id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,550,677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder%20stress | In mechanics, a cylinder stress is a stress distribution with rotational symmetry; that is, which remains unchanged if the stressed object is rotated about some fixed axis.
Cylinder stress patterns include:
circumferential stress, or hoop stress, a normal stress in the tangential (azimuth) direction.
axial stress, a... | Cylinder stress | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,774 | [
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
1,551,135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption%20band | In spectroscopy, an absorption band is a range of wavelengths, frequencies or energies in the electromagnetic spectrum that are characteristic of a particular transition from initial to final state in a substance.
According to quantum mechanics, atoms and molecules can only hold certain defined quantities of energy, o... | Absorption band | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,601 | [
"Instrumental analysis",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectroscopy",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)"
] |
1,551,195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%20chamber%20process | The lead chamber process was an industrial method used to produce sulfuric acid in large quantities. It has been largely supplanted by the contact process.
In 1746 in Birmingham, England, John Roebuck began producing sulfuric acid in lead-lined chambers, which were stronger and less expensive and could be made much la... | Lead chamber process | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,203 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
4,734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s%20inequality | In mathematics, Bernoulli's inequality (named after Jacob Bernoulli) is an inequality that approximates exponentiations of . It is often employed in real analysis. It has several useful variants:
Integer exponent
Case 1: for every integer and real number . The inequality is strict if and .
Case 2: for every int... | Bernoulli's inequality | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,015 | [
"Binary relations",
"Mathematical relations",
"Inequalities (mathematics)",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems"
] |
4,746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague%20%28disease%29 | Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms. Pneumonic plague infects the lungs, ... | Plague (disease) | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,518 | [
"Biological agents",
"Toxicology",
"Biological warfare"
] |
4,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Standards | British Standards (BS) are the standards produced by the BSI Group which is incorporated under a royal charter and which is formally designated as the national standards body (NSB) for the UK. The BSI Group produces British Standards under the authority of the charter, which lays down as one of the BSI's objectives to:... | British Standards | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,948 | [
"Electrical engineering organizations",
"Symbols",
"International Electrotechnical Commission",
"Certification marks"
] |
4,816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere | The biosphere (), also called the ecosphere (), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on the Earth. The biosphere (which is technically a spherical shell) is virtually a closed system with regard to matter, with minimal inputs and outputs. Regarding energy, it is an open system,... | Biosphere | [
"Physics",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,131 | [
"Superorganisms",
"Hydrology",
"Symbiosis",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Oceanography",
"nan"
] |
4,817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20membrane | A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another. Biological membranes, in the form of eukaryotic cell membra... | Biological membrane | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,382 | [
"Membrane biology",
"Soft matter",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Molecular biology"
] |
4,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical%20engineering | Biomedical engineering (BME) or medical engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare applications (e.g., diagnostic or therapeutic purposes). BME is also traditionally logical sciences to advance health care treatment, including diagnosis, monitorin... | Biomedical engineering | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 6,530 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Medical technology",
"Biomedical engineering"
] |
4,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr%20model | In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model was the first successful model of the atom. Developed from 1911 to 1918 by Niels Bohr and building on Ernest Rutherford's nuclear model, it supplanted the plum pudding model of J J Thomson only to be replaced by the quantum atomic model in the 1920s. It consis... | Bohr model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 9,410 | [
"Foundational quantum physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Old quantum theory",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
4,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket%20argument | Isaac Newton's rotating bucket argument (also known as Newton's bucket) is a thought experiment that was designed to demonstrate that true rotational motion cannot be defined as the relative rotation of the body with respect to the immediately surrounding bodies. It is one of five arguments from the "properties, cause... | Bucket argument | [
"Physics"
] | 2,917 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Motion (physics)",
"Mechanics"
] |
4,882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background%20radiation | Background radiation is a measure of the level of ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location which is due to deliberate introduction of radiation sources.
Background radiation originates from a variety of sources, both natural and artificial. These include both cosmic radiation and environ... | Background radiation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 5,107 | [
"Ionizing radiation",
"Physical phenomena",
"Cosmic rays",
"Astrophysics",
"Radiation",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radioactivity"
] |
4,944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive%20set%20theory | Naive set theory is any of several theories of sets used in the discussion of the foundations of mathematics.
