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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
1,527,578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20variable	Critical variables are defined, for example in thermodynamics, in terms of the values of variables at the critical point. On a PV diagram, the critical point is an inflection point. Thus: For the van der Waals equation, the above yields: References Thermodynamic properties Conformal field theory	Critical variable	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	68	[ "Thermodynamic properties", "Quantity", "Thermodynamics", "Physical quantities" ]
1,528,346	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totally%20bounded%20space	In topology and related branches of mathematics, total-boundedness is a generalization of compactness for circumstances in which a set is not necessarily closed. A totally bounded set can be covered by finitely many subsets of every fixed “size” (where the meaning of “size” depends on the structure of the ambient spac...	Totally bounded space	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,543	[ "Functions and mappings", "Functional analysis", "Uniform spaces", "Mathematical objects", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Mathematical relations", "Space", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
1,528,467	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%20coulometer	The copper coulometer is a one application for the copper-copper(II) sulfate electrode. Such a coulometer consists of two identical copper electrodes immersed in slightly acidic pH-buffered solution of copper(II) sulfate. Passing of current through the element leads to the anodic dissolution of the metal on anode and s...	Copper coulometer	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	276	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Electroanalytical chemistry", "Electroanalytical chemistry devices", "nan", "Physical chemistry", "Physical chemistry stubs" ]
1,530,353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation%20rate	In genetics, the mutation rate is the frequency of new mutations in a single gene, nucleotide sequence, or organism over time. Mutation rates are not constant and are not limited to a single type of mutation; there are many different types of mutations. Mutation rates are given for specific classes of mutations. Point ...	Mutation rate	[ "Physics", "Biology" ]	2,322	[ "Temporal quantities", "Evolutionary biology", "Temporal rates", "Physical quantities" ]
1,530,478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioturbation	Bioturbation is defined as the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. It includes burrowing, ingestion, and defecation of sediment grains. Bioturbating activities have a profound effect on the environment and are thought to be a primary driver of biodiversity. The formal study of bioturbation began in ...	Bioturbation	[ "Physics", "Biology" ]	6,150	[ "Aquatic ecology", "Ecosystems", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Physical oceanography" ]
1,530,689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity%20%28physics%29	In physics, complementarity is a conceptual aspect of quantum mechanics that Niels Bohr regarded as an essential feature of the theory. The complementarity principle holds that certain pairs of complementary properties cannot all be observed or measured simultaneously. For example, position and momentum or wave and par...	Complementarity (physics)	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,302	[ "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical objects", "Quantum mechanics", "Equations", "Scientific laws" ]
1,531,369	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20problem	In physics, the phase problem is the problem of loss of information concerning the phase that can occur when making a physical measurement. The name comes from the field of X-ray crystallography, where the phase problem has to be solved for the determination of a structure from diffraction data. The phase problem is al...	Phase problem	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,189	[ "Applied mathematics", "Materials science", "Crystallography", "Condensed matter physics", "Inverse problems" ]
1,531,404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20exact%20sequence	In mathematics, a split exact sequence is a short exact sequence in which the middle term is built out of the two outer terms in the simplest possible way. Equivalent characterizations A short exact sequence of abelian groups or of modules over a fixed ring, or more generally of objects in an abelian category is cal...	Split exact sequence	[ "Mathematics" ]	252	[ "Abstract algebra", "Algebra" ]
1,531,409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism%20group	In mathematics, particularly topology, the homeomorphism group of a topological space is the group consisting of all homeomorphisms from the space to itself with function composition as the group operation. They are important to the theory of topological spaces, generally exemplary of automorphism groups and topologica...	Homeomorphism group	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	392	[ "Space (mathematics)", "Group theory", "Topological spaces", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Topological groups", "Spacetime" ]
1,531,739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20form%20factor	The electric form factor is the Fourier transform of electric charge distribution in a nucleon. Nucleons (protons and neutrons) are made of up and down quarks which have charges associated with them (2/3 & -1/3, respectively). The study of Form Factors falls within the regime of Perturbative QCD. The idea originated f...	Electric form factor	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	99	[ "Electrodynamics", "Particle physics stubs", "Particle physics", "Dynamical systems" ]
1,531,742	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20form%20factor	In electromagnetism, a magnetic form factor is the Fourier transform of an electric charge distribution in space. See also Atomic form factor, for the form factor relevant to magnetic diffraction of free neutrons by unpaired outer electrons of an atom. Electric form factor Form factor (quantum field theory) Exter...	Magnetic form factor	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	112	[ "Electromagnetism", "Materials science stubs", "Physical phenomena", "Fundamental interactions", "Electromagnetism stubs" ]
1,531,781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarita%E2%80%93Schwinger%20equation	In theoretical physics, the Rarita–Schwinger equation is the relativistic field equation of spin-3/2 fermions in a four-dimensional flat spacetime. It is similar to the Dirac equation for spin-1/2 fermions. This equation was first introduced by William Rarita and Julian Schwinger in 1941. In modern notation it can be ...	Rarita–Schwinger equation	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	763	[ "Quantum field theory", "Matter", "Equations of physics", "Fermions", "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Eponymous equations of physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Condensed matter physics", "Mathematical physics", "Subatomic particles" ]
