id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15,968,804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section%20modulus | In solid mechanics and structural engineering, section modulus is a geometric property of a given cross-section used in the design of beams or flexural members. Other geometric properties used in design include: area for tension and shear, radius of gyration for compression, and second moment of area and polar second m... | Section modulus | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,035 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Mechanical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Structural analysis",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
9,295,203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo%E2%80%93Lewis%20equation | The Mayo–Lewis equation or copolymer equation in polymer chemistry describes the distribution of monomers in a copolymer. It was proposed by Frank R. Mayo and Frederick M. Lewis.
The equation considers a monomer mix of two components and and the four different reactions that can take place at the reactive chain end ... | Mayo–Lewis equation | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,338 | [
"Equations",
"Mathematical objects",
"Materials science",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
9,299,409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20thermodynamics | Nucleic acid thermodynamics is the study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The melting temperature (Tm) is defined as the temperature at which half of the DNA strands are in the random coil or single-stranded (ssDNA) state. Tm depends on the length of the DNA molecule... | Nucleic acid thermodynamics | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 2,881 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Biological engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Biochemical engineering",
"Biotechnology",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Nucleic acids"
] |
2,166,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20resonance | In quantum mechanics, a shape resonance is a metastable state in which an electron is trapped due to the shape of a potential barrier.
Altunata describes a state as being a shape resonance if, "the internal state of the system remains unchanged upon disintegration of the quasi-bound level."
A more general discussion of... | Shape resonance | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,118 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Scattering",
"Particle physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
2,166,926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano%20resonance | In physics, a Fano resonance is a type of resonant scattering phenomenon that gives rise to an asymmetric line-shape. Interference between a background and a resonant scattering process produces the asymmetric line-shape. It is named after Italian-American physicist Ugo Fano, who in 1961 gave a theoretical explanation ... | Fano resonance | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 741 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Scattering",
"Particle physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
2,167,227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feshbach%E2%80%93Fano%20partitioning | In quantum mechanics, and in particular in scattering theory, the Feshbach–Fano method, named after Herman Feshbach and Ugo Fano, separates (partitions) the resonant and the background components of the wave function and therefore of the associated quantities like cross sections or phase shift. This approach allows us... | Feshbach–Fano partitioning | [
"Chemistry"
] | 567 | [
"Scattering",
"Scattering theory"
] |
2,167,401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest%20common%20substring | In computer science, a longest common substring of two or more strings is a longest string that is a substring of all of them. There may be more than one longest common substring. Applications include data deduplication and plagiarism detection.
Examples
The picture shows two strings where the problem has multiple so... | Longest common substring | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,134 | [
"Problems on strings",
"Mathematical problems",
"Computational problems"
] |
2,168,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital%20rates | Vital rates refer to how fast vital statistics change in a population (usually measured per 1000 individuals). There are 2 categories within vital rates: crude rates and refined rates.
Crude rates measure vital statistics in a general population (overall change in births and deaths per 1000).
Refined rates measure th... | Vital rates | [
"Biology"
] | 147 | [
"Ecology"
] |
2,168,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyn | In fluid dynamics, the reyn is a British unit of dynamic viscosity,
named in honour of Osbourne Reynolds, for whom the Reynolds number is also named.
Conversions
By definition,
1 reyn = 1 lbf s in−2.
It follows that the relation between the reyn and the poise is approximately
1 reyn = 6.89476 × 104 P.
In SI units, vi... | Reyn | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 139 | [
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Chemical engineering",
"Quantity",
"Units of dynamic viscosity",
"Piping",
"Units of measurement",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
2,169,038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homochirality | Homochirality is a uniformity of chirality, or handedness. Objects are chiral when they cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, the left and right hands of a human are approximately mirror images of each other but are not their own mirror images, so they are chiral. In biology, 19 of the 20 natural am... | Homochirality | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,714 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Origin of life",
"Biochemistry",
"Stereochemistry",
"Chirality",
"Space",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Asymmetry",
"nan",
"Spacetime",
"Symmetry",
"Biological hypotheses"
] |
4,107,858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20fabrication%20plant | In the microelectronics industry, a semiconductor fabrication plant, also called a fab or a foundry, is a factory where integrated circuits (ICs) are manufactured.