Unlike axiomatic set theories, which are defined using formal logic, naive set theory is defined informally, in natural language. It describes the aspects of mathematical sets familiar in discrete mathematics (... | Naive set theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,900 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Set theory"
] |
4,964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%20number | In mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of rational numbers which occur frequently in analysis. The Bernoulli numbers appear in (and can be defined by) the Taylor series expansions of the tangent and hyperbolic tangent functions, in Faulhaber's formula for the sum of m-th powers of the first n positive in... | Bernoulli number | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 9,313 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Integer sequences",
"Mathematical structures",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
5,346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid | A colloid is a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a liquid, while others extend the definition to include substances like aerosols and gels. The term colloi... | Colloid | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,133 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Soft matter",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Colloids",
"Surface science",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
5,371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete | Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, and is the most widely used building material. Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and al... | Concrete | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 13,053 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Masonry",
"Building engineering",
"Composite materials",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Heterogeneous chemical mixtures",
"Concrete",
"Matter",
"Building materials"
] |
5,863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20interpretation | The Copenhagen interpretation is a collection of views about the meaning of quantum mechanics, stemming from the work of Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and others. While "Copenhagen" refers to the Danish city, the use as an "interpretation" was apparently coined by Heisenberg during the 1950s to refer to idea... | Copenhagen interpretation | [
"Physics"
] | 5,739 | [
"Interpretations of quantum mechanics",
"Quantum measurement",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
5,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%20theory | Category theory is a general theory of mathematical structures and their relations. It was introduced by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane in the middle of the 20th century in their foundational work on algebraic topology. Category theory is used in almost all areas of mathematics. In particular, many construction... | Category theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,259 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Foundations of mathematics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Higher category theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
5,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogen | |-
! colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | ↓ Period
|-
| 2
|
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! 3
|
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! 4
|
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! 5
|
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|
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! 7
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| colspan="2"|
Legend
|}
The chalcogens (ore forming) ( ) are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the oxygen family. Group 16 consists of the elements oxy... | Chalcogen | [
"Chemistry"
] | 9,678 | [
"Periodic table",
"Groups (periodic table)"
] |
5,906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20dioxide | Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature and at normally-encountered concentrations it is odorless. As the source of carbon in the carbon cycl... | Carbon dioxide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 8,921 | [
"Molecules",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Signal transduction",
"Gaseous signaling molecules",
"Triatomic molecules",
"Greenhouse gases",
"Carbon dioxide",
"Matter"
] |
5,910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide | In chemistry, cyanide () is a chemical compound that contains a functional group. This group, known as the cyano group, consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom.
In inorganic cyanides, the cyanide group is present as the cyanide anion . This anion is extremely poisonous. Soluble salts such as sodium... | Cyanide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,671 | [
"Matter",
"Toxicology",
"Anions",
"Chemical weapons",
"Blood agents",
"Ions"
] |
5,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis | Catalysis () is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quickly, very small amounts of catalyst often suffice; mixing, surface area, and temp... | Catalysis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,147 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Chemical reaction engineering"
] |
5,918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum%20mechanics | Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the deformation of and transmission of forces through materials modeled as a continuous medium (also called a continuum) rather than as discrete particles.
Continuum mechanics deals with deformable bodies, as opposed to rigid bodies.
A continuum model assu... | Continuum mechanics | [
"Physics"
] | 4,907 | [
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Continuum mechanics"
] |
5,926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation | A computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that is well-defined. Common examples of computation are mathematical equation solving and the execution of computer algorithms.
Mechanical or electronic devices (or, historically, people) that perform computations are known as computers.
Computer... | Computation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,171 | [
"Computability theory",
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical logic",
"Theoretical computer science"
] |
5,936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20thermodynamics | Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathe... | Chemical thermodynamics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,312 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Chemical engineering thermodynamics",
"Chemical thermodynamics",
"Branches of thermodynamics",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
5,993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20bond | A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds, or some combination of these effects. Chemical bonds are des... | Chemical bond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 5,203 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
"Chemical bonding",
" and optical physics"
] |
6,011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky%20hierarchy | The Chomsky hierarchy in the fields of formal language theory, computer science, and linguistics, is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars. A formal grammar describes how to form strings from a language's vocabulary (or alphabet) that are valid according to the language's syntax. The linguist Noam Choms... | Chomsky hierarchy | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,154 | [
"Formal languages",
"Mathematical logic"
] |
6,014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray%20tube | A cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent screen. The images may represent electrical waveforms on an oscilloscope, a frame of video on an analog television set (TV), digital raster graphics on a c... | Cathode-ray tube | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 24,545 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Electronic engineering",
"Television technology",
"Display technology"
] |
6,019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20chemistry | Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulations to assist in solving chemical problems. It uses methods of theoretical chemistry incorporated into computer programs to calculate the structures and properties of molecules, groups of molecules, and solids. The importance of this subject s... | Computational chemistry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 5,910 | [
"Computational fields of study",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Computational physics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry",
"Computing and society",
"nan",
"Physical chemistry",
"Chemical physics"
] |
6,111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20vapor%20deposition | Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a vacuum deposition method used to produce high-quality, and high-performance, solid materials. The process is often used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin films.
