id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3,012,448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen%20balance | In human physiology, nitrogen balance is the net difference between bodily nitrogen intake (ingestion) and loss (excretion). It can be represented as the following:
Nitrogen is a fundamental chemical component of amino acids, the molecular building blocks of protein. As such, nitrogen balance may be used as an index o... | Nitrogen balance | [
"Chemistry"
] | 467 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
3,014,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta%20function%20regularization | In mathematics and theoretical physics, zeta function regularization is a type of regularization or summability method that assigns finite values to divergent sums or products, and in particular can be used to define determinants and traces of some self-adjoint operators. The technique is now commonly applied to proble... | Zeta function regularization | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,936 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Quantum field theory",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Summability methods",
"Quantum mechanics",
"String theory"
] |
3,014,542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20detector | A motion detector is an electrical device that utilizes a sensor to detect nearby motion (motion detection). Such a device is often integrated as a component of a system that automatically performs a task or alerts a user of motion in an area. They form a vital component of security, automated lighting control, home co... | Motion detector | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,531 | [
"Home automation",
"Physical phenomena",
"Measuring instruments",
"Motion (physics)",
"Space",
"Mechanics",
"Spacetime",
"Sensors"
] |
3,015,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribometer | A tribometer is an instrument that measures tribological quantities, such as coefficient of friction, friction force, and wear volume, between two surfaces in contact. It was invented by the 18th century Dutch scientist Musschenbroek
A tribotester is the general name given to a machine or device used to perform tests ... | Tribometer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 751 | [
"Tribology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"Measuring instruments",
"nan",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
3,015,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20entropy%20thermodynamics | In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as inference processes. More specifically, MaxEnt applies inference techniques rooted in Shannon information theory, Bayesian probability, and the principle of maximum entropy. The... | Maximum entropy thermodynamics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 3,833 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Applied mathematics",
"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamic entropy",
"Computer science",
"Entropy",
"Information theory",
"Thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Dynamical... |
3,016,310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission%20track%20dating | Fission track dating is a radiometric dating technique based on analyses of the damage trails, or tracks, left by fission fragments in certain uranium-bearing minerals and glasses. Fission-track dating is a relatively simple method of radiometric dating that has made a significant impact on understanding the thermal h... | Fission track dating | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,792 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Radiometric dating",
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
16,018,002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Spliced%20Exon%20Coupled%20RNA%20End%20Determination | Trans-Spliced Exon Coupled RNA End Determination (TEC-RED) is a transcriptomic technique that, like SAGE, allows for the digital detection of messenger RNA sequences. Unlike SAGE, detection and purification of transcripts from the 5’ end of the messenger RNA require the presence of a trans-spliced leader sequence.
Tra... | Trans-Spliced Exon Coupled RNA End Determination | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,310 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular biology"
] |
16,019,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiling%20array | Tiling arrays are a subtype of microarray chips. Like traditional microarrays, they function by hybridizing labeled DNA or RNA target molecules to probes fixed onto a solid surface.
Tiling arrays differ from traditional microarrays in the nature of the probes. Instead of probing for sequences of known or predicted gen... | Tiling array | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Biology"
] | 1,799 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Genetics techniques",
"Microtechnology",
"Microarrays",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Computational biology"
] |
5,509,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species%20distribution | Species distribution, or species dispersion, is the manner in which a biological taxon is spatially arranged. The geographic limits of a particular taxon's distribution is its range, often represented as shaded areas on a map. Patterns of distribution change depending on the scale at which they are viewed, from the arr... | Species distribution | [
"Biology"
] | 3,465 | [
"Ecology terminology",
"Behavior",
"Biogeography",
"Animal migration",
"Ethology"
] |
5,509,769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cram%C3%A9r%E2%80%93von%20Mises%20criterion | In statistics the Cramér–von Mises criterion is a criterion used for judging the goodness of fit of a cumulative distribution function compared to a given empirical distribution function , or for comparing two empirical distributions. It is also used as a part of other algorithms, such as minimum distance estimation.... | Cramér–von Mises criterion | [
"Physics"
] | 461 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Statistical distance",
"Distance"
] |
5,512,894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronecker%20limit%20formula | In mathematics, the classical Kronecker limit formula describes the constant term at s = 1 of a real analytic Eisenstein series (or Epstein zeta function) in terms of the Dedekind eta function. There are many generalizations of it to more complicated Eisenstein series. It is named for Leopold Kronecker.
