id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein%20condensate | In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero, i.e., . Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which microscopic qu... | Bose–Einstein condensate | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 7,357 | [
"Bose–Einstein condensates",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Exotic matter",
"Matter"
] |
4,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20hole | A black hole is a region of spacetime wherein gravity is so strong that no matter or electromagnetic energy (e.g. light) can escape it. Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of no escape is called the event horizo... | Black hole | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 12,394 | [
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Galaxies",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Density",
"Theory of relativity",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
4,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20decay | In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide. For example, beta decay of a neutron transforms it into a proton by the emission of an electron accompanied by an a... | Beta decay | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 6,572 | [
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
15,983,150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayan%20salt | Himalayan salt is rock salt (halite) mined from the Punjab region of Pakistan. The salt, which often has a pinkish tint due to trace minerals, is primarily used as a food additive to replace refined table salt but is also used for cooking and food presentation, decorative lamps, and spa treatments. The product is often... | Himalayan salt | [
"Chemistry"
] | 901 | [
"Edible salt",
"Salts"
] |
10,807,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotype%20%28immunology%29 | The word allotype comes from two Greek roots, allo meaning 'other or differing from the norm' and typos meaning 'mark'. In immunology, allotype is an immunoglobulin variation (in addition to isotypic variation) that can be found among antibody classes and is manifested by heterogeneity of immunoglobulins present in a s... | Allotype (immunology) | [
"Biology"
] | 1,000 | [
"Genetics"
] |
10,809,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46%C2%B0%20halo | A 46° halo is a rare atmospheric optical phenomenon that consists of a halo with an apparent radius of approximately 46° around the Sun. At solar elevations of 15–27°, 46° halos are often confused with the less rare and more colourful supralateral and infralateral arcs, which cross the parhelic circle at about 46° to t... | 46° halo | [
"Physics"
] | 392 | [
"Optical phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Atmospheric optical phenomena",
"Earth phenomena"
] |
10,810,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcyclohexane | Methylcyclohexane (cyclohexylmethane) is an organic compound with the molecular formula is CH3C6H11. Classified as saturated hydrocarbon, it is a colourless liquid with a faint odor.
Methylcyclohexane is used as a solvent. It is mainly converted in naphtha reformers to toluene. A special use is in PF-1 priming fluid i... | Methylcyclohexane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 718 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Hydrocarbons"
] |
10,810,064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenecyclohexane | Methylenecyclohexane (IUPAC name: methylidenecyclohexane) is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H12.
Synthesis
It can be produced by a Wittig reaction or a reaction with a Tebbe's reagent from cyclohexanone. It can also be synthesized as a side product of the dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol into 1-m... | Methylenecyclohexane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 163 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Hydrocarbons"
] |
10,810,380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylamphetamine | Propylamphetamine (code name PAL-424; also known as N-propylamphetamine or NPA) is a psychostimulant of the amphetamine family which was never marketed. It was first developed in the 1970s, mainly for research into the metabolism of, and as a comparison tool to, other amphetamines.
Propylamphetamine is inactive as a d... | Propylamphetamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 226 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
10,810,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%20Irradiation%20Examination | Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) is the study of used nuclear materials such as nuclear fuel. It has several purposes. It is known that by examination of used fuel that the failure modes which occur during normal use (and the manner in which the fuel will behave during an accident) can be studied. In addition informa... | Post Irradiation Examination | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 632 | [
"Nuclear chemistry",
"Radioactive waste",
"Nuclear technology",
"Materials",
"Nuclear materials",
"Hazardous waste",
"nan",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radioactivity",
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Matter"
] |
10,811,867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic%20polymer | In polymer chemistry, an inorganic polymer is a polymer with a skeletal structure that does not include carbon atoms in the backbone. Polymers containing inorganic and organic components are sometimes called hybrid polymers, and most so-called inorganic polymers are hybrid polymers. One of the best known examples is po... | Inorganic polymer | [
"Chemistry"
] | 936 | [
"Inorganic polymers",
"Inorganic compounds"
] |
10,813,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPC%20file%20format | The SPC file format is a file format for storing spectroscopic data.
The SPC file format is a file format in which all kinds of spectroscopic data, including among others infrared spectra, Raman spectra and UV/VIS spectra. The format can be regarded as a database with records of variable length and each record stores ... | SPC file format | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 363 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
10,813,277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper-atmospheric%20lightning | Upper-atmospheric lightning and ionospheric lightning are terms sometimes used by researchers to refer to a family of short-lived electrical-breakdown phenomena that occur well above the altitudes of normal lightning and storm clouds. Upper-atmospheric lightning is believed to be electrically induced forms of luminous ... | Upper-atmospheric lightning | [
"Physics"
] | 2,960 | [
"Space plasmas",
"Physical phenomena",
"Weather hazards",
"Weather",
"Astrophysics",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Lightning"
] |
10,813,955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male%20egg | Male egg can refer to either:
An egg that artificially contains genetic material from a male.