In typical CVD, the wafer (substrate) is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react and/or decom... | Chemical vapor deposition | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,125 | [
"Glass chemistry",
"Thin film deposition",
"Microtechnology",
"Coatings",
"Thin films",
"Vacuum",
"Chemical processes",
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical vapor deposition",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Solid state engineering",
"Glass coating and... |
6,115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%20versus%20NP%20problem | The P versus NP problem is a major unsolved problem in theoretical computer science. Informally, it asks whether every problem whose solution can be quickly verified can also be quickly solved.
Here, "quickly" means an algorithm that solves the task and runs in polynomial time (as opposed to, say, exponential time) ex... | P versus NP problem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 6,469 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Unsolved problems in computer science",
"Conjectures",
"Millennium Prize Problems",
"Mathematical optimization",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
6,122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20function | In mathematics, a continuous function is a function such that a small variation of the argument induces a small variation of the value of the function. This implies there are no abrupt changes in value, known as discontinuities. More precisely, a function is continuous if arbitrarily small changes in its value can be a... | Continuous function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 6,612 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Calculus",
"Theory of continuous functions",
"Mathematical objects",
"Topology",
"Mathematical relations",
"Types of functions"
] |
6,246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent%20bond | A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding. For many molecule... | Covalent bond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,287 | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
6,247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation%20polymer | In polymer chemistry, condensation polymers are any kind of polymers whose process of polymerization involves a condensation reaction (i.e. a small molecule, such as water or methanol, is produced as a byproduct). Natural proteins as well as some common plastics such as nylon and PETE are formed in this way. Condensa... | Condensation polymer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 603 | [
"Polymerization reactions",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Materials science"
] |
6,313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20element | The classical elements typically refer to earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances. Ancient cultures in Greece, Angola, Tibet, India, and Mali had similar lists which sometimes referred, in local languages, to "air"... | Classical element | [
"Astronomy"
] | 3,543 | [
"History of astrology",
"History of astronomy"
] |
6,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20%28classical%20element%29 | Water is one of the classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy along with air, earth and fire, in the Asian Indian system Panchamahabhuta, and in the Chinese cosmological and physiological system Wu Xing. In contemporary esoteric traditions, it is commonly associated with the qualities of emotion and intuition.
Gr... | Water (classical element) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 787 | [
"History of astrology",
"History of astronomy"
] |
6,329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography | In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent (gas or liquid) called the mobile phase, which carries it through a system (a column, a capillary tube, a plate, or a sheet) on which a material called the stat... | Chromatography | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 8,085 | [
"Chromatography",
"Separation processes",
"nan",
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical pathology"
] |
6,339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20biology | Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of organisms. Cell biology is the study of the structural and f... | Cell biology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 5,683 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Cell biology",
"Molecular biology"
] |
6,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast | A chloroplast () is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which capture the energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy and release oxygen. The chemical energy created is then used to... | Chloroplast | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 20,621 | [
"Symbiosis",
"Endosymbiotic events",
"Photosynthesis",
"Plastids",
"Biochemistry"
] |
6,423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie | The calorie is a unit of energy that originated from the caloric theory of heat. The large calorie, food calorie, dietary calorie, kilocalorie, or kilogram calorie is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one liter of water by one degree Celsius (or one kelvin). The small calorie or gram calo... | Calorie | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,640 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Non-SI metric units",
"Quantity",
"Units of energy",
"Thermodynamics",
"Units of measurement"
] |
6,445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen | A carcinogen () is any agent that promotes the development of cancer. Carcinogens can include synthetic chemicals, naturally occurring substances, physical agents such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, and biologic agents such as viruses and bacteria. Most carcinogens act by creating mutations in DNA that disr... | Carcinogen | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,250 | [
"Radiation health effects",
"Toxicology",
"Radiation effects",
"Carcinogens",
"Radioactivity"
] |
6,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server%20model | The client–server model is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients. Often clients and servers communicate over a computer network on separate hardware, but both client and server may be ... | Client–server model | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,143 | [
"Network architecture",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
6,556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprime%20integers | In number theory, two integers and are coprime, relatively prime or mutually prime if the only positive integer that is a divisor of both of them is 1. Consequently, any prime number that divides does not divide , and vice versa. This is equivalent to their greatest common divisor (GCD) being 1. One says also is pr... | Coprime integers | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,084 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Number theory"
] |
6,596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20vision | Computer vision tasks include methods for acquiring, processing, analyzing, and understanding digital images, and extraction of high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information, e.g. in the form of decisions. "Understanding" in this context signifies the transformation of ... | Computer vision | [
"Engineering"
] | 6,599 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Packaging machinery",
"Industrial machinery",
"Computer vision"
] |
6,617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactification%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, in general topology, compactification is the process or result of making a topological space into a compact space. A compact space is a space in which every open cover of the space contains a finite subcover. The methods of compactification are various, but each is a way of controlling points from "goin... | Compactification (mathematics) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,042 | [
"Topology",
"Compactification (mathematics)"
] |
6,620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotangent%20space | In differential geometry, the cotangent space is a vector space associated with a point on a smooth (or differentiable) manifold ; one can define a cotangent space for every point on a smooth manifold. Typically, the cotangent space, is defined as the dual space of the tangent space at , , although there are more dir... | Cotangent space | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,077 | [
"Tensors",
"Topology",
"Differential topology"
] |
6,670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement | A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, pro... | Cement | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 8,991 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Concrete",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
6,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free%20grammar | In formal language theory, a context-free grammar (CFG) is a formal grammar whose production rules
can be applied to a nonterminal symbol regardless of its context.