First Kronecke... | Kronecker limit formula | [
"Mathematics"
] | 402 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in analytic number theory",
"Theorems in number theory",
"Modular forms",
"Number theory"
] |
14,493,178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star | A quasi-star (also called black hole star) is a hypothetical type of extremely large and luminous star that may have existed early in the history of the Universe. They are thought to have existed for around 7–10 million years due to their immense mass. Unlike modern stars, which are powered by nuclear fusion in their c... | Quasi-star | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 549 | [
"Black holes",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Density",
"Astronomical classification systems",
"Stellar phenomena",
"Astronomical objects",
"Star types"
] |
14,498,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenesis%20of%20lysosome-related%20organelles%20complex%201 | BLOC-1 or biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 is a ubiquitously expressed multisubunit protein complex in a group of complexes that also includes BLOC-2 and BLOC-3. BLOC-1 is required for normal biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dens... | Biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 | [
"Biology"
] | 1,652 | [
"Cell biology"
] |
14,498,600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromo%E2%80%93Weibel%20instability | The Chromo–Weibel instability is a plasma instability present in homogeneous or nearly homogeneous non-abelian plasmas which possess an anisotropy in momentum space. In the linear limit it is similar to the Weibel instability in electromagnetic plasmas but due to non-linear interactions present in non-abelian plasmas ... | Chromo–Weibel instability | [
"Physics"
] | 129 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Plasma physics",
"Plasma phenomena",
"Plasma instabilities",
"Plasma physics stubs"
] |
14,500,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-L-fucosidase | {{DISPLAYTITLE:α-L-fucosidase}}
The enzyme α-L-fucosidase () catalyzes the following chemical reaction: an α-L-fucoside + H2O L-fucose + an alcohol
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is... | Α-L-fucosidase | [
"Biology"
] | 364 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
14,500,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt-effect%20distillation | Salt-effect distillation is a method of extractive distillation in which a salt is dissolved in the mixture of liquids to be distilled. The salt acts as a separating agent by raising the relative volatility of the mixture and by breaking any azeotropes that may otherwise form. The technique is first attested in writin... | Salt-effect distillation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 322 | [
"Distillation",
"Separation processes"
] |
14,501,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20diffusion | Surface diffusion is a general process involving the motion of adatoms, molecules, and atomic clusters (adparticles) at solid material surfaces. The process can generally be thought of in terms of particles jumping between adjacent adsorption sites on a surface, as in figure 1. Just as in bulk diffusion, this motion is... | Surface diffusion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,271 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Surface science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
14,501,996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidase | In enzymology, an amidase (, acylamidase, acylase (misleading), amidohydrolase (ambiguous), deaminase (ambiguous), fatty acylamidase, N-acetylaminohydrolase (ambiguous)) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of an amide. In this way, the two substrates of this enzyme are an amide and H2O, whereas its two products... | Amidase | [
"Biology"
] | 687 | [
"Protein families",
"Protein classification"
] |
14,502,271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly%20measurable%20function | In mathematics—specifically, in functional analysis—a weakly measurable function taking values in a Banach space is a function whose composition with any element of the dual space is a measurable function in the usual (strong) sense. For separable spaces, the notions of weak and strong measurability agree.
Definition... | Weakly measurable function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 366 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Functional analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Types of functions"
] |
8,681,009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL22 | C-C motif chemokine 22 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL22 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is secreted by dendritic cells and macrophages, and elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with cell surface chemokine receptors such as CCR4. The gene for CCL22 is located in human chromos... | CCL22 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 111 | [
"Cytokines",
"Signal transduction"
] |
8,682,105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CX3CL1 | Fractalkine, also known as chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CX3CL1 gene.
Function
Fractalkine is a large cytokine protein of 373 amino acids that contains multiple domains and is the only known member of the CX3C chemokine family. It is also commonly known under the n... | CX3CL1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 495 | [
"Cytokines",
"Signal transduction"
] |
8,685,313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straddle%20carrier | A straddle carrier or straddle truck is a freight-carrying vehicle that carries its load underneath by "straddling" it, rather than carrying it on top like a conventional truck. The advantage of the straddle carrier is its ability to load and unload without the assistance of cranes or forklifts. The lifting apparatus u... | Straddle carrier | [
"Engineering"
] | 590 | [
"Engineering vehicles",
"Cranes (machines)"
] |
8,687,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper%20acceleration | In relativity theory, proper acceleration is the physical acceleration (i.e., measurable acceleration as by an accelerometer) experienced by an object. It is thus acceleration relative to a free-fall, or inertial, observer who is momentarily at rest relative to the object being measured. Gravitation therefore does not ... | Proper acceleration | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,670 | [
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Acceleration"
] |
8,688,139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20circuit%20design | Electronic circuit design comprises the analysis and synthesis of electronic circuits.
Methods
To design any electrical circuit, either analog or digital, electrical engineers need to be able to predict the voltages and currents at all places within the circuit. Linear circuits, that is, circuits wherein the outputs a... | Electronic circuit design | [
"Engineering"
] | 428 | [
"Electronic design",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electronic circuits",
"Design"
] |
8,688,979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Nicholls%20Award | The Percy Nicholls Award is an American engineering prize.