7,011,270	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm%20dense%20matter	Warm dense matter, abbreviated WDM, can refer to either equilibrium or non-equilibrium states of matter in a (loosely defined) regime of temperature and density between condensed matter and hot plasma. It can be defined as the state that is too dense to be described by weakly coupled plasma physics yet too hot to be de...	Warm dense matter	[ "Physics" ]	303	[ "Plasma theory and modeling", "Plasma physics" ]
7,011,453	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochem	AutoChem is NASA release software that constitutes an automatic computer code generator and documenter for chemically reactive systems written by David Lary between 1993 and the present. It was designed primarily for modeling atmospheric chemistry, and in particular, for chemical data assimilation. The user selects a...	Autochem	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	451	[ "Chemical reaction engineering", "Computational chemistry software", "Chemistry software", "Theoretical chemistry stubs", "Environmental chemistry", "Computational chemistry", "Computational chemistry stubs", "nan", "Chemical kinetics", "Physical chemistry stubs" ]
7,011,824	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology%20in%20pharmaceutical%20manufacturing	Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to develop useful products. Biotechnology is often used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Notable examples include the use of bacteria to produce things such as insulin or human growth hormone. Other examples include the use of transgenic pigs for the creation of hemoglobin i...	Biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing	[ "Biology" ]	1,700	[ "nan", "Biotechnology" ]
7,012,714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cav1.2	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Cav1.2}} Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1C subunit (also known as Cav1.2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNA1C gene. Cav1.2 is a subunit of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel. Structure and function This gene encodes an alpha-1 subunit of a voltage-dependent ...	Cav1.2	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,036	[ "Neurochemistry", "Ion channels" ]
7,013,570	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosynthase	The term glycosynthase refers to a class of proteins that have been engineered to catalyze the formation of a glycosidic bond. Glycosynthase are derived from glycosidase enzymes, which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds. They were traditionally formed from retaining glycosidase by mutating the active site nuc...	Glycosynthase	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	970	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Organic compounds", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "Chemical synthesis", "nan", "Biochemistry", "Glycobiology" ]
7,013,607	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside%20hydrolase	In biochemistry, glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars. They are extremely common enzymes, with roles in nature including degradation of biomass such as cellulose (cellulase), hemicellulose, and s...	Glycoside hydrolase	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,299	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Organic compounds", "Carbohydrate chemistry", "Chemical synthesis", "nan", "Biochemistry", "Glycobiology" ]
7,014,404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20Accident%20Investigation%20Commission	The Transport Accident Investigation Commission (TAIC, ) is a transport safety body of New Zealand. It has its headquarters on the 7th floor of 10 Brandon Street in Wellington. The agency investigates aviation, marine, and rail accidents and incidents occurring in New Zealand, with a view to avoid similar occurrences i...	Transport Accident Investigation Commission	[ "Technology" ]	466	[ "Railway accidents and incidents", "Rail accident investigators" ]
8,672,984	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password%20fatigue	Password fatigue is the feeling experienced by many people who are required to remember an excessive number of passwords as part of their daily routine, such as to log in to a computer at work, undo a bicycle lock or conduct banking from an automated teller machine. The concept is also known as password chaos, or more ...	Password fatigue	[ "Engineering" ]	1,284	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Data security" ]
16,001,928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20step%20barrier	A concrete step barrier is a safety barrier used on the central reservation of motorways and dual carriageways as an alternative to the standard steel crash barrier. United Kingdom With effect from January 2005 and based primarily on safety grounds, the UK National Highways policy is that all new motorway schemes are...	Concrete step barrier	[ "Engineering" ]	400	[ "Structural engineering", "Concrete" ]
16,006,394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20vs.%20fuel	Food versus fuel is the dilemma regarding the risk of diverting farmland or crops for biofuels production to the detriment of the food supply. The biofuel and food price debate involves wide-ranging views and is a long-standing, controversial one in the literature. There is disagreement about the significance of the is...	Food vs. fuel	[ "Environmental_science" ]	9,378	[ "Energy economics", "Environmental social science", "Environmental ethics" ]
16,011,006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worst-case%20circuit%20analysis	Worst-case circuit analysis (WCCA or WCA) is a cost-effective means of screening a design to ensure with a high degree of confidence that potential defects and deficiencies are identified and eliminated prior to and during test, production, and delivery. It is a quantitative assessment of the equipment performance, ac...	Worst-case circuit analysis	[ "Engineering" ]	976	[ "Reliability analysis", "Reliability engineering" ]
2,177,071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-tagging	b-tagging is a method of jet flavor tagging used in modern particle physics experiments. It is the identification (or "tagging") of jets originating from bottom quarks (or b quarks, hence the name). Importance b-tagging is important because: The physics of bottom quarks is quite interesting; in particular, it sheds ...	B-tagging	[ "Physics" ]	585	[ "Matter", "Hadrons", "Experimental physics", "Particle physics", "Experimental particle physics", "Subatomic particles" ]
2,178,278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet%20%28particle%20physics%29	A jet is a narrow cone of hadrons and other particles produced by the hadronization of quarks and gluons in a particle physics or heavy ion experiment. Particles carrying a color charge, i.e. quarks and gluons, cannot exist in free form because of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) confinement which only allows for colorless...	Jet (particle physics)	[ "Physics" ]	1,528	[ "Experimental physics", "Particle physics", "Experimental particle physics" ]
