Guelph on April 13 , 1938 . Highway 85 remained unchanged for several decades until the Conestoga Parkway was constructed during the late 1960s and early 1970s . Construction of the new expressway began in February 1965 along King Street however , construction of the section that is now Highway 85 did not begin until September 1968 , when a C 5 million contract for the section between Frederick Street and Bridgeport Road was awarded . Soon thereafter , a second contract for the section between Bridgeport Road and King Street was awarded . On April 16 , 1970 , the Highway 85 designation was moved from King Street to the new Conestoga Parkway King Street was consequently transferred to local jurisdiction . Towards the end of the 1970s , construction began on a northward extension of the Conestoga Parkway from King Street to Northfield Drive this was completed by 1977 . By then , construction was underway on a two lane bypass of St. Jacobs east of the original route , connecting with the Conestoga Parkway at Northfield Drive , then an at grade intersection . By the end of 1977 , this bypass was completed . In 1975 , the eastern section of Highway 86 , from Elmira to Guelph , was decommissioned , truncating the eastern terminus of it to the western terminus of Highway 85 . To provide a more direct routing between the two highways , a bypass of Elmira was constructed along what is now Listowel Road . By the end of 1979 , Highway 86 was rerouted along this bypass , and the northern section of Highway 85 was decommissioned . In 1980 or 1981 , Highway 85 was renumbered as Highway 86 , eliminating the designation temporarily and creating one continuous highway between Kitchener and Amberley , on the shores of Lake Huron . On November 30 , 1990 , the Northfield Drive interchange was fully opened to traffic , eliminating a traffic signal from the northern end of the Conestoga Parkway . The speed limit on the parkway was lowered from 100 km h ( 62 mph ) to 90 km h ( 56 mph ) on January 10 , 1994 following numerous cross median collisions . In 1998 , during the mass downloading of provincial highways to lower levels of government , the majority of Highway 86 , from the Northfield Drive interchange to Amberley , was decommissioned . The Regional Municipality of Waterloo subsequently designated the section north from Waterloo to Elmira as Regional Road 85 . Consequently , the remaining section of Highway 86 , which exclusively followed the Conestoga Parkway , was renumbered as Highway 85 during the spring of 2003 to align the numbers and aid navigation . Major intersections The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 85 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . The entire route is located in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo .
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3,585 | Cyathus helenae is a species of fungus in the genus Cyathus , family Nidulariaceae . Like other members of the Nidulariaceae , C. helenae resembles a tiny bird 's nest filled with ' eggs ' spore containing structures known as peridioles . It was initially described by mycologist Harold Brodie in 1965 , who found it growing on mountain scree in Alberta , Canada . C. helenae 's life cycle allows it to reproduce both sexually and asexually . One of the smaller species of Cyathus , C. helenae produces a number of chemically unique diterpenoid molecules known as cyathins . The specific epithet of this species was given by Brodie in tribute to his late wife Helen . Description The resemblance that Cyathus helenae bears to a miniature bird 's nest with eggs is the source for its common name , bird 's nest fungi . The fruit body , or peridium , of C. helenae is obconic , that is , shaped roughly like an inverted cone . The upper third of the peridium is flared outwards sharply , and the opening is normally 5 6 mm wide , while the height of the fruit body is 7 mm . The outer surface of the peridium , the ectoperidium , is pale brown to grey in color , and covered with clusters of fungal hyphae that resemble hairs . These hairs appear to be aggregated into clusters ( nodular ) , and generally point downward . The inner surface of the peridium , the endoperidium , is smooth with a grey to silver and somewhat shiny surface . This inner surface also has faint but distinct vertical ridges , known as plications . Like many other Cyathus species , the cup is attached to its growing surface by a clump of mycelium called an emplacement in C. helenae the diameter of the emplacement is typically wider than that of the peridium , and it often incorporates bits of organic trash . The ' eggs ' of the bird 's nest the peridioles are 2 mm in diameter , and covered with a silvery tunica ( the outermost covering layer of the unk ) . Peridioles are attached to the fruit body by a funiculus , a structure of hyphae that is differentiated into three regions the basal piece , which attaches it to the inner wall of the peridium , the middle piece , and an upper sheath , called the purse , connected to the lower surface of the peridiole . In the purse and middle piece is a coiled thread of interwoven hyphae called the funicular cord , attached at one end to the peridiole and at the other end to an entangled mass of hyphae called the hapteron . The spores of C. helenae have a spherical or ovoid shape , with dimensions of 12 14 m long by 15 19 m wide . They tend to be slightly narrower at one end , and commonly have a spore wall thickness of 1 . 5 m . Cyathus helenae is distinguished from the more common C. striatus by its faint inner surface unk ( C. striatus has a more pronounced unk ) , the nodular arrangement of the hairs on the outer surface , and microscopically by the spore shape ellipsoid in C. striatus , ovoid or spheroidal in C. helenae . Habitat and distribution The species was initially described by mycologist Harold J. Brodie in 1965 , who collected it from Rocky Mountain Park in Alberta , Canada at an altitude of 7 , 000 feet ( 2 , 100 m ) . It was found growing among the small flat stones of the scree , often attached to rotted or dried remains of alpine plants . Brodie derived the species name as a tribute to his late wife Helen . This species is known to live in alpine and boreal habitats , as well as dry areas in Idaho . In 1988 C. helenae was first reported in Mexico in 2005 it was reported growing in tropical forest in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve ( Calakmul , Mexico ) , and in Costa Rica . In 2014 , it was recorded in Brazil , the first report of this species from South America . Life cycle The life cycle of Cyathus helenae contains both haploid and diploid stages , typical of taxa in the basidiomycetes that can reproduce both asexually ( via vegetative spores ) , or sexually ( with meiosis ) . Basidiospores produced in the peridioles each contain a single haploid nucleus . After dispersal , the spores germinate and grow into homokaryotic hyphae , with a single nucleus in each compartment . When two homokaryotic hyphae of different mating compatibility groups fuse with one another , they form a dikaryotic mycelia in a process called plasmogamy . After a period of time and under the appropriate environmental conditions , fruit bodies may be formed from the dikaryotic mycelia . These fruit bodies produce peridioles containing the basidia upon which new basidiospores are made . Young basidia contain a pair of haploid sexually compatible nuclei which fuse , and the resulting diploid fusion nucleus undergoes meiosis to produce haploid basidiospores . Spore dispersal When a drop of falling water hits the interior of the cup with the appropriate angle and velocity , the peridioles are ejected into the air by the force of the drop . The force of ejection tears open the purse , and results in the expansion of the funicular cord , formerly coiled under pressure in the lower part of the purse . The peridioles , followed by the highly adhesive funicular cord and basal hapteron , may hit a nearby plant stem or stick . The hapteron sticks to it , and the funicular cord wraps around the stem or stick powered by the force of the still moving peridiole . After drying out , the peridiole remains attached to the vegetation , where it may be eaten by a grazing herbivorous animal , and later deposited in that animal 's dung to continue the life cycle . Bioactive compounds Cyathus helenae produces a series of diterpenoid chemical compounds known as cyathins , which have antibiotic properties against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus . The capacity to produce cyathins similar to C. striatus and C. africanus is limited to haploid strains . The basic chemical structure of the cyathins , known as the cyathane skeleton , is chemically unique and has been investigated using carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13C NMR ) molecules with this structure have also been created synthetically .