It has been given annually since 1942 for "notable scientific or industrial achievement in the field of solid fuels". The prize is given jointly by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers and American Society of Mechanical Engi... | Percy Nicholls Award | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 657 | [
"Awards of the American Institute of Mining",
" and Petroleum Engineers",
"Combustion",
"Science award stubs",
"Combustion engineering awards",
"Science and technology awards",
"American Institute of Mining",
" Metallurgical"
] |
4,130,888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darboux%27s%20theorem%20%28analysis%29 | In mathematics, Darboux's theorem is a theorem in real analysis, named after Jean Gaston Darboux. It states that every function that results from the differentiation of another function has the intermediate value property: the image of an interval is also an interval.
When ƒ is continuously differentiable (ƒ in C1([a,... | Darboux's theorem (analysis) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 764 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in calculus",
"Calculus",
"Theory of continuous functions",
"Theorems in real analysis",
"Topology",
"Articles containing proofs"
] |
4,131,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidazepam | Gidazepam, also known as hydazepam or hidazepam, is a drug which is an atypical benzodiazepine derivative, developed in the Soviet Union. It is a selectively anxiolytic benzodiazepine. It also has therapeutic value in the management of certain cardiovascular disorders.
Pharmacology
Gidazepam and several of its analog... | Gidazepam | [
"Chemistry"
] | 323 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
4,133,201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation | In theoretical physics, Whitehead's theory of gravitation was introduced by the mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead in 1922. While never broadly accepted, at one time it was a scientifically plausible alternative to general relativity. However, after further experimental and theoretical consideration, ... | Whitehead's theory of gravitation | [
"Physics"
] | 1,012 | [
"Theories of gravity",
"Theoretical physics",
"Obsolete theories in physics"
] |
4,133,969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl%20loflazepate | Ethyl loflazepate (marketed under the brand names Meilax, Ronlax and Victan) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. In animal studies it was found to have low toxicity, although in rats evidence of pulmonary phospholipid... | Ethyl loflazepate | [
"Biology"
] | 499 | [
"Hypnotics",
"Behavior",
"Sleep"
] |
4,134,885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20immunity | Contact immunity is the property of some vaccines, where a vaccinated individual can confer immunity upon unimmunized individuals through contact with bodily fluids or excrement. In other words, if person "A" has been vaccinated for virus X and person "B" has not, person "B" can receive immunity to virus X just by com... | Contact immunity | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 612 | [
"Epidemiology",
"Vaccination",
"Environmental social science"
] |
4,135,000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel%20wreath | A laurel wreath is a symbol of triumph, a wreath made of connected branches and leaves of the bay laurel (), an aromatic broadleaf evergreen. It was also later made from spineless butcher's broom (Ruscus hypoglossum) or cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus). It is worn as a chaplet around the head, or as a garland aroun... | Laurel wreath | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,368 | [
"Visual motifs",
"Building engineering",
"Symbols",
"Architectural elements",
"Components",
"Architecture"
] |
4,135,795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial%20permeability%20transition%20pore | The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP or MPTP; also referred to as PTP, mTP or MTP) is a protein that is formed in the inner membrane of the mitochondria under certain pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury and stroke. Opening allows increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial memb... | Mitochondrial permeability transition pore | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,123 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Mitochondria",
"Cellular respiration",
"Metabolism"
] |
4,136,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20Cultural%20Atlas%20Initiative | The Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI) is a digital humanities initiative involving numerous academic professors and institutions around the world with the stated goal of creating a networked digital atlas by creating tools and setting standards for dynamic, digital maps.
ECAI was established in 1997 by Emeri... | Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative | [
"Technology"
] | 208 | [
"Digital humanities",
"Computing and society"
] |
4,137,502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartoli%20indole%20synthesis | The Bartoli indole synthesis (also called the Bartoli reaction) is the chemical reaction of ortho-substituted nitroarenes and nitrosoarenes with vinyl Grignard reagents to form substituted indoles.