An egg from a haplodiploid species such as an ant or bee that is unfertilized and will hatch a male
A fertilized egg that a male organism is developing in
This article focuses on the first definition.
Male eggs are the resul... | Male egg | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 244 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Behavior",
"Sex",
"Genetic engineering",
"Biotechnology",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Sexuality"
] |
10,813,956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female%20sperm | Female sperm can refer to either:
A sperm which contains an X chromosome, produced in the usual way in the testicles, referring to the occurrence of such a sperm fertilizing an egg and giving birth to a female.
A sperm which artificially contains genetic material from a female.
Since the late 1980s, scientists have ex... | Female sperm | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 662 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Sex",
"Genetic engineering",
"Biotechnology",
"nan",
"Molecular biology"
] |
7,153,598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richards%20equation | The Richards equation represents the movement of water in unsaturated soils, and is attributed to Lorenzo A. Richards who published the equation in 1931. It is a quasilinear partial differential equation; its analytical solution is often limited to specific initial and boundary conditions. Proof of the existence and un... | Richards equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 924 | [
"Environmental engineering",
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Soil physics"
] |
7,154,332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewness%20risk | Skewness risk in forecasting models utilized in the financial field is the risk that results when observations are not spread symmetrically around an average value, but instead have a skewed distribution. As a result, the mean and the median can be different. Skewness risk can arise in any quantitative model that ass... | Skewness risk | [
"Mathematics"
] | 597 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical finance",
"Applied probability"
] |
9,305,752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanno%20flow | In fluid dynamics, Fanno flow (after Italian engineer Gino Girolamo Fanno) is the adiabatic flow through a constant area duct where the effect of friction is considered. Compressibility effects often come into consideration, although the Fanno flow model certainly also applies to incompressible flow. For this model, th... | Fanno flow | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,396 | [
"Aerospace engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Flow regimes",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
9,306,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20%28fluid%20dynamics%29 | Shock is an abrupt discontinuity in the flow field and it occurs in flows when the local flow speed exceeds the local sound speed. More specifically, it is a flow whose Mach number exceeds 1.
Explanation of phenomena
Shock is formed due to coalescence of various small pressure pulses. Sound waves are pressure waves a... | Shock (fluid dynamics) | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 309 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
9,307,607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar%20laser-induced%20fluorescence | Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) is an optical diagnostic technique widely used for flow visualization and quantitative measurements. PLIF has been shown to be used for velocity, concentration, temperature and pressure measurements.
Working
A PLIF setup consists of a source of light (usually a laser), an arr... | Planar laser-induced fluorescence | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 448 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Quantity",
"Measurement",
"Size",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
1,522,626 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%E2%80%93Seitz%20cell | The Wigner–Seitz cell, named after Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz, is a primitive cell which has been constructed by applying Voronoi decomposition to a crystal lattice. It is used in the study of crystalline materials in crystallography.
The unique property of a crystal is that its atoms are arranged in a regular ... | Wigner–Seitz cell | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,371 | [
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Materials science"
] |
1,522,677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cope%20rearrangement | The Cope rearrangement is an extensively studied organic reaction involving the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes. It was developed by Arthur C. Cope and Elizabeth Hardy. For example, 3-methyl-hexa-1,5-diene heated to 300 °C yields hepta-1,5-diene.
The Cope rearrangement causes the fluxional states of the ... | Cope rearrangement | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,100 | [
"Name reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
1,522,954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20performance | Network performance refers to measures of service quality of a network as seen by the customer.
There are many different ways to measure the performance of a network, as each network is different in nature and design. Performance can also be modeled and simulated instead of measured; one example of this is using state... | Network performance | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,443 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computing comparisons",
"Computer science",
"Information theory"
] |
1,524,030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclohexane%20conformation | Cyclohexane conformations are any of several three-dimensional shapes adopted by cyclohexane. Because many compounds feature structurally similar six-membered rings, the structure and dynamics of cyclohexane are important prototypes of a wide range of compounds.
The internal angles of a regular, flat hexagon are 120°,... | Cyclohexane conformation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,788 | [
"Spacetime",
"Stereochemistry",
"Space",
"nan"
] |
1,524,630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives%20to%20the%20Standard%20Higgs%20Model | Alternative models to the Standard Higgs Model are models which are considered by many particle physicists to solve some of the Higgs boson's existing problems. Two of the most currently researched models are quantum triviality, and Higgs hierarchy problem.
Overview
In particle physics, elementary particles and forc... | Alternatives to the Standard Higgs Model | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 933 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Electroweak theory",
"Size",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Particle physics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physics beyond the Standard Mode... |
1,524,792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP%20hydrolysis | ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction process by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released after splitting these bonds, for example in muscles, by producing work in the form of mechanical energy. The product is adenosine diphospha... | ATP hydrolysis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,155 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Cellular respiration",
"Metabolism"
] |
1,524,935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-65%20residues | K-65 residues are the very radioactive mill residues resulting from the uniquely concentrated uranium ore discovered before WW II in Katanga province (Shinkolobwe mine) of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Belgian Congo).
