id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,247,115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine%20%28125I%29%20human%20albumin | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Iodine (125I) human albumin}}
Iodine (125I) human albumin (trade name Jeanatope) is human serum albumin iodinated with iodine-125, typically injected to aid in the determination of total blood and plasma volume.
Iodine-131 iodinated albumin (trade name Volumex) is used for the same purposes.
Medical u... | Iodine (125I) human albumin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 350 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Radiopharmaceuticals",
"Medicinal radiochemistry"
] |
14,684,966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacDowell%E2%80%93Mansouri%20action | The MacDowell–Mansouri action (named after S. W. MacDowell and Freydoon Mansouri) is an action that is used to derive Einstein's field equations of general relativity.
It can usefully be formulated in terms of Cartan geometry.
References
Further reading
Wise, D. (2010). “MacDowell-Mansouri gravity and Cartan geom... | MacDowell–Mansouri action | [
"Physics"
] | 146 | [
"General relativity",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
14,685,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20physical%E2%80%93chemical%20vapor%20deposition | Hybrid physical–chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) is a thin-film deposition technique, that combines physical vapor deposition (PVD) with chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
For the instance of magnesium diboride (MgB2) thin-film growth, HPCVD process uses diborane (B2H6) as the boron precursor gas, but unlike conventio... | Hybrid physical–chemical vapor deposition | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,042 | [
"Thin film deposition",
"Coatings",
"Thin films",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Solid state engineering"
] |
14,691,611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-block%20contraction | The d-block contraction (sometimes called scandide contraction) is a term used in chemistry to describe the effect of having full d orbitals on the period 4 elements. The elements in question are gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, bromine, and krypton. Their electronic configurations include completely filled d or... | D-block contraction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 396 | [
"Atomic radius",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Chemical bonding",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
17,506,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20and%20Landau%20algorithm | The Wang and Landau algorithm, proposed by Fugao Wang and David P. Landau, is a Monte Carlo method designed to estimate the density of states of a system. The method performs a non-Markovian random walk to build the density of states by quickly visiting all the available energy spectrum. The Wang and Landau algorithm ... | Wang and Landau algorithm | [
"Physics"
] | 2,034 | [
"Computational physics"
] |
17,507,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining%20cryptographers%20problem | In cryptography, the dining cryptographers problem studies how to perform a secure multi-party computation of the boolean-XOR function. David Chaum first proposed this problem in the early 1980s and used it as an illustrative example to show that it was possible to send anonymous messages with unconditional sender and ... | Dining cryptographers problem | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,256 | [
"Mathematical problems",
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
17,509,328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20event%20dynamic%20system | In control engineering, a discrete-event dynamic system (DEDS) is a discrete-state, event-driven system of which the state evolution depends entirely on the occurrence of asynchronous discrete events over time. Although similar to continuous-variable dynamic systems (CVDS), DEDS consists solely of discrete state spaces... | Discrete event dynamic system | [
"Mathematics"
] | 115 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
17,511,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYZ%20conjecture | The SYZ conjecture is an attempt to understand the mirror symmetry conjecture, an issue in theoretical physics and mathematics. The original conjecture was proposed in a paper by Strominger, Yau, and Zaslow, entitled "Mirror Symmetry is T-duality".
Along with the homological mirror symmetry conjecture, it is one of t... | SYZ conjecture | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,780 | [
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Mathematical structures",
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Applied mathematics",
"Conjectures",
"Category theory",
"Duality theories",
"Geometry",
"Applied mathematics stubs",
"String theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Symmetry"
] |
17,511,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Zames | George Zames (January 7, 1934 – August 10, 1997) was a Polish-Canadian control theorist and professor at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Zames is known for his fundamental contributions to the theory of robust control, and was credited for the development of various well-known results such as small-gain th... | George Zames | [
"Engineering"
] | 836 | [
"Control engineering",
"Control theorists"
] |
17,514,050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krascheninnikovia%20lanata | Krascheninnikovia lanata is a species of flowering plant currently placed in the family Amaranthaceae (previously, Chenopodiaceae), known by the common names winterfat, white sage, and wintersage. It is native to much of western North America: from central Western Canada; through the Western United States; to northern... | Krascheninnikovia lanata | [
"Chemistry"
] | 721 | [
"Halophytes",
"Salts"
] |
17,514,197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%2A | S* (pronounced "S Star") is the diminutive for the S* Life Science Informatics Alliance, a collaboration between seven universities and the Karolinska Institutet of Sweden, and its course, the S-Star Bioinformatics Online course. The goal is to provide course material for training in bioinformatics and genomics.
Membe... | S* | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 222 | [
"Bioinformatics stubs",
"Bioinformatics organizations",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Bioinformatics"
] |
8,853,472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderomotive%20energy | In strong-field laser physics, ponderomotive energy is the cycle-averaged quiver energy of a free electron in an electromagnetic field.