The cleanroom is where all fabrication takes place and contains the machinery for integrated circuit production such as steppers and/or scanners for photol... | Semiconductor fabrication plant | [
"Materials_science"
] | 1,252 | [
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Microtechnology"
] |
4,109,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20signaling | In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the signal, th... | Cell signaling | [
"Biology"
] | 6,575 | [
"Cell communication",
"Cell biology",
"Cellular processes",
"Systems biology"
] |
4,110,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippmann%E2%80%93Schwinger%20equation | The Lippmann–Schwinger equation (named after Bernard Lippmann and Julian Schwinger) is one of the most used equations to describe particle collisions – or, more precisely, scattering – in quantum mechanics. It may be used in scattering of molecules, atoms, neutrons, photons or any other particles and is important mainl... | Lippmann–Schwinger equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,434 | [
"Nuclear physics",
"Scattering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Particle physics"
] |
4,110,937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose%20interpretation | The Penrose interpretation is a speculation by Roger Penrose about the relationship between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Penrose proposes that a quantum state remains in superposition until the difference of space-time curvature attains a significant level.
Overview
Penrose's idea is inspired by quantum... | Penrose interpretation | [
"Physics"
] | 1,012 | [
"Interpretations of quantum mechanics",
"Quantum measurement",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
4,112,456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefradine | Cefradine (INN) or cephradine (BAN) is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic.
Indications
Respiratory tract infections (such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and lobar pneumonia) caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and S. pneumoniae (formerly D. pneumonia).
Otitis media caused by group A beta-hemolytic... | Cefradine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,053 | [
"Stereochemistry",
"Enantiopure drugs"
] |
5,482,655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactorable%20number | A refactorable number or tau number is an integer n that is divisible by the count of its divisors, or to put it algebraically, n is such that . The first few refactorable numbers are listed in as
1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 40, 56, 60, 72, 80, 84, 88, 96, 104, 108, 128, 132, 136, 152, 156, 180, 184, 204, 225, 228, 23... | Refactorable number | [
"Mathematics"
] | 487 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Integer sequences",
"Mathematical structures",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
5,485,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20modifications | Home modifications are defined as environmental interventions aiming to support activity performance in the home. More specifically, home modifications often are changes made to the home environment to help people with functional disability or impairment to be more independent and safe in their own homes and reduce an... | Home modifications | [
"Engineering"
] | 300 | [
"Accessible building",
"Design",
"Architectural design",
"Architecture"
] |
5,489,107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coated%20paper | Coated paper (also known as enamel paper, gloss paper, and thin paper) is paper that has been coated by a mixture of materials or a polymer to impart certain qualities to the paper, including weight, surface gloss, smoothness, or reduced ink absorbency. Various materials, including kaolinite, calcium carbonate, bentoni... | Coated paper | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,216 | [
"Composite materials",
"Chemical processes",
"Materials",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Matter"
] |
5,491,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-scale%20approaches | The scale space representation of a signal obtained by Gaussian smoothing satisfies a number of special properties, scale-space axioms, which make it into a special form of multi-scale representation. There are, however, also other types of "multi-scale approaches" in the areas of computer vision, image processing and ... | Multi-scale approaches | [
"Engineering"
] | 543 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Packaging machinery",
"Computer vision"
] |
45,162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridot | Peridot ( ), sometimes called chrysolite, is a yellow-green transparent variety of olivine. Peridot is one of the few gemstones that occur in only one color.
Peridot can be found in mafic and ultramafic rocks occurring in lava and peridotite xenoliths of the mantle. The gem occurs in silica-deficient rocks such as vol... | Peridot | [
"Physics"
] | 1,634 | [
"Materials",
"Gemstones",
"Matter"
] |
45,165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoclase | Orthoclase, or orthoclase feldspar (endmember formula KAlSi3O8), is an important tectosilicate mineral which forms igneous rock. The name is from the Ancient Greek for "straight fracture", because its two cleavage planes are at right angles to each other. It is a type of potassium feldspar, also known as K-feldspar. Th... | Orthoclase | [
"Physics"
] | 692 | [
"Materials",
"Gemstones",
"Matter"
] |
45,177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20binomial%20distribution | In probability theory and statistics, the negative binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution that models the number of failures in a sequence of independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trials before a specified/constant/fixed number of successes occur. For example, we can define rolling a ... | Negative binomial distribution | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,340 | [
"Factorial and binomial topics",
"Combinatorics"
] |
45,194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lp%20space | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Lp space}}
In mathematics, the spaces are function spaces defined using a natural generalization of the -norm for finite-dimensional vector spaces. They are sometimes called Lebesgue spaces, named after Henri Lebesgue , although according to the Bourbaki group they were first introduced by Frigyes Rie... | Lp space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,796 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Function spaces",
"Series (mathematics)",
"Vector spaces",
"Mathematical structures",
"Calculus",
"Space (mathematics)"
] |
45,196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective%20function | In mathematics, an injective function (also known as injection, or one-to-one function ) is a function that maps distinct elements of its domain to distinct elements of its codomain; that is, implies (equivalently by contraposition, implies ). In other words, every element of the function's codomain is the image o... | Injective function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,491 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Basic concepts in set theory",
"Mathematical relations",
"Types of functions"
] |
45,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20algebra | Universal algebra (sometimes called general algebra) is the field of mathematics that studies algebraic structures themselves, not examples ("models") of algebraic structures.