The reaction is often unsuccessful without substitution ortho to the nitro group, with bulkier ortho substituents usually... | Bartoli indole synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 731 | [
"Name reactions",
"Carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions",
"Ring forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
4,138,124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Hemisphere%20Auroral%20Radar%20Experiment | The Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment, or SHARE, started in 1988, is an Antarctic research project designed to observe velocities and irregularities of electrical fields in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. It is operated jointly by the University of Natal, Potchefstroom University, the British Antarctic Sur... | Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment | [
"Physics"
] | 195 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Plasma physics",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Plasma physics stubs",
"Plasma physics facilities"
] |
4,138,437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nujol | Nujol is a brand of mineral oil by Plough Inc., cas number 8012-95-1, and density 0.838 g/mL at 25 °C, used in infrared spectroscopy. It is a heavy paraffin oil so it is chemically inert and has a relatively uncomplicated IR spectrum, with major peaks between 2950-2800, 1465-1450, and 1380–1300 cm−1. The empirical for... | Nujol | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 291 | [
"Spectroscopy stubs",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Alkanes",
"Infrared spectroscopy",
"Molecular physics stubs",
"Spectroscopy",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
1,532,037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials%20recovery%20facility | A materials recovery facility, materials reclamation facility, materials recycling facility or multi re-use facility (MRF, pronounced "murf") is a specialized waste sorting and recycling system that receives, separates and prepares recyclable materials for marketing to end-user manufacturers. Generally, the main recyc... | Materials recovery facility | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,501 | [
"Water treatment",
"Chemical engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Environmental engineering",
"Waste treatment technology"
] |
1,532,606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck%E2%80%93Riemann%E2%80%93Roch%20theorem | In mathematics, specifically in algebraic geometry, the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem is a far-reaching result on coherent cohomology. It is a generalisation of the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem, about complex manifolds, which is itself a generalisation of the classical Riemann–Roch theorem for line bundles on co... | Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,859 | [
"Theorems in algebraic geometry",
"Theorems in geometry"
] |
1,533,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption%20column | An eruption column or eruption plume is a cloud of super-heated ash and tephra suspended in gases emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption. The volcanic materials form a vertical column or plume that may rise many kilometers into the air above the vent of the volcano. In the most explosive eruptions, the eruption ... | Eruption column | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,573 | [
"Explosive eruptions",
"Explosions"
] |
1,533,133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triplet%20state | In quantum mechanics, a triplet state, or spin triplet, is the quantum state of an object such as an electron, atom, or molecule, having a quantum spin S = 1. It has three allowed values of the spin's projection along a given axis mS = −1, 0, or +1, giving the name "triplet".
Spin, in the context of quantum mechanics,... | Triplet state | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 780 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum states",
"Spectroscopy",
"Symmetry",
"Rotational symmetry"
] |
1,533,196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelasticity | In materials science, photoelasticity describes changes in the optical properties of a material under mechanical deformation. It is a property of all dielectric media and is often used to experimentally determine the stress distribution in a material.
History
The photoelastic phenomenon was first discovered by the Sc... | Photoelasticity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,967 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
"Materials science",
"Mechanics",
" molecular",
"Mechanical engineering",
"nan",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
1,533,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive%20intermediate | In chemistry, a reactive intermediate or an intermediate is a short-lived, high-energy, highly reactive molecule. When generated in a chemical reaction, it will quickly convert into a more stable molecule. Only in exceptional cases can these compounds be isolated and stored, e.g. low temperatures, matrix isolation. Whe... | Reactive intermediate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 442 | [
"Reaction mechanisms",
"Organic compounds",
"Physical organic chemistry",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Reactive intermediates"
] |
1,534,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20transistor | The magnetically sensitive transistor, also known as the spin transistor, spin field-effect transistor (spinFET), Datta–Das spin transistor or spintronic transistor (named for spintronics, the technology which this development spawned), originally proposed in 1990 by Supriyo Datta and Biswajit Das, is an alternative de... | Spin transistor | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 494 | [
"Spintronics",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
1,534,483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20estimation | In computer vision and image processing, motion estimation is the process of determining motion vectors that describe the transformation from one 2D image to another; usually from adjacent frames in a video sequence. It is an ill-posed problem as the motion happens in three dimensions (3D) but the images are a projecti... | Motion estimation | [
"Physics"
] | 910 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Motion (physics)",
"Space",
"Mechanics",
"Motion in computer vision",
"Spacetime"
] |
1,536,956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineworker | A lineworker (also called a lineman or powerline worker) constructs and maintains the electric transmission and distribution facilities that deliver electrical energy to industrial, commercial, and residential establishments. A lineworker installs, services, and emergency repairs electrical lines in the case of lightni... | Lineworker | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,425 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
1,537,097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-regulator%20tube | A voltage-regulator tube (VR tube) is an electronic component used as a shunt regulator to hold a voltage constant at a predetermined level.
Physically, these devices resemble vacuum tubes, but there are two main differences:
Their glass envelopes are filled with a gas mixture, and
They have a cold cathode; the cath... | Voltage-regulator tube | [
"Physics"
] | 1,244 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Voltage regulation",
"Vacuum tubes",
"Vacuum",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Electrical breakdown",
"Voltage",
"Matter"
] |
1,537,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercellular%20adhesion%20molecule | In molecular biology, intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. They are important in inflammation, immune responses and in intracellular signalling events. The ICAM family consists of five members, designated ICAM-1 to ICAM-5. Th... | Intercellular adhesion molecule | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 172 | [
"Cell biology",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Protein classification",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemistry",
"Protein families"
] |
1,537,546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redevelopment | Redevelopment is any new construction on a site that has pre-existing uses. It represents a process of land development uses to revitalize the physical, economic and social fabric of urban space.