According to Zoellner, "Remnants from typical uranium from the southwestern United S... | K-65 residues | [
"Physics"
] | 533 | [
"Materials",
"Nuclear materials",
"Matter"
] |
1,525,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation%20%28biology%29 | Assimilation is the process of absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from food as part of the nutrition of an organism. In humans, this is always done with a chemical breakdown (enzymes and acids) and physical breakdown (oral mastication and stomach churning). Chemical alteration of substances in the b... | Assimilation (biology) | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 507 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism",
"nan",
"Cellular processes"
] |
1,526,836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmogamy | Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the protoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuse without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell. This state is followed by karyogamy, where the two nuclei fuse and then undergo me... | Plasmogamy | [
"Biology"
] | 166 | [
"Mycology"
] |
1,527,098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairaut%27s%20theorem%20%28gravity%29 | Clairaut's theorem characterizes the surface gravity on a viscous rotating ellipsoid in hydrostatic equilibrium under the action of its gravitational field and centrifugal force. It was published in 1743 by Alexis Claude Clairaut in a treatise which synthesized physical and geodetic evidence that the Earth is an oblat... | Clairaut's theorem (gravity) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,417 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Applied mathematics",
"Eponymous theorems of physics",
"Surveying",
"Civil engineering",
"Geodesy",
"Physics theorems"
] |
2,997,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauer%E2%80%93Fike%20theorem | In mathematics, the Bauer–Fike theorem is a standard result in the perturbation theory of the eigenvalue of a complex-valued diagonalizable matrix. In its substance, it states an absolute upper bound for the deviation of one perturbed matrix eigenvalue from a properly chosen eigenvalue of the exact matrix. Informally s... | Bauer–Fike theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 756 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical problems",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Mathematical theorems"
] |
2,997,965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewer%20alligator | The sewer alligator is an urban legend centered around alligators that live in sewers outside alligators' native range. Some cities in which sewer alligators have supposedly been found are New York City and Paris. Accounts of fully grown sewer alligators are unproven, but small alligators are sometimes rescued from sew... | Sewer alligator | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,474 | [
"Sewerage",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water pollution"
] |
3,000,842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique%20games%20conjecture | In computational complexity theory, the unique games conjecture (often referred to as UGC) is a conjecture made by Subhash Khot in 2002. The conjecture postulates that the problem of determining the approximate value of a certain type of game, known as a unique game, has NP-hard computational complexity. It has broad ... | Unique games conjecture | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,167 | [
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Unsolved problems in computer science",
"Approximation algorithms",
"Conjectures",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical problems",
"Approximations"
] |
3,000,968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvatochromism | In chemistry, solvatochromism is the phenomenon observed when the colour of a solution is different when the solute is dissolved in different solvents.
The solvatochromic effect is the way the spectrum of a substance (the solute) varies when the substance is dissolved in a variety of solvents. In this context, the die... | Solvatochromism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 630 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Chromism",
"Materials science",
"Absorption spectroscopy",
"Smart materials",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
3,001,955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terephthaloyl%20chloride | Terephthaloyl chloride (TCL, 1,4-benzenedicarbonyl chloride) is the acyl chloride of terephthalic acid. It is a white solid at room temperature. It is one of two precursors used to make Kevlar, the other being p-phenylenediamine. TCL is used as a key component in performance polymers and aramid fibers, where it impart... | Terephthaloyl chloride | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 280 | [
"Monomers",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
3,003,010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroforming | Electroforming is a metal forming process in which parts are fabricated through electrodeposition on a model, known in the industry as a mandrel. Conductive (metallic) mandrels are treated to create a mechanical parting layer, or are chemically passivated to limit electroform adhesion to the mandrel and thereby allow i... | Electroforming | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 944 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy"
] |
3,003,284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighting | The process of frequency weighting involves emphasizing the contribution of particular aspects of a phenomenon (or of a set of data) over others to an outcome or result; thereby highlighting those aspects in comparison to others in the analysis. That is, rather than each variable in the data set contributing equally to... | Weighting | [
"Physics"
] | 886 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
5,491,659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20metallic%20alloy | Complex metallic alloys (CMAs) or complex intermetallics (CIMs) are intermetallic compounds characterized by the following structural features:
large unit cells, comprising some tens up to thousands of atoms,
the presence of well-defined atom clusters, frequently of icosahedral point group symmetry,
the occurrence of... | Complex metallic alloy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 501 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Metallurgy",
"Crystal structure types",
"Crystallography",
"Intermetallics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Alloys"
] |
5,491,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly%284-vinylphenol%29 | Poly(4-vinylphenol), also called polyvinylphenol or PVP, is a plastic structurally similar to polystyrene. It is produced from the monomer 4-vinylphenol, which is also referred to as 4-hydroxystyrene.