2,178,380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced%20gamma%20emission	In physics, induced gamma emission (IGE) refers to the process of fluorescent emission of gamma rays from excited nuclei, usually involving a specific nuclear isomer. It is analogous to conventional fluorescence, which is defined as the emission of a photon (unit of light) by an excited electron in an atom or molecule....	Induced gamma emission	[ "Physics" ]	1,881	[ "Nuclear interdisciplinary topics", "Nuclear physics" ]
2,178,421	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw%20chamber	A straw chamber is a type of Gaseous ionization detector. It is a long tube with a wire down the center and a gas which becomes ionized when a particle passes through. A potential difference is maintained between the wire and the walls of the tube, so that once the gas is ionized electrons move in one direction and i...	Straw chamber	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	257	[ "Particle physics stubs", "Particle detectors", "Particle physics", "Measuring instruments" ]
2,178,474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20identification	Particle identification is the process of using information left by a particle passing through a particle detector to identify the type of particle. Particle identification reduces backgrounds and improves measurement resolutions, and is essential to many analyses at particle detectors. Charged particles Charged part...	Particle identification	[ "Physics" ]	848	[ "Experimental physics", "Particle physics", "Experimental particle physics" ]
2,178,511	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephebos	Ephebos (; pl. epheboi, ), latinized as ephebus (pl. ephebi) and anglicised as ephebe (pl. ephebes), is a term for a male adolescent in Ancient Greece. The term was particularly used to denote one who was doing military training and preparing to become an adult. From about 335 BC, ephebes from Athens (aged between 18–2...	Ephebos	[ "Biology" ]	1,175	[ "Behavioural sciences", "Behavior", "Human development" ]
2,178,720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koopmans%27%20theorem	Koopmans' theorem states that in closed-shell Hartree–Fock theory (HF), the first ionization energy of a molecular system is equal to the negative of the orbital energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). This theorem is named after Tjalling Koopmans, who published this result in 1934. Koopmans' theorem ...	Koopmans' theorem	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,063	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Computational chemistry", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
2,178,880	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabatic%20representation	The diabatic representation as a mathematical tool for theoretical calculations of atomic collisions and of molecular interactions. One of the guiding principles in modern chemical dynamics and spectroscopy is that the motion of the nuclei in a molecule is slow compared to that of its electrons. This is justified by ...	Diabatic representation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,110	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
2,178,942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conical%20intersection	In quantum chemistry, a conical intersection of two or more potential energy surfaces is the set of molecular geometry points where the potential energy surfaces are degenerate (intersect) and the non-adiabatic couplings between these states are non-vanishing. In the vicinity of conical intersections, the Born–Oppenhei...	Conical intersection	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,653	[ "Quantum chemistry", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
2,179,433	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersecondary%20structure	A supersecondary structure is a compact three-dimensional protein structure of several adjacent elements of a secondary structure that is smaller than a protein domain or a subunit. Supersecondary structures can act as nucleations in the process of protein folding. Examples Helix supersecondary structures Helix hair...	Supersecondary structure	[ "Biology" ]	967	[ "Protein structural motifs", "Protein classification" ]
2,179,652	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster%20impact%20fusion	Cluster Impact Fusion is a suggested method of producing practical fusion power using small clusters of heavy water molecules directly accelerated into a titanium-deuteride target. Calculations suggested that such a system enhanced the cross section by many orders of magnitude. It is a particular implementation of the ...	Cluster impact fusion	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	273	[ "Nuclear fusion", "Nuclear technology", "Cold fusion", "Nuclear physics" ]
2,180,085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otic%20ganglion	The otic ganglion is a small parasympathetic ganglion located immediately below the foramen ovale in the infratemporal fossa and on the medial surface of the mandibular nerve. It is functionally associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve and innervates the parotid gland for salivation. It is one of four parasympathet...	Otic ganglion	[ "Biology" ]	671	[ "Organ systems", "Nervous system" ]
9,330,399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensate%20polisher	A condensate polisher is a device used to filter water condensed from steam as part of the steam cycle, for example in a conventional or nuclear power plant (powdered resin or deep bed system). It is frequently filled with tiny polymer resin beads which are used to remove or exchange ions so that the purity of the cond...	Condensate polisher	[ "Chemistry" ]	436	[ "Water treatment", "Industrial water treatment" ]
9,331,066	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction%20generator	An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a type of alternating current (AC) electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce electric power. Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotors faster than synchronous speed. A regular AC induction motor usually can be...	Induction generator	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	1,911	[ "Physical systems", "Electrical generators", "Machines" ]
9,332,179	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/B%20testing	A/B testing (also known as bucket testing, split-run testing, or split testing) is a user experience research method. A/B tests consist of a randomized experiment that usually involves two variants (A and B), although the concept can be also extended to multiple variants of the same variable. It includes application of...	A/B testing	[ "Engineering" ]	2,670	[ "Software engineering", "Software testing" ]
11,813,890	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry%20algebras%20in%201%20%2B%201%20dimensions	A two dimensional Minkowski space, i.e. a flat space with one time and one spatial dimension, has a two-dimensional Poincaré group IO(1,1) as its symmetry group. The respective Lie algebra is called the Poincaré algebra. It is possible to extend this algebra to a supersymmetry algebra, which is a -graded Lie superalgeb...	Supersymmetry algebras in 1 + 1 dimensions	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	581	[ "Applied mathematics", "Theoretical physics", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Physics beyond the Standard Model", "Mathematical physics", "Supersymmetry", "Symmetry" ]