Description
Variations on redevelopment include:
Urban infill on vacant parcels that have no existing activity but were p... | Redevelopment | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,180 | [
"Construction",
"Redevelopment"
] |
1,538,007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20chain%20multiplication | Matrix chain multiplication (or the matrix chain ordering problem) is an optimization problem concerning the most efficient way to multiply a given sequence of matrices. The problem is not actually to perform the multiplications, but merely to decide the sequence of the matrix multiplications involved. The problem ma... | Matrix chain multiplication | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,680 | [
"Matrices (mathematics)",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
1,539,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic%20foam | Syntactic foams are composite materials synthesized by filling a metal, polymer, cementitious or ceramic matrix with hollow spheres called microballoons or cenospheres or non-hollow spheres (e.g. perlite) as aggregates. In this context, "syntactic" means "put together." The presence of hollow particles results in lower... | Syntactic foam | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 918 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Foams",
"Composite materials",
"Materials science",
"Materials",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
1,539,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS%20140 | The 140 series of Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) are U.S. government computer security standards that specify requirements for cryptographic modules.
, FIPS 140-2 and FIPS 140-3 are both accepted as current and active. FIPS 140-3 was approved on March 22, 2019 as the successor to FIPS 140-2 and became... | FIPS 140 | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,596 | [
"Computer security standards",
"Computer standards",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
1,539,804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet%20resistance | Sheet resistance is the resistance of a square piece of a thin material with contacts made to two opposite sides of the square. It is usually a measurement of electrical resistance of thin films that are uniform in thickness. It is commonly used to characterize materials made by semiconductor doping, metal deposition, ... | Sheet resistance | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,250 | [
"Matter",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Quantity",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Solid state engineering",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
9,342,843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiki%20class%20C | In algebraic geometry, a complex manifold is called Fujiki class if it is bimeromorphic to a compact Kähler manifold. This notion was defined by Akira Fujiki.
Properties
Let M be a compact manifold of Fujiki class , and
its complex subvariety. Then X
is also in Fujiki class (, Lemma 4.6). Moreover, the Douady... | Fujiki class C | [
"Mathematics"
] | 322 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
11,826,062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20function | In mathematics, auxiliary functions are an important construction in transcendental number theory. They are functions that appear in most proofs in this area of mathematics and that have specific, desirable properties, such as taking the value zero for many arguments, or having a zero of high order at some point.
Def... | Auxiliary function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,187 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Diophantine approximation",
"Approximations",
"Number theory"
] |
11,827,482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome%20Genome%20Campus | The Wellcome Genome Campus is a scientific research campus built in the grounds of Hinxton Hall, Hinxton in Cambridgeshire, England.
Campus
The Campus is home to some institutes and organisations in genomics and computational biology. The Campus is part of the Wellcome Trust, a global charitable foundation that exists... | Wellcome Genome Campus | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 942 | [
"Molecular biology techniques",
"DNA sequencing",
"Biotechnology in the United Kingdom",
"Biotechnology by country"
] |
11,827,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEST%20sequence | A PEST sequence is a peptide sequence that is rich in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S) and threonine (T). It is associated with proteins that have a short intracellular half-life, so might act as a signal peptide for protein degradation. This may be mediated via the proteasome or calpain.
References
Peptide... | PEST sequence | [
"Chemistry"
] | 91 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Molecular and cellular biology stubs",
"Gene expression",
"Biochemical reactions",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Post-translational modification",
"Molecular biology",
"Proteins"
] |
11,830,303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissipative%20soliton | Dissipative solitons (DSs) are stable solitary localized structures that arise in nonlinear spatially extended dissipative systems due to mechanisms of self-organization. They can be considered as an extension of the classical soliton concept in conservative systems. An alternative terminology includes autosolitons, sp... | Dissipative soliton | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,623 | [
"Self-organization",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
11,830,372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menger%20curvature | In mathematics, the Menger curvature of a triple of points in n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn is the reciprocal of the radius of the circle that passes through the three points. It is named after the Austrian-American mathematician Karl Menger.
Definition
Let x, y and z be three points in Rn; for simplicity, assume ... | Menger curvature | [
"Physics"
] | 694 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Physical quantities",
"Curvature (mathematics)"
] |
11,830,463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO%20Scientific%20Collaboration | The LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC) is a scientific collaboration of international physics institutes and research groups dedicated to the search for gravitational waves.
History
The LSC was established in 1997, under the leadership of Barry Barish. Its mission is to ensure equal scientific opportunity for individ... | LIGO Scientific Collaboration | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 392 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Gravitational-wave astronomy",
"Astrophysics"
] |
11,830,903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland%20Bridge%20%26%20Engineering%20Company | Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company was a British bridge works and structural steel contractor based in Darlington. It was operational for 144 years.