PVP is used in electronics as a dielectric layer in organic transistors in organic TFT LCD displays. Thin films of cro... | Poly(4-vinylphenol) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 545 | [
"Organic polymers",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Organic compounds",
"Amorphous solids",
"Plastics"
] |
5,492,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20solid%20waste%20treatment%20technologies | The article contains a list of different forms of solid waste treatment technologies and facilities employed in waste management infrastructure.
Waste handling facilities
Civic amenity site (CA site)
Transfer station
Established waste treatment technologies
Incineration
Landfill
Recycling
Specific to organic wa... | List of solid waste treatment technologies | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 213 | [
"Water treatment",
"Anaerobic digestion",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water technology",
"Waste treatment technology"
] |
5,494,713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20manifold%20theorem | In mathematics, especially in the study of dynamical systems and differential equations, the stable manifold theorem is an important result about the structure of the set of orbits approaching a given hyperbolic fixed point. It roughly states that the existence of a local diffeomorphism near a fixed point implies the e... | Stable manifold theorem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 214 | [
"Theorems in dynamical systems",
"Mechanics",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
5,496,415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20Hall%20effect | The spin Hall effect (SHE) is a transport phenomenon predicted by Russian physicists Mikhail I. Dyakonov and Vladimir I. Perel in 1971. It consists of the appearance of spin accumulation on the lateral surfaces of an electric current-carrying sample, the signs of the spin directions being opposite on the opposing bound... | Spin Hall effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,214 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Hall effect",
"Spintronics",
"Phases of matter",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
5,497,456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic%20resolution | In organic chemistry, kinetic resolution is a means of differentiating two enantiomers in a racemic mixture. In kinetic resolution, two enantiomers react with different reaction rates in a chemical reaction with a chiral catalyst or reagent, resulting in an enantioenriched sample of the less reactive enantiomer. As op... | Kinetic resolution | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 6,390 | [
"Spacetime",
"Stereochemistry",
"Space",
"nan"
] |
5,497,504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal%20thermal%20energy%20storage | Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES), also known as inter-seasonal thermal energy storage,
is the storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several months. The thermal energy can be collected whenever it is available and be used whenever needed, such as in the opposing season. For example, heat from solar collecto... | Seasonal thermal energy storage | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,640 | [
"Building engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Architecture"
] |
5,498,670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20dividers%20and%20directional%20couplers | Power dividers (also power splitters and, when used in reverse, power combiners) and directional couplers are passive devices used mostly in the field of radio technology. They couple a defined amount of the electromagnetic power in a transmission line to a port enabling the signal to be used in another circuit. An es... | Power dividers and directional couplers | [
"Engineering"
] | 7,229 | [
"Radio electronics",
"Electronic engineering",
"Distributed element circuits"
] |
4,116,487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PComb3H | pComb3H, a derivative of pComb3 optimized for expression of human fragments, is a phagemid used to express proteins such as zinc finger proteins and antibody fragments on phage pili for the purpose of phage display selection.
For the purpose of phage production, it contains the bacterial ampicillin resistance gene (fo... | PComb3H | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 97 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Plasmids",
"Bacteria",
"Molecular biology"
] |
4,116,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine%20A1%20receptor | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Adenosine A1 receptor}}
The adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand.
Biochemistry
A1 receptors are implicated in sleep promotion by inhibiting wake-promoting cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain... | Adenosine A1 receptor | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,425 | [
"Adenosine receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
4,116,838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETwinning | The eTwinning action is an initiative of the European Commission that aims to encourage European schools to collaborate using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) by providing the necessary infrastructure (online tools, services, support). Teachers registered in the eTwinning action are enabled to form part... | ETwinning | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 942 | [
"Information technology",
"Information technology projects"
] |
4,116,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adherence%20%28medicine%29 | In medicine, patient compliance (also adherence, capacitance) describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice. Most commonly, it refers to medication or drug compliance, but it can also apply to other situations such as medical device use, self care, self-directed exercises, or therapy sessions... | Adherence (medicine) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,134 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacy",
"Clinical pharmacology"
] |
4,118,424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottky%20defect | A Schottky defect is an excitation of the site occupations in a crystal lattice leading to point defects named after Walter H. Schottky. In ionic crystals, this defect forms when oppositely charged ions leave their lattice sites and become incorporated for instance at the surface, creating oppositely charged vacancies.... | Schottky defect | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 811 | [
"Crystallographic defects",
"Crystallography",
"Materials degradation",
"Materials science"
] |
4,119,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg%20ionization%20spectroscopy | Rydberg ionization spectroscopy is a spectroscopy technique in which multiple photons are absorbed by an atom causing the removal of an electron to form an ion.