11,817,317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20explanations%20of%20gravitation	Mechanical explanations of gravitation (or kinetic theories of gravitation) are attempts to explain the action of gravity by aid of basic mechanical processes, such as pressure forces caused by pushes, without the use of any action at a distance. These theories were developed from the 16th until the 19th century in con...	Mechanical explanations of gravitation	[ "Physics" ]	3,081	[ "Theoretical physics", "Theories of gravity" ]
11,817,965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20permeability%20specific%20surface	The air permeability specific surface of a powder material is a single-parameter measurement of the fineness of the powder. The specific surface is derived from the resistance to flow of air (or some other gas) through a porous bed of the powder. The SI units are m2·kg−1 ("mass specific surface") or m2·m−3 ("volume s...	Air permeability specific surface	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,159	[ "Particle technology", "Chemical engineering", "nan", "Environmental engineering" ]
7,172,991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20censorship	The topological censorship theorem (if valid) states that general relativity does not allow an observer to probe the topology of spacetime: any topological structure collapses too quickly to allow light to traverse it. More precisely, in a globally hyperbolic, asymptotically flat spacetime satisfying the null energy co...	Topological censorship	[ "Physics" ]	129	[ "Relativity stubs", "Theory of relativity" ]
7,174,639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion%20time	In nuclear weaponry, insertion time is the interval required to rearrange a subcritical mass of fissile material into critical mass. Appropriate insertion time is one of the three main requirements to create a working fission atomic bomb. The need for a short insertion time with plutonium-239 is the reason the implos...	Insertion time	[ "Physics" ]	233	[ "Nuclear technology", "Nuclear physics" ]
7,175,772	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroelectret	A ferroelectret, also known as a piezoelectret, is a thin film of polymer foams, exhibiting piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties after electric charging. Ferroelectret foams usually consist of a cellular polymer structure filled with air. Polymer-air composites are elastically soft due to their high air content a...	Ferroelectret	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	459	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Electrical phenomena", "Condensed matter physics", "Matter" ]
7,177,687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross%E2%80%93Pitaevskii%20equation	The Gross–Pitaevskii equation (GPE, named after Eugene P. Gross and Lev Petrovich Pitaevskii) describes the ground state of a quantum system of identical bosons using the Hartree–Fock approximation and the pseudopotential interaction model. A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a gas of bosons that are in the same quant...	Gross–Pitaevskii equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,394	[ "Bose–Einstein condensates", "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Equations of physics", "Phases of matter", "Eponymous equations of physics", "Superfluidity", "Condensed matter physics", "Exotic matter", "Matter", "Fluid dynamics" ]
7,180,512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonequilibrium%20Gas%20and%20Plasma%20Dynamics%20Laboratory	The Nonequilibrium Gas and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (NGPDL) at the Aerospace Engineering Department of the University of Colorado Boulder is headed by Professor Iain D. Boyd and performs research of nonequilibrium gases and plasmas involving the development of physical models for various gas systems of interest, nume...	Nonequilibrium Gas and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	530	[ "Aerospace engineering organizations", "Plasma physics", "Computational fluid dynamics", "Aeronautics organizations", "Computational physics", "Plasma physics facilities", "Aerospace engineering", "Fluid dynamics" ]
7,180,591	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20head	In fluid mechanics, pressure head is the height of a liquid column that corresponds to a particular pressure exerted by the liquid column on the base of its container. It may also be called static pressure head or simply static head (but not static head pressure). Mathematically this is expressed as: where is press...	Pressure head	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,424	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Mechanical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Chemical engineering", "Pressure", "Piping", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Fluid dynamics" ]
7,181,677	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACE%20International	AACE International (Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering) was founded in 1956 by 59 cost estimators and cost engineers during the organizational meeting of the American Association of Cost Engineering at the University of New Hampshire in Durham, New Hampshire. AACE International Headquarters is located...	AACE International	[ "Engineering" ]	567	[ "Cost engineering" ]
7,181,855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%20conjecture	In geometric topology, the Borel conjecture (named for Armand Borel) asserts that an aspherical closed manifold is determined by its fundamental group, up to homeomorphism. It is a rigidity conjecture, asserting that a weak, algebraic notion of equivalence (namely, homotopy equivalence) should imply a stronger, topolo...	Borel conjecture	[ "Mathematics" ]	620	[ "Geometry problems", "Unsolved problems in mathematics", "Homeomorphisms", "Unsolved problems in geometry", "Geometric topology", "Conjectures", "Topology", "Mathematical problems" ]
7,181,923	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-filling%20model	In chemistry, a space-filling model, also known as a calotte model, is a type of three-dimensional (3D) molecular model where the atoms are represented by spheres whose radii are proportional to the radii of the atoms and whose center-to-center distances are proportional to the distances between the atomic nuclei, all ...	Space-filling model	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,027	[ "Theoretical chemistry", "Molecular modelling", "Molecular physics" ]
581,859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertible%20sheaf	In mathematics, an invertible sheaf is a sheaf on a ringed space that has an inverse with respect to tensor product of sheaves of modules. It is the equivalent in algebraic geometry of the topological notion of a line bundle. Due to their interactions with Cartier divisors, they play a central role in the study of alge...	Invertible sheaf	[ "Mathematics" ]	487	[ "Topology", "Sheaf theory", "Mathematical structures", "Category theory" ]
581,888	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous%20flux	In photometry, luminous flux or luminous power is the measure of the perceived power of light. It differs from radiant flux, the measure of the total power of electromagnetic radiation (including infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light), in that luminous flux is adjusted to reflect the varying sensitivity of the human...	Luminous flux	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	537	[ "Temporal quantities", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Temporal rates", "Physical properties" ]