For instance, rather than take particular groups as the object of study, in universal algebra one takes the class of groups as an object of stud... | Universal algebra | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,556 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Universal algebra"
] |
45,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications%20satellite | A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet... | Communications satellite | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 6,247 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Wireless communication systems",
"Satellite broadcasting"
] |
45,259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety | Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health.
These prevention mechanisms include the conduction of regular reviews of biosafety in laboratory settings, as well as strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety is used to protect from harmful incidents. Many... | Biosafety | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,913 | [
"Bioethics",
"Biological engineering",
"Genetic engineering",
"Ethics of science and technology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
45,307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20electron%20transition | In atomic physics and chemistry, an atomic electron transition (also called an atomic transition, quantum jump, or quantum leap) is an electron changing from one energy level to another within an atom or artificial atom. The time scale of a quantum jump has not been measured experimentally. However, the Franck–Condon p... | Atomic electron transition | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 612 | [
"Electron",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Electron states",
" and optical physics"
] |
45,317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flange | A flange is a protruded ridge, lip or rim, either external or internal, that serves to increase strength (as the flange of a steel beam such as an I-beam or a T-beam); for easy attachment/transfer of contact force with another object (as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc., or on the lens mount of a c... | Flange | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,076 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Plumbing",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Piping"
] |
45,337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash%20equilibrium | In game theory, the Nash equilibrium is the most commonly-used solution concept for non-cooperative games. A Nash equilibrium is a situation where no player could gain by changing their own strategy (holding all other players' strategies fixed). The idea of Nash equilibrium dates back to the time of Cournot, who in 183... | Nash equilibrium | [
"Mathematics"
] | 7,562 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Fixed points (mathematics)",
"Game theory",
"Topology",
"Game theory equilibrium concepts",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
45,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20transform%20sampling | Inverse transform sampling (also known as inversion sampling, the inverse probability integral transform, the inverse transformation method, or the Smirnov transform) is a basic method for pseudo-random number sampling, i.e., for generating sample numbers at random from any probability distribution given its cumulative... | Inverse transform sampling | [
"Physics"
] | 1,378 | [
"Monte Carlo methods",
"Computational physics"
] |
45,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate%20covalent%20bond | In coordination chemistry, a coordinate covalent bond, also known as a dative bond, dipolar bond, or coordinate bond is a kind of two-center, two-electron covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom. The bonding of metal ions to ligands involves this kind of interaction. This type of interactio... | Coordinate covalent bond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,490 | [
"Acid–base chemistry",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Equilibrium chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Chemical bonding"
] |
45,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype%E2%80%93phenotype%20distinction | The genotype–phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics. The "genotype" is an organism's full hereditary information. The "phenotype" is an organism's actual observed properties, such as morphology, development, or behavior. This distinction is fundamental in the study of inheritance of traits and their evolution.
Ove... | Genotype–phenotype distinction | [
"Biology"
] | 1,271 | [
"Genetics"
] |
45,784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimetics | Biomimetics or biomimicry is the emulation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. The terms "biomimetics" and "biomimicry" are derived from (bios), life, and μίμησις (mīmēsis), imitation, from μιμεῖσθαι (mīmeisthai), to imitate, from μῖμος (mimos), actor. A cl... | Biomimetics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 7,658 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Biological engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Bionics",
"Industrial engineering",
"Biotechnology",
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Sustainable transport",
"Bioinformatics",
"Biophysics",
"nan",
"Environmental engineering",
"Industrial ecology... |
45,829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20engineering | Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural engineers are trained to design the 'bones and joints' that create the form and shape of human-made structures. Structural engineers also must understand and calculate the stability, strength, rigidity and earthquake-susceptibility of b... | Structural engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,439 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Construction",
"nan"
] |
46,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%27s%20paradox | In mathematical logic, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy) is a set-theoretic paradox published by the British philosopher and mathematician, Bertrand Russell, in 1901. Russell's paradox shows that every set theory that contains an unrestricted comprehension principle leads to contradictions. Accordin... | Russell's paradox | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,036 | [
"Basic concepts in infinite set theory",
"Basic concepts in set theory",
"Paradoxes of naive set theory"
] |
46,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson%27s%20paradox | Simpson's paradox is a phenomenon in probability and statistics in which a trend appears in several groups of data but disappears or reverses when the groups are combined. This result is often encountered in social-science and medical-science statistics, and is particularly problematic when frequency data are unduly gi... | Simpson's paradox | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,624 | [
"Probability theory paradoxes",
"Mathematical problems",
"Statistical paradoxes",
"Mathematical paradoxes"
] |
46,143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planner%20%28programming%20language%29 | Planner (often seen in publications as "PLANNER" although it is not an acronym) is a programming language designed by Carl Hewitt at MIT, and first published in 1969. First, subsets such as Micro-Planner and Pico-Planner were implemented, and then essentially the whole language was implemented as Popler by Julian Davi... | Planner (programming language) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,736 | [
"Theorem proving software systems",
"Automated theorem proving",
"Mathematical software"
] |
46,150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua%20%28programming%20language%29 | Lua is a lightweight, high-level, multi-paradigm programming language designed mainly for embedded use in applications. Lua is cross-platform software, since the interpreter of compiled bytecode is written in ANSI C, and Lua has a relatively simple C application programming interface (API) to embed it into application... | Lua (programming language) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 6,361 | [
"Embedded systems",
"Computer science",
"Computer engineering",
"Computer systems"
] |
46,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQUID | A SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) is a very sensitive magnetometer used to measure extremely weak magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions.