Resonance ionization spectroscopy
The ionization threshold energy of atoms and small molecules are typically larger than the photon energies that are most eas... | Rydberg ionization spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,101 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
4,120,135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinstein%20conjecture | In mathematics, the Weinstein conjecture refers to a general existence problem for periodic orbits of Hamiltonian or Reeb vector flows. More specifically, the conjecture claims that on a compact contact manifold, its Reeb vector field should carry at least one periodic orbit.
By definition, a level set of contact type... | Weinstein conjecture | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 713 | [
"Geometry problems",
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in geometry",
"Classical mechanics",
"Hamiltonian mechanics",
"Conjectures",
"Mathematical problems",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
4,120,782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20dynamics | For classical dynamics at relativistic speeds, see relativistic mechanics.
Relativistic dynamics refers to a combination of relativistic and quantum concepts to describe the relationships between the motion and properties of a relativistic system and the forces acting on the system. What distinguishes relativistic dyn... | Relativistic dynamics | [
"Physics"
] | 1,172 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
4,121,300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuse-derived%20fuel | Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial waste or commercial waste.
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development provides a definition:
"Selected waste and by-products with recoverable calorific value can be used as fuels in a c... | Refuse-derived fuel | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,465 | [
"Water treatment",
"Combustion engineering",
"Incineration",
"Environmental engineering",
"Waste treatment technology"
] |
577,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration%20curve | Titrations are often recorded on graphs called titration curves, which generally contain the volume of the titrant as the independent variable and the pH of the solution as the dependent variable (because it changes depending on the composition of the two solutions).
The equivalence point on the graph is where all of... | Titration curve | [
"Chemistry"
] | 536 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Titration"
] |
577,846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox%20titration | A redox titration is a type of titration based on a redox reaction between the analyte and titrant. It may involve the use of a redox indicator and/or a potentiometer. A common example of a redox titration is the treatment of a solution of iodine with a reducing agent to produce iodide using a starch indicator to help... | Redox titration | [
"Chemistry"
] | 400 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Titration"
] |
577,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Plant%20Sciences%2C%20University%20of%20Cambridge | The Department of Plant Sciences is a department of the University of Cambridge that conducts research and teaching in plant sciences. It was established in 1904, although the university has had a professor of botany since 1724.
Research
, the department pursues three strategic targets of research
Global food securi... | Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge | [
"Biology"
] | 328 | [
"Biotechnology in the United Kingdom",
"Biotechnology by country"
] |
578,365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIRACL | MIRACL, or Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser, is a directed energy weapon developed by the US Navy. It is a deuterium fluoride laser, a type of chemical laser.
The MIRACL laser first became operational in 1980. It can produce over a megawatt of output for up to 70 seconds, making it the most powerful continuous wav... | MIRACL | [
"Chemistry"
] | 290 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical lasers"
] |
578,412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone%20peroxide | Acetone peroxide ( also called APEX and mother of Satan) is an organic peroxide and a primary explosive. It is produced by the reaction of acetone and hydrogen peroxide to yield a mixture of linear monomer and cyclic dimer, trimer, and tetramer forms. The monomer is dimethyldioxirane. The dimer is known as diacetone ... | Acetone peroxide | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,149 | [
"Ketals",
"Radical initiators",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Explosive chemicals",
"Organic peroxide explosives",
"Organic peroxides"
] |
578,693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable%20Array%20Logic | Programmable Array Logic (PAL) is a family of programmable logic device semiconductors used to implement logic functions in digital circuits that was introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc. (MMI) in March 1978. MMI obtained a registered trademark on the term PAL for use in "Programmable Semiconductor Logic Circuits". T... | Programmable Array Logic | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,925 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Gate arrays"
] |
579,026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20potential | In classical mechanics, the gravitational potential is a scalar potential associating with each point in space the work (energy transferred) per unit mass that would be needed to move an object to that point from a fixed reference point in the conservative gravitational field. It is analogous to the electric potential ... | Gravitational potential | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,734 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Energy (physics)",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
579,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-Carotene | β-Carotene (beta-carotene) is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is a member of the carotenes, which are terpenoids (isoprenoids), synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and thus having 40 carbons.