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3,586 | Harry Randall Truman ( October 30 , 1896 May 18 , 1980 ) was a resident of the U.S. state of Washington who lived on Mount St. Helens . He came to brief fame in the months preceding the volcano 's 1980 eruption after he stubbornly refused to leave his home despite evacuation orders , and he is presumed to have been killed in the eruption . He was the owner and caretaker of Mount St. Helens Lodge at Spirit Lake , located at the south end of Spirit Lake at the foot of the mountain in the danger zone at the time of the eruption . After Truman 's death , his family and friends reflected on his love for the mountain . He was commemorated in a book by his niece and a song by Headgear . In 1981 , Art Carney portrayed Truman in the docu drama film St. Helens . Life Truman was born in unk , Clay County , West Virginia , to Rosa Belle ( ne Hardman 1873 1957 ) and Newberry Truman ( 1874 1923 ) . His family settled in Chehalis , Washington several years later , where his father died in a logging camp accident in 1923 , aged 49 . He had one sister , Geraldine ( 1905 1987 ) . Truman enlisted in the 100th Aero Squadron 7th Squad of United States Army as a private on August 4 , 1917 . Several months later , he survived the torpedoing of the Tuscania on February 5 , 1918 , off the coast of Ireland . After the incident , Truman was honorably discharged from military service on June 12 , 1919 . He lived in Riffe , Washington , until 1926 , when he became caretaker of the Mount St. Helens Lodge at the foot of Mount St. Helens beside Spirit Lake . In 1928 Truman bought a half interest in the lodge , later that same year he bought the other half . At the time of his death , Truman had operated the lodge for 52 years . He was also a member of the Tuscania Survivors Association from 1938 until his death . Truman was married three times to Helen Irene ( ne Hughes ) , Marjorie ( ne Bennett ) , and Edna O. ( ne Henrickson ) . It is not clear when he married or separated from Hughes , but he married Bennett in 1935 and Henrickson in 1947 . Celebrity He became a minor celebrity during the two months of volcanic activity preceding the eruption , giving interviews to reporters and expressing his opinion that the danger from the volcano was exaggerated , saying , I don 't have any idea whether it will blow ... But I don 't believe it to the point that I 'm going to pack up . Truman discarded all of his concerns about the volcano and his situation , stating If the mountain goes , I 'm going with it . This area is heavily timbered , Spirit Lake is in between me and the mountain , and the mountain is a mile away , the mountain ain 't gonna hurt me ... boy . According to The Bulletin , he responded to being knocked from his bed by precursor earthquakes by moving his mattress to his basement . At one point , Truman scoffed at the public 's concern for his safety . He became something of a folk hero and from March until May , was the subject of many songs and poems by children . One group of children from Salem , Oregon , sent him banners inscribed Harry We Love You , while Truman received fan letters including several marriage proposals . Death Truman was alone at his lodge when he is presumed to have died in the eruption on May 18 . A pyroclastic flow engulfed the Spirit Lake area , destroying the lake and burying the site of his lodge under 150 feet ( 46 m ) of volcanic landslide debris . A new lake eventually formed on a much higher elevation . His sister Geraldine expressed that she found it hard to accept the reality of his death , commenting , I don 't think he made it . But I thought if they would let me fly over and see for myself that Harry 's lodge is gone , then maybe I 'd believe it for sure . The 1980 event was the deadliest and most destructive volcanic eruption in the recorded history of the continental United States of America . A total of 57 people are known to have died , and more were left homeless when the ash falls and pyroclastic flows destroyed or buried 200 houses . In addition to Truman , photojournalist Reid Blackburn , volcanologist David A. Johnston and photographer Robert Landsburg were killed . Legacy Truman had already emerged as a folk hero for his resistance to the evacuation efforts prior to his death . After his death , his friends and family , including his sister , Geraldine ( Geri ) , reflected on his death . Geri commented , He was a very opinionated person . Friend John Garrity added , The mountain and the lake were his life . If he 'd left and then saw what the mountain did to his lake , it would have killed him anyway . He always said he wanted to die at Spirit Lake . He went the way he wanted to go . Another friend , John Andersen , said , Harry 's name and Harry 's presence will always be a part of that ( Spirit Lake ) . There can be no finer memorial . Truman 's cousin Richard Ice commented that Truman was not only a fast talker but loud . He had an opinion on all subjects and a definite one . Ice also added that Truman 's short period of life as a celebrity was the peak of his life . Truman was the subject of the book Truman of St. Helens The Man and His Mountain written by his niece Shirley Rosen and was portrayed by Art Carney in the 1981 docu drama film St. Helens . He is the subject of the song Harry Truman written and recorded by Irish band Headgear , which features the refrain , You can move the mountain but I 'm never coming down . Another song about Harry was written by Lula Belle Garland called The Legend of Harry And The Mountain . It was recorded in 1980 by Ron Shaw The Desert Wind Band . More recently , singer songwriter and family entertainer Billy Jonas included Truman 's story in his song Old St. Helen , recorded in 2002 . Truman Trail and Harry 's Ridge in the Mount St. Helens region are named after him . He was also famous for owning 16 cats , which he considered family , and mentioned in almost all public statements he made . The cats are presumed to have died with Truman on the day of the eruption .
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3,587 | New York State Route 427 ( NY 427 ) is an east west state highway in Chemung County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 11 . 5 miles ( 18 . 5 km ) from its western terminus at an intersection with NY 14 in the town of Southport , south of the city of Elmira , to its eastern terminus at an interchange with NY 17 in the town of Chemung . Between those two towns , the highway passes through the town of Ashland and serves the village of Wellsburg . Much of NY 427 follows the Chemung River . The route was assigned in the early 1940s , replacing New York State Route 17D , a route established as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It originally began in downtown Elmira and ended at the Pennsylvania state line in Chemung . NY 427 was realigned on its east end in 1967 to meet the newly constructed exit 59 on NY 17 and on its west end in 1978 to follow what had been New York State Route 379 through the town of Southport . Other minor realignments have occurred over the years as well . Route description NY 427 begins at an intersection with NY 14 ( the Clemens Center Parkway ) in Southport , a town located south of the city of Elmira . It heads east , following Cedar Street and paralleling Seeley Creek through the southern suburbs of Elmira to an intersection with Maple Avenue near Notre Dame High School . Here , NY 427 turns south to follow Maple Avenue into the adjacent town of Ashland and across Seeley Creek . As the route heads through Ashland , it generally turns to the southeast to match the curvature of the Chemung River valley , which contains the river , NY 427 , and the Southern Tier Expressway ( NY 17 ) . NY 427 parallels both the river and the expressway into Wellsburg , a small village sandwiched between the Chemung River and the Pennsylvania state line . In the center of the village , NY 427 , named Front Street , intersects with the northern end of NY 367 , a short highway linking NY 427 to the Pennsylvania border . Just east of NY 367 , NY 427 intersects County Route 8 ( CR 8 ) , a highway that crosses the Chemung River and links Wellsburg to NY 17 at exit 58 . Outside of Wellsburg , NY 427 becomes Wilawana Road and heads eastward , paralleling both the Chemung River and the Norfolk Southern Railway owned Southern Tier Line through the town of Chemung toward the Pennsylvania state line . Less than 300 yards ( 270 m ) from the Pennsylvania border , NY 427 departs Wilawana Road and turns northeast onto Wyncoop Creek Road . NY 427 crosses the Chemung River before coming to an end at an interchange with NY 17 0 . 5 miles ( 0 . 8 km ) later . Although NY 427 comes to an end at this interchange , the road continues onward through the interchange as NY unk , an unsigned reference route . History Origins and designation Most of what is now NY 427 was originally designated as NY 17D in the 1930 renumbering . NY 17D began at the intersection of East Water Street ( NY 17 ) and Madison Avenue ( NY 14 and NY 17 ) in downtown Elmira . NY 17D headed west , overlapping NY 14 along Water Street to Lake Street , where NY 17D turned south and followed Lake Street and Pennsylvania Avenue over the Chemung River to Maple Avenue . Here , NY 17D turned to the southeast to follow Maple Avenue through southern Elmira . At Cedar Street , NY 17D joined the modern alignment of NY 427 . From this point east , NY 17D followed what is now NY 427 to Wyncoop Creek Road in Chemung , where it continued on Wilawana Road to the Pennsylvania border . In the months immediately following the 1930 renumbering , NY 14 was routed on Pennsylvania Avenue and South Main Street through southern Elmira . By 1935 , NY 14 was rerouted to follow Pennsylvania Avenue into downtown . As a result , all of NY 17D north of the junction of Pennsylvania and Maple avenues became concurrent with NY 14 . The overlap was eliminated in the early 1940s when NY 17D was pulled back to the intersection of Pennsylvania and Maple avenues and renumbered as NY 427 . Realignments The 1930s era realignment of NY 14 was reverted c . 1961 as the route was reconfigured to follow South Main Street into downtown Elmira . NY 427 was extended northward along Pennsylvania Avenue to a new terminus at Water Street ( NY 14 and NY 17E later NY 352 ) as part of the change . At the other end of the route , the easternmost part of NY 427 was realigned c . 1967 to follow Wyncoop Creek Road to a new interchange ( exit 59 ) with the Southern Tier Expressway ( NY 17 ) in Chemung . The former routing of NY 427 along Wilawana Road between Wyncoop Creek Road and the Pennsylvania state line was designated as NY unk , an unsigned reference route . On October 23 , 1978 , NY 427 was rerouted to bypass Elmira entirely . Instead of continuing north into downtown , NY 427 turned west at Cedar Street and followed it through Southport to a new terminus at Pennsylvania Avenue ( NY 14 ) . The realignment of NY 427 through Southport supplanted NY 379 , which had been assigned to the portion of Cedar Street between Pennsylvania and Maple avenues since c . 1931 . NY 427 's former alignment along Maple Avenue from Cedar Street north to the Elmira city line was redesignated as NY unk . Although this part of Maple Avenue is still listed as a state highway in the New York State Highway Law , NY unk ceased to exist at some point between 2004 and 2006 and the road is now maintained by Chemung County and designated as CR 85 . The Clemens Center Parkway was completed c . 2002 , creating a continuous four lane arterial between Southport and the northernmost part of Elmira . South of downtown Elmira , the highway loosely paralleled Pennsylvania Avenue and South Main Street . NY 14 was realigned c . 2004 to follow all but the northernmost part of the parkway , and the west end of NY 427 was shifted 0 . 25 miles ( 0 . 40 km ) east to Cedar Street 's junction with the parkway as part of the change . The portion of Cedar Street between Pennsylvania Avenue and NY 14 is now CR 84 . Major intersections The entire route is in Chemung County .