582,024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushout%20%28category%20theory%29	In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a pushout (also called a fibered coproduct or fibered sum or cocartesian square or amalgamated sum) is the colimit of a diagram consisting of two morphisms f : Z → X and g : Z → Y with a common domain. The pushout consists of an object P along with two morphisms X → P and Y...	Pushout (category theory)	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,237	[ "Mathematical structures", "Category theory", "Limits (category theory)" ]
582,228	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%20cycle	In physics, the Rabi cycle (or Rabi flop) is the cyclic behaviour of a two-level quantum system in the presence of an oscillatory driving field. A great variety of physical processes belonging to the areas of quantum computing, condensed matter, atomic and molecular physics, and nuclear and particle physics can be conv...	Rabi cycle	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,517	[ "Quantum optics", "Quantum mechanics", "Atomic physics", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
582,273	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20diameter	The hydraulic diameter, , is a commonly used term when handling flow in non-circular tubes and channels. Using this term, one can calculate many things in the same way as for a round tube. When the cross-section is uniform along the tube or channel length, it is defined as where is the cross-sectional area of the flo...	Hydraulic diameter	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	470	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Hydrology", "Chemical engineering", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Thermodynamics", "Environmental engineering", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
582,410	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam%20splitter	A beam splitter or beamsplitter is an optical device that splits a beam of light into a transmitted and a reflected beam. It is a crucial part of many optical experimental and measurement systems, such as interferometers, also finding widespread application in fibre optic telecommunications. Designs In its most common...	Beam splitter	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,951	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Optical components", "Components", "Microscopy" ]
582,440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn%20algorithm	The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as the "modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, named after its creator, IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn, is a simple check digit formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers. It is described in US patent 2950048A, granted on . The algorithm is in the public doma...	Luhn algorithm	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,055	[ "Reliability engineering", "Error detection and correction", "Arithmetic", "Modular arithmetic", "Number theory" ]
582,702	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasistatic%20process	In thermodynamics, a quasi-static process, also known as a quasi-equilibrium process (from Latin quasi, meaning ‘as if’), is a thermodynamic process that happens slowly enough for the system to remain in internal physical (but not necessarily chemical) thermodynamic equilibrium. An example of this is quasi-static expan...	Quasistatic process	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	554	[ "Thermodynamic processes", "Statistical mechanics", "Thermodynamics" ]
582,770	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20number	In thermodynamics, the particle number (symbol ) of a thermodynamic system is the number of constituent particles in that system. The particle number is a fundamental thermodynamic property which is conjugate to the chemical potential. Unlike most physical quantities, the particle number is a dimensionless quantity, sp...	Particle number	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	553	[ "State functions", "Scalar physical quantities", "Thermodynamic properties", "Physical quantities", "Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics", "Thermodynamics", "Dimensionless quantities", "Countable quantities", "Dynamical systems" ]
583,104	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthosie%20%28moon%29	Orthosie , also known as , is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the temporary designation . Orthosie is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,075,662 km in 625.07...	Orthosie (moon)	[ "Astronomy" ]	207	[ "Astronomy stubs", "Planetary science stubs" ]
583,600	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory%20of%20equations	In algebra, the theory of equations is the study of algebraic equations (also called "polynomial equations"), which are equations defined by a polynomial. The main problem of the theory of equations was to know when an algebraic equation has an algebraic solution. This problem was completely solved in 1830 by Évariste ...	Theory of equations	[ "Mathematics" ]	688	[ "History of algebra", "Polynomials", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "Algebra" ]
584,136	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20abelian%20group	In mathematics, a topological abelian group, or TAG, is a topological group that is also an abelian group. That is, a TAG is both a group and a topological space, the group operations are continuous, and the group's binary operation is commutative. The theory of topological groups applies also to TAGs, but more can be...	Topological abelian group	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	121	[ "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology stubs", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Topological groups", "Spacetime" ]
584,240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20intensifier	An image intensifier or image intensifier tube is a vacuum tube device for increasing the intensity of available light in an optical system to allow use under low-light conditions, such as at night, to facilitate visual imaging of low-light processes, such as fluorescence of materials in X-rays or gamma rays (X-ray ima...	Image intensifier	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	4,832	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Optical devices", "Vacuum tubes", "Vacuum", "Matter" ]
584,911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External%20ballistics	External ballistics or exterior ballistics is the part of ballistics that deals with the behavior of a projectile in flight. The projectile may be powered or un-powered, guided or unguided, spin or fin stabilized, flying through an atmosphere or in the vacuum of space, but most certainly flying under the influence of a...	External ballistics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	14,776	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Aerodynamics", "Aerospace engineering", "Ballistics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