SQUIDs are sensitive enough to measure fields as low as 5×10−18 T with a few days of averaged measurements. Their noise l... | SQUID | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,268 | [
"Josephson effect",
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Materials science",
"Measuring instruments",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Magnetometers",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
46,182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20noise | In signal processing, white noise is a random signal having equal intensity at different frequencies, giving it a constant power spectral density. The term is used with this or similar meanings in many scientific and technical disciplines, including physics, acoustical engineering, telecommunications, and statistical f... | White noise | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,363 | [
"Statistical signal processing",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Engineering statistics"
] |
46,183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter | Butter is a dairy product made from the fat and protein components of churned cream. It is a semi-solid emulsion at room temperature, consisting of approximately 80% butterfat. It is used at room temperature as a spread, melted as a condiment, and used as a fat in baking, sauce-making, pan frying, and other cooking pro... | Butter | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 4,540 | [
"Chemical mixtures",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Colloids"
] |
46,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Refrigeration is any of various types of cooling of a space, substance, or system to lower and/or maintain its temperature below the ambient one (while the removed heat is ejected to a place of higher temperature). Refrigeration is an artificial, or human-made, cooling method.
Refrigeration refers to the process by w... | Refrigeration | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 10,896 | [
"Chemical processes",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
46,545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications%20network | A telecommunications network is a group of nodes interconnected by telecommunications links that are used to exchange messages between the nodes. The links may use a variety of technologies based on the methodologies of circuit switching, message switching, or packet switching, to pass messages and signals.
Multiple ... | Telecommunications network | [
"Engineering"
] | 782 | [
"Network architecture",
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
46,553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia%20coli%20O157%3AH7 | Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serotype of the bacterial species Escherichia coli and is one of the Shiga-like toxin–producing types of E. coli. It is a cause of disease, typically foodborne illness, through consumption of contaminated and raw food, including raw milk and undercooked ground beef. Infection with this typ... | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | [
"Biology"
] | 1,959 | [
"Model organisms",
"Escherichia coli"
] |
46,594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw | Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry stalks of cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed. It makes up about half of the yield by weight of cereal crops such as barley, oats, rice, rye and wheat. It has a number of different uses, including fuel, livestock bedding and fodder, thatchin... | Straw | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,887 | [
"Natural materials",
"Biodegradable materials",
"Biodegradation",
"Materials",
"Matter"
] |
46,676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach%20fixed-point%20theorem | In mathematics, the Banach fixed-point theorem (also known as the contraction mapping theorem or contractive mapping theorem or Banach–Caccioppoli theorem) is an important tool in the theory of metric spaces; it guarantees the existence and uniqueness of fixed points of certain self-maps of metric spaces and provides a... | Banach fixed-point theorem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,556 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Fixed-point theorems",
"Theorems in topology",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
47,011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhenius%20equation | In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates. The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equili... | Arrhenius equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,243 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Equations of physics",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
47,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peering | In computer networking, peering is a voluntary interconnection of administratively separate Internet networks for the purpose of exchanging traffic between the "down-stream" users of each network. Peering is settlement-free, also known as "bill-and-keep" or "sender keeps all", meaning that neither party pays the other ... | Peering | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,955 | [
"Net neutrality",
"Internet architecture",
"IT infrastructure",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
47,107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosgene | Phosgene is an organic chemical compound with the formula . It is a toxic, colorless gas; in low concentrations, its musty odor resembles that of freshly cut hay or grass. It can be thought of chemically as the double acyl chloride analog of carbonic acid, or structurally as formaldehyde with the hydrogen atoms replace... | Phosgene | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,050 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Chemical weapons",
"Inorganic carbon compounds",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"World War I chemical weapons",
"Pulmonary agents"
] |
47,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure%20bias | In economics and social policy, infrastructure bias is the influence of the location and availability of pre-existing infrastructure, such as roads and telecommunications facilities, on social and economic development.