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3,588 | Tjunkiya Napaltjarri ( also known as Tjunkiya unk , unk , unk unk , unk or unk ) ( c . 1927 2009 ) was a Pintupi speaking Indigenous artist from Australia 's Western Desert region . She is the sister of artist Wintjiya Napaltjarri . Tjunkiya 's paintings are held in major public art collections , including those of the National Gallery of Australia , the Art Gallery of New South Wales , the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory and the National Gallery of Victoria . Life Tjunkiya was born around 1927 the main biographical reference work for the region gives a date of circa 1927 while the Art Gallery of New South Wales suggests circa 1930 . The ambiguity around the year of birth is in part because Indigenous Australians operate using a different conception of time , often estimating dates through comparisons with the occurrence of other events . 'Napaljarri ' ( in Warlpiri ) or ' Napaltjarri ' ( in Western Desert dialects ) is a skin name , one of sixteen used to denote the subsections or subgroups in the kinship system of central Australian Indigenous people . These names define kinship relationships that influence preferred marriage partners and may be associated with particular totems . Although they may be used as terms of address , they are not surnames in the sense used by Europeans . Thus ' Tjunkiya ' is the element of the artist 's name that is specifically hers . A Pintupi speaker , Tjunkiya was born in the area northwest of unk ( known as Kintore , Northern Territory ) , near the Western Australian border , and west of Alice Springs ) , after which her family moved to Haasts Bluff . She became second wife to Toba Tjakamarra , father of one of the prominent founders of the Papunya Tula art movement , Turkey Tolson Tjupurrula . At Haasts Bluff she had ten children these included sons Billy Rowe and Riley Rowe , both of whom painted for Papunya Tula , and daughter unk ( born c . 1948 ) , who married Long Tom unk and went on to paint at Haasts Bluff . From Haasts Bluff the family moved to Papunya and in 1981 to Kintore . Tjunkiya was the sister of artist Wintjiya Napaltjarri , who was also a wife to Toba . Seriously ill in the mid 1990s , Tjunkiya died in 2009 . Art Background Contemporary Indigenous art of the western desert began when Indigenous men at Papunya began painting in 1971 , assisted by teacher Geoffrey Bardon . Their work , which used acrylic paints to create designs representing body painting and ground sculptures , rapidly spread across Indigenous communities of central Australia , particularly following the commencement of a government sanctioned art program in central Australia in 1983 . By the 1980s and 1990s , such work was being exhibited internationally . The first artists , including all of the founders of the Papunya Tula artists ' company , had been men , and there was resistance amongst the Pintupi men of central Australia to women painting . However , there was also a desire amongst many of the women to participate , and in the 1990s large numbers of them began to create paintings . In the western desert communities such as Kintore , Yuendumu , Balgo , and on the outstations , people were beginning to create art works expressly for exhibition and sale . Career Like a number of the other central and western desert women in the region , Tjunkiya was introduced to painting through the unk Tjukurrpa ( Women 's Dreaming ) painting project in the mid 1990s . Along with sister Wintjiya and other women , she participated in a painting camp in 1994 which resulted in a series of very large collaborative canvases of the group 's shared Dreamings . Western Desert artists such as Tjunkiya frequently paint particular ' dreamings ' , or stories , for which they have responsibility or rights . In this case , twenty five women were involved in planning the works , which included three canvases that were 3 metres square , as well as two that were 3 by 1 . 5 metres , and Tjunkiya and Wintjiya performed a ceremonial dance as part of the preparations . Tjunkiya and her sister were determined to participate in the project despite cataracts interfering with their vision . Sources differ on when Tjunkiya and her sister Wintjiya had the cataracts removed Vivien Johnson implies around 1999 , but art centre coordinator Marina Strocchi , who worked closely with the women , states that both had the operation in 1994 . In the early 2000s she and her sister painted at Kintore , but in 2008 they were working from their home the widows ' camp outside her ' son ' Turkey Tolson 's former residence . Tjunkiya and her sister Wintjiya did not confine their activities to painting canvases . The National Gallery of Victoria in 2001 purchased a collaborative batik work , created in 1994 by the sisters in cooperation with several other artists , together with a work completed by Tjunkiya alone . The sisters also worked using drypoint etching , with 2004 a print by Tjunkiya unk unk 2 held by the National Gallery of Australia . Works by Tjunkiya are held in major private collections , such as Nangara ( also known as the Ebes Collection ) . Her work has been acquired by the Art Gallery of New South Wales , the National Gallery of Australia , the National Gallery of Victoria , the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory , and the Northern Territory Supreme Court . Works by both Tjunkiya and her sister Wintjiya are traded in the auction market , fetching prices of a few thousand dollars . In 1996 , Tjunkiya was represented in the Papunya Women group exhibition at Utopia Art Gallery in Sydney , while in 2000 she had an exhibition at Melbourne 's William Mora Galleries and was included in the Art Gallery of New South Wales ' major exhibition , Papunya Tula Genesis and Genius . Collections National Gallery of Australia Araluen Collection ( Alice Springs ) Art Gallery of New South Wales Campbelltown City Art Gallery Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory National Gallery of Victoria Supreme Court of the Northern Territory Artbank
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3,589 | Zoe Arancini ( born 14 July 1991 ) is an Australian club water polo player who plays driver , counter attacker , or outside shooter . Several of her family members have represented her country in water polo . She plays club water polo in the National Water Polo League for the Fremantle Marlins , where she has won the league championship in 2005 , 2007 and 2008 and is coached by her mother . She has represented the country as a member of the Australia women 's national water polo team on the junior and senior level , with over eighty appearances for national team between the two levels . She has earned a gold medal at the 2011 Canada Cup , silver medals at the 2010 FINA World League Super Finals and 2010 FINA World Cup , and bronze medals at the 2009 FINA World League Super Finals and 2011 FINA Junior World Championships . She has been included on the roster to represent the country at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Personal Arancini was born on 14 July 1991 in Perth , Western Australia . She attends Curtin University where she is working on a degree in Agriculture and Environment majoring in Coastal Zone Management . She lives in East Victoria Park , Western Australia . She is 170 cm ( 5 ft 7 in ) tall , weighs 70 kilograms ( 150 lb ) and is right handed . Several of Arancini 's family members have represented Australia in water polo on the international level including her mother , Wendy unk , her father Peter Arancini and her aunt Megan unk . Her parents involvement were one of the reasons she chose to compete in water polo , alongside the fact she found the sport more interesting to play than swimming . Water polo Arancini plays driver , counter attacker , or outside shooter , and has held a water polo scholarship from the Western Australian Institute of Sport and the Australian Institute of Sport . She plays club water polo for the Melville , Western Australia team in the Premier League . In 2009 , she played for them in a match against City Beach and scored three goals where her team won 9 8 . She is a member of the Fremantle Marlins of the National Water Polo League from 2005 to the present . In her first season in the league , she scored 7 goals . During the 2007 and 2008 season , she scored 42 and 32 goals respectively . In the 2009 and 2010 seasons , she scored 64 goals and followed this up with 66 in the 2011 season . As of April 2012 she has scored 63 goals in the season . Her mother is her coach on the Marlins . Between the junior and senior sides , she has represented Australia in over eighty games . Her club won the league championships in 2005 , 2007 and 2008 . Junior national team Arancini has represented Australia on the junior national team . In July 2006 , she was a member of the Youth Girls squad that competed in an international series in Auckland , New Zealand . In 2007 , she was a member of the U16 national team . She was a member of the junior national side at the 2007 FINA U20 World Championships in Porto , Portugal . In January 2009 , she was a member of the national team that competed at the Australian Youth Olympic Festival held in Sydney . She competed in the preliminary match against China where Australia won 17 10 . She scored three goals in the match . She also scored three goals in a 19 17 preliminary round loss to Hungary . At the same tournament , she competed in the gold medal finals where her team took silver following a 10 9 loss to Hungary . She scored one goal in the finals match . She represented Australia at the 2009 FINA Junior World Championships , where she was the team captain . Her team finished seventh in the tournament . She was a member of the Australian side that finished third at the 2011 FINA Junior World Championships . Senior national team Arancini is a member of the Australia women 's national water polo team . She made her debut on the senior side in May 2009 in Auckland , New Zealand in a game against China . In 2009 , she was a member of national team that competed at the World Championships , which were held in Russia . That year , she also competed at the 2009 FINA World League Super Finals held in Russia , and where her team finished third . She was a member of the national team that competed in the preliminary rounds of the 2010 FINA World League in Japan from 21 23 May and in China from 26 28 May . The team went on to play in the finals of the World League , and finished second overall in the tournament , behind the victorious Americans . She was a member of the 2010 Stingers squad that competed at the FINA World Cup in Christchurch , New Zealand . In the team 's finals 10 8 victory over the United States , she scored a goal . Her team finished second in the tournament . Late in August 2010 , she competed for the national team at the 10th Anniversary Tournament at Sydney Olympic Park . In the preliminaries , she competed in the team 's 10 8 win over the United States . She scored a goal from five metres out that helped provide the Australian side with a two goal lead . In late 2010 , she had her 50th cap with the national team . At the 2011 Canada Cup , she scored a goal in the third period in the gold medal match against China that the Australian team ended up winning . She competed in the Pan Pacific Championships in January 2012 for the Australian Barbarians . In February 2012 , she was named to the final training squad for the 2012 Summer Olympics . She attended training camp that started on 20 February 2012 at the Australian Institute of Sport . The team of seventeen players will be cut to thirteen before the team departs for the Olympic games , with the announcement being made unk June 2012 . She was part of the Stingers squad that competed in a five game test against Great Britain at the AIS in late February 2012 . This was the team 's first matches against Great Britain 's national team in six years . Recognition In 2009 , Arancini was named the Australian Junior Women 's Player of the Year . In 2010 , the Australian Water Polo Hall of Fame named her as the female young player of the year .