585,102	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20von%20Mayer	Julius Robert von Mayer (25 November 1814 – 20 March 1878) was a German physician, chemist, and physicist and one of the founders of thermodynamics. He is best known for enunciating in 1841 one of the original statements of the conservation of energy or what is now known as one of the first versions of the first law o...	Julius von Mayer	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,815	[ "Thermodynamics", "Thermodynamicists" ]
585,226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmography	The term cosmography has two distinct meanings: traditionally it has been the protoscience of mapping the general features of the cosmos, heaven and Earth; more recently, it has been used to describe the ongoing effort to determine the large-scale features of the observable universe. Premodern views of cosmography can...	Cosmography	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	643	[ "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Theoretical physics", "Physical cosmology", "Astrophysics" ]
585,388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology%20sphere	In algebraic topology, a homology sphere is an n-manifold X having the homology groups of an n-sphere, for some integer . That is, and for all other i. Therefore X is a connected space, with one non-zero higher Betti number, namely, . It does not follow that X is simply connected, only that its fundamental grou...	Homology sphere	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,607	[ "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Mathematical structures", "Space (mathematics)" ]
328,252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick%27s%20theorem	In geometry, Pick's theorem provides a formula for the area of a simple polygon with integer vertex coordinates, in terms of the number of integer points within it and on its boundary. The result was first described by Georg Alexander Pick in 1899. It was popularized in English by Hugo Steinhaus in the 1950 edition of ...	Pick's theorem	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,672	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Planes (geometry)", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Lattice points", "Euclidean plane geometry", "Size", "Number theory", "Articles containing proofs", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Area" ]
328,274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palynology	Palynology is the study of microorganisms and microscopic fragments of mega-organisms that are composed of acid-resistant organic material and occur in sediments, sedimentary rocks, and even some metasedimentary rocks. Palynomorphs are the microscopic, acid-resistant organic remains and debris produced by a wide variet...	Palynology	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,268	[ "Branches of botany", "Microfossils", "Microscopy" ]
328,684	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilator%20%28ring%20theory%29	In mathematics, the annihilator of a subset of a module over a ring is the ideal formed by the elements of the ring that give always zero when multiplied by each element of . Over an integral domain, a module that has a nonzero annihilator is a torsion module, and a finitely generated torsion module has a nonzero an...	Annihilator (ring theory)	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,632	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Ring theory", "Module theory" ]
13,328,505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion%20light-gas%20gun	A combustion light-gas gun (CLGG) is a projectile weapon that utilizes the explosive force of low molecular-weight combustible gases, such as hydrogen mixed with oxygen, as propellant. When the gases are ignited, they burn, expand and propel the projectile out of the barrel with higher efficiency relative to solid prop...	Combustion light-gas gun	[ "Physics" ]	498	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Ballistics" ]
13,330,831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostwald%27s%20rule	In materials science, Ostwald's rule or Ostwald's step rule, conceived by Wilhelm Ostwald, describes the formation of polymorphs. The rule states that usually the less stable polymorph crystallizes first. Ostwald's rule is not a universal law but a common tendency observed in nature. This can be explained on the basis...	Ostwald's rule	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	273	[ "Crystallography", "Polymorphism (materials science)", "Condensed matter physics", "Materials science" ]
13,337,084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomesh	The nanomesh is an inorganic nanostructured two-dimensional material, similar to graphene. It was discovered in 2003 at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. It consists of a single layer of boron (B) and nitrogen (N) atoms, which forms by self-assembly into a highly regular mesh after high-temperature exposure of a ...	Nanomesh	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,274	[ "Self-organization", "Inorganic compounds", "Materials science", "Nanotechnology", "Planes (geometry)", "III-V compounds", "Thin films", "Dynamical systems" ]
13,337,318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-based%20design	Model-based design (MBD) is a mathematical and visual method of addressing problems associated with designing complex control, signal processing and communication systems. It is used in many motion control, industrial equipment, aerospace, and automotive applications. Model-based design is a methodology applied in desi...	Model-based design	[ "Engineering" ]	1,744	[ "Control engineering" ]
990,197	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerted%20reaction	In chemistry, a concerted reaction is a chemical reaction in which all bond breaking and bond making occurs in a single step. Reactive intermediates or other unstable high energy intermediates are not involved. Concerted reaction rates tend not to depend on solvent polarity ruling out large buildup of charge in the tra...	Concerted reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	208	[ "Organic reactions" ]
990,454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior%20algebra	In abstract algebra, an interior algebra is a certain type of algebraic structure that encodes the idea of the topological interior of a set. Interior algebras are to topology and the modal logic S4 what Boolean algebras are to set theory and ordinary propositional logic. Interior algebras form a variety of modal alge...	Interior algebra	[ "Mathematics" ]	5,079	[ "Boolean algebra", "Mathematical structures", "Closure operators", "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical objects", "Modal logic", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic structures", "Order theory" ]
990,491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fouling%20paint	Anti-fouling paint is a specialized category of coatings applied as the outer (outboard) layer to the hull of a ship or boat, to slow the growth of and facilitate detachment of subaquatic organisms that attach to the hull and can affect a vessel's performance and durability. It falls into a category of commercially ava...	Anti-fouling paint	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,873	[ "Paints", "Coatings", "Shipbuilding", "Marine engineering", "Materials degradation", "Fouling" ]