In science, infrastructure bias is the influence of existing social or scientific infrastructure on ... | Infrastructure bias | [
"Engineering"
] | 200 | [
"Construction",
"Infrastructure"
] |
11,785,522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%20integral | In mathematics, the Weyl integral (named after Hermann Weyl) is an operator defined, as an example of fractional calculus, on functions f on the unit circle having integral 0 and a Fourier series. In other words there is a Fourier series for f of the form
with a0 = 0.
Then the Weyl integral operator of order s is ... | Weyl integral | [
"Mathematics"
] | 176 | [
"Fractional calculus",
"Calculus"
] |
11,790,568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation%20threshold | The percolation threshold is a mathematical concept in percolation theory that describes the formation of long-range connectivity in random systems. Below the threshold a giant connected component does not exist; while above it, there exists a giant component of the order of system size. In engineering and coffee makin... | Percolation threshold | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,766 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Critical phenomena",
"Percolation theory",
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Random graphs",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
14,453,424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinning%20points | In a crystalline material, a dislocation is capable of traveling throughout the lattice when relatively small stresses are applied. This movement of dislocations results in the material plastically deforming. Pinning points in the material act to halt a dislocation's movement, requiring a greater amount of force to be ... | Pinning points | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 474 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Metallurgy",
"Quantity",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Crystals",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Physical properties"
] |
14,455,119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR179 | Probable G-protein coupled receptor 179 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR179 gene.
Clinical relevance
Mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of congenital stationary Night Blindness.
References
Further reading
G protein-coupled receptors | GPR179 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 50 | [
"G protein-coupled receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
14,457,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynactin | Dynactin is a 23 subunit protein complex that acts as a co-factor for the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein-1. It is built around a short filament of actin related protein-1 (Arp1).
Discovery
Dynactin was identified as an activity that allowed purified cytoplasmic dynein to move membrane vesicles along microtubule... | Dynactin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,698 | [
"Molecular machines",
"Protein families",
"Motor proteins",
"Protein classification"
] |
14,457,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead%20dating | Lead–lead dating is a method for dating geological samples, normally based on 'whole-rock' samples of material such as granite. For most dating requirements it has been superseded by uranium–lead dating (U–Pb dating), but in certain specialized situations (such as dating meteorites and the age of the Earth) it is more ... | Lead–lead dating | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,803 | [
"Radiometric dating",
"Radioactivity"
] |
14,457,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeman%E2%80%93Doppler%20imaging | In astrophysics, Zeeman–Doppler imaging is a tomographic technique dedicated to the cartography of stellar magnetic fields, as well as surface brightness or spots and temperature distributions.
This method makes use of the ability of magnetic fields to polarize the light emitted (or absorbed) in spectral lines formed ... | Zeeman–Doppler imaging | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 513 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Astrophysics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
14,457,415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturer%27s%20empty%20weight | In aviation, manufacturer's empty weight (MEW) (also known as manufacturer's weight empty (MWE)) is the weight of the aircraft "as built" and includes the weight of the structure, power plant, furnishings, installations, systems, and other equipment that are considered an integral part of an aircraft before additional ... | Manufacturer's empty weight | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 425 | [
"Aircraft weight measurements",
"Mass",
"Matter",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
14,457,671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase | Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase (also sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase or SBPase, EC number 3.1.3.37; systematic name sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate to produce sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. SBPase is an exampl... | Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,433 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Photosynthesis"
] |
14,458,653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescence%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, coalescence is a process in which two phase domains of the same composition come together and form a larger phase domain. In other words, the process by which two or more separate masses of miscible substances
seem to "pull" each other together should they make the slightest
contact.
References
Extern... | Coalescence (chemistry) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 71 | [
"Physical chemistry",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"nan"
] |
14,459,043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence%20line | In engineering, an influence line graphs the variation of a function (such as the shear, moment etc. felt in a structural member) at a specific point on a beam or truss caused by a unit load placed at any point along the structure. Common functions studied with influence lines include reactions (forces that the structu... | Influence line | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,903 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Structural analysis",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
14,460,507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapotis | In hydrodynamics, a clapotis (from French for "lapping of water") is a non-breaking standing wave pattern, caused for example, by the reflection of a traveling surface wave train from a near vertical shoreline like a breakwater, seawall or steep cliff.