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3,590 | Jackie Ray Slater ( born May 27 , 1954 ) is a retired National Football League offensive tackle who played his entire 20 year career with the Rams organization , playing 19 seasons for the Rams in Los Angeles ( 1976 1994 ) and one season for the Rams in St. Louis in 1995 . A graduate of Jackson State University , he was a teammate of Walter Payton . Drafted in the third round of the 1976 NFL Draft , Slater seldom played his first few years before starting in 1979 . Known as the most consistent member of one of the most potent offensive lines in NFL history , Slater was selected to seven Pro Bowls and broke a record for most seasons with one team . His jersey number was retired and he was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2001 . Slater is currently the offensive line coach at Azusa Pacific University in Azusa , California . His son , Matthew Slater , is currently a special teams ace for the New England Patriots . Biography College Slater was born in Jackson , Mississippi . He was the first member of his family to attend a desegregated school while growing up at Wingfield High School . He attended Jackson State University where he played alongside Walter Payton for three years , who personally recruited him to the university . Slater later credited Payton as the player who taught him to compete in practice , seeing how Payton often played with an injured elbow . He was a letterman in football and was selected to the Southwestern Athletic Conference All Star Game three times , and as a senior , he was a First team All Black America selection , and was named an All American selection by the Pittsburgh Courier . After his senior season , he was invited to participate in the College All Star Game . NFL career Although used primarily as a backup and special teams player during his first three seasons , Slater became the starting right tackle in 1979 . That year the Rams went to Super Bowl XIV , where he successfully defended L.C. Greenwood from getting a quarterback sack . In 1980 , he was a part of an offensive line that surrendered just 29 sacks and helped the Rams offense finish second in the NFL in total yards gained with 6 , 006 . In 1983 , he and the Rams offensive line demonstrated their versatility when they allowed a league low 23 sacks while also paving the way for Eric Dickerson s rookie rushing record of 1 , 808 yards . In 1985 , he was the key blocker for Dickerson as he ran for a playoff record 248 yards and two touchdowns against the Dallas Cowboys in a NFL divisional game . During a 1989 playoff game , Slater prevented Reggie White , who was considered the premium pass rusher in the NFL , from sacking the quarterback , a game that Slater later became best known for . Slater was considered by critics the most consistent lineman on one of the best offensive lines in the NFL , which also included Pro Bowlers Kent Hill and Dennis Harrah and was unk for his work ethic and leadership skills when he was inducted to the Hall of Fame . He retired after the 1995 season when injuries reduced him to playing one game the entire year . He is the only player in league history to play for one single team franchise in three different cities ( Los Angeles 1976 1979 , Anaheim 1980 1994 , and St. Louis 1995 ) He was voted the National Football League Players Association NFC Offensive Lineman of the year four times 1983 , 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 and was the Athletes in Action Bart Starr Award winner after the 1995 season . Slater played in 259 games from 1976 to 1995 , a then record for offensive lineman ( broken by Bruce Matthews in the 1999 season ) . He was the first player to play 20 seasons for one team , later matched by Washington Redskins cornerback Darrell Green and Detroit Lions kicker Jason Hanson and third all time . He played for 24 quarterbacks and 37 running backs in his lengthy career , during which seven running backs reached for over 1 , 000 yards in a season and played in seven Pro Bowls . Former teammate Jim Everett stated Jackie Slater is proof they were playing football in the prehistoric days . He was Dickerson 's Hall of Fame presenter in 1999 . In 2001 , Slater was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Upon hearing his induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame , fellow inductee and teammate Jack Youngblood said Jackie Slater didn 't want to just beat you , he wanted to dominate you . That 's what made him the player that he was . On being honored , Slater stated As you walk around and shake hands with some of the greatest players in history , it finally hits you , that you belong . You 're a part of the greatest roster ever assembled . Coaching career After his football career ended , Slater worked with an ABC affiliate in Los Angeles . He participated as a guest coach during St. Louis Rams training camps in the early 2000s . On February 16 , 2006 , Oakland Raiders head coach Art Shell hired him to become a co offensive lineman coach along with Irv unk . Slater was hired to mentor Robert Gallery , moving him to left tackle . Gallery struggled that season and Slater was released by the Raiders for the 2007 season and replaced by Tom Cable . He is currently the offensive line coach at Azusa Pacific University in Azusa , California . Personal His son Matthew , who played college football at UCLA , was drafted by the New England Patriots in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft . He is currently a gunner , and special teams captain for the Patriots . The unk have 12 Pro Bowl nods between them , and his son 's nominations to the Pro Bowl makes the Slater family the third most nominated family in the NFL ( only the Manning family ( Archie , Peyton and Eli ) and the Matthews family ( Bruce , Clay Jr and Clay III ) have more Pro Bowl nominations as a family ) . Slater is active with the NFL Play 60 program , which sends NFL players to schools to discuss spending 60 minutes a day to participate in sports activities . Another son , David is in his final year in college , and Slater and his family live in Los Angeles .
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3,591 | Tropical Storm Bret made a rare landfall on the Delmarva Peninsula in June 1981 . The fifth tropical cyclone and second named storm of the season , Bret developed as a subtropical storm from a large area of frontal clouds near Bermuda on June 29 . Moving westward , the subtropical storm intensified while producing deep convection , and was consequently reclassified as a tropical storm early on June 30 . Around that time , Bret peaked with sustained winds of 70 mph ( 110 km h ) . The storm then began weakening and struck near Oyster , Virginia as a minimal tropical storm early on July 1 . Upon moving inland , Bret weakened to a tropical depression and subsequently accelerated prior to dissipating over northern Virginia that same day . In its early stages , Bret dropped light rainfall on Bermuda , peaking at 3 . 34 inches ( 85 mm ) . Impact in the United States was generally minor . In Virginia , the storm produced up to 4 . 48 inches ( 114 mm ) of rain in Big Meadows section of Shenandoah National Park . Along the coast , minor beach erosion occurred due to tides up to 0 . 9 feet ( 0 . 27 m ) above normal . In western Pennsylvania , locally heavy rainfall flooded some streets and basements . Elsewhere , Bret dropped 1 to 3 inches ( 25 to 76 mm ) of precipitation to several states . One fatality was confirmed after a woman was killed by rip currents at Nags Head , North Carolina . Meteorological history A large band of frontal clouds became situated over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean on June 27 . By the following day , satellite imagery indicated that a low pressure area began developing northwest of Bermuda , along the northwest periphery of the frontal cloud band . Substantial amounts of deep convection eventually formed north and west of the low center . Thus , the system was designated as a subtropical storm at 1200 UTC on June 29 , while centered approximately 575 miles ( 925 km ) east of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . The system continued to gain convection and intensify while tracking westward toward the Mid Atlantic states at a forward speed of 20 mph ( 32 km h ) . Early on June 30 , a well defined atmospheric circulation became apparent on infrared satellite imagery . As a result , subtropical storm transitioned into Tropical Storm Bret later that day at 0600 UTC . Upon becoming a tropical cyclone early on June 30 , Bret attained maximum sustained winds of 70 mph ( 110 km h ) . About six hours later , at 1200 UTC , the storm also attained its minimum barometric pressure of 996 mbar ( 29 . 4 inHg ) . Around 2200 UTC on June 30 , a reconnaissance aircraft flight observed hurricane force winds , though Bret was not upgraded to a hurricane because the minimum barometric pressure was considered too high . About an hour later , the National Hurricane Center noted that Bret was moving westward toward Virginia at 20 mph ( 25 km h ) and entering a region of colder sea surface temperatures , causing further intensification to become unlikely . Subsequently , the storm curved west northwestward and rapidly weakened . At 0500 UTC on July 1 , Bret made landfall near Oyster , Virginia on the Delmarva Peninsula as a minimal tropical storm . About an hour later , the storm emerged into the Chesapeake Bay and weakened to a tropical depression . Later on July 1 , Bret moved inland over mainland Virginia and continued to weaken , until dissipating over the northern portion of the state . Preparations and impact In its early stages , the subtropical precursor of Bret tracked north of Bermuda and dropped light rainfall on the island , peaking at 3 . 34 inches ( 85 mm ) . While Bret was approaching the East Coast of the United States , various National Weather Service offices issued gale warnings . At 2000 UTC on June 30 , a gale force warning was issued for a portion of the North Carolina coastline extending from Cape Hatteras northward , including Albemarle and Pamlico sounds . Simultaneously , another gale warning was issued for areas along the Chesapeake Bay south of the Patuxent River in Maryland and on the east coast from Ocean City , Maryland to Virginia Beach , Virginia . Around 0300 UTC on July 1 , all gale warnings were discontinued in North Carolina , while the remaining warnings in Maryland and Virginia were canceled about five hours later . Additionally , a small craft advisory was also posted for the North Carolina and Virginia coastlines . Officials in North Carolina closed off beaches at Nags Head , Kitty Hawk , and Kill Devil Hills from swimmers due to rip currents and tides . After Bret dissipated , the small craft warning remained in effect and mariners were told to remain in port until the weather calmed . In Virginia , Bret produced relatively light rainfall , peaking at 4 . 48 inches ( 114 mm ) in Big Meadows , a section of Shenandoah National Park . At the time of Bret 's landfall , portions of the Mid Atlantic states were experiencing a strong drought , though the amounts of precipitation were not enough for farmers in Virginia to save their crops . In Virginia Beach , local street flooding and a brief tornado were reported . Minor beach erosion occurred in the area due to tides reaching about 0 . 9 feet ( 0 . 27 m ) above normal . One fatality was confirmed in North Carolina when a woman was killed after getting stuck in rip currents at Nags Head . Offshore , two boats lost contact with the Coast Guard during the approach to land , one of which washed up at Cape May , New Jersey and the other on the Virginia coast . The Coast Guard began cleanup of an oil spill at Nags Head caused by Bret off the coast . About 8 miles ( 13 km ) of the shoreline was filled with oil , little of which polluted the water . Most of the oil was thin and easily cleanup private contractor . Locally heavy rainfall in western Pennsylvania flooded streets and basements in some areas . The town of Brookville was inundated with up to 4 inches ( 100 mm ) of water . Elsewhere , Bret dropped 1 to 3 inches ( 25 to 76 mm ) of precipitation in several states . Overall , no considerable damage was reported .