Equation
The ponderomotive energy is given by
,
where is the electron charge, is the linearly polarised electric field amplitude, is the laser carrier frequency and is the elect... | Ponderomotive energy | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 279 | [
"Energy (physics)",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities"
] |
8,853,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCLID | IUCLID (; International Uniform Chemical Information Database) is a software application to capture, store, maintain and exchange data on intrinsic and hazard properties of chemical substances. Distributed free of charge, the software is especially useful to chemical industry companies and to government authorities. It... | IUCLID | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,361 | [
"Regulation of chemicals in the European Union",
"Regulation of chemicals",
"Computational chemistry",
"nan",
"Cheminformatics"
] |
8,855,042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20insulation%20material | Building insulation materials are the building materials that form the thermal envelope of a building or otherwise reduce heat transfer.
Insulation may be categorized by its composition (natural or synthetic materials), form (batts, blankets, loose-fill, spray foam, and panels), structural contribution (insulating con... | Building insulation material | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 9,812 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
8,855,773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied%20technological%20cooperation%20during%20World%20War%20II | The Allies of World War II cooperated extensively in the development and manufacture of new and existing technologies to support military operations and intelligence gathering during the Second World War. There are various ways in which the allies cooperated, including the American Lend-Lease scheme and hybrid weapons ... | Allied technological cooperation during World War II | [
"Technology"
] | 2,931 | [
"Science and technology during World War II",
"Science and technology by war"
] |
8,855,979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmrpipe | NMRPipe is a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance data processing program.
The project was preceded by other functionally similar programs but is, by and large, one of the most popular software packages for NMR Data Processing in part due to its efficiency (due to its utilization of Unix pipes) and ease of use (due to the larg... | Nmrpipe | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 162 | [
"Nuclear magnetic resonance",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance software",
"Medical software",
"Nuclear chemistry stubs",
"Nuclear magnetic resonance stubs",
"Medical technology"
] |
8,861,079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s%20continued%20fraction%20formula | In the analytic theory of continued fractions, Euler's continued fraction formula is an identity connecting a certain very general infinite series with an infinite continued fraction. First published in 1748, it was at first regarded as a simple identity connecting a finite sum with a finite continued fraction in such ... | Euler's continued fraction formula | [
"Mathematics"
] | 849 | [
"Continued fractions",
"Number theory"
] |
8,861,618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson%20power%20cell | The Patterson power cell is a cold fusion device invented by chemist James A. Patterson, which he claimed created 200 times more energy than it used. Patterson claimed the device neutralized radioactivity without emitting any harmful radiation. Cold fusion was the subject of an intense scientific controversy in 1989, b... | Patterson power cell | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 877 | [
"Nuclear physics",
"Chemical equipment",
"Electrochemistry",
"Cold fusion",
"nan",
"Electrolysis",
"Nuclear fusion"
] |
1,595,681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20theory | In mathematics, the mathematician Sophus Lie ( ) initiated lines of study involving integration of differential equations, transformation groups, and contact of spheres that have come to be called Lie theory. For instance, the latter subject is Lie sphere geometry. This article addresses his approach to transformation... | Lie theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,211 | [
"Lie groups",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Differential equations",
"Equations",
"Algebraic structures"
] |
1,595,817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20demand%20management | Energy demand management, also known as demand-side management (DSM) or demand-side response (DSR), is the modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentives and behavioral change through education.
Usually, the goal of demand-side management is to encourage the consumer to... | Energy demand management | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,002 | [
"Energy economics",
"Environmental social science"
] |
1,596,497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20sexes%20%28game%20theory%29 | In game theory, the battle of the sexes is a two-player coordination game that also involves elements of conflict. The game was introduced in 1957 by R. Duncan Luce and Howard Raiffa in their classic book, Games and Decisions. Some authors prefer to avoid assigning sexes to the players and instead use Players 1 and 2, ... | Battle of the sexes (game theory) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 933 | [
"Game theory",
"Non-cooperative games"
] |
1,596,638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20procedure | In logic, and in particular proof theory, a proof procedure for a given logic is a systematic method for producing proofs in some proof calculus of (provable) statements.
Types of proof calculi used
There are several types of proof calculi. The most popular are natural deduction, sequent calculi (i.e., Gentzen-type sy... | Proof procedure | [
"Mathematics"
] | 279 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Proof theory"
] |
1,598,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating%20series%20test | In mathematical analysis, the alternating series test is the method used to show that an alternating series is convergent when its terms (1) decrease in absolute value, and (2) approach zero in the limit. The test was used by Gottfried Leibniz and is sometimes known as Leibniz's test, Leibniz's rule, or the Leibniz cri... | Alternating series test | [
"Mathematics"
] | 951 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Convergence tests"
] |
1,600,053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-replicating%20machine | A self-replicating machine is a type of autonomous robot that is capable of reproducing itself autonomously using raw materials found in the environment, thus exhibiting self-replication in a way analogous to that found in nature. The concept of self-replicating machines has been advanced and examined by Homer Jacobson... | Self-replicating machine | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 4,930 | [
"Self-organization",
"Machines",
"Behavior",
"Self-replicating machines",
"Reproduction",
"Biological interactions",
"Self-replication",
"Physical systems",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
16,267,934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinorhizal%20plant | Actinorhizal plants are a group of angiosperms characterized by their ability to form a symbiosis with the nitrogen fixing actinomycetota Frankia. This association leads to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules.