From the founding of the company in 1877, it had a presence in Darlington. While initially focused on fabrication, the company became one of the major bridgebuilders ... | Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,471 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Structural steel"
] |
11,831,990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch%27s%20theorem%20%28complex%20analysis%29 | In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, Bloch's theorem describes the behaviour of holomorphic functions defined on the unit disk. It gives a lower bound on the size of a disk in which an inverse to a holomorphic function exists. It is named after André Bloch.
Statement
Let f be a holomorphic function in the uni... | Bloch's theorem (complex analysis) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,251 | [
"Mathematical problems",
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Theorems in complex analysis"
] |
11,832,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20factor%20receptor | A growth factor receptor is a receptor that binds to a growth factor. Growth factor receptors are the first stop in cells where the signaling cascade for cell differentiation and proliferation begins. Growth factors, which are ligands that bind to the receptor are the initial step to activating the growth factor recept... | Growth factor receptor | [
"Chemistry"
] | 406 | [
"Receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
11,832,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20abbreviations%20in%20oil%20and%20gas%20exploration%20and%20production | The oil and gas industry uses many acronyms and abbreviations. This list is meant for indicative purposes only and should not be relied upon for anything but general information.
#
1C – Proved contingent resources
1oo2 – One out of two voting (instrumentation)
1P – Proven reserves
2C – Proved and probable contingent ... | List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 18,825 | [
"Oil platforms",
"Structural engineering",
"Petroleum technology",
"Petroleum industry",
"Petroleum",
"Natural gas technology",
"Oil wells",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
47,436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas%20%28topology%29 | In mathematics, particularly topology, an atlas is a concept used to describe a manifold. An atlas consists of individual charts that, roughly speaking, describe individual regions of the manifold. In general, the notion of atlas underlies the formal definition of a manifold and related structures such as vector bundle... | Atlas (topology) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 714 | [
"Topological spaces",
"Manifolds",
"Topology",
"Space (mathematics)"
] |
47,481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer | An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing material, consisting of permeable or fractured rock, or of unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt). Aquifers vary greatly in their characteristics. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology. Related terms ... | Aquifer | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,901 | [
"Hydrology",
"Water supply",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Aquifers",
"Environmental engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering",
"Hydrogeology"
] |
47,501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightness%20temperature | Brightness temperature or radiance temperature is a measure of the intensity of electromagnetic energy coming from a source. In particular, it is the temperature at which a black body would have to be in order to duplicate the observed intensity of a grey body object at a frequency .
This concept is used in radio astro... | Brightness temperature | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 849 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Temperature",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"SI base quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Radio astronomy",
"Thermodynamics",
"Planetary science",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
47,521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation | Condensation is the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. The word most often refers to the water cycle. It can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor to liquid water when in contact with a liquid or solid surface or cloud conde... | Condensation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 983 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Critical phenomena",
"Phases of matter",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Matter"
] |
47,526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection | Convection is single or multiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously through the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy). When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and bu... | Convection | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 6,605 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Convection",
"Civil engineering",
"Thermodynamics",
"Fluid mechanics"
] |
47,641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20Model | The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, throug... | Standard Model | [
"Physics"
] | 5,764 | [
"Standard Model",
"Particle physics",
"nan"
] |
47,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility | Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method. For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a h... | Reproducibility | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,801 | [
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities",
"Measurement",
"Size"
] |
47,719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb | The coulomb (symbol: C) is the unit of electric charge in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined to be equal to the electric charge delivered by a 1 ampere current in 1 second. It is used to define the elementary charge e.