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3,592 | Lactarius fallax , commonly known as the velvety milk cap , is a species of fungus in the Russulaceae family . Found in both spruce and mixed conifer forests , it is a fairly common species in the Pacific Northwest region of North America , with a northerly range extending to Alaska . Its fruit bodies are medium sized , with velvety , brown to blackish caps up to 3 9 cm ( 1 . 2 3 . 5 in ) in diameter bearing a distinct pointed umbo . The caps are supported by velvety stems up to 6 cm ( 2 . 4 in ) long and 1 . 5 cm ( 0 . 6 in ) thick . The mushroom oozes a whitish latex when it is cut , and injured tissue eventually turns a dull reddish color . The eastern North American and European species Lactarius lignyotus is closely similar in appearance , but can be distinguished by its differing range . Taxonomy and classification The species was originally described by American mycologists Alexander H. Smith and Lexemuel Ray Hesler in a 1962 publication . Smith made the initial collection in late October 1944 , in Rhododendron , Oregon . The publication also described the variety Lactarius fallax var. concolor based on specimens collected in Mount Hood . According to Smith and Hesler , this variety had been to that point generally identified as Lactarius lignyotus in the Pacific Northwest . They described the variety L. lignyotus var. americanus to account for differences such as spore ornamentation , distant gills at maturity , and the typically slightly acrid taste . However , in their 1979 monograph of North American Lactarius species , they considered L. lignyotus var. americanus to be equivalent ( and thus synonymous ) to L. fallax var. concolor . The specific epithet fallax is derived from the Latin word deceptive . The mushroom is commonly known as the velvety milk cap . Lactarius fallax is classified in the section unk of the subgenus unk of the genus Lactarius . Species in this section have brown to blackish caps , and a cap cuticle that contains a dissolved brown pigment . The cuticle of most species is of the trichoderm type where the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel , like hairs , perpendicular to the cap surface . Description The cap of L. fallax is 3 9 cm ( 1 . 2 3 . 5 in ) wide , ranging in shape from convex to nearly flat with a small umbo , expanding to plane or becoming shallowly depressed , with or without the umbo . The margin ( cap edge ) is even or scalloped . The cap surface is dry and velvety , finely wrinkled over the center , unk ( without concentric lines ) , and dark sooty brown to blackish . The gills are attached to subdecurrent ( running shortly down the length of the stem ) , narrow , crowded , not forked , white at first , and become creamy buff with age . The edges of the gills are brown like the cap , and slowly stain vinaceous ( unk colored ) when bruised . There are several tiers of lamellulae ( short gills that do not reach the stem ) interspersed among the full length gills . The stem is 2 . 5 6 cm ( 1 . 0 2 . 4 in ) long , 8 15 mm ( 0 . 3 0 . 6 in ) thick , nearly equal in width throughout , dry , solid , unpolished or velvety , and a paler brown than the cap . The flesh is thin , brittle , staining pale vinaceous . The odor is not distinctive , and the taste mild or faintly acrid . The latex is copious , white on exposure , unchanging , slowly staining flesh and gills vinaceous . The spore print is yellowish . The edibility of the mushroom has not been officially documented . The species is one of several brown to nearly black milkcaps that are , according to David Arora , notable for their beauty , and therefore likely to attract the attention of even the casual collector . The variety Lactarius fallax var. concolor is nearly identical to the main species in appearance and distribution , but has gill edges that are colored like the gill face . Microscopic characteristics The spores are spherical , and ornamented with warts and ridges that form a partial reticulum ( a net like pattern of lines ) with prominences up to 2 m high . They are hyaline ( translucent ) , amyloid ( meaning they will absorb iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) , and measure 7 . 5 10 . 0 by 7 9 . 5 m . The cap cuticle is a trichoderm . The basidia ( the spore bearing cells ) are 38 56 by 10 13 m , club shaped , four spored , and hyaline when mounted in a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) . There are abundant cheilocystidia ( cystidia found on the edge of gills ) , with contents ranging in color from dingy yellow to hyaline in KOH . They measure 32 50 by 3 6 m , and may be shaped somewhat like a spindle ( tapered on each end ) or a cylinder , or they may be flexuous ( winding from side to side ) . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia found on the gill face ) are filamentous , 2 . 5 5 m in diameter , and rare to scattered . Similar species Lactarius unk and L. lignyotus are similar to L. fallax , and they are all associated with Picea and Abies examination of microscopic features cannot be used to distinguish between them . L. lignyotus is restricted in distribution to eastern North America and Europe . Lactarius unk is another milk cap with a dark brown cap , but it has a smooth ( not velvety ) and slimy cap and stem . Another brown capped eastern North American species is L. unk it has distantly spaced white gills that run down the stem . L. unk , which prefers to grow near hardwoods , has close gills . Habitat and distribution The fruit bodies of L. fallax grow scattered to grouped together on the ground , or on very rotten conifer logs in alpine areas under standing conifers . They are fairly common , and typically found between August and October . L. fallax is distributed in the western United States and Canada , with the northern range extending to Alaska the eastern range is bounded on the east by the Great Plains . Field observations suggest that the fungus can form ectomycorrhizal associations with Tsuga heterophylla . Hesler and Smith noted that the variety concolor was prevalent under species of Fir .
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3,593 | The American Males were a professional wrestling tag team in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) composed of Marcus Bagwell and Scotty Riggs . Their gimmick was of two pretty boys who were fond of their own bodies and popular with women . Riggs was Bagwell 's third partner with whom he won the WCW World Tag Team Championship , the previous two being 2 Cold Scorpio and The Patriot . The American Males won the tag team title soon after they began teaming together but soon dropped the belts back to Harlem Heat , the previous champions . Bagwell and Riggs did not return to main event status , and they eventually split up and feuded with each other . History Background Marcus Bagwell had competed in the tag team division in WCW since 1993 , during which time he held the WCW World Tag Team Championship with two different partners . Teaming with 2 Cold Scorpio , he held the title belts for three weeks . He later won the title twice more while teaming with The Patriot , a team that was dubbed Stars and Stripes due to the patriotic theme both wrestlers were using at the time . After being left behind by both partners , he expressed a desire to form a new tag team to challenge for the title again . According to WCW 's storylines , his former partners believed that he was too demanding , and he was unable to find anyone interested in teaming with him due to his reputation as being difficult to work with . Formation The team was formed in August 1995 when Scott Antol signed a WCW contract and was placed with tag team specialist Marcus Alexander Bagwell . In the process , both men changed their ring names , Antol changing his last name to Riggs and Bagwell shortening his name to simply Marcus Bagwell . Once together , they both wore short shorts and leather vests ( later wrestling tights and suspenders ) to the ring and began clapping their hands over their head in time with their entrance music , which sang their praises between choruses of the team name being repeated over and over . They wrestled on the first episode of Nitro , defeating World Tag Team Champions Dick Slater and Bunkhouse Buck in a non title match . Their first major appearance together came at the Fall Brawl pay per view , where they defeated The Nasty Boys in a match that aired on Main Event . Pro Wrestling Illustrated magazine stated that the team work ed well as a unit and could soon challenge for the belts . Bagwell commented on the team in a scripted interview , saying that he believed that his previous tag teams had failed because they were in a rush to win the title belts and that he planned to work slowly toward a title victory with Riggs . World Tag Team Champions On the episode of Nitro after Fall Brawl , Riggs and Bagwell won the World Tag Team Championship after defeating then champions Harlem Heat ( Booker T and Stevie Ray ) in an upset win in an impromptu match . The American Males had been scheduled to face The Blue Bloods , but Harlem Heat attacked both members of the Blue Bloods prior to the match and volunteered to take their place . As champions , the pair defeated Harlem Heat and the team of Dick Slater and Bunkhouse Buck . However , Bagwell and Riggs lost the titles back to Harlem Heat one week later on Saturday Night . The American Males remained top challengers for the title belts for the rest of 1995 but were unable to regain the championship from Harlem Heat . By the end of 1995 , The American Males were no longer being pushed by WCW they competed at Starrcade 1995 in a dark match and defeated The Blue Bloods . Through most of 1996 , they competed in the tag team division with no major storylines and never reached the same heights as when they were champions . They were able to defeat other mid card teams like the Faces of Fear , and they competed in a dark match prior to Slamboree 1996 , defeating The Shark and Maxx . They were consistently defeated by the company 's top tag teams , and Pro Wrestling Illustrated noted that they were getting lost in a very deep tag team division that included The Road Warriors , Public Enemy , Harlem Heat , The Nasty Boys , the Blue Bloods , Lex Luger and Sting , Four Horsemen , The Steiner Brothers , and The Outsiders , among others . In October 1996 , the team began showing signs of splitting , which intensified over the weeks . At World War 3 on November 24 , 1996 , the frustration came to a head as Bagwell attacked Riggs following both men 's elimination from the three ring battle royal that served as the main event . The next night on Nitro Eric Bischoff , representing the New World Order ( nWo ) stable , informed all WCW wrestlers that they would become targets of the nWo if they did not join the group within 30 days . Bagwell and Riggs walked to the ring shortly after Bischoff 's statement , with Bagwell looking to join and Riggs trying to talk him out of it . Bagwell decided to join the nWo , turning on Riggs and dissolving the team in the process . In a scripted interview , Bagwell stated , Who needs Riggs anymore when I have the nWo He also later stated that the team 's lack of success after their first title reign was the fault of Riggs ' ineptitude , stating I couldn 't make up for all his weaknesses . Split Following the breakup , the former partners feuded for a while with Bagwell getting the better of Riggs . Riggs would go on to briefly feud with Raven , later joining The Flock , while Bagwell formed Vicious and Delicious with Scott Norton before suffering a severe neck injury that kept him out of action for a while . Bagwell later returned to WCW , teaming with Shane Douglas to win another tag team championship . After losing the championship , he formed another tag team , pairing with Lex Luger to form Totally unk . In 2000 , when Riggs joined Extreme Championship Wrestling , he did a parody of the American Males gimmick by calling himself The U.S. Male and using their overhead clap taunt . Championships and accomplishments World Championship Wrestling WCW World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time )
