id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
172,586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser%20cooling | Laser cooling, sometimes also referred to as Doppler cooling, includes several techniques where atoms, molecules, and small mechanical systems are cooled with laser light. The directed energy of lasers is often associated with heating materials, e.g. laser cutting, so it can be counterintuitive that laser cooling ofte... | Laser cooling | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,983 | [
"Dynamical systems",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Thermodynamics",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
172,825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation%20reaction | In organic chemistry, a condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water. If water is lost, the reaction is also known as a dehydration synthesis. However other molecules can also be lost, such as ... | Condensation reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 370 | [
"Condensation reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
173,186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-to-roll%20processing | In the field of electronic devices, roll-to-roll processing, also known as web processing, reel-to-reel processing or R2R, is the process of creating electronic devices on a roll of flexible plastic, metal foil, or flexible glass. In other fields predating this use, it can refer to any process of applying coating, prin... | Roll-to-roll processing | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 621 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electronics manufacturing",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
173,196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20network | In physics, a spin network is a type of diagram which can be used to represent states and interactions between particles and fields in quantum mechanics. From a mathematical perspective, the diagrams are a concise way to represent multilinear functions and functions between representations of matrix groups. The diagram... | Spin network | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,534 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
173,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Alder%20reaction | In organic chemistry, the Diels–Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile, to form a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the prototypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism. More specifically, it is classified... | Diels–Alder reaction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 6,267 | [
"Name reactions",
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Ring forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
173,283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly%28methyl%20methacrylate%29 | Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a synthetic polymer derived from methyl methacrylate. It is a transparent thermoplastic, used as an engineering plastic. PMMA is also known as acrylic, acrylic glass, as well as by the trade names and brands Crylux, Hesalite, Plexiglas, Acrylite, Lucite, and Perspex, among several ot... | Poly(methyl methacrylate) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 5,281 | [
"Biomaterials",
"Physical phenomena",
"Dental materials",
"Commodity chemicals",
"Products of chemical industry",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Optical phenomena",
"Materials",
"Optical materials",
"Medical technology",
"Transparent materials",
"Dielectrics",
"Amorphous solids",
"Matter... |
173,309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefaction | In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics.
It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction... | Liquefaction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 533 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Civil engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Earthquake engineering",
"Matter"
] |
173,332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfitting | In mathematical modeling, overfitting is "the production of an analysis that corresponds too closely or exactly to a particular set of data, and may therefore fail to fit to additional data or predict future observations reliably". An overfitted model is a mathematical model that contains more parameters than can be ju... | Overfitting | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,791 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Mathematical modeling",
"Machine learning"
] |
173,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation | Automation describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, mainly by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines. Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydrauli... | Automation | [
"Engineering"
] | 10,130 | [
"Control engineering",
"Automation"
] |
173,356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpless%20epoxidation | The Sharpless epoxidation reaction is an enantioselective chemical reaction to prepare 2,3-epoxyalcohols from primary and secondary allylic alcohols. The oxidizing agent is tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The method relies on a catalyst formed from titanium tetra(isopropoxide) and diethyl tartrate.
2,3-Epoxyalcohols can be... | Sharpless epoxidation | [
"Chemistry"
] | 846 | [
"Catalysis",
"Organic redox reactions",
"Organic reactions",
"Name reactions",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Ring forming reactions"
] |
173,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20physics | Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulatio... | Mathematical physics | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,985 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
173,724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking%20radiation | Hawking radiation is black body radiation released outside a black hole's event horizon due to quantum effects according to a model developed by Stephen Hawking in 1974.
The radiation was not predicted by previous models which assumed that once electromagnetic radiation is inside the event horizon, it cannot escape. H... | Hawking radiation | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,844 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Physical phenomena",
"Black holes",
"Hypotheses in physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Astronomical controversies",
"Density",
"Stellar phenomena",
... |
173,838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow%20object | A Thorne–Żytkow object (TŻO or TZO), also known as a hybrid star, is a conjectured type of star wherein a red giant or red supergiant contains a neutron star at its core, formed from the collision of the giant with the neutron star. Such objects were hypothesized by Kip Thorne and Anna Żytkow in 1977. In 2014, it was d... | Thorne–Żytkow object | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,063 | [
"Astronomical classification systems",
"Star types",
"Astrophysics",
"Stellar evolution"
] |
173,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenter | The epicenter (), epicentre, or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.
Determination
The primary purpose of a seismometer is to locate the initiating points of earthquake epicenters. The s... | Epicenter | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,404 | [
"Point (geometry)",
"Geographic position",
"Geometric centers",
"Position",
"Symmetry"
] |
173,937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological%20principle | In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the notion that the spatial distribution of matter in the universe is uniformly isotropic and homogeneous when viewed on a large enough scale, since the forces are expected to act equally throughout the universe on a large scale, and should, therefore, produce... | Cosmological principle | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,505 | [
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Physical cosmological concepts"
] |
174,030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20blot | The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot), or western blotting, is a widely used analytical technique in molecular biology and immunogenetics to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract. Besides detecting the proteins, this technique is also utilized to visualize, distinguis... | Western blot | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 6,170 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Protein methods",
"Protein biochemistry",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"nan",
"Molecular biology"
] |
14,674,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20Materials%20and%20Structures | Smart Materials and Structures is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering technical advances in smart materials, systems and structures; including intelligent systems, sensing and actuation, adaptive structures, and active control.