In particular, in a context-free grammar, each production rule is of the form
with a single nonterminal symbol, and a string of terminals and/or nonter... | Context-free grammar | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,834 | [
"Software engineering",
"Formal languages",
"Mathematical logic",
"Programming language topics"
] |
10,888,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffmann%20kiln | The Hoffmann kiln is a series of batch process kilns. Hoffmann kilns are the most common kiln used in production of bricks and some other ceramic products. Patented by German Friedrich Hoffmann for brickmaking in 1858, it was later used for lime-burning, and was known as the Hoffmann continuous kiln.
Construction and... | Hoffmann kiln | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,235 | [
"Chemical equipment",
"Lime kilns",
"Kilns"
] |
10,894,247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublecortin | Neuronal migration protein doublecortin, also known as doublin or lissencephalin-X is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCX gene.
Function
Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein expressed by neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons in embryonic and adult cortical structures. Neuronal pr... | Doublecortin | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 708 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Protein classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology",
"Protein families"
] |
14,526,771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards%20of%20Fundamental%20Astronomy | The Standards of Fundamental Astronomy (SOFA) software libraries are a collection of subroutines that implement official International Astronomical Union (IAU) algorithms for astronomical computations.
As of February 2009 they are available in both Fortran and C source code format.
Capabilities
The subroutines in the... | Standards of Fundamental Astronomy | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 189 | [
"Classical mechanics stubs",
"Works about astronomy",
"Classical mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Astronomical coordinate systems",
"Astrophysics stubs",
"Astronomy software",
"Numerical software",
"Coordinate systems",
"Celestial mechanics",
"Mathematical software"
] |
14,530,447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared%20sensing%20in%20snakes | The ability to sense infrared thermal radiation evolved independently in three different groups of snakes, consisting of the families of Boidae (boas), Pythonidae (pythons), and the subfamily Crotalinae (pit vipers). What is commonly called a pit organ allows these animals to essentially "see" radiant heat at wavelengt... | Infrared sensing in snakes | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,700 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Behavior",
"Electromagnetic radiation",
"Behavioural sciences",
"Radiation",
"Thermodynamics",
"Ethology"
] |
14,534,013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20William%20Dunn%20Institute%20of%20Biochemistry | The Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry at Cambridge University was a research institute endowed from the estate of Sir William Dunn, which was the origin of the Cambridge Department of Biochemistry. Created for Frederick Gowland Hopkins on the recommendation of Walter Morley Fletcher, it opened in 1924 and spu... | Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry | [
"Chemistry"
] | 791 | [
"Biochemistry research institutes",
"Biochemistry organizations"
] |
9,377,615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20combing | Chromosome combing (also known as molecular combing or DNA combing) is a technique used to produce an array of uniformly stretched DNA that is then highly suitable for nucleic acid hybridization studies such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) which benefit from the uniformity of stretching, the easy access to ... | Chromosome combing | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,022 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Biochemistry",
"Genetic engineering",
"nan"
] |
9,377,661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support%20function | In mathematics, the support function hA of a non-empty closed convex set A in
describes the (signed) distances of supporting hyperplanes of A from the origin. The support function is a convex function on .