Definition
The SI defines the coulomb as "the quantity of electricity carried in... | Coulomb | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 743 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Electric charge",
"Quantity",
"Units of electrical charge",
"Units of measurement"
] |
47,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier-transform%20spectroscopy | Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTS) is a measurement technique whereby spectra are collected based on measurements of the coherence of a radiative source, using time-domain or space-domain measurements of the radiation, electromagnetic or not. It can be applied to a variety of types of spectroscopy including optical ... | Fourier-transform spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,184 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
48,209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20laws | The laws describing the behaviour of gases under fixed pressure, volume, amount of gas, and absolute temperature conditions are called gas laws. The basic gas laws were discovered by the end of the 18th century when scientists found out that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas coul... | Gas laws | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,663 | [
"History of thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Gas laws"
] |
48,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20sequence | The concept of a random sequence is essential in probability theory and statistics. The concept generally relies on the notion of a sequence of random variables and many statistical discussions begin with the words "let X1,...,Xn be independent random variables...". Yet as D. H. Lehmer stated in 1951: "A random sequenc... | Random sequence | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,151 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
48,336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte | An electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions, but not through the movement of electrons. This includes most soluble salts, acids, and bases, dissolved in a polar solvent like water. Upon dissolving, the substance separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly through... | Electrolyte | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,165 | [
"Blood tests",
"Acid–base physiology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Electrolytes",
"Electrochemistry",
"nan",
"Chemical pathology",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
48,340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide | Pesticides are substances that are used to control pests. They include herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, fungicides, and many others (see table). The most common of these are herbicides, which account for approximately 50% of all pesticide use globally. Most pesticides are used as plant protection products (also k... | Pesticide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 7,327 | [
"Pesticides",
"Toxicology",
"Biocides",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Materials",
"Soil contamination",
"nan",
"Chemical substances",
"Matter"
] |
48,395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes%20equations | The Navier–Stokes equations ( ) are partial differential equations which describe the motion of viscous fluid substances. They were named after French engineer and physicist Claude-Louis Navier and the Irish physicist and mathematician George Gabriel Stokes. They were developed over several decades of progressively b... | Navier–Stokes equations | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 8,555 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Equations of physics",
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Functions of space and time",
"Chemical engineering",
"Computational physics",
"Aerodynamics",
"nan",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Spacetime",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
48,404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, rings are algebraic structures that generalize fields: multiplication need not be commutative and multiplicative inverses need not exist. Informally, a ring is a set equipped with two binary operations satisfying properties analogous to those of addition and multiplication of integers. Ring elements may... | Ring (mathematics) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 11,457 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Ring theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Algebraic structures"
] |
48,636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20of%20unity | In mathematics, a partition of unity of a topological space is a set of continuous functions from to the unit interval [0,1] such that for every point :
there is a neighbourhood of where all but a finite number of the functions of are 0, and
the sum of all the function values at is 1, i.e.,
Partitions of unit... | Partition of unity | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 981 | [
"Topology",
"Space",
"Differential topology",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime"
] |
49,090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s%20law | Ohm's law states that the electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the three mathematical equations used to describe this relationship:
where is the current through... | Ohm's law | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 5,935 | [
"Equations of physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Electrical systems",
"Computer engineering",
"Quantity",
"Physical systems",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Circuit theorems",
"Voltage",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Electrical resistance and con... |
49,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a real interval is the set of all real numbers lying between two fixed endpoints with no "gaps". Each endpoint is either a real number or positive or negative infinity, indicating the interval extends without a bound. A real interval can contain neither endpoint, either endpoint, or both endpoints, exc... | Interval (mathematics) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,075 | [
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Order theory"
] |
49,295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure%20constant | In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as the Sommerfeld constant, commonly denoted by (the Greek letter alpha), is a fundamental physical constant that quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
It is a dimensionless quantity (dimensionless physical ... | Fine-structure constant | [
"Physics"
] | 3,076 | [
"Dimensionless constants",
"Electromagnetism",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Physical constants",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Fundamental constants"
] |
49,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20interval | In mathematics, the unit interval is the closed interval , that is, the set of all real numbers that are greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1. It is often denoted (capital letter ). In addition to its role in real analysis, the unit interval is used to study homotopy theory in the field of topology.... | Unit interval | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 895 | [
"Spacetime",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry"
] |
49,503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductively%20coupled%20plasma%20mass%20spectrometry | Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry that uses an inductively coupled plasma to ionize the sample. It atomizes the sample and creates atomic and small polyatomic ions, which are then detected. It is known and used for its ability to detect metals and several non-metals in... | Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 7,365 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Mass spectrometry",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
49,569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes%27%20theorem | Bayes' theorem (alternatively Bayes' law or Bayes' rule, after Thomas Bayes) gives a mathematical rule for inverting conditional probabilities, allowing one to find the probability of a cause given its effect. For example, if the risk of developing health problems is known to increase with age, Bayes' theorem allows th... | Bayes' theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,420 | [
"Mathematical problems",
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in statistics"
] |
7,185,031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trestolone | Trestolone, also known as 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT), is an experimental androgen/anabolic steroid (AAS) and progestogen medication which has been under development for potential use as a form of hormonal birth control for men and in androgen replacement therapy for low testosterone levels in men but has never... | Trestolone | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,603 | [