Dietary β-carotene is a provitamin A compound, conver... | Β-Carotene | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,169 | [
"Hydrocarbons",
"Biomarkers",
"Vitamin A",
"Carotenoids",
"Organic compounds",
"Biomolecules"
] |
579,390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20prediction | In computational biology, gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes. This includes protein-coding genes as well as RNA genes, but may also include prediction of other functional elements such as regulatory regions. Gene finding is one of the first ... | Gene prediction | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 3,397 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Applied mathematics",
"Biological engineering",
"Mathematical and theoretical biology"
] |
579,400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levinthal%27s%20paradox | Levinthal's paradox is a thought experiment in the field of computational protein structure prediction; protein folding seeks a stable energy configuration. An algorithmic search through all possible conformations to identify the minimum energy configuration (the native state) would take an immense duration; however in... | Levinthal's paradox | [
"Chemistry"
] | 749 | [
"Protein structure",
"Structural biology"
] |
579,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20design | Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule that activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein, which in tu... | Drug design | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,758 | [
"Life sciences industry",
"Drug discovery",
"nan",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Biochemistry"
] |
579,645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium%20titanate | Strontium titanate is an oxide of strontium and titanium with the chemical formula SrTiO3. At room temperature, it is a centrosymmetric paraelectric material with a perovskite structure. At low temperatures it approaches a ferroelectric phase transition with a very large dielectric constant ~104 but remains paraelectri... | Strontium titanate | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 3,216 | [
"Materials",
"Ceramic materials",
"Gemstones",
"Ceramic engineering",
"Matter"
] |
580,069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay-Lussac%27s%20law | Gay-Lussac's law usually refers to Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes of gases, discovered in 1808 and published in 1809. However, it sometimes refers to the proportionality of the volume of a gas to its absolute temperature at constant pressure. The latter law was published by Gay-Lussac in 1802, but... | Gay-Lussac's law | [
"Chemistry"
] | 887 | [
"Gas laws"
] |
580,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematical%20topics%20in%20relativity | This is a list of mathematical topics in relativity, by Wikipedia page.
Special relativity
Foundational issues
principle of relativity
speed of light
faster-than-light
biquaternion
conjugate diameters
four-vector
four-acceleration
four-force
four-gradient
four-momentum
four-velocity
hyperbolic orthogonality
hyperbolo... | List of mathematical topics in relativity | [
"Physics"
] | 308 | [
"Theory of relativity"
] |
580,264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbier%27s%20theorem | In geometry, Barbier's theorem states that every curve of constant width has perimeter times its width, regardless of its precise shape. This theorem was first published by Joseph-Émile Barbier in 1860.
Examples
The most familiar examples of curves of constant width are the circle and the Reuleaux triangle. For a c... | Barbier's theorem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 548 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Distance",
"Quantity",
"Size",
"Theorems in plane geometry",
"Length",
"Theorems in geometry",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Pi"
] |
580,384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopf%20fibration | In differential topology, the Hopf fibration (also known as the Hopf bundle or Hopf map) describes a 3-sphere (a hypersphere in four-dimensional space) in terms of circles and an ordinary sphere. Discovered by Heinz Hopf in 1931, it is an influential early example of a fiber bundle. Technically, Hopf found a many-to-on... | Hopf fibration | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,861 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Algebraic topology",
"Geometric topology"
] |
581,005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit%20function%20theorem | In multivariable calculus, the implicit function theorem is a tool that allows relations to be converted to functions of several real variables. It does so by representing the relation as the graph of a function. There may not be a single function whose graph can represent the entire relation, but there may be such a f... | Implicit function theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,978 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in calculus",
"Calculus",
"Theorems in real analysis",
"Mathematical problems",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Mathematical identities",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Algebra"
] |
581,124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%E2%80%93Rao%20bound | In estimation theory and statistics, the Cramér–Rao bound (CRB) relates to estimation of a deterministic (fixed, though unknown) parameter. The result is named in honor of Harald Cramér and Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, but has also been derived independently by Maurice Fréchet, Georges Darmois, and by Alexander Aitken... | Cramér–Rao bound | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,879 | [
"Articles containing proofs",
"Theorems in statistics",
"Statistical inequalities",
"Inequalities (mathematics)"
] |
581,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table%20of%20standard%20reduction%20potentials%20for%20half-reactions%20important%20in%20biochemistry | The values below are standard apparent reduction potentials for electro-biochemical half-reactions measured at 25 °C, 1 atmosphere and a pH of 7 in aqueous solution.
The actual physiological potential depends on the ratio of the reduced () and oxidized () forms according to the Nernst equation and the thermal voltage... | Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,091 | [
"Electrochemical potentials",
"Biochemistry databases",
"Electrochemistry",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Biochemistry",
"Thermodynamics databases"
] |
2,171,486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderomotive%20force | In physics, a ponderomotive force is a nonlinear force that a charged particle experiences in an inhomogeneous oscillating electromagnetic field. It causes the particle to move towards the area of the weaker field strength, rather than oscillating around an initial point as happens in a homogeneous field. This occurs b... | Ponderomotive force | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,011 | [
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics",
"Electrodynamics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
2,172,915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering%20channel | In scattering theory, a scattering channel is a quantum state of the colliding system before or after the collision (). The Hilbert space spanned by the states before collision (in states) is equal to the space spanned by the states after collision (out states) which are both Fock spaces if there is a mass gap. This ... | Scattering channel | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 150 | [
"Scattering stubs",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Scattering",
"Particle physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Quantum physics stubs"
] |
2,174,011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoided%20crossing | In quantum physics and quantum chemistry, an avoided crossing (AC, sometimes called intended crossing, non-crossing or anticrossing) is the phenomenon where two eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix representing a quantum observable and depending on continuous real parameters cannot become equal in value ("cross") except ... | Avoided crossing | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,923 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
2,174,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20effect | The lotus effect refers to self-cleaning properties that are a result of ultrahydrophobicity as exhibited by the leaves of Nelumbo, the lotus flower. Dirt particles are picked up by water droplets due to the micro- and nanoscopic architecture on the surface, which minimizes the droplet's adhesion to that surface. Ultra... | Lotus effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,578 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Surface science",
"Materials science"
] |
2,175,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugium%20%28population%20biology%29 | In biology, a refugium (plural: refugia) is a location which supports an isolated or relict population of a once more widespread species. This isolation (allopatry) can be due to climatic changes, geography, or human activities such as deforestation and overhunting.