Any non-empty closed convex set A is uniquely determined by hA. Furthermore, the support function, as a functi... | Support function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,081 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Functions and mappings",
"Types of functions",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
9,379,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitfrost | Bitfrost is the security design specification for the OLPC XO, a low cost laptop intended for children in developing countries and developed by the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project. Bitfrost's main architect is Ivan Krstić. The first public specification was made available in February 2007.
Bitfrost architecture
P... | Bitfrost | [
"Mathematics"
] | 848 | [
"Cryptographic software",
"Mathematical software"
] |
9,383,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli%20equation | In quantum mechanics, the Pauli equation or Schrödinger–Pauli equation is the formulation of the Schrödinger equation for spin-1/2 particles, which takes into account the interaction of the particle's spin with an external electromagnetic field. It is the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation and can be used whe... | Pauli equation | [
"Physics"
] | 1,075 | [
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Equations of physics"
] |
9,384,649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe%20PubMed%20Central | Europe PubMed Central (Europe PMC) is an open-access repository that contains millions of biomedical research works. It was known as UK PubMed Central until 1 November 2012.
Service
Europe PMC provides free access to more than 9.3 million full-text biomedical and life sciences research articles and over 43.3 million c... | Europe PubMed Central | [
"Biology"
] | 653 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases"
] |
9,386,543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Pomeranchuk%E2%80%93Migdal%20effect | In high-energy physics, the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect, also known as the Landau–Pomeranchuk effect and the Pomeranchuk effect, or simply LPM effect, is a reduction of the bremsstrahlung and pair production cross sections at high energies or high matter densities. It is named in honor of Lev Landau, Isaak Pomeran... | Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 466 | [
"Particle physics stubs",
"Scattering",
"Scattering theory",
"Particle physics"
] |
9,387,033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound%20management | Compound management in the field of drug discovery refers to the systematic collection, storage, retrieval, and quality control of small molecule chemical compounds used in high-throughput screening and other research activities to identify hits that can be developed into candidate drugs.
Drug discovery depends on met... | Compound management | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 880 | [
"Life sciences industry",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Drug discovery"
] |
9,387,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n%E2%80%93Howarth%20equation | In isotropic turbulence the Kármán–Howarth equation (after Theodore von Kármán and Leslie Howarth 1938), which is derived from the Navier–Stokes equations, is used to describe the evolution of non-dimensional longitudinal autocorrelation.
Mathematical description
Consider a two-point velocity correlation tensor for ho... | Kármán–Howarth equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 491 | [
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Turbulence",
"Equations of physics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
9,387,972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH-sensitive%20polymers | pH sensitive or pH responsive polymers are materials which will respond to the changes in the pH of the surrounding medium by varying their dimensions. Materials may swell, collapse, or change depending on the pH of their environment. This behavior is exhibited due to the presence of certain functional groups in the po... | PH-sensitive polymers | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,582 | [
"Smart materials",
"Materials science"
] |
2,190,732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20%28descriptive%20set%20theory%29 | In descriptive set theory, a tree on a set is a collection of finite sequences of elements of such that every prefix of a sequence in the collection also belongs to the collection.
Definitions
Trees
The collection of all finite sequences of elements of a set is denoted .
With this notation, a tree is a nonempty su... | Tree (descriptive set theory) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 754 | [
"Game theory",
"Determinacy"
] |
2,190,765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal%20set | In mathematical logic, in particular in model theory and nonstandard analysis, an internal set is a set that is a member of a model.
The concept of internal sets is a tool in formulating the transfer principle, which concerns the logical relation between the properties of the real numbers R, and the properties of a la... | Internal set | [
"Mathematics"
] | 498 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Infinity",
"Nonstandard analysis",
"Mathematics of infinitesimals",
"Model theory"
] |
2,191,091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-perovskite | Post-perovskite (pPv) is a high-pressure phase of magnesium silicate (MgSiO3). It is composed of the prime oxide constituents of the Earth's rocky mantle (MgO and SiO2), and its pressure and temperature for stability imply that it is likely to occur in portions of the lowermost few hundred km of Earth's mantle.
The po... | Post-perovskite | [
"Physics"
] | 1,631 | [
"High pressure science",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
2,191,185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20cross%20section | In nuclear physics, the concept of a neutron cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus. The neutron cross section σ can be defined as the area in cm2 for which the number of neutron-nuclei reactions taking place is equal to the product of the number ... | Neutron cross section | [
"Physics"
] | 2,970 | [
"Nuclear physics"
] |
2,191,513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20number%20gestures | Chinese number gestures are a method to signify the natural numbers one through ten using one hand. This method may have been developed to bridge the many varieties of Chinese—for example, the numbers 4 () and 10 () are hard to distinguish in some dialects. Some suggest that it was also used by business people during ... | Chinese number gestures | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,307 | [
"Numeral systems",
"Numerals",
"Finger-counting"
] |
2,191,629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomix%20%28video%20game%29 | Atomix is a puzzle video game developed by Günter Krämer (as "Softtouch") and published by Thalion Software, released for the Amiga and other personal computers in late 1990. The object of the game is to assemble molecules from compound atoms by moving the atoms on a two-dimensional playfield.