The initial editors-in-chief starting in 1992 were Vijay K. Varadan (Pennsy... | Smart Materials and Structures | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 214 | [
"Materials science journals",
"Materials science"
] |
14,674,709 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20diagram | In mathematics, trace diagrams are a graphical means of performing computations in linear and multilinear algebra. They can be represented as (slightly modified) graphs in which some edges are labeled by matrices. The simplest trace diagrams represent the trace and determinant of a matrix. Several results in linear alg... | Trace diagram | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,398 | [
"Linear algebra",
"Tensors",
"Algebra"
] |
14,675,761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkhoff%E2%80%93Grothendieck%20theorem | In mathematics, the Birkhoff–Grothendieck theorem classifies holomorphic vector bundles over the complex projective line. In particular every holomorphic vector bundle over is a direct sum of holomorphic line bundles. The theorem was proved by , and is more or less equivalent to Birkhoff factorization introduced by .... | Birkhoff–Grothendieck theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 354 | [
"Theorems in algebraic geometry",
"Theorems in projective geometry",
"Theorems in complex geometry",
"Topology stubs",
"Topology",
"Theorems in geometry"
] |
14,678,069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitronium%20tetrafluoroborate | Nitronium tetrafluoroborate is an inorganic compound with formula NO2BF4. It is a salt of nitronium cation and tetrafluoroborate anion. It is a colorless crystalline solid, which reacts with water to form the corrosive acids HF and HNO3. As such, it must be handled under water-free conditions. It is sparsely soluble in... | Nitronium tetrafluoroborate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 190 | [
"Nitronium compounds",
"Salts",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Inorganic compound stubs"
] |
14,679,497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide-nucleotide%20adenylyltransferase | In enzymology, nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) () are enzymes that catalyzes the chemical reaction
ATP + nicotinamide mononucleotide diphosphate + NAD+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), whereas its two products are diphosphate and NAD+.
This e... | Nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 517 | [
"Senescence",
"Anti-aging substances"
] |
14,682,596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20topological%20space | In mathematics, a finite topological space is a topological space for which the underlying point set is finite. That is, it is a topological space which has only finitely many elements.
Finite topological spaces are often used to provide examples of interesting phenomena or counterexamples to plausible sounding conjec... | Finite topological space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,033 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Mathematical structures",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Combinatorics",
"Topological spaces",
"Topology"
] |
56,135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchstone%20%28assaying%20tool%29 | A touchstone is a small tablet of dark stone such as slate or lydite, used for assaying precious metal alloys. It has a finely grained surface on which soft metals leave a visible trace.
History
The touchstone was used during the Harappa period of the Indus Valley civilization ca. 2600–1900 BC for testing the purity o... | Touchstone (assaying tool) | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 284 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Materials science",
"nan"
] |
56,226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum | Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, with trace amounts of copper and other metals. Its color ranges from pale to bright yellow, depending on the proportions of gold and silver. It has been produced artificially and is also known as "green gold".
Electrum was used as early as the third millenniu... | Electrum | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,176 | [
"Precious metal alloys",
"Alloys",
"Copper alloys",
"Coinage metals and alloys"
] |
56,239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylamide | Acrylamide (or acrylic amide) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH2=CHC(O)NH2. It is a white odorless solid, soluble in water and several organic solvents. From the chemistry perspective, acrylamide is a vinyl-substituted primary amide (CONH2). It is produced industrially mainly as a precursor to polyacr... | Acrylamide | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,627 | [
"Endocrine disruptors",
"Reproductive toxicants",
"Monomers",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
56,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s%20theorem | Bell's theorem is a term encompassing a number of closely related results in physics, all of which determine that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden-variable theories, given some basic assumptions about the nature of measurement. "Local" here refers to the principle of locality, the idea that a particl... | Bell's theorem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,685 | [
"Theorems in quantum mechanics",
"Mathematical theorems",
"No-go theorems",
"Equations of physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Binary relations",
"Theorems in mathematical physics",
"Quantum measurement",
"Mathematical relations",
"Inequalities (mathematics)",
"Mathematical problems",
"Physics theo... |
56,398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20diagram | A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium.