Present examples of refugial animal species are the ... | Refugium (population biology) | [
"Biology"
] | 1,854 | [
"Biogeography"
] |
14,463,498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilenberg%E2%80%93Mazur%20swindle | In mathematics, the Eilenberg–Mazur swindle, named after Samuel Eilenberg and Barry Mazur, is a method of proof that involves paradoxical properties of infinite sums. In geometric topology it was introduced by and is often called the Mazur swindle. In algebra it was introduced by Samuel Eilenberg
and is known as t... | Eilenberg–Mazur swindle | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,178 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Module theory"
] |
14,463,750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20field | A stress field is the distribution of internal forces in a body that balance a given set of external forces. Stress fields are widely used in fluid dynamics and materials science.
Consider that one can picture the stress fields as the stress created by adding an extra half plane of atoms to a crystal. The bonds are cle... | Stress field | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 582 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Materials science",
"Mechanics",
"nan"
] |
14,464,469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20black%20holes | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to black holes:
Black hole – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can escape from inside it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficientl... | Outline of black holes | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,872 | [
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Galaxies",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Density",
"Theory of relativity",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
14,464,979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20cell%20biology | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology:
Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function; the organelles they contain; interactions with their environment; and their life cycle, division, an... | Outline of cell biology | [
"Biology"
] | 5,941 | [
"Cell biology"
] |
14,465,804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoose%20board | In the medical field a papoose board is a temporary medical stabilization board used to limit a patient's freedom of movement to decrease risk of injury while allowing safe completion of treatment. The term papoose board refers to a brand name.
It is most commonly used during dental work, venipuncture, and other medic... | Papoose board | [
"Biology"
] | 722 | [
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
14,465,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipropylcyclopentylxanthine | 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, PD-116,948) is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the adenosine A1 receptor. It has high selectivity for A1 over other adenosine receptor subtypes, but as with other xanthine derivatives DPCPX also acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and is almost as... | Dipropylcyclopentylxanthine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 253 | [
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Xanthines"
] |
14,466,835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon%20Factory | The Photon Factory (PF) is a synchrotron located at KEK, in Tsukuba, Japan, about fifty kilometres from Tokyo.
History
The Photon Factory turned on its synchrotron for the first time in 1982, becoming the first light source accelerator in Japan to produce x-rays. In 1997, it joined the Institute of Materials Structure... | Photon Factory | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 316 | [
"Particle physics stubs",
"Materials testing",
"Particle physics",
"Synchrotron radiation facilities"
] |
14,467,558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20force | Surface force denoted fs is the force that acts across an internal or external surface element in a material body.
Normal forces and shear forces between objects are types of surface force. All cohesive forces and contact forces between objects are considered as surface forces.
Surface force can be decomposed into two... | Surface force | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 159 | [
"Fluid dynamics stubs",
"Force",
"Physical quantities",
"Chemical engineering",
"Quantity",
"Classical mechanics stubs",
"Mass",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mechanics",
"Piping",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
14,468,359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification%20%28spaceflight%29 | Verification in the field of space systems engineering covers two verification processes: Qualification and Acceptance
Overview
In the field of spaceflight verification standards are developed by DoD, NASA and the ECSS, among others. Large aerospace corporations may also developed their own internal standards. These... | Verification (spaceflight) | [
"Engineering"
] | 665 | [
"Systems engineering"
] |
14,469,114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenium%E2%80%93osmium%20dating | Rhenium–osmium dating is a form of radiometric dating based on the beta decay of the isotope 187Re to 187Os. This normally occurs with a half-life of 41.6 × 109 y, but studies using fully ionised 187Re atoms have found that this can decrease to only 33 y. Both rhenium and osmium are strongly siderophilic (iron loving)... | Rhenium–osmium dating | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,050 | [
"Radiometric dating",
"Radioactivity"
] |
14,469,299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous%20convergence%20theorem | In mathematics, an autonomous convergence theorem is one of a family of related theorems which specify conditions guaranteeing global asymptotic stability of a continuous autonomous dynamical system.