The resulting clapotic wave does not travel horizontally, but has a... | Clapotis | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 589 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Water waves",
"Coastal engineering",
"Classical mechanics",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics",
"Civil engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
14,461,309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen-vacancy%20center | The nitrogen-vacancy center (N-V center or NV center) is one of numerous photoluminescent point defects in diamond. Its most explored and useful properties include its spin-dependent photoluminescence (which enables measurement of the electronic spin state using optically detected magnetic resonance), and its relativel... | Nitrogen-vacancy center | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,496 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Spintronics",
"Crystallographic defects",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Materials degradation",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
6,993,953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, an immersion is a differentiable function between differentiable manifolds whose differential pushforward is everywhere injective. Explicitly, is an immersion if
is an injective function at every point of (where denotes the tangent space of a manifold at a point in and is the derivative (pushfo... | Immersion (mathematics) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,379 | [
"Topology",
"Differential topology"
] |
6,994,353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20factorial%20design | In statistics, fractional factorial designs are experimental designs consisting of a carefully chosen subset (fraction) of the experimental runs of a full factorial design. The subset is chosen so as to exploit the sparsity-of-effects principle to expose information about the most important features of the problem stud... | Fractional factorial design | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,281 | [
"Statistical process control",
"Engineering statistics"
] |
6,994,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picoplankton | Picoplankton is the fraction of plankton composed by cells between 0.2 and 2 μm that can be either prokaryotic and eukaryotic phototrophs and heterotrophs:
photosynthetic
heterotrophic
They are prevalent amongst microbial plankton communities of both freshwater and marine ecosystems. They have an important role in ... | Picoplankton | [
"Biology"
] | 1,492 | [
"Aquatic ecology",
"Ecosystems"
] |
6,997,105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedicAlert | The MedicAlert Foundation is a non-profit company founded in 1956 and headquartered in Turlock, California. It maintains a database of members' medical information that is made available to medical authorities in the event of a medical emergency. Members supply critical medical data to the organization and receive a di... | MedicAlert | [
"Biology"
] | 774 | [
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
8,651,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micellar%20liquid%20chromatography | Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) is a form of reversed phase liquid chromatography that uses an aqueous micellar solutions as the mobile phase.
Theory
The use of micelles in high performance liquid chromatography was first introduced by Armstrong and Henry in 1980. The technique is used mainly to enhance retentio... | Micellar liquid chromatography | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,759 | [
"Chromatography",
"Separation processes"
] |
8,652,895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL21 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. This chemokine is also known as 6Ckine (because it has six conserved cysteine residues instead of the four cysteines typical to chemokines), exodus-2, and secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC). CCL21 elicits its effect... | CCL21 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 860 | [
"Cytokines",
"Signal transduction"
] |
13,293,546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman%20checkerboard | The Feynman checkerboard, or relativistic chessboard model, was Richard Feynman's sum-over-paths formulation of the kernel for a free spin- particle moving in one spatial dimension. It provides a representation of solutions of the Dirac equation in (1+1)-dimensional spacetime as discrete sums.
The model can be visual... | Feynman checkerboard | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 968 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Equations of physics",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Lattice models",
"Computational physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Dirac equation"
] |
13,298,565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skid-to-turn | Skid-to-turn is an aeronautical vehicle reference for how such a vehicle may be turned. It applies to vehicles such as aircraft and missiles. In skid-to-turn, the vehicle does not roll to a preferred angle. Instead commands to the control surfaces are mixed to produce the maneuver in the desired direction. This is ... | Skid-to-turn | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 235 | [
"Aerospace engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
13,298,795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomalathion | Isomalathion is an impurity found in some batches of malathion. Whereas the structure of malation is, generically, RSP(S)(OCH3)2, the connectivity of isomalathion is RSPO(SCH3)(OCH3). It arises by heating malathion. Being significantly more toxic to humans than malathion, it has resulted in human poisonings.
In 1976,... | Isomalathion | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 130 | [
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Functional groups",
"Phosphorodithioates",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemistry"
] |
13,300,194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Traffic%20Management%20System | The advanced traffic management system (ATMS) field is a primary subfield within the intelligent transportation system (ITS) domain, and is used in the United States. The ATMS view is a top-down management perspective that integrates technology primarily to improve the flow of vehicle traffic and improve safety. Real-t... | Advanced Traffic Management System | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 607 | [
"Transport systems",
"Industrial engineering",
"Information systems",
"Transportation engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Warning systems",
"Intelligent transportation systems"
] |
2,546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20theorem%20proving | Automated theorem proving (also known as ATP or automated deduction) is a subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic dealing with proving mathematical theorems by computer programs. Automated reasoning over mathematical proof was a major motivating factor for the development of computer science.