Atomix was received posi... | Atomix (video game) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 777 | [
"PSPACE-complete problems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Computational problems"
] |
2,193,888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force-free%20magnetic%20field | In plasma physics, a force-free magnetic field is a magnetic field in which the Lorentz force is equal to zero and the magnetic pressure greatly exceeds the plasma pressure such that non-magnetic forces can be neglected. For a force-free field, the electric current density is either zero or parallel to the magnetic fie... | Force-free magnetic field | [
"Physics"
] | 553 | [
"Plasma theory and modeling",
"Plasma physics"
] |
2,194,893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93uranium%20dating | Uranium–uranium dating is a radiometric dating technique which compares two isotopes of uranium (U) in a sample: uranium-234 (234U) and uranium-238 (238U). It is one of several radiometric dating techniques exploiting the uranium radioactive decay series, in which 238U undergoes 14 alpha and beta decay events on the wa... | Uranium–uranium dating | [
"Chemistry"
] | 505 | [
"Radiometric dating",
"Radioactivity"
] |
2,194,910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Aminopyridine | 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is one of the three isomeric aminopyridines. It is used as a research tool in characterizing subtypes of the potassium channel. It has also been used as a drug, to manage some of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis, and is indicated for symp... | 4-Aminopyridine | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,304 | [
"Highly-toxic chemical substances",
"Harmful chemical substances",
"Biocides",
"Avicides"
] |
2,195,185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM%20serine/threonine%20kinase | ATM serine/threonine kinase or Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, symbol ATM, is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks (canonical pathway), oxidative stress, topoisomerase cleavage complexes, splicing intermediates, R-loops and in some cases by single-strand DNA break... | ATM serine/threonine kinase | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,196 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
2,195,233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patern%C3%B2%E2%80%93B%C3%BCchi%20reaction | The Paternò–Büchi reaction, named after Emanuele Paternò and George Büchi, who established its basic utility and form, is a photochemical reaction, specifically a 2+2 photocycloaddition, which forms four-membered oxetane rings from an excited carbonyl and reacting with an alkene.
With substrates benzaldehyde and 2-me... | Paternò–Büchi reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 221 | [
"Coupling reactions",
"Organic reactions",
"Name reactions",
"nan",
"Ring forming reactions"
] |
13,384,253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAZMAT%20Class%201%20Explosives | Hazmat Class 1 are explosive materials which are any substance or article, including a device, which is designed to function by explosion or which, by chemical reaction within itself is able to function in a similar manner even if not designed to function by explosion.
Class 1 consists of six 'divisions', that describ... | HAZMAT Class 1 Explosives | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 330 | [
"Materials",
"Hazardous materials",
"Matter"
] |
13,384,613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound%20research%20interface | An ultrasound research interface (URI) is a software tool loaded onto a diagnostic clinical ultrasound device which provides functionality beyond typical clinical modes of operation.
A normal clinical ultrasound user only has access to the ultrasound data in its final processed form, typically a B-Mode image, in DICO... | Ultrasound research interface | [
"Physics"
] | 520 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Medical physics"
] |
13,387,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-consolidating%20concrete | Self-consolidating concrete or self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a concrete mix which has a low yield stress, high deformability, good segregation resistance (prevents separation of particles in the mix), and moderate viscosity (necessary to ensure uniform suspension of solid particles during transportation, placement ... | Self-consolidating concrete | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,497 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Concrete"
] |
8,721,698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolvent%20set | In linear algebra and operator theory, the resolvent set of a linear operator is a set of complex numbers for which the operator is in some sense "well-behaved". The resolvent set plays an important role in the resolvent formalism.