990,534	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm%20%28mathematics%29	In mathematics, a norm is a function from a real or complex vector space to the non-negative real numbers that behaves in certain ways like the distance from the origin: it commutes with scaling, obeys a form of the triangle inequality, and is zero only at the origin. In particular, the Euclidean distance in a Euclidea...	Norm (mathematics)	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,821	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical analysis", "Functional analysis", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical relations", "Norms (mathematics)", "Linear algebra", "Algebra" ]
990,632	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20systems%20theory	Dynamical systems theory is an area of mathematics used to describe the behavior of complex dynamical systems, usually by employing differential equations or difference equations. When differential equations are employed, the theory is called continuous dynamical systems. From a physical point of view, continuous dynam...	Dynamical systems theory	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	2,763	[ "Computational fields of study", "Mechanics", "Computing and society", "Dynamical systems" ]
991,459	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper%20crystal	A hopper crystal is a form of crystal, the shape of which resembles that of a pyramidal hopper container. The edges of hopper crystals are fully developed, but the interior spaces are not filled in. This results in what appears to be a hollowed out step lattice formation, as if someone had removed interior sections of...	Hopper crystal	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	373	[ "Crystallography", "Crystals" ]
991,712	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddington%20Medal	The Eddington Medal is awarded by the Royal Astronomical Society for investigations of outstanding merit in theoretical astrophysics. It is named after Sir Arthur Eddington. First awarded in 1953, the frequency of the prize has varied over the years, at times being every one, two or three years. Since 2013 it has been ...	Eddington Medal	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Technology" ]	114	[ "Astronomy prizes", "Astrophysics", "Awards of the Royal Astronomical Society", "Science and technology awards", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Physics awards" ]
991,849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose	A hose is a flexible hollow tube or pipe designed to carry fluids from one location to another, often from a faucet or hydrant. Early hoses were made of leather, although modern hoses are typically made of rubber, canvas, and helically wound wire. Hoses may also be made from plastics such as polyvinyl chloride, polyt...	Hose	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	110	[ "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
992,412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20distribution%20system	A wireless distribution system (WDS) is a system enabling the wireless interconnection of access points in an IEEE 802.11 network. It allows a wireless network to be expanded using multiple access points without the traditional requirement for a wired backbone to link them. The notable advantage of WDS over other solut...	Wireless distribution system	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,664	[ "Wireless networking", "Computer networks engineering" ]
992,421	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco%20PIX	Cisco PIX (Private Internet eXchange) was a popular IP firewall and network address translation (NAT) appliance. It was one of the first products in this market segment. In 2005, Cisco introduced the newer Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (Cisco ASA), that inherited many of the PIX features, and in 2008 announced PIX...	Cisco PIX	[ "Engineering" ]	1,955	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer networks engineering", "Computer network security" ]
992,611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium-210	Polonium-210 (210Po, Po-210, historically radium F) is an isotope of polonium. It undergoes alpha decay to stable 206Pb with a half-life of 138.376 days (about months), the longest half-life of all naturally occurring polonium isotopes (210–218Po). First identified in 1898, and also marking the discovery of the elemen...	Polonium-210	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	1,755	[ "Carcinogens", "Toxicology", "Isotopes", "Isotopes of polonium" ]
7,018,709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File%20transfer	File transfer is the transmission of a computer file through a communication channel from one computer system to another. Typically, file transfer is mediated by a communications protocol. In the history of computing, numerous file transfer protocols have been designed for different contexts. Protocols A file transfer...	File transfer	[ "Technology" ]	295	[ "Computing stubs", "Computing terminology", "Internet terminology", "Computer network stubs" ]
7,019,701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20data%20inertial%20reference%20unit	An Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) is a key component of the integrated Air Data Inertial Reference System (ADIRS), which supplies air data (airspeed, angle of attack and altitude) and inertial reference (position and attitude) information to the pilots' electronic flight instrument system displays as well as ...	Air data inertial reference unit	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,398	[ "Systems engineering", "Wireless locating", "Technology systems", "Avionics", "Measuring instruments", "Aircraft instruments", "nan", "Aerospace engineering", "Global Positioning System" ]
7,020,766	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20Genomics	Spectral Genomics, Inc. was a technology spin-off company from Baylor College of Medicine, selling aCGH microarrays and related software. History The company was founded in February 2000 by BCM technologies. Spectral licensed technology invented by its founders Alan Bradley, Ph.D., Wei-wen Cai, Ph.D.. The company rais...	Spectral Genomics	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Biology" ]	163	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Genetics techniques", "Microtechnology", "Microarrays", "Bioinformatics", "Molecular biology techniques" ]
7,021,041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan%20band	Swan bands are a characteristic of the spectra of carbon stars, comets and of burning hydrocarbon fuels. They are named for the Scottish physicist William Swan, who first studied the spectral analysis of radical diatomic carbon (C2) in 1856. Swan bands consist of several sequences of vibrational bands scattered throug...	Swan band	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	79	[ "Spectroscopy stubs", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Fire", "Emission spectroscopy", "Astronomy stubs", "Astrophysics", "Astrochemistry", "Astrophysics stubs", "Combustion", "Astronomical spectroscopy", "nan", "Molecular physics stubs", "Spectroscopy", "Physical chemistry stubs", "Astr...