History
The Markus–Yamabe conjecture was formulated as an attempt to give conditions for global stability of continuous... | Autonomous convergence theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 500 | [
"Theorems in dynamical systems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Fixed points (mathematics)",
"Stability theory",
"Topology",
"Mathematical problems",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
14,470,771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20effects%20on%20circadian%20rhythm | Light effects on circadian rhythm are the response of circadian rhythms to light.
Most animals and other organisms have a biological clock that synchronizes their physiology and behaviour with the daily changes in the environment. The physiological changes that follow these clocks are known as circadian rhythms. Becau... | Light effects on circadian rhythm | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 2,549 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Behavior",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Circadian rhythm",
"Light",
"Sleep"
] |
14,473,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer%20information%20retrieval | Human–computer information retrieval (HCIR) is the study and engineering of information retrieval techniques that bring human intelligence into the search process. It combines the fields of human-computer interaction (HCI) and information retrieval (IR) and creates systems that improve search by taking into account the... | Human–computer information retrieval | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,515 | [
"Human–computer interaction",
"Human–machine interaction"
] |
13,301,401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Radium%20Corporation | The United States Radium Corporation was a company, most notorious for its operations between the years 1917 to 1926 in Orange, New Jersey, in the United States that led to stronger worker protection laws. After initial success in developing a glow-in-the-dark radioactive paint, the company was subject to several lawsu... | United States Radium Corporation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,833 | [
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
13,301,859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion-controlled%20reaction | Diffusion-controlled (or diffusion-limited) reactions are reactions in which the reaction rate is equal to the rate of transport of the reactants through the reaction medium (usually a solution). The process of chemical reaction can be considered as involving the diffusion of reactants until they encounter each other i... | Diffusion-controlled reaction | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 784 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"nan"
] |
13,301,952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan%20Train | The Orphan Train Movement was a supervised welfare program that transported children from crowded Eastern cities of the United States to foster homes located largely in rural areas of the Midwest short on farming labor. The orphan trains operated between 1854 and 1929, relocating from about 200,000 children. The co-fou... | Orphan Train | [
"Technology"
] | 6,021 | [
"Trains",
"Transport systems"
] |
13,307,983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistive%20ballooning%20mode | The resistive ballooning mode (RBM) is an instability occurring in magnetized plasmas, particularly in magnetic confinement devices such as tokamaks, when the pressure gradient is opposite to the effective gravity created by a magnetic field.
Linear growth rate
The linear growth rate of the RBM instability is given a... | Resistive ballooning mode | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 184 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Plasma physics",
"Plasma phenomena",
"Plasma instabilities",
"Stability theory",
"Plasma physics stubs",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
13,310,687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective%20momentum%20transport | Convective momentum transport usually describes a vertical flux of the momentum of horizontal winds or currents. That momentum is carried like a non-conserved flow tracer by vertical air motions in convection.
In the atmosphere, convective momentum transport by small but vigorous (cumulus type) cloudy updrafts can be ... | Convective momentum transport | [
"Physics"
] | 171 | [
"Classical mechanics stubs",
"Classical mechanics",
"Continuum mechanics"
] |
8,660,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Association%20of%20Physics%20Teachers | The American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT) was founded in 1930 for the purpose of "dissemination of knowledge of physics, particularly by way of teaching." There are more than 10,000 members in over 30 countries. AAPT publications include two peer-reviewed journals, the American Journal of Physics and The Phys... | American Association of Physics Teachers | [
"Physics"
] | 582 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physics education"
] |
8,661,211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric%20barrier%20discharge | Dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) is the electrical discharge between two electrodes separated by an insulating dielectric barrier. Originally called silent (inaudible) discharge and also known as ozone production discharge or partial discharge, it was first reported by Ernst Werner von Siemens in 1857.
Process
The ... | Dielectric barrier discharge | [
"Physics"
] | 1,973 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electrical phenomena"
] |
8,663,363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabozoa | In the classification of eukaryotes (living organisms with a cell nucleus), Cabozoa was a taxon proposed by Cavalier-Smith. It was a putative clade comprising the Rhizaria and Excavata. More recent research places the Rhizaria with the Alveolata and Stramenopiles instead of the Excavata, however, so "Cabozoa" is polyp... | Cabozoa | [
"Biology"
] | 113 | [
"Eukaryotes",
"Eukaryote taxa"
] |
8,666,134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physcomitrella%20patens | Physcomitrella patens is a synonym of Physcomitrium patens, the spreading earthmoss. It is a moss, a bryophyte used as a model organism for studies on plant evolution, development, and physiology.
Distribution and ecology
Physcomitrella patens is an early colonist of exposed mud and earth around the edges of pools o... | Physcomitrella patens | [
"Biology"
] | 1,527 | [
"Model organisms",
"Plant models"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.