Definitions
Let X be a Banach space and let be a linear operator with domain . Let ... | Resolvent set | [
"Mathematics"
] | 307 | [
"Linear algebra",
"Algebra"
] |
8,722,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20smoothing | Laplacian smoothing is an algorithm to smooth a polygonal mesh. For each vertex in a mesh, a new position is chosen based on local information (such as the position of neighbours) and the vertex is moved there. In the case that a mesh is topologically a rectangular grid (that is, each internal vertex is connected to fo... | Laplacian smoothing | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 161 | [
"Mesh generation",
"Tessellation",
"Geometry",
"Geometry stubs",
"Symmetry"
] |
8,723,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokesian%20dynamics | Stokesian dynamics
is a solution technique for the Langevin equation, which is the relevant form of Newton's 2nd law for a Brownian particle. The method treats the suspended particles in a discrete sense while the continuum approximation remains valid for the surrounding fluid, i.e., the suspended particles are general... | Stokesian dynamics | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 802 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Civil engineering",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Fluid mechanics"
] |
16,056,559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%20G.%20Enke | Christie G. Enke is a United States academic chemist who made pioneering contributions to the field of analytical chemistry.
Life and career
Chris Enke was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota on July 8, 1933. His parents were Alvin Enke and Mae Nichols. He graduated from Central High School in Minneapolis in 1951. He recei... | Christie G. Enke | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 874 | [
"Biochemists",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometrists"
] |
16,058,443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20Resources%20Aotearoa | Energy Resources Aotearoa, formerly known as Petroleum Exploration and Production Association of New Zealand (PEPANZ) until March 2021, is an incorporated society based in Wellington which represents the wider energy resources sector, including the upstream oil and gas sector in New Zealand. They work with central and ... | Energy Resources Aotearoa | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 215 | [
"Petroleum",
"Petroleum organizations",
"Energy organizations"
] |
16,059,132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20C%2A-module | Hilbert C*-modules are mathematical objects that generalise the notion of Hilbert spaces
(which are themselves generalisations of Euclidean space),
in that they endow a linear space with an "inner product" that takes values in a
C*-algebra.
They were first introduced in the work of Irving Kaplansky in 1953,
which ... | Hilbert C*-module | [
"Physics"
] | 1,933 | [
"Theoretical physics"
] |
16,061,714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophin | Catastrophin (Catastrophe-related protein) is a term use to describe proteins that are associated with the disassembly of microtubules. Catastrophins affect microtubule shortening, a process known as microtubule catastrophe.
Microtubule dynamics
Microtubules are polymers of tubulin subunits arranged in cylindrical tu... | Catastrophin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 705 | [
"Molecular machines",
"Motor proteins"
] |
16,065,393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20nanotechnology | Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental sustainability of processes producing negative externalities. It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability. It includes making green nano-products and using nano-products in support of sustain... | Green nanotechnology | [
"Materials_science"
] | 4,262 | [
"Nanotechnology",
"Nanotechnology and the environment"
] |
16,065,426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe%20solver | The Roe approximate Riemann solver, devised by Phil Roe, is an approximate Riemann solver based on the Godunov scheme and involves finding an estimate for the intercell numerical flux or Godunov flux at the interface between two computational cells and , on some discretised space-time computational domain.
Roe schem... | Roe solver | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 309 | [
"Conservation laws",
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Conservation equations",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
3,028,181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Witt%20matrix | In mathematics, the Hasse–Witt matrix H of a non-singular algebraic curve C over a finite field F is the matrix of the Frobenius mapping (p-th power mapping where F has q elements, q a power of the prime number p) with respect to a basis for the differentials of the first kind. It is a g × g matrix where C has genus g... | Hasse–Witt matrix | [
"Mathematics"
] | 963 | [
"Matrices (mathematics)",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
3,028,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse%20invariant%20of%20a%20quadratic%20form | In mathematics, the Hasse invariant (or Hasse–Witt invariant) of a quadratic form Q over a field K takes values in the Brauer group Br(K). The name "Hasse–Witt" comes from Helmut Hasse and Ernst Witt.
The quadratic form Q may be taken as a diagonal form
Σ aixi2.