7,022,543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray%E2%80%93Liebhafsky%20reaction	The Bray–Liebhafsky reaction is a chemical clock first described by William C. Bray in 1921 and the first oscillating reaction in a stirred homogeneous solution. He investigated the role of the iodate (), the anion of iodic acid, in the catalytic conversion of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water by the iodate. He obs...	Bray–Liebhafsky reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	314	[ "Name reactions" ]
7,022,979	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian%20inference%20in%20phylogeny	Bayesian inference of phylogeny combines the information in the prior and in the data likelihood to create the so-called posterior probability of trees, which is the probability that the tree is correct given the data, the prior and the likelihood model. Bayesian inference was introduced into molecular phylogenetics in...	Bayesian inference in phylogeny	[ "Biology" ]	3,307	[ "Bioinformatics", "Phylogenetics", "Computational phylogenetics", "Genetics techniques" ]
7,023,098	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER%20oxidoreductin	ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1) is an oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyses the formation and isomerization of protein disulfide bonds in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotes. ER Oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1) is a conserved, luminal, glycoprotein that is tightly associated with the ER membrane, and is essential for the oxid...	ER oxidoreductin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	646	[ "Natural products", "Organic compounds", "Biomolecules", "Structural biology", "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
7,024,176	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casson%20handle	In 4-dimensional topology, a branch of mathematics, a Casson handle is a 4-dimensional topological 2-handle constructed by an infinite procedure. They are named for Andrew Casson, who introduced them in about 1973. They were originally called "flexible handles" by Casson himself, and introduced the name "Casson handle...	Casson handle	[ "Mathematics" ]	979	[ "Topology", "Geometric topology" ]
7,024,760	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech%20Hydrometeorological%20Institute	The Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI; ) is the central state office of the Czech Republic in the fields of air quality, meteorology, climatology and hydrology. It is an organization established by the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic. The head office and centralized workplaces of the CHMI, inc...	Czech Hydrometeorological Institute	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	546	[ "Atmospheric dispersion modeling", "Environmental modelling", "Environmental engineering" ]
10,849,414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever%20rule	In chemistry, the lever rule is a formula used to determine the mole fraction (xi) or the mass fraction (wi) of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram. It can be used to determine the fraction of liquid and solid phases for a given binary composition and temperature that is between the liquidus and solidus li...	Lever rule	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	670	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Metallurgy", "Phases of matter", "Critical phenomena", "Materials science", "nan", "Statistical mechanics", "Matter" ]
3,010,589	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flory%E2%80%93Huggins%20solution%20theory	Flory–Huggins solution theory is a lattice model of the thermodynamics of polymer solutions which takes account of the great dissimilarity in molecular sizes in adapting the usual expression for the entropy of mixing. The result is an equation for the Gibbs free energy change for mixing a polymer with a solvent. Altho...	Flory–Huggins solution theory	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,220	[ "Thermodynamic properties", "Physical quantities", "Statistical mechanics", "Materials science", "Homogeneous chemical mixtures", "Energy (physics)", "Thermodynamic free energy", "Polymer chemistry", "Solutions", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
3,011,353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential%20entailment	Preferential entailment is a non-monotonic logic based on selecting only models that are considered the most plausible. The plausibility of models is expressed by an ordering among models called a preference relation, hence the name preference entailment. Formally, given a propositional formula and an ordering over p...	Preferential entailment	[ "Mathematics" ]	183	[ "Mathematical logic", "Logic in computer science" ]
3,011,538	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20of%20vaporization	In thermodynamics, the entropy of vaporization is the increase in entropy upon vaporization of a liquid. This is always positive, since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from a liquid in a relatively small volume to a vapor or gas occupying a much larger space. At standard pressure , the value is denot...	Entropy of vaporization	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	283	[ "Thermodynamics stubs", "Statistical mechanics stubs", "Thermodynamic properties", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Thermodynamic entropy", "Entropy", "Thermodynamics", "Statistical mechanics", "Physical chemistry stubs" ]
3,011,773	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Roch%20theorem%20for%20smooth%20manifolds	In mathematics, a Riemann–Roch theorem for smooth manifolds is a version of results such as the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem or Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem (GRR) without a hypothesis making the smooth manifolds involved carry a complex structure. Results of this kind were obtained by Michael Atiyah and Friedri...	Riemann–Roch theorem for smooth manifolds	[ "Mathematics" ]	562	[ "Theorems in differential geometry", "Theorems in geometry" ]
3,012,047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20sewer	A combined sewer is a type of gravity sewer with a system of pipes, tunnels, pump stations etc. to transport sewage and urban runoff together to a sewage treatment plant or disposal site. This means that during rain events, the sewage gets diluted, resulting in higher flowrates at the treatment site. Uncontaminated sto...	Combined sewer	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	4,635	[ "Hydrology", "Water treatment", "Chemical engineering", "Sewerage infrastructure", "Water pollution", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering", "Hydraulic engineering" ]

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