Logical fo... | Automated theorem proving | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,680 | [
"Automated theorem proving",
"Mathematical logic",
"Computational mathematics",
"Software engineering",
"Formal methods"
] |
2,551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20year%20numbering | Astronomical year numbering is based on AD/CE year numbering, but follows normal decimal integer numbering more strictly. Thus, it has a year 0; the years before that are designated with negative numbers and the years after that are designated with positive numbers. Astronomers use the Julian calendar for years before ... | Astronomical year numbering | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 860 | [
"Time in astronomy",
"Chronology",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Spacetime"
] |
2,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration%20%28astronomy%29 | In astronomy, aberration (also referred to as astronomical aberration, stellar aberration, or velocity aberration) is a phenomenon where celestial objects exhibit an apparent motion about their true positions based on the velocity of the observer: It causes objects to appear to be displaced towards the observer's direc... | Aberration (astronomy) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 7,712 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Observational astronomy",
"Astrometry",
"Waves",
"Radiation",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
2,787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobiology | Astrobiology (also xenology or exobiology) is a scientific field within the life and environmental sciences that studies the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe by investigating its deterministic conditions and contingent events. As a discipline, astrobiology is founded on the pre... | Astrobiology | [
"Astronomy",
"Biology"
] | 8,184 | [
"Origin of life",
"Hypothetical life forms",
"Speculative evolution",
"Astrobiology",
"nan",
"Biological hypotheses",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
2,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic%20principle | The anthropic principle, also known as the observation selection effect, is the proposition that the range of possible observations that could be made about the universe is limited by the fact that observations are only possible in the type of universe that is capable of developing intelligent life. Proponents of the a... | Anthropic principle | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 8,402 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Philosophy of astronomy",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Anthropic principle",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
2,819 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamics | Aerodynamics ( aero (air) + (dynamics)) is the study of the motion of air, particularly when affected by a solid object, such as an airplane wing. It involves topics covered in the field of fluid dynamics and its subfield of gas dynamics, and is an important domain of study in aeronautics. The term aerodynamics is oft... | Aerodynamics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 4,401 | [
"Aerodynamics",
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Energy in transport",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
2,839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20momentum | Angular momentum (sometimes called moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum. It is an important physical quantity because it is a conserved quantity – the total angular momentum of a closed system remains constant. Angular momentum has both a direction and a magnitude, and... | Angular momentum | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 9,705 | [
"Symmetry",
"Physical phenomena",
"Mechanical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Equations of physics",
"Conservation laws",
"Quantity",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Motion (physics)",
"Mechanics",
"Angular momentum",
"Moment (physics)",
"Momentum",
"Physics theorems"
] |
2,840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20pudding%20model | The plum pudding model was the first scientific model of the atom to describe an internal structure. It was first proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1904 following his discovery of the electron in 1897, and was rendered obsolete by Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus in 1911. The model tried to account for tw... | Plum pudding model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,521 | [
"Electron",
"Periodic table",
"Molecular physics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Foundational quantum physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atoms",
"Matter",
"Obsolete theories in physics"
] |
2,862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-complete | In the field of artificial intelligence (AI), tasks that are hypothesized to require artificial general intelligence to solve are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard. Calling a problem AI-complete reflects the belief that it cannot be solved by a simple specific algorithm.
In the past, problems supposed to be... | AI-complete | [
"Mathematics"
] | 908 | [
"Mathematical problems",
"Computational problems"
] |
2,889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20solid | In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous solid (or non-crystalline solid) is a solid that lacks the long-range order that is characteristic of a crystal. The terms "glass" and "glassy solid" are sometimes used synonymously with amorphous solid; however, these terms refer specifically to amorphous... | Amorphous solid | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,061 | [
"Amorphous solids",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Phases of matter",
"Matter"
] |
2,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex%20uniform%20honeycomb | In geometry, a convex uniform honeycomb is a uniform tessellation which fills three-dimensional Euclidean space with non-overlapping convex uniform polyhedral cells.