Its invariant is then defined as the product of the ... | Hasse invariant of a quadratic form | [
"Mathematics"
] | 293 | [
"Quadratic forms",
"Number theory"
] |
3,028,468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylolpropane%20triacrylate | Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) is a trifunctional acrylate ester monomer derived from trimethylolpropane, used in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives, acrylic glue, anaerobic sealants, and ink. It is useful for its low volatility and fast cure response. It has the properties of weather, chemical and water r... | Trimethylolpropane triacrylate | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 297 | [
"Monomers",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
3,031,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldberger%E2%80%93Wise%20mechanism | In particle physics, the Goldberger–Wise mechanism is a popular mechanism that determines the size of the fifth dimension in Randall–Sundrum models. The mechanism uses a scalar field that propagates throughout the five-dimensional bulk. On each of the branes that end the fifth dimension (frequently referred to as the... | Goldberger–Wise mechanism | [
"Physics"
] | 175 | [
"Particle physics stubs",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Particle physics",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model"
] |
3,031,585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy%20sphere | In mathematics, the fuzzy sphere is one of the simplest and most canonical examples of non-commutative geometry. Ordinarily, the functions defined on a sphere form a commuting algebra. A fuzzy sphere differs from an ordinary sphere because the algebra of functions on it is not commutative. It is generated by spherical ... | Fuzzy sphere | [
"Physics"
] | 483 | [
"Mathematical quantization",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
5,534,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%27s%20principle%20of%20least%20constraint | The principle of least constraint is one variational formulation of classical mechanics enunciated by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1829, equivalent to all other formulations of analytical mechanics. Intuitively, it says that the acceleration of a constrained physical system will be as similar as possible to that of the corr... | Gauss's principle of least constraint | [
"Physics"
] | 763 | [
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
5,534,425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20mass | The transverse mass is a useful quantity to define for use in particle physics as it is invariant under Lorentz boost along the z direction. In natural units, it is:
where the z-direction is along the beam pipe and so
and are the momentum perpendicular to the beam pipe and
is the (invariant) mass.
This definition ... | Transverse mass | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 446 | [
"Machines",
"Kinematics",
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics",
"Physical systems",
"Special relativity",
"Motion (physics)",
"Mechanics",
"Particle physics",
"Theory of relativity",
"Particle physics stubs"
] |
5,534,558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design%20for%20assembly | Design for assembly (DFA) is a process by which products are designed with ease of assembly in mind. If a product contains fewer parts it will take less time to assemble, thereby reducing assembly costs. In addition, if the parts are provided with features which make it easier to grasp, move, orient and insert them, th... | Design for assembly | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,043 | [
"Design",
"Design for X"
] |
5,534,701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20by%20country | Nuclear power plants operate in 32 countries and generate about a tenth of the world's electricity.
Most are in Europe, North America and East Asia.
The United States is the largest producer of nuclear power, while France has the largest share of electricity generated by nuclear power, at about 70%.
Some countries op... | Nuclear power by country | [
"Physics"
] | 539 | [
"Nuclear technology",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
5,534,844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20strategy | In game theory, a Markov strategy is one that depends only on state variables that summarize the history of the game in one way or another. For instance, a state variable can be the current play in a repeated game, or it can be any interpretation of a recent sequence of play.
A profile of Markov strategies is a Markov... | Markov strategy | [
"Mathematics"
] | 101 | [
"Game theory",
"Strategy (game theory)"
] |
5,535,224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weigh%20lock | A weigh lock is a specialized canal lock designed to determine the weight of barges in order to assess toll payments based upon the weight and value of the cargo carried. This requires that the unladen weight of the barge be known.
A barge to be weighed was brought into a supporting cradle connected by levers to a wei... | Weigh lock | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 189 | [
"Weighing instruments",
"Mass",
"Matter",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
5,536,298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93air%20barrier | The blood–air barrier or air–blood barrier, (alveolar–capillary barrier or membrane) exists in the gas exchanging region of the lungs. It exists to prevent air bubbles from forming in the blood, and from blood entering the alveoli. It is formed by the type I pneumocytes of the alveolar wall, the endothelial cells of th... | Blood–air barrier | [
"Biology"
] | 309 | [
"Organ systems",
"Respiratory system"
] |
5,537,399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20filament | In biology, a protein filament is a long chain of protein monomers, such as those found in hair, muscle, or in flagella. Protein filaments form together to make the cytoskeleton of the cell. They are often bundled together to provide support, strength, and rigidity to the cell. When the filaments are packed up togethe... | Protein filament | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,284 | [
"Protein structure",
"Structural biology"
] |
5,538,293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant%20effect%20of%20polyphenols%20and%20natural%20phenols | A polyphenol antioxidant is a hypothesized type of antioxidant studied in vitro. Numbering over 4,000 distinct chemical structures mostly from plants, such polyphenols have not been demonstrated to be antioxidants in vivo.
In vitro at high experimental doses, polyphenols may affect cell-to-cell signaling, receptor se... | Antioxidant effect of polyphenols and natural phenols | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,203 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Chemopreventive agents"
] |
5,539,109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav%20Fiedler | Miroslav Fiedler (7 April 1926 – 20 November 2015) was a Czech mathematician known for his contributions to linear algebra, graph theory and algebraic graph theory.
His article, "Algebraic Connectivity of Graphs", published in the Czechoslovak Math Journal in 1973, established the use of the eigenvalues of the Laplaci... | Miroslav Fiedler | [
"Mathematics"
] | 220 | [
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Combinatorialists",
"Mathematical relations",
"Graph theorists"
] |
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