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3,594 | M 8 is a 5 . 5 miles ( 8 . 9 km ) state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan lying within the cities of Detroit and Highland Park . Much of it is the Davison Freeway , the nation 's first urban depressed freeway , which became a connector between the Lodge ( M 10 ) and the Chrysler ( Interstate 75 , I 75 ) freeways . Named for an English immigrant to the area , Davison Avenue was originally the only street connecting across Highland Park to Detroit . It was rebuilt by the city and Wayne County as a freeway during World War II . The roadway was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) in 1993 and numbered as M 8 . Subsequent changes by the state rebuilt the freeway and extended the M 8 designation to connect to the Jeffries Freeway ( I 96 ) . Route description M 8 starts on the western end at an interchange with I 96 in Detroit . Davison Avenue continues west of this interchange forming a service drive for the freeway while M 8 uses a short section of freeway to connect between I 96 and Davison Avenue . This short freeway segment runs easterly to Livernois Avenue where the trunkline transitions into Davison Avenue . East of this transition , the roadway turns northeasterly running through residential areas of Detroit . The trunkline meets M 10 Lodge Freeway on the border between Detroit and Highland Park , a city surrounded by Detroit . Northeast of this interchange , M 8 becomes the Davison Freeway , running depressed below the level of the cross streets . There are interchanges for M 1 Woodward Avenue and Oakland Avenue before meeting the Chrysler Freeway ( I 75 ) on the eastern border of Highland Park . The Davison Freeway continues northeasterly in Detroit north of Hamtramck . The freeway ends between Gallagher and Newbern avenues . M 8 continues to Conant Street where the designation ends . Davison Avenue continues past Mound Road where it turns back due east until it ends at Van Dyke Street next to the Mt . Olivet Cemetery . MDOT 's 2007 traffic surveys counted the average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , a measure of the number of vehicles using a section of roadway on any given day of the year . An average of 38 , 000 vehicles used the western section of M 8 along Davison Avenue in 2007 each day the eastern segment carried 37 , 300 vehicles . The section of freeway in between carried in excess of 50 , 000 vehicles a day in 2007 between M 10 and I 75 . Of this traffic , 1 , 900 trucks and other commercial vehicles used the trunkline . History Davison Avenue predates both the Davison Freeway and the M 8 state trunkline designation in the area . The roadway was named for unk Davison , an English immigrant and one of the early settlers of the area . The street was the only one of the 30 parallel streets in Highland Park that crossed through the city from border to border and connected with Detroit streets . This road was heavily congested , approaching gridlock during rush hour by 1940 . A traffic survey showed that 96 of the traffic using the street was crossing Highland Park with no destination in the city . A proposal to rebuild the street as a six lane , limited access highway was approved by the Highland Park City Council on March 17 , 1941 . The council also appropriated 100 , 000 ( equivalent to 5 . 75 million in 2015 ) for the construction with Wayne County and the remaining 3 , 400 , 000 ( equivalent to 195 million in 2015 ) paid by state and federal government appropriations . The freeway construction required a half block of right of way on the south side of Davison Avenue and the demolition of 69 homes to accommodate the 12 17 feet ( 3 . 7 5 . 2 m ) of excavation along the 1 . 3 mile ( 2 . 1 km ) project . Another 63 homes were moved . The outbreak of World War II accelerated the construction schedule after the project was given priority due to the defense plants near the roadway . The freeway opened for traffic without a dedication ceremony at 4 00 p.m. on November 25 , 1942 . Travel times across Highland Park dropped from 15 minutes to around 3 4 minutes after the freeway opened . The roadway was the first urban , depressed freeway in the United States . The concrete for the road bed was cured underwater by flooding , creating an extremely hard and durable surface which lasted for more than 50 years ( some requiring dynamite for its eventual removal ) . In 1968 , the freeway was extended eastward a few blocks through a junction with the newly opened Chrysler Freeway ( I 75 ) to its present day eastern terminus near Conant Street . The state requested additional Interstate Highway System mileage that year as well , and in the proposals submitted was a request to extend the Davison to I 96 and I 94 . These plans to transfer the freeway to state control and extend it were dropped in the 1970s after opposition to another freeway in Detroit . The plans would have extended it west to the Jeffries and east to a Van Dyke Freeway ( extended M 53 ) . Upon its transfer to state control in 1993 , it had previously been a county maintained freeway , the Davison Freeway was designated as M 8 . Three years later , the Davison was closed for a year and a half to reconstruct it to Interstate Highway standards with an additional through travel lane and a wider left shoulder for improved safety and traffic handling as well as a new interchange with Woodward Avenue . The reconstructed freeway was reopened on October 8 , 1997 by Governor John Engler . In 2001 , M 8 was extended to include the two mile ( 3 . 2 km ) segment of Davison Avenue between the freeway 's western terminus and Davison Avenue 's junction with I 96 ( Jeffries Freeway ) . Except for a M 8 shield on the Lodge Freeway 's Davison Avenue exit signs , the non freeway portion of M 8 remains unsigned , including at the Davison Avenue exit from the Jeffries where new Clearview signs were erected as part of a large I 96 reconstruction project in 2005 . Exit list The entire highway is in Wayne County . All exits are unnumbered .
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3,595 | The French ironclad Couronne ( Crown ) was the first iron hulled ironclad warship built for the French Navy in 1859 62 . She was the first such ship to be laid down , although the British armoured frigate HMS Warrior was completed first . The ship participated in the Franco Prussian War of 1870 71 , but saw no combat . She was served as a gunnery training ship from 1885 to 1908 before she was hulked the following year and became a barracks ship in Toulon . Couronne was scrapped in 1934 , over 70 years after she was completed . Design and description Designed by the French naval architect Camille unk as an iron hulled version of the Gloire class ironclads , Couronne was also intended to fight in the line of battle , unlike the first British ironclads . The ship was classified as an armoured frigates because she only had a single gun deck and her traditional disposition of guns arrayed along the length of the hull also meant that she was a broadside ironclad . The ship was 80 . 85 metres ( 265 ft 3 in ) long , with a beam of 17 metres ( 55 ft 9 in ) . She had a maximum draft of 7 . 8 metres ( 25 ft 7 in ) , a depth of hold of 9 . 7 metres ( 31 ft 10 in ) and displaced 6 , 428 tonnes ( 6 , 326 long tons ) . The ship 's metacentric height of 1 . 8 metres ( 6 ft ) meant that she rolled less and was a better sea boat than the unk . Her gun ports were slightly higher above the waterline than those of her predecessors , 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) , and Couronne took aboard less water as well . She had a crew of 570 officers and enlisted men . The ship had a single horizontal return connecting rod compound steam engine that drove a six bladed , 5 . 8 meter ( 19 ft 0 in ) propeller using steam provided by eight Indret oval boilers for a designed speed of 12 . 5 knots ( 23 . 2 km h 14 . 4 mph ) . Figures for the engine 's designed power vary wildly , from 2 , 000 to 3 , 200 indicated horsepower ( 1 , 500 to 2 , 400 kW ) , but Couronne reached 13 knots ( 24 km h 15 mph ) from 2 , 597 metric horsepower ( 1 , 910 kW ) during her sea trials . She carried a maximum of 675 tonnes ( 664 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 2 , 410 nautical miles ( 4 , 460 km 2 , 770 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . The details of Couronne 's sailing rig are not precisely known , but presumably she was fitted with a light barquentine rig with three masts like that of the Gloire class ships . It is also unknown if she had the same multiple changes of rigging as those ships . Couronne was armed with 36 Modle 1860 164 . 7 millimetre ( 6 . 5 in ) rifled breech loading guns , 30 of which were positioned on the single gun deck in the broadside . The remaining 4 guns were placed on the upper deck as chase guns . They fired a 44 . 9 kilogram ( 99 . 0 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of only 322 metres per second ( 1 , 060 ft s ) and proved to be ineffective against armour . The ship was rearmed multiple times during her career , the first of which was the replacement of the chase guns by four 220 millimetre ( 8 . 7 in ) howitzers in 1864 and the replacement of the rest of the guns by improved Modle 1864 guns . The ship was subsequently rearmed with 16 Modle 1864 or 1866 194 millimetre ( 7 . 6 in ) guns on her main deck and six 164 . 7 millimetre guns on the upper deck as chase guns . Her final armament configuration before she became a gunnery training ship in 1881 was eight 240 millimetre ( 9 . 4 in ) Modle 1870 guns and four 194 millimetre Modle 1870 guns on the main deck . A pair of 120 millimetre ( 4 . 7 in ) guns and a dozen 37 millimetre ( 1 . 5 in ) 5 barrelled Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted on the upper deck . Couronne 's wrought iron hull was completely protected by armour plates 120 millimetres thick . The armour backing consisted of two layers of teak , totaling 380 millimetres ( 15 in ) in thickness , an iron lattice work 33 millimetres ( 1 . 3 in ) thick , and the 20 millimetre ( 0 . 79 in ) side of the hull . The ship had a conning tower with armour 100 millimetres ( 3 . 9 in ) thick and 12 . 7 millimetres ( 0 . 5 in ) of armour underneath the wooden upper deck . Construction and service Ordered on 4 March 1858 , Couronne was laid down at the Arsenal de Lorient on 14 February 1859 , launched on 28 April 1861 and commissioned on 2 February 1862 at a cost of 6 , 018 , 885 francs . On 19 June 1864 , Couronne played an incidental role in the Battle of Cherbourg as she escorted the Confederate commerce raider CSS Alabama out of French territorial waters to her fight with USS Kearsarge . While assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet , the ship made a port visit in August 1865 to Brest where the fleet hosted the British Channel Fleet . A few days later the French fleet made a reciprocal visit to Portsmouth where it was hosted by the Channel Fleet . During the Franco Prussian War the ship was assigned to Vice Admiral Lon Martin unk 's squadron that blockaded German ports in the Heligoland Bight in August and September 1870 . The four German ironclads at Wilhelmshaven sortied in search of the French squadron in early August before the French arrived and in mid September after the French were forced to abandon the blockade for lack of coal . Couronne returned to Toulon on 10 December . In 1876 , she was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron . From 1881 to 1885 , Couronne was reconstructed to serve as a gunnery training ship , replacing Souverain her armour was replaced by wood of the same thickness , two boilers were removed and her propeller was replaced . Her rigging was replaced by a full ship rig and iron spar deck and poop decks were fitted which gave her the appearance of a steam ship of the line of the Napolon type . The ship was rearmed with an assortment of guns of various calibres for training purposes . Her crew and trainees numbered 1200 officers and enlisted men . Couronne was replaced as a gunnery training ship on 1 December 1908 and disarmed on 1 September 1909 . She was subsequently converted to a floating barracks at Toulon until she was scrapped in 1934 .