"Ketones",
"Functional groups",
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
7,185,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20dynamical%20system | In the mathematical field of dynamical systems, a random dynamical system is a dynamical system in which the equations of motion have an element of randomness to them. Random dynamical systems are characterized by a state space S, a set of maps from S into itself that can be thought of as the set of all possible equat... | Random dynamical system | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,114 | [
"Random dynamical systems",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
7,185,509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%20of%20finite-dimensional%20Hilbert%20spaces | In mathematics, the category FdHilb has all finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces for objects and the linear transformations between them as morphisms. Whereas the theory described by the normal category of Hilbert spaces, Hilb, is ordinary quantum mechanics, the corresponding theory on finite dimensional Hilbert spaces is... | Category of finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 146 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Category theory stubs",
"Hilbert spaces",
"Monoidal categories",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Category theory",
"Categories in category theory",
"Dagger categories"
] |
7,190,735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdier%20duality | In mathematics, Verdier duality is a cohomological duality in algebraic topology that generalizes Poincaré duality for manifolds. Verdier duality was introduced in 1965 by as an analog for locally compact topological spaces of
Alexander Grothendieck's theory of
Poincaré duality in étale cohomology
for schemes in alge... | Verdier duality | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,007 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Sheaf theory",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Duality theories",
"Geometry",
"Category theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Spacetime",
"Homological algebra"
] |
7,190,885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensionalism | In philosophy, four-dimensionalism (also known as the doctrine of temporal parts) is the ontological position that an object's persistence through time is like its extension through space. Thus, an object that exists in time has temporal parts in the various subregions of the total region of time it occupies, just like... | Four-dimensionalism | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,016 | [
"Philosophy of physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Vector spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Theory of relativity",
"Spacetime"
] |
7,191,704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryo | Cryo- is from the Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “ice, icy cold, chill, frost”). Uses of the prefix Cryo- include:
Physics and geology
Cryogenics, the study of the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures and the study of producing extremely low temperatures
Cryoelectronics, the study of superco... | Cryo | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 315 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Cryobiology",
"Cryogenics",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Biochemistry",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
2,180,754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaldson%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, and especially differential topology and gauge theory, Donaldson's theorem states that a definite intersection form of a compact, oriented, smooth manifold of dimension 4 is diagonalizable. If the intersection form is positive (negative) definite, it can be diagonalized to the identity matrix (negative ... | Donaldson's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 841 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Quadratic forms",
"Theorems in topology",
"Topology",
"Differential topology",
"Mathematical problems",
"Number theory"
] |
2,181,360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarski%27s%20axioms | Tarski's axioms are an axiom system for Euclidean geometry, specifically for that portion of Euclidean geometry that is formulable in first-order logic with identity (i.e. is formulable as an elementary theory). As such, it does not require an underlying set theory. The only primitive objects of the system are "points"... | Tarski's axioms | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,042 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical axioms",
"Elementary mathematics",
"Elementary geometry",
"Foundations of geometry"
] |
2,184,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium%20fluoride | Beryllium fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula BeF2. This white solid is the principal precursor for the manufacture of beryllium metal. Its structure resembles that of quartz, but BeF2 is highly soluble in water.
Properties
Beryllium fluoride has distinctive optical properties. In the form of fluorobe... | Beryllium fluoride | [
"Chemistry"
] | 906 | [
"Highly-toxic chemical substances",
"Harmful chemical substances",
"Fluorides",
"Salts"
] |
2,184,383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling-point%20elevation | Boiling-point elevation is the phenomenon whereby the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water. The b... | Boiling-point elevation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,251 | [
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Chemical quantities",
"Amount of substance",
"nan",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
13,339,992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARC-ECRIS | ARC-ECRIS is an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) based on arc-shaped coils unlike the conventional ECRIS which bases on a multipole magnet (usually a hexapole magnet) inside a solenoid magnet.
First time the arc-shaped coils were used already in the 1960s in fusion experiments, for example at the Lawren... | ARC-ECRIS | [
"Physics"
] | 179 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Ion source",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Particle physics",
"Particle physics stubs"
] |
13,341,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unparticle%20physics | In theoretical physics, unparticle physics is a speculative theory that conjectures a form of matter that cannot be explained in terms of particles using the Standard Model of particle physics, because its components are scale invariant.
Howard Georgi proposed this theory in two 2007 papers, "Unparticle Physics"
and "... | Unparticle physics | [
"Physics"
] | 827 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Particle physics"
] |
13,342,572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-input%20single-output%20system | In control engineering, a single-input and single-output (SISO) system is a simple single-variable control system with one input and one output. In radio, it is the use of only one antenna both in the transmitter and receiver.
Details
SISO systems are typically less complex than multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) s... | Single-input single-output system | [
"Engineering"
] | 215 | [
"Control engineering"
] |
13,345,478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilder%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Schilder's theorem is a generalization of the Laplace method from integrals on to functional Wiener integration. The theorem is used in the large deviations theory of stochastic processes. Roughly speaking, out of Schilder's theorem one gets an estimate for the probability that a (scaled-down) sample ... | Schilder's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 649 | [
"Theorems about stochastic processes",
"Theorems in probability theory",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Asymptotic analysis"
] |
13,345,571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammon%20mapping | Sammon mapping or Sammon projection is an algorithm that maps a high-dimensional space to a space of lower dimensionality (see multidimensional scaling) by trying to preserve the structure of inter-point distances in high-dimensional space in the lower-dimension projection.
It is particularly suited for use in explora... | Sammon mapping | [
"Mathematics"
] | 380 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical objects",
"Functions and mappings"
] |
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