Twenty-eight such honeycombs are known:
the familiar cubic honeycomb and 7 truncations thereof;
the alternated cubic honeycomb and 4 truncations thereo... | Convex uniform honeycomb | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,284 | [
"Tessellation",
"Crystallography",
"Honeycombs (geometry)",
"Symmetry"
] |
3,211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom%20probe | The atom probe was introduced at the 14th Field Emission Symposium in 1967 by Erwin Wilhelm Müller and J. A. Panitz. It combined a field ion microscope with a mass spectrometer having a single particle detection capability and, for the first time, an instrument could “... determine the nature of one single atom seen on... | Atom probe | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,793 | [
"Materials science",
"Measuring instruments",
"Microscopes",
"Microscopy",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
3,370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron%20nitride | Boron nitride is a thermally and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with the chemical formula BN. It exists in various crystalline forms that are isoelectronic to a similarly structured carbon lattice. The hexagonal form corresponding to graphite is the most stable and soft among BN polymorp... | Boron nitride | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 6,224 | [
"Monolayers",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Semiconductor materials",
"Materials",
"Superhard materials",
"Ceramic materials",
"III-V semiconductors",
"Ceramic engineering",
"III-V compounds",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
3,755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron | Boron is a chemical element. It has the symbol B and atomic number 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. As the lightest element of the boron group it has three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds such as b... | Boron | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 10,163 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Redox",
"Reducing agents",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
3,756 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine | Bromine is a chemical element; it has symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig (in 1825... | Bromine | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 8,256 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Redox",
"Diatomic nonmetals",
"Nonmetals",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Reactive nonmetals",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
3,757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium | Barium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element.
The most common minerals of barium are barite (barium sulfate, BaSO4) and with... | Barium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,724 | [
"Toxicology",
"Chemical elements",
"Redox",
"Reducing agents",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
3,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkelium | Berkelium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Bk and atomic number 97. It is a member of the actinide and transuranium element series. It is named after the city of Berkeley, California, the location of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (then the University of California Radiation Laboratory) where i... | Berkelium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 6,514 | [
"Matter",
"Chemical elements",
"Synthetic materials",
"Synthetic elements",
"Atoms",
"Radioactivity"
] |
3,821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded%20decimal | In computing and electronic systems, binary-coded decimal (BCD) is a class of binary encodings of decimal numbers where each digit is represented by a fixed number of bits, usually four or eight. Sometimes, special bit patterns are used for a sign or other indications (e.g. error or overflow).
In byte-oriented systems... | Binary-coded decimal | [
"Mathematics"
] | 6,565 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Computer arithmetic",
"Numeral systems",
"Arithmetic",
"Binary arithmetic",
"Numbers"
] |
3,876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial%20distribution | In probability theory and statistics, the binomial distribution with parameters and is the discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of independent experiments, each asking a yes–no question, and each with its own Boolean-valued outcome: success (with probability ) or failure (with p... | Binomial distribution | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,007 | [
"Factorial and binomial topics",
"Combinatorics"
] |
3,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostatistics | Biostatistics (also known as biometry) is a branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology. It encompasses the design of biological experiments, the collection and analysis of data from those experiments and the interpretation of the results.
History
Biostatistics and genet... | Biostatistics | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 6,812 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering"
] |
3,954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry | Biochemistry, or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology, and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has b... | Biochemistry | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 6,497 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Biotechnology",
"nan",
"Molecular biology"
] |
3,967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth%20%28signal%20processing%29 | Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies. It is typically measured in unit of hertz (symbol Hz).
It may refer more specifically to two subcategories: Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a ba... | Bandwidth (signal processing) | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,117 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Signal processing",
"Waves"
] |
4,101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwer%20fixed-point%20theorem | Brouwer's fixed-point theorem is a fixed-point theorem in topology, named after L. E. J. (Bertus) Brouwer. It states that for any continuous function mapping a nonempty compact convex set to itself, there is a point such that . The simplest forms of Brouwer's theorem are for continuous functions from a closed interv... | Brouwer fixed-point theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 7,396 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theory of continuous functions",
"Fixed-point theorems",
"Theorems in topology",
"Theorems in convex geometry",
"Topology",
"Theorems in geometry",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
4,107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20distribution | In statistical mechanics and mathematics, a Boltzmann distribution (also called Gibbs distribution) is a probability distribution or probability measure that gives the probability that a system will be in a certain state as a function of that state's energy and the temperature of the system. The distribution is express... | Boltzmann distribution | [
"Physics"
] | 2,146 | [
"Statistical mechanics"
] |
4,115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling%20point | The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial vacuum, i.e., under a lower pres... | Boiling point | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,446 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Matter",
"Temperature",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Phase transitions",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Phases of matter",
"Threshold temperatures",
"Meteorological quantities",
"Quantity",
"Thermod... |
4,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCS%20theory | In physics, the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory (named after John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer) is the first microscopic theory of superconductivity since Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's 1911 discovery. The theory describes superconductivity as a microscopic effect caused by a condensation of Cooper... | BCS theory | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,866 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
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