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3,596 | Hero of the Russian Federation ( Russian unk unk ) is the highest honorary title of the Russian Federation . A person that has been unk this title also receives a Gold Star medal , an insignia of honor that identifies recipients . The title is awarded to persons for service to the Russian state and nation , usually connected with a heroic feat of valor . The title is bestowed by decree of the president of the Russian Federation . Russian citizenship or being in the service of the Russian state is not obligatory . The title was established in 1992 , and has been awarded more than 970 times since then , including more than 440 times posthumously . History The title Hero of Russia is a successor to Hero of the Soviet Union ( Russian unk unk ) , which was established by Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union of May 5 , 1934 . The corresponding Gold Star is derived from the Soviet design , created by architect Miron unk and approved by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of August 1 , 1939 . Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Russian Federation under president Boris Yeltsin retained a modified award by Law of the Russian Federation 2553 1 of March 20 , 1992 . Article 71 of the Constitution of Russia permits titles , orders and medals to be presented by the government , and Article 89 gives the Russian president power to create state awards . This is the highest honour that can be presented by the Russian president to a citizen . Statute The title of Hero of the Russian Federation can be awarded for a heroic deed in the service of the state . It can be awarded to both civilian and military personnel . The title can also be awarded posthumously if the heroic act costs the recipient his or her life . The President of the Russian Federation is the main conferring authority of the award . The insignia of Hero of the Russian Federation is worn on the left side of the chest above all other medals and decorations . Its medal is always worn in full size , there is no ribbon bar or rosette that can be worn in its lieu . When Soviet titles , such as Hero of the Soviet Union or Hero of Socialist Labour are worn together with the medal of the Russian title , the latter has precedence . Description The insignia of the title of Hero of the Russian Federation is also called the Gold Star medal ( Russian unk unk ) , its design is similar to the Soviet variant . The Gold Star medal is a gold five pointed star with smooth 15mm dihedral rays on the obverse . The otherwise plain reverse bears the prominent relief inscription in 2mm high letters HERO OF unk ( Russian unk unk ) at its center , in the upper portion , the award serial number in 1mm high numbers . The insignia is secured to a standard Russian square mount by a ring through the suspension loop . The mount is covered by a silk moir tricolour ribbon of white , blue and red . Recipients The majority of the early recipients of the title fell into two categories participants in the Chechnya conflicts or cosmonauts . On some occasions , the person who was awarded the title was killed while in the course of duty , such as Major Denis unk , who was killed early in the 2008 South Ossetia War . This includes those killed in battle as well as assassinated government officials . An example of such a recipient was Akhmad Kadyrov , the former governor of Chechnya . The pro Moscow leader was killed in a bomb attack during the 2004 Victory Day parade in the Chechen capital of Grozny . Several days after Akhmad was killed , President Vladimir Putin awarded him the title . Some time after the incident , Putin awarded Kadyrov 's son , Ramzan , the same title for his work in Chechnya . All Russian cosmonauts are awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation following their voyage into space some may already have earned it , for example for long service as a test pilot . Cosmonauts are also awarded the title Pilot Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation . Some recipients of the title , such as Sergei Krikalev , had also received the Soviet hero title , along with the Order of Lenin . Most of the cosmonaut double heroes were awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of Russia titles for successful realization of flight and the courage and heroism shown . Outside of those two groups , athletes and other civilian and military officials have also received the title . Notable examples include Submarine captain Gennady unk , of the Kursk , which sank after an explosion in 2000 . Due to his heroism during the explosion and his attempts at preserving the lives of the crew , unk was posthumously awarded the title , and the members of his crew were awarded with the Order of Courage . Athlete Larisa unk was presented with the title for various medals won at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan . Alexander unk was awarded for his recognition as the greatest wrestler of all time ( from antiquity to the present day ) . He was a Greco Roman wrestler in the Olympics , and in his career he won 887 bouts and lost only 2 times . His losses are controversial because commentators believe they were caused by trivial rule changes , not a bona fide athletic defeat . unk 2007 expedition members Anatoly unk , Yevgeny unk and Artur unk , who , on January 10 , 2008 , performed the first ever descent to the ocean bottom at the North Pole . Awarded the title for courage and heroism showed in extremal conditions and successful completion of High Latitude Arctic Deep Water Expedition . Weapons designer Mikhail T. Kalashnikov , designer of the AK 47 assault rifle and PK machine gun . He received the honor on his 90th birthday , November 10 , 2009 . The medal has been awarded posthumously approximately 340 times , primarily to people involved in the first and second wars in Chechnya . One of the more recent posthumous awards was made by President Dmitry Medvedev to Evgeny unk , the chief of the Moscow fire department on March 24 , 2010 . unk died March 20 , 2010 saving others ' lives .
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3,597 | Wehha was a pagan king of the East Angles who , if he actually existed , ruled the kingdom of East Anglia during the 6th century , at the time the kingdom was being established by migrants from what is now Frisia and the southern Jutland peninsula . Early sources identify him as a member of the Wuffingas dynasty , which became established around the east coast of Suffolk . Nothing of his reign is known . According to the East Anglian tally from the Textus Roffensis , Wehha was the son of Wilhelm . The 9th century History of the Britons lists both Wehha , who is named as ' Guillem Guercha ' , as the first king of the East Angles , and his son and successor Wuffa , after whom the dynasty was named . It has been claimed that the name Wehha was a hypocoristic version of unk , from the Anglo Saxon poem Beowulf , which , along with evidence such as the finds discovered at Sutton Hoo in 1939 , suggests a connection between the Wuffingas and a Swedish dynasty , the unk . Background Wehha is thought to have been one of the earliest rulers of East Anglia , an independent and long lived Anglo Saxon kingdom that was established in the 6th century , and which includes the modern English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk . According to R. Rainbird Clarke , migrants from southern Jutland speedily dominated the unk , an area of southeast Suffolk , and then , by around 550 , lost no time in conquering the whole of East Anglia . Rainbird Clarke identified Wehha , the founder of the dynasty , as one of the leaders of the new arrivals the East Angles are tentatively identified with the Geats of the Old English poem Beowulf . He used the evidence of the finds at Sutton Hoo to conclude that the Wuffingas originated from Sweden , noting that the sword , helmet and shield found in the ship burial at Sutton Hoo may have been family heirlooms , brought across from Sweden in the beginning of the 6th century . As it is now believed that these artefacts were made in England , there is less agreement amongst scholars that the Wuffingas dynasty was directly linked with Sweden . The extent of the kingdom of the East Angles can be determined from a variety of sources . Isolated to the north and east by the North Sea , there were mainly impenetrable forests to the south and the swamps and scattered islands of the Fens on its western border . The main land route from East Anglia would at that time have been a land corridor , along which ran the prehistoric Icknield Way . The southern neighbours of the East Angles were the East Saxons and across the other side of the Fens were the Middle Angles . It has been suggested that the Devil 's Dyke ( near modern Newmarket ) at one time formed part of the kingdom 's western boundary , but as its construction can only be dated from between the 4th and 10th centuries , it cannot be established to be of Early Anglo Saxon origin . Genealogy Wehha is a semi historical figure and no surviving evidence has survived to show he actually existed or was ever king of the East Angles . The name Wehha is included in tallies of the ruling Wuffingas dynasty the name appears as unk unk Wehha unk in the East Anglian tally from the Textus Roffensis , an important collection of Anglo Saxon laws and Rochester Cathedral registers that has survived in the form of two distinct books that were bound together in the 13th century . According to this list , which is also known as the Anglian collection , Wehha was the son of Wilhelm , who was the son of unk , who was the son of unk , the son of unk , the son of unk , the son of unk unk , the son of the god Wden . Wehha 's son Wuffa , after whom the Wuffingas dynasty is named , is also listed . According to the 9th century History of the Britons , a man listed as Guillem Guercha was the first of his line to rule as king of the East Angles . The History of the Britons lists Guillem Guercha 's descendants and ancestors ' Woden begat Casser , who begat Titinon , who begat Trigil , who begat Rodmunt , who begat Rippa , who begat Guillem Guercha , who was the first king of the East Angles ' . According to the 19th century historian Sir Francis Palgrave , Guercha was a distortion of Wuffa . D. P. Kirby is among those historians who have concluded from this information that Wuffa 's father was the founder of the Wuffingas line . Despite the Wuffingas ' long list of ancestors that stretch back to their pagan gods their power in the region can only have been established in the middle third of the 6th century , if Wehha is taken as the dynastic founder . Martin Carver warns against using the scant material that exists to draw detailed inferences about the earliest Wuffingas kings . The descendants of Wehha See Wuffingas for a more complete family tree . The name Wehha The name Wehha has been linked as a hypocoristic ( shortened ) version of unk , the father of Wiglaf in the Anglo Saxon poem Beowulf , strengthening the evidence for a connection between the Wuffingas dynasty and a Swedish royal dynasty , the unk . It has also been suggested that Wehha is a regular hypocoristic form of Old English names beginning with unk ( o ) unk , for instance in the unattested name unk . Lindqvist 's conjecture that Wehha is a hypocoristic form of the name Weohstan is linguistically not possible , according to O 'Loughlin , as Weohstan is a later West Saxon name . O 'Loughlin notes that Wehha and his father Wilhelm can be linked with a person named unk and his father unk , who are listed in a genealogy found a manuscript of the laws of unk , a 7th century king of the Lombards . Wehha may occur on a bronze pail excavated from the Chessell Down cemetery on the Isle of Wight , which possesses the runic inscription unk . Reign and succession Nothing is known of Wehha or of his rule , as no written records have survived from this period in East Anglian history . At an unknown date Wehha was succeeded by Wuffa , who was ruling the kingdom in 571 , according to the mediaeval chronicler Roger of Wendover . The date given by Roger of Wendover cannot be corroborated .