Actinorhizal plants are distributed within three clades, and are characterized by nitrogen fixatio... | Actinorhizal plant | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,194 | [
"Behavior",
"Symbiosis",
"Biological interactions",
"Biogeochemical cycle",
"Nitrogen cycle",
"Biogeochemistry",
"Soil biology",
"Metabolism"
] |
16,269,602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract%20additive%20Schwarz%20method | In mathematics, the abstract additive Schwarz method, named after Hermann Schwarz, is an abstract version of the additive Schwarz method for boundary value problems on partial differential equations, formulated only in terms of linear algebra without reference to domains, subdomains, etc. Many if not all domain decompo... | Abstract additive Schwarz method | [
"Mathematics"
] | 85 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematics stubs"
] |
16,275,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric%20window | An atmospheric window is a region of the electromagnetic spectrum that can pass through the atmosphere of Earth. The optical, infrared and radio windows comprise the three main atmospheric windows. The windows provide direct channels for Earth's surface to receive electromagnetic energy from the Sun, and for thermal ra... | Atmospheric window | [
"Physics"
] | 643 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum"
] |
16,276,631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM1%2A | AM1* is a semiempirical molecular orbital technique in computational chemistry. The method was developed by Timothy Clark and co-workers (in Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) and published first in 2003.
Indeed, AM1* is an extension of AM1 molecular orbital theory and uses AM1 parameters and theo... | AM1* | [
"Chemistry"
] | 263 | [
"Quantum chemistry stubs",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry stubs",
"Computational chemistry",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Semiempirical quantum chemistry methods"
] |
16,276,793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-free%20protein%20array | Cell-free protein array technology produces protein microarrays by performing in vitro synthesis of the target proteins from their DNA templates. This method of synthesizing protein microarrays overcomes the many obstacles and challenges faced by traditional methods of protein array production that have prevented wides... | Cell-free protein array | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Biology"
] | 1,919 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Genetics techniques",
"Microtechnology",
"Microarrays",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
16,277,487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canter%20rhythm | Canter time, canter timing or canter rhythm is a two-beat regular rhythmic pattern of a musical instrument or in dance steps within time music. The term is borrowed from the canter horse gait, which sounds three hoof beats followed by a pause, i.e., 3 accents in time.
In waltz dances it may mark the 1st and the 4t... | Canter rhythm | [
"Physics"
] | 395 | [
"Spacetime",
"Rhythm and meter",
"Physical quantities",
"Time"
] |
16,278,208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhexanide | Polyhexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB) is a polymer used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. In dermatological use, it is spelled polihexanide (INN) and sold under various brand names. PHMB has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, ... | Polyhexanide | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 618 | [
"Polymers",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
7,359,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser%20accelerometer | A laser accelerometer is an accelerometer that uses a laser to measure changes in velocity/direction.
Mechanism
It employs a frame with three orthogonal input axes and multiple proof masses. Each proof mass has a predetermined blanking surface. A flexible beam supports each proof mass. The flexible beam permits movem... | Laser accelerometer | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 821 | [
"Accelerometers",
"Physical quantities",
"Acceleration",
"Measuring instruments",
"Sensors"
] |
7,360,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20Mendelian%20Inheritance%20in%20Animals | Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) is an online database of genes, inherited disorders and traits in more than 550 animal species. It is modelled on, and is complementary to, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). It aims to provide a publicly accessible catalogue of all animal phenes, excluding those ... | Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals | [
"Biology"
] | 294 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases"
] |
7,361,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrogression%20heat%20treatment | Retrogression heat treatment (RHT) is a heat treatment process that rapidly heat treats age-hardenable aluminum alloys. Mainly induction heating is used for RHT. In the past, it was mainly used for 6061 and 6063 aluminum alloys. Therefore, forming of complex shapes is possible, without creating damages like cracks. Eve... | Retrogression heat treatment | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 97 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
7,362,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulin | Cellulin or cellulin granules are a type of polysaccharide found exclusively within the oomycetes of the order Leptomitales. Cellulin granules are composed of β-glucan and chitin. The experimentally determined composition of cellulin is 39% glucan (composed of beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-linked glucose units) and 60% chiti... | Cellulin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 347 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Polysaccharides"
] |
7,362,920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20analyst | Public Analysts are scientists in the British Isles whose principal task is to ensure the safety and correct description of food by testing for compliance with legislation. Most Public Analysts are also Agricultural Analysts who carry out similar work on animal feedingstuffs and fertilisers. Nowadays this includes che... | Public analyst | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,566 | [
"Environmental chemistry",
"nan",
"Royal Society of Chemistry"
] |
7,364,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlenk%20flask | A Schlenk flask, or Schlenk tube, is a reaction vessel typically used in air-sensitive chemistry, invented by Wilhelm Schlenk. It has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock, which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gases (usually inert gases like nitrogen or argon). These flasks are often ... | Schlenk flask | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,764 | [
"Vacuum systems",
"Air-free techniques"
] |
12,002,936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement%E2%80%93length%20ratio | The displacement–length ratio (DLR or D/L ratio) is a calculation used to express how heavy a boat is relative to its waterline length.
DLR was first published in
It is calculated by dividing a boat's displacement in long tons (2,240 pounds) by the cube of one one-hundredth of the waterline length (in feet):
DLR ca... | Displacement–length ratio | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 143 | [
"Naval architecture",
"Metrics",
"Engineering ratios",
"Quantity",
"Marine engineering"
] |
12,004,602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Available%20name | In zoological nomenclature, an available name is a scientific name for a taxon of animals that has been published after 1757 and conforming to all the mandatory provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for the establishment of a zoological name. In contrast, an unavailable name is a name that doe... | Available name | [
"Biology"
] | 867 | [
"Zoological nomenclature",
"Biological nomenclature"
] |
3,094,328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight%20binding | In solid-state physics, the tight-binding model (or TB model) is an approach to the calculation of electronic band structure using an approximate set of wave functions based upon superposition of wave functions for isolated atoms located at each atomic site. The method is closely related to the LCAO method (linear comb... | Tight binding | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,471 | [
"Electron",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Computational physics",
"Electronic structure methods",
"Electronic band structures",
"Computational chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
3,094,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge%20conservation | In physics, charge conservation is the principle, of experimental nature, that the total electric charge in an isolated system never changes. The net quantity of electric charge, the amount of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge in the universe, is always conserved. Charge conservation, considered as... | Charge conservation | [
"Physics"
] | 1,576 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electromagnetism",
"Equations of physics",
"Conservation laws",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
3,096,030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman%20surface%20brightness%20test | The Tolman surface brightness test is one out of six cosmological tests that were conceived in the 1930s to check the viability of and compare new cosmological models. Tolman's test compares the surface brightness of galaxies as a function of their redshift (measured as z). Such a comparison was first proposed in 1930 ... | Tolman surface brightness test | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 660 | [
"Astrophysics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Physical cosmology",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
3,096,353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium%20alloys | Zirconium alloys are solid solutions of zirconium or other metals, a common subgroup having the trade mark Zircaloy. Zirconium has very low absorption cross-section of thermal neutrons, high hardness, ductility and corrosion resistance. One of the main uses of zirconium alloys is in nuclear technology, as cladding of f... | Zirconium alloys | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,235 | [
"Materials",
"Nuclear materials",
"Alloys",
"Zirconium alloys",
"Matter"
] |
3,096,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor%20actinide | A minor actinide is an actinide, other than uranium or plutonium, found in spent nuclear fuel. The minor actinides include neptunium (element 93), americium (element 95), curium (element 96), berkelium (element 97), californium (element 98), einsteinium (element 99), and fermium (element 100). The most important isotop... | Minor actinide | [
"Physics"
] | 472 | [
"Materials",
"Nuclear materials",
"Matter"
] |
3,096,911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feist%E2%80%93Benary%20synthesis | The Feist–Benary synthesis is an organic reaction between α-halo ketones and β-dicarbonyl compounds to produce substituted furan compounds. This condensation reaction is catalyzed by amines such as ammonia and pyridine. The first step in the ring synthesis is related to the Knoevenagel condensation. In the second step ... | Feist–Benary synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 265 | [
"Name reactions",
"Ring forming reactions",
"Heterocycle forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
3,098,397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20laser%20isotope%20separation | Molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) is a method of isotope separation, where specially tuned lasers are used to separate isotopes of uranium using selective ionization of hyperfine transitions of uranium hexafluoride molecules. It is similar to AVLIS. Its main advantage over AVLIS is low energy consumption and us... | Molecular laser isotope separation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 630 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical processes",
"nan"
] |
3,098,704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20oxygen%20iodine%20laser | A chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL) is a near–infrared chemical laser. As the beam is infrared, it cannot be seen with the naked eye. It is capable of output power scaling up to megawatts in continuous mode. Its output wavelength is 1315 nm, a transition wavelength of atomic iodine.
Principles of operation
The las... | Chemical oxygen iodine laser | [
"Chemistry"
] | 706 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical lasers"
] |
3,099,755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostwald%E2%80%93Freundlich%20equation | The Ostwald–Freundlich equation governs boundaries between two phases; specifically, it relates the surface tension of the boundary to its curvature, the ambient temperature, and the vapor pressure or chemical potential in the two phases.
The Ostwald–Freundlich equation for a droplet or particle with radius is:
= ... | Ostwald–Freundlich equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 587 | [
"Thermodynamic equations",
"Equations of physics",
"Surface science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
3,099,929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20fluoride%20laser | The hydrogen fluoride laser is an infrared chemical laser. It is capable of delivering continuous output power in the megawatt range.
Hydrogen fluoride lasers operate at the wavelength of 2.7–2.9 μm. This wavelength is absorbed by the atmosphere, effectively attenuating the beam and reducing its reach, unless used in ... | Hydrogen fluoride laser | [
"Chemistry"
] | 320 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical lasers"
] |
3,100,090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20laser | A chemical laser is a laser that obtains its energy from a chemical reaction. Chemical lasers can reach continuous wave output with power reaching to megawatt levels. They are used in industry for cutting and drilling.
Common examples of chemical lasers are the chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL), all gas-phase iodine... | Chemical laser | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,572 | [
"Chemical reaction engineering",
"Chemical lasers"
] |
5,633,169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocrystalline | A protocrystalline phase is a distinct phase occurring during crystal growth, which evolves into a microcrystalline form. The term is typically associated with silicon films in optical applications such as solar cells.
Applications
Silicon solar cells
Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is a popular solar cell material owing t... | Protocrystalline | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 242 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Thin-film cells",
"Materials science",
"Crystallography stubs",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Thin films"
] |
5,634,341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconversion%20of%20biomass%20to%20mixed%20alcohol%20fuels | The bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels can be accomplished using the MixAlco process. Through bioconversion of biomass to a mixed alcohol fuel, more energy from the biomass will end up as liquid fuels than in converting biomass to ethanol by yeast fermentation.
The process involves a biological/chemical m... | Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,762 | [
"Water treatment",
"Biodegradable waste management",
"Biodegradation",
"Anaerobic digestion",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water technology",
"Waste treatment technology"
] |
5,634,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression%20evaporation | Vapor-compression evaporation is the evaporation method by which a blower, compressor or jet ejector is used to compress, and thus, increase the pressure of the vapor produced. Since the pressure increase of the vapor also generates an increase in the condensation temperature, the same vapor can serve as the heating m... | Vapor-compression evaporation | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,131 | [
"Unit operations",
"Water treatment",
"Chemical equipment",
"Water pollution",
"Chemical processes",
"Environmental engineering",
"Distillation",
"Evaporators",
"nan",
"Water technology",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
5,636,766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-ion%20conductor | In materials science, fast ion conductors are solid conductors with highly mobile ions. These materials are important in the area of solid state ionics, and are also known as solid electrolytes and superionic conductors. These materials are useful in batteries and various sensors. Fast ion conductors are used primarily... | Fast-ion conductor | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,247 | [
"Materials science",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Electrochemical concepts",
"Electrochemistry",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
11,025,540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezomagnetism | Piezomagnetism is a phenomenon observed in some antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic crystals. It is characterized by a linear coupling between the system's magnetic polarization and mechanical strain. In a piezomagnetic material, one may induce a spontaneous magnetic moment by applying mechanical stress, or a physical ... | Piezomagnetism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 334 | [
"Magnetic ordering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science"
] |
11,026,373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20engine%20house%2C%20Bristol%20Harbour | The Hydraulic engine house is part of the "Underfall Yard" in Bristol Harbour in Bristol, England.
The octagonal brick and terracotta chimney of the engine house dates from 1888, and is grade II* listed, as is the hydraulic engine house itself. It replaced the original pumping house which is now The Pump House public... | Hydraulic engine house, Bristol Harbour | [
"Physics"
] | 344 | [
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulic accumulators",
"Hydraulics"
] |
11,027,904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon%20calculus | In logic, Hilbert's epsilon calculus is an extension of a formal language by the epsilon operator, where the epsilon operator substitutes for quantifiers in that language as a method leading to a proof of consistency for the extended formal language. The epsilon operator and epsilon substitution method are typically a... | Epsilon calculus | [
"Mathematics"
] | 643 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Proof theory"
] |
11,028,411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20and%20Einstein%20frames | The Lagrangian in scalar-tensor theory can be expressed in the Jordan frame or in the Einstein frame, which are field variables that stress different aspects of the gravitational field equations and the evolution equations of the matter fields. In the Jordan frame the scalar field or some function of it multiplies the ... | Jordan and Einstein frames | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 877 | [
"General relativity",
"Tensors",
"Relativity stubs",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
14,695,652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramography | Ceramography is the art and science of preparation, examination and evaluation of ceramic microstructures. Ceramography can be thought of as the metallography of ceramics. The microstructure is the structure level of approximately 0.1 to 100 μm, between the minimum wavelength of visible light and the resolution limit o... | Ceramography | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,517 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Materials testing",
"nan",
"Microscopy",
"Ceramic engineering"
] |
14,695,796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPI1 | Transcription factor PU.1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPI1 gene.
Function
This gene encodes an ETS-domain transcription factor that activates gene expression during myeloid and B-lymphoid cell development. The nuclear protein binds to a purine-rich sequence known as the PU-box found on enhancers of ... | SPI1 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 506 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
14,696,512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine%20receptor%2C%20alpha%201 | Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLRA1 gene.
Function
The inhibitory glycine receptor mediates postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord and other regions of the central nervous system. It is a pentameric receptor composed solely of alpha subunits. The GLRB gene encodes ... | Glycine receptor, alpha 1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 128 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Ion channels"
] |
14,698,621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropilin%201 | Neuropilin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRP1 gene. In humans, the neuropilin 1 gene is located at 10p11.22. This is one of two human neuropilins.
Function
NRP1 is a membrane-bound coreceptor to a tyrosine kinase receptor for both vascular endothelial growth factor (for example, VEGFA) and semaphor... | Neuropilin 1 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 542 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
14,698,685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-induced%20gap%20states | In bulk semiconductor band structure calculations, it is assumed that the crystal lattice (which features a periodic potential due to the atomic structure) of the material is infinite. When the finite size of a crystal is taken into account, the wavefunctions of electrons are altered and states that are forbidden with... | Metal-induced gap states | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 912 | [
"Electron",
"Electronic band structures",
"Condensed matter physics"
] |
14,699,013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealkalization | Dealkalization is a process of surface modification applicable to glasses containing alkali ions, wherein a thin surface layer is created that has a lower concentration of alkali ions than is present in the underlying, bulk glass. This change in surface composition commonly alters the observed properties of the surfac... | Dealkalization | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,791 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Glass chemistry",
"Coatings",
"Glass coating and surface modification"
] |
14,700,395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPH%20receptor%20A2 | EPH receptor A2 (ephrin type-A receptor 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPHA2 gene.
Function
This gene belongs to the ephrin receptor subfamily of the protein-tyrosine kinase family. EPH and EPH-related receptors have been implicated in mediating developmental events, particularly in the nervous sys... | EPH receptor A2 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 316 | [
"Tyrosine kinase receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
14,703,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubin%E2%80%93Lions%20lemma | In mathematics, the Aubin–Lions lemma (or theorem) is the result in the theory of Sobolev spaces of Banach space-valued functions, which provides a compactness criterion that is useful in the study of nonlinear evolutionary partial differential equations. Typically, to prove the existence of solutions one first constru... | Aubin–Lions lemma | [
"Mathematics"
] | 316 | [
"Lemmas",
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in functional analysis",
"Lemmas in mathematical analysis"
] |
14,703,193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20inhabitation | In type theory, a branch of mathematical logic, in a given typed calculus, the type inhabitation problem for this calculus is the following problem: given a type and a typing environment , does there exist a -term M such that ? With an empty type environment, such an M is said to be an inhabitant of .
Relationship to... | Type inhabitation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 240 | [
"Type theory",
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
14,703,220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentosidine | Pentosidine is a biomarker for advanced glycation endproducts, or AGEs. It is a well characterized and easily detected member of this large class of compounds.
Background
AGEs are biochemicals formed continuously under normal circumstances, but more rapidly under a variety of stresses, especially oxidative stress and... | Pentosidine | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 303 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Biomarkers",
"Natural products",
"Biochemistry",
"Guanidines",
"Functional groups",
"Organic compounds",
"Senescence",
"Biomolecules",
"Molecular biology",
"Structural biology",
"Advanced glycation end-products"
] |
14,703,713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock-capturing%20method | In computational fluid dynamics, shock-capturing methods are a class of techniques for computing inviscid flows with shock waves. The computation of flow containing shock waves is an extremely difficult task because such flows result in sharp, discontinuous changes in flow variables such as pressure, temperature, densi... | Shock-capturing method | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,539 | [
"Computational fluid dynamics",
"Aerodynamics",
"Computational physics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
348,029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virasoro%20algebra | In mathematics, the Virasoro algebra is a complex Lie algebra and the unique nontrivial central extension of the Witt algebra. It is widely used in two-dimensional conformal field theory and in string theory.
Structure
The Virasoro algebra is spanned by generators for and the central charge .
These generators sati... | Virasoro algebra | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,142 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
348,044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-system | A metasystem or meta-system is a "system about other systems", such as describing, generalizing, modelling, or analyzing the other system(s). It links the concepts of a system and meta.
Control theory | Meta-system | [
"Mathematics"
] | 50 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Control theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
348,302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20der%20Pauw%20method | The van der Pauw Method is a technique commonly used to measure the resistivity and the Hall coefficient of a sample. Its strength lies in its ability to accurately measure the properties of a sample of any arbitrary shape, as long as the sample is approximately two-dimensional (i.e. it is much thinner than it is wide)... | Van der Pauw method | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,634 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Hall effect",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Electrical engineering",
"Solid state engineering"
] |
348,898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue%20%28material%29 | In materials science, fatigue is the initiation and propagation of cracks in a material due to cyclic loading. Once a fatigue crack has initiated, it grows a small amount with each loading cycle, typically producing striations on some parts of the fracture surface. The crack will continue to grow until it reaches a cri... | Fatigue (material) | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 7,627 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Solid mechanics",
"Mechanical failure modes",
"Fracture mechanics",
"Structural analysis",
"Technological failures",
"Materials science",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Materials degradation",
"Mechanical failure"
] |
349,735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon%20number | In particle physics, the baryon number is a strictly conserved additive quantum number of a system. It is defined as
where is the number of quarks, and is the number of antiquarks. Baryons (three quarks) have a baryon number of +1, mesons (one quark, one antiquark) have a baryon number of 0, and antibaryons (three a... | Baryon number | [
"Physics"
] | 977 | [
"Standard Model",
"Equations of physics",
"Conservation laws",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Symmetry",
"Physics theorems"
] |
351,080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency%20%28projection%29 | A transparency, also known variously as a viewfoil or foil (from the French word "feuille" or sheet), or viewgraph, is a thin sheet of transparent flexible material, typically polyester (historically cellulose acetate), onto which figures can be drawn. These are then placed on an overhead projector for display to an au... | Transparency (projection) | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 586 | [
"Multimedia",
"Electronic engineering",
"Presentation",
"Display technology"
] |
351,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency%20%28telecommunication%29 | In telecommunications, transparency can refer to:
The property of an entity that allows another entity to pass through it without altering either of the entities.
The property that allows a transmission system or channel to accept, at its input, unmodified user information, and deliver corresponding user information ... | Transparency (telecommunication) | [
"Engineering"
] | 409 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
351,131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20file%20system | A virtual file system (VFS) or virtual filesystem switch is an abstract layer on top of a more concrete file system. The purpose of a VFS is to allow client applications to access different types of concrete file systems in a uniform way. A VFS can, for example, be used to access local and network storage devices trans... | Virtual file system | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,409 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Virtualization"
] |
4,229,687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-56 | Iron-56 (56Fe) is the most common isotope of iron. About 91.754% of all iron is iron-56.
Of all nuclides, iron-56 has the lowest mass per nucleon. With 8.8 MeV binding energy per nucleon, iron-56 is one of the most tightly bound nuclei.
The high nuclear binding energy for 56Fe represents the point where further nucle... | Iron-56 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 404 | [
"Isotopes of iron",
"Isotopes"
] |
4,229,946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20contamination | Soil contamination, soil pollution, or land pollution as a part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste. The most common ch... | Soil contamination | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 4,932 | [
"Environmental chemistry",
"Soil chemistry",
"Soil contamination",
"nan",
"Environmental soil science",
"Environmental issues with soil"
] |
4,230,480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideband%20materials | Wideband material refers to material that can convey Microwave signals (light/sound) over a variety of wavelengths. These materials possess exemplary attenuation and dielectric constants, and are excellent dielectrics for semiconductor gates. Examples of such material include gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (... | Wideband materials | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 150 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Condensed matter stubs"
] |
4,230,598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20flat | An optical flat is an optical-grade piece of glass lapped and polished to be extremely flat on one or both sides, usually within a few tens of nanometres (billionths of a metre). They are used with a monochromatic light to determine the flatness (surface accuracy) of other surfaces (whether optical, metallic, ceramic, ... | Optical flat | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,936 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Optical devices"
] |
4,231,961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20etching | Plasma etching is a form of plasma processing used to fabricate integrated circuits. It involves a high-speed stream of glow discharge (plasma) of an appropriate gas mixture being shot (in pulses) at a sample. The plasma source, known as etch species, can be either charged (ions) or neutral (atoms and radicals). During... | Plasma etching | [
"Materials_science"
] | 1,666 | [
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Microtechnology"
] |
4,232,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuator%20%28electronics%29 | An attenuator is a passive broadband electronic device that reduces the power of a signal without appreciably distorting its waveform.
An attenuator is effectively the opposite of an amplifier, though the two work by different methods. While an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss, or gain less than un... | Attenuator (electronics) | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,244 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Resistive components",
"Electrical engineering",
"Audio engineering",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
4,232,656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakhtenbrot%27s%20theorem | In logic, finite model theory, and computability theory, Trakhtenbrot's theorem (due to Boris Trakhtenbrot) states that the problem of validity in first-order logic on the class of all finite models is undecidable. In fact, the class of valid sentences over finite models is not recursively enumerable (though it is co... | Trakhtenbrot's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,107 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Foundations of mathematics",
"Mathematical logic",
"Computational problems",
"Finite model theory",
"Undecidable problems",
"Model theory",
"Computability theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Theorems in the foundations of mathematics"
] |
4,233,727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurea%20Alexandrina | Aurea Alexandrina was an ancient opiate. It is called Aurea from the gold which enters its composition, and Alexandrina for the physician Nicolaus Myresus Alexandrinus, who invented it. It was considered to be a good preservative against colic and apoplexy.
References
Opioids
Antidotes | Aurea Alexandrina | [
"Chemistry"
] | 73 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
4,234,010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%20Systems | 3D Systems Corporation is an American company based in Rock Hill, South Carolina, that engineers, manufactures, and sells 3D printers, 3D printing materials, 3D printed parts, and application engineering services. The company creates product concept models, precision and functional prototypes, master patterns for tooli... | 3D Systems | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,598 | [
"Computer-aided design",
"Design engineering"
] |
4,234,672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland%20Fra%C3%AFss%C3%A9 | Roland Fraïssé (; 12 March 1920 – 30 March 2008) was a French mathematical logician.
Life
Fraïssé received his doctoral degree from the University of Paris in 1953. In his thesis, Fraïssé used the back-and-forth method to determine whether two model-theoretic structures were elementarily equivalent. This method of det... | Roland Fraïssé | [
"Mathematics"
] | 355 | [
"Model theorists",
"Mathematical logic",
"Model theory",
"Mathematical logicians"
] |
1,034,969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelling | Levelling or leveling (American English; see spelling differences) is a branch of surveying, the object of which is to establish or verify or measure the height of specified points relative to a datum. It is widely used in geodesy and cartography to measure vertical position with respect to a vertical datum, and in con... | Levelling | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,304 | [
"Vertical position",
"Physical quantities",
"Distance",
"Construction",
"Surveying",
"Civil engineering"
] |
1,035,507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiopharmacology | Radiopharmacology is radiochemistry applied to medicine and thus the pharmacology of radiopharmaceuticals (medicinal radiocompounds, that is, pharmaceutical drugs that are radioactive). Radiopharmaceuticals are used in the field of nuclear medicine as radioactive tracers in medical imaging and in therapy for many disea... | Radiopharmacology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,103 | [
"Medicinal radiochemistry",
"Radiobiology",
"Radiopharmaceuticals",
"nan",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Biochemistry",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Radioactivity"
] |
1,038,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20engineering | Climate engineering (or geoengineering, climate intervention) is the intentional large-scale alteration of the planetary environment to counteract anthropogenic climate change. The term has been used as an umbrella term for both carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation modification when applied at a planetary scale. ... | Climate engineering | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,877 | [
"Planetary engineering",
"Emissions reduction",
"Geoengineering",
"nan",
"Greenhouse gases"
] |
614,085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20manufacturing%20practice | Current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) are those conforming to the guidelines recommended by relevant agencies. Those agencies control the authorization and licensing of the manufacture and sale of food and beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, dietary supplements, and medical devices. These guidelines pr... | Good manufacturing practice | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,966 | [
"Pharmaceutical industry",
"Pharmacology",
"Life sciences industry"
] |
614,192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschen%27s%20law | Paschen's law is an equation that gives the breakdown voltage, that is, the voltage necessary to start a discharge or electric arc, between two electrodes in a gas as a function of pressure and gap length. It is named after Friedrich Paschen who discovered it empirically in 1889.
Paschen studied the breakdown voltage... | Paschen's law | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,643 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electrical discharge in gases",
"Equations of physics",
"Plasma phenomena",
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Plasma physics equations",
"Electrical breakdown",
"Ions",
"Matter"
] |
614,297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay%20process | The Solvay process or ammonia–soda process is the major industrial process for the production of sodium carbonate (soda ash, Na2CO3). The ammonia–soda process was developed into its modern form by the Belgian chemist Ernest Solvay during the 1860s. The ingredients for this are readily available and inexpensive: salt b... | Solvay process | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,816 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical processes",
"nan"
] |
614,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandelier | A chandelier () is an ornamental lighting device, typically with spreading branched supports for multiple lights, designed to be hung from the ceiling. Chandeliers are often ornate, and they were originally designed to hold candles, but now incandescent light bulbs are commonly used, as well as fluorescent lamps and LE... | Chandelier | [
"Engineering"
] | 6,543 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Ceilings"
] |
614,723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Plasma%20Physics | The Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (, IPP) is a physics institute investigating the physical foundations of a fusion power plant.
The IPP is an institute of the Max Planck Society, part of the European Atomic Energy Community, and an associated member of the Helmholtz Association.
The IPP has two sites: Garc... | Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 252 | [
"Plasma physics",
"Fusion power",
"Plasma physics stubs",
"Plasma physics facilities",
"Nuclear fusion"
] |
614,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark%20effect | The Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to the presence of an external electric field. It is the electric-field analogue of the Zeeman effect, where a spectral line is split into several components due to the presence of the magnetic field. Although initially coined f... | Stark effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,110 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Foundational quantum physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Spectroscopy",
" and optical physics"
] |
615,108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynting%E2%80%93Robertson%20effect | The Poynting–Robertson effect, also known as Poynting–Robertson drag, named after John Henry Poynting and Howard P. Robertson, is a process by which solar radiation causes a dust grain orbiting a star to lose angular momentum relative to its orbit around the star. This is related to radiation pressure tangential to the... | Poynting–Robertson effect | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Astronomy",
"Engineering"
] | 1,075 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Outer space",
"Materials science",
"Astrophysics",
"Special relativity",
"Radiation",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Theory of relativity",
"Doppler effects",
"Radiation effects",
"Astronomical objects",
"Cosmic dust"
] |
615,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate%20valve | A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a barrier (gate) out of the path of the fluid. Gate valves require very little space along the pipe axis and hardly restrict the flow of fluid when the gate is fully opened. The gate faces can be parallel but are most commonly wedge-shaped (in... | Gate valve | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 857 | [
"Physical systems",
"Valves",
"Hydraulics",
"Piping"
] |
615,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%20valve | A ball valve is a flow control device which uses a hollow, perforated, and pivoting ball to control fluid flowing through it. It is open when the hole through the middle of the ball is in line with the flow inlet, and closed when it is pivoted 90 degrees by the valve handle, blocking the flow. The handle lies flat in a... | Ball valve | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,969 | [
"Physical systems",
"Valves",
"Hydraulics",
"Piping"
] |
616,293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft%20matter | Soft matter or soft condensed matter is a type of matter that can be deformed or structurally altered by thermal or mechanical stress which is of similar magnitude to thermal fluctuations.
The science of soft matter is a subfield of condensed matter physics. Soft materials include liquids, colloids, polymers, foams, g... | Soft matter | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,150 | [
"Soft matter",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
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