Overview
Common components of a phase d... | Phase diagram | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,576 | [
"Matter",
"Phase transitions",
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Metallurgy",
"Chemical engineering",
"Phases of matter",
"Critical phenomena",
"Materials science",
"Equilibrium chemistry",
"Chemical engineering thermodynamics",
"nan",
"Statistical mechanics",
... |
57,169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating%2C%20ventilation%2C%20and%20air%20conditioning | Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the use of various technologies to control the temperature, humidity, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the p... | Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 7,667 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Building biology",
"Architecture"
] |
57,526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9clet%20number | In continuum mechanics, the Péclet number (, after Jean Claude Eugène Péclet) is a class of dimensionless numbers relevant in the study of transport phenomena in a continuum. It is defined to be the ratio of the rate of advection of a physical quantity by the flow to the rate of diffusion of the same quantity driven by... | Péclet number | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 464 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Convection",
"Thermodynamics",
"Piping",
"Heat conduction",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
57,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20dissociation%20constant | In chemistry, an acid dissociation constant (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionization constant; denoted ) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution. It is the equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction
HA <=> A^- + H^+
known as dissociation in the context of acid–base reactions. The c... | Acid dissociation constant | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 10,292 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Acids",
"Equilibrium chemistry",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"nan",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
57,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol | An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas. Aerosols can be generated from natural or human causes. The term aerosol commonly refers to the mixture of particulates in air, and not to the particulate matter alone. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, mist or dust. Exampl... | Aerosol | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 5,026 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Phases of matter",
"Colloids",
"Surface science",
"Piping",
"Aerosols",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Solids",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Physical chemistry",
"Matter",
"Liquids"... |
57,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap | Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. In a domestic setting, soaps, specifically "toilet soaps", are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are use... | Soap | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,943 | [
"Products of chemical industry",
"Cleaning products",
"Salts"
] |
57,877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20hydroxide | Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions .
Sodium hydroxide is a highly corrosive base and alkali that decomposes lipids and proteins at ambient temperatures and may cause seve... | Sodium hydroxide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 6,213 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Products of chemical industry",
"Chemical engineering",
"Hydroxides",
"Cleaning products",
"Desiccants",
"Materials",
"nan",
"Deliquescent materials",
"Bases (chemistry)",
"Matter"
] |
57,880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20vitro%20fertilisation | In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation in which an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, then removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from her ovaries and enabling a man's sperm to fertilise them in a culture medi... | In vitro fertilisation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 18,173 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Behavior",
"Reproduction",
"Biological interactions",
"Cryobiology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
57,980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave%20radio | Shortwave radio is radio transmission using radio frequencies in the shortwave bands (SW). There is no official definition of the band range, but it always includes all of the high frequency band (HF), which extends from 3 to 30 MHz (approximately 100 to 10 metres in wavelength). It lies between the medium frequency ba... | Shortwave radio | [
"Physics"
] | 5,898 | [
"Radio spectrum",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum"
] |
57,992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque | Monocoque ( ), also called structural skin, is a structural system in which loads are supported by an object's external skin, in a manner similar to an egg shell. The word monocoque is a French term for "single shell".
First used for boats, a true monocoque carries both tensile and compressive forces within the skin a... | Monocoque | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,086 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Construction"
] |
58,005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship | An airship, dirigible balloon or dirigible is a type of aerostat (lighter-than-air) aircraft that can navigate through the air flying under its own power. Aerostats use buoyancy from a lifting gas that is less dense than the surrounding air to achieve the lift needed to stay airborne.
In early dirigibles, the lifting ... | Airship | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 15,765 | [
"Statistical mechanics",
"Gases",
"Phases of matter",
"Matter"
] |
58,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave%20oven | A microwave oven or simply microwave is an electric oven that heats and cooks food by exposing it to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range. This induces polar molecules in the food to rotate and produce thermal energy in a process known as dielectric heating. Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and ... | Microwave oven | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 9,277 | [
"Machines",
"Physical phenomena",
"Materials science",
"Physical systems",
"Radiation",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Home appliances",
"Radiation effects"
] |
58,246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrocellulose | Nitrocellulose (also known as cellulose nitrate, flash paper, flash cotton, guncotton, pyroxylin and flash string, depending on form) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. One of its first major uses was as guncotton, a replacement f... | Nitrocellulose | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 5,752 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Optical phenomena",
"Materials",
"Transparent materials",
"Explosive chemicals",
"Matter"
] |
58,251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal%20hydride%20battery | A nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH or Ni–MH) is a type of rechargeable battery. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode is similar to that of the nickel–cadmium cell (NiCd), with both using nickel oxide hydroxide (NiOOH). However, the negative electrodes use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead of cadmium. Ni... | Nickel–metal hydride battery | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,087 | [
"Metal hydrides",
"Inorganic compounds",
"Reducing agents"
] |
58,282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20diffusivity | In heat transfer analysis, thermal diffusivity is the thermal conductivity divided by density and specific heat capacity at constant pressure. It is a measure of the rate of heat transfer inside a material and has SI units of m2/s. It is an intensive property. Thermal diffusivity is usually denoted by lowercase alpha (... | Thermal diffusivity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 329 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Thermodynamics",
"Heat conduction",
"Physical properties"
] |
58,283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prandtl%20number | The Prandtl number (Pr) or Prandtl group is a dimensionless number, named after the German physicist Ludwig Prandtl, defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity. The Prandtl number is given as:where:
: momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity), , (SI units: m2/s)
: thermal diffusivity, , (... | Prandtl number | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 978 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Convection",
"Thermodynamics",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
58,285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusselt%20number | In thermal fluid dynamics, the