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3,598 | Killing Time is a Star Trek The Original Series novel written by Della Van Hise and published by Pocket Books in 1985 . The original manuscript had Kirk Spock slash fiction elements , and these were requested to be removed by Paramount . However , they were not removed , and 250 , 000 copies were printed . These romantic undertones between Spock and James T. Kirk were brought to the attention of the office of the creator of Star Trek , Gene Roddenberry , who made Pocket Books recall the first edition . This edition subsequently became a collector 's item , with more than fifty changes made to a revised version . Plot The USS Enterprise is on patrol near the Romulan neutral zone and the crew is experiencing unusual dreams . Captain James T. Kirk and Science Officer Spock both confess that they are having dreams that Spock is Captain of the ship and Kirk is an Ensign . Kirk informs Spock that Starfleet intelligence has discovered that the Romulans are attempting to use time travel and are sending more ships to investigate . Captain Kirk goes to sleep , and awakes as Ensign Kirk on the unk ShiKahr , which appears to otherwise be the Enterprise . The Ensign is a drug addled ex convict who has been on board for only a day . The Romulans had attempted to travel back in time and destroy the Federation , but they instead created a Federation dominated by Vulcans . They shielded a ship from the changes and compare the differences , realising that it needs to be reversed . Meanwhile , Captain Spock begins to act protectively of Ensign Kirk , but the Captain is injured on an away mission . After Doctor McCoy conducts a series of mental scans , the crew of the ShiKahr realise that history has been altered . The Romulans plot to use Kirk to force Spock to impersonate their leader . Spock unk with Kirk , each realising their personas from the main timeline . Romulan agents board the ShiKahr and capture Kirk . Spock agrees to their demands and travels with them . Whilst en route , Spock enters pon farr and finds that he is linked to Kirk , but mates with the Romulan Thea to allow it to pass . They retrieve Kirk , and discover that taking Kirk and Spock was a ploy to have them both travel back in time to stop the Romulan agents from preventing the formation of the Federation . They travel back in time and disable the agents , but Spock is seriously injured and dying . Kirk and Spock unk as reality shifts once more and restores the original timeline . Development The original manuscript of Killing Time included Kirk Spock based slash fiction overtones . The foundation of this genre of writing dated back to the 1970s with fan created fiction about Kirk and Spock . This has since become a term typically used for same sex unofficial fiction . Author Della van Hise had previously written these types of stories about those characters . When that manuscript was sent by Pocket Books for approval by Paramount Studios , the pages with the slash fiction were marked to be edited out of the eventual novel . It was returned , but at the time Pocket Books were between editors as Mimi unk had just left , and her replacement Karen Haas had not yet arrived . At some point , someone went through the manuscript and marked the pages which Paramount had asked to be removed with the letters unk , which is a Latin term used by unk to tell the printer to disregard earlier changes . Pocket Books published 250 , 000 copies of Killing Time in the first print run . After the publishing , Gene Roddenberry 's assistant , Richard Arnold , received a letter from a reader stating that the book was suggesting a romantic link between Kirk and Spock . This was passed to Roddenberry , the creator of Star Trek , who reportedly became livid . Following his complaints to Pocket Books , the first print run of the novel was recalled and destroyed . Pocket Books had already shipped between 100 , 000 to 150 , 000 copies of the book to retailers . When the news broke , fans began purchasing the novels before they could be removed from the shelves as the first edition was expected to become a collector 's item . Van Hise later said of that version of the novel , If someone went looking for ' questionable material ' , in Killing Time , they could find it ... Just as beauty is in supposedly in the mind of the beholder , so is questionable material . More than fifty changes were made to the novel before it was republished as a second edition . Following the issues with the publishing of Killing Time , there was increased oversight by Roddenberry 's staff regarding the novels published by Pocket Books . This was delegated to Arnold , and would later cause confusion for Pocket Books as comments would be sent back and it was sometimes unclear whether they were from Roddenberry or Arnold . These comments rejected plot developments in the novels where they were stepping out of the bounds set by the television series . Rumours subsequently spread that there was an alternative version of the manuscript with more explicit Kirk Spock slash details , something that Van Hise later denied . Critical reception Ellen Cheeseman Meyer , writing for Tor.com in February 2013 , said that Killing Time was incredibly romantic . She stated that it reminded her of 18th century literary Romanticism , which suggested that morality lay in nature and civilization was a corrupting influence . She said that whilst it could be considered a trivial piece of fluff tossed off by a fan writer and published when Pocket Books wasn t paying much attention , it could also be seen to be a call to action that requires readers to examine their relationships and their actions . In Elizabeth unk 's article for Extrapolation , entitled From Slash to the Mainstream Female Writers and Gender Blending Men , she describes Killing Time as erotic but not sexual and said that Spock and Kirk both combine masculine and feminine imagery . She suggested that it was not the romantic overtones that caused the reaction , but rather that it was this gender blending that was the issue .
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3,599 | Clare Winger Harris ( January 18 , 1891 October 1968 ) was an early science fiction writer whose short stories were published during the 1920s . She is credited as the first woman to publish stories under her own name in science fiction magazines . Her stories often dealt with characters on the borders of humanity such as cyborgs . Harris began publishing in 1926 , and soon became well liked by readers . She sold a total of eleven stories , which were collected in 1947 as Away From the Here and Now . Her gender was a surprise to Gernsback , the editor who first bought her work , as she was the first woman to publish science fiction stories under her own name . Her stories , which often feature strong female characters , have been occasionally reprinted and have received some positive critical response , including a recognition of her pioneering role as a woman writer in a male dominated field . Life Clare Winger was born on January 18 , 1891 , in Freeport , Illinois and later attended Smith College in Massachusetts . In 1912 she married Frank Clyde Harris . Her husband was an architect and engineer who served in World War I and was chief engineer with the Loudon Machinery Company in Iowa and one of the organizers of the American Monorail Company of Cleveland , Ohio . Harris gave birth to three sons ( Clyde Winger , born 1915 Donald Stover , born 1916 and Lynn unk , born 1918 ) . She died in Pasadena , California in 1968 . Harris wrote her most acclaimed works during the 1920s . In 1930 , she stopped writing to raise and educate her children . Writing career Harris published her first short story , The Runaway World , in the July 1926 issue of Weird Tales . In December of that year , she submitted a story for a contest being run by Amazing Stories editor Hugo Gernsback . Harris 's story , The Fate of the Poseidonia ( a space opera about Martians who steal earth 's water , placed third . Harris soon became one of unk 's most popular writers . Harris eventually published eleven short stories in pulp magazines , most of them in Amazing Stories ( although she also published in other places such as Science Wonder Quarterly ) . In 1947 Harris 's short stories were collected under the title Away from the Here and Now . Her stories have also been reprinted in anthologies such as Daughters of Earth Feminist Science Fiction in the 20th Century ( with a critical essay ) , Sci Fi unk , Amazing Science Fiction Anthology The Wonder Years 1926 1935 , and Gosh Wow Sense of Wonder Science Fiction . She wrote one novel , Persephone of Eleusis A Romance of Ancient Greece ( 1923 ) . Harris also wrote one of the first attempts to classify science fiction when , in the August 1931 issue of Wonder Stories , she listed 16 basic science fiction themes , including , Interplanetary space travel , Adventures on other worlds , and The creation of synthetic life . Critical view and influence When unk published Harris 's first short story in Amazing Stories , he praised her writing while also expressing amazement that a woman could write good scientifiction ( as science fiction was then called ) , saying That the third prize winner should prove to be a woman was one of the surprises of the contest , for , as a rule , women do not make good unk writers , because their education and general tendencies on scientific matters are usually limited . But the exception , as usual , proves the rule , the exception in this case being extraordinarily impressive . For many years Harris claimed to have been the first woman science fiction writer in the United States . While this can be debated ( since Gertrude Barrows Bennett , writing under the pseudonym Francis Stevens , published science fiction stories as early as 1917 ) , Harris is recognized as the first woman to publish stories in science fiction magazines under her own name . Even though Harris published only a handful of stories , almost all of them have been reprinted over the years . Of these , The Miracle of the Lily has been reprinted the most and praised by many critics , with Richard Lupoff saying the story would have won the Hugo Award for best short story , if the award had existed then . Lupoff also wrote that w hile today 's reader may find her prose creaky and old fashioned , the stories positively teem with still fresh and provocative ideas . The Fate of the Poseidonia has also been reprinted a number of times and is credited as an early example of a science fiction story with a heroic female lead character . Other of Harris 's stories are also noted for featuring strong female characters , such as Sylvia , the airplane pilot and mechanic in The Ape Cycle ( 1930 ) . Harris also wrote one story utilizing a female point of view ( in 1928 's The Fifth Dimension ) . Because Harris was the first woman published in science fiction magazines , and because of her embrace of female characters and themes , she has been recognized in recent years as a pioneer of women 's and feminist science fiction . Novels Persephone of Eleusis A Romance of Ancient Greece ( 1923 ) Collections Away from the Here and Now Stories in Pseudo Science ( Philadelphia Dorrance , 1947 ) Short stories ( All stories included in Away from the Here and Now ) . A Runaway World ( Weird Tales , July 1926 ) The Fate of the Poseidonia ( Amazing Stories , June 1927 ) A Certain Soldier ( Weird Tales , November 1927 ) The Fifth Dimension ( Amazing Stories , December 1928 ) The Menace From Mars ( Amazing Stories , October 1928 ) The Miracle of the Lily ( Amazing Stories , April 1928 ) The Artificial Man ( Science Wonder Quarterly , Fall 1929 ) A Baby on Neptune with Miles J. Breuer , M.D. ( Amazing Stories , December 1929 ) The Diabolical Drug ( Amazing Stories , May 1929 ) The Evolutionary Monstrosity ( Amazing Stories Quarterly , Winter 1929 ) The Ape Cycle ( Science Wonder Quarterly , Spring 1930 ) Essays Letter ( Air Wonder Stories , September 1929 ) Letter ( Wonder Stories , August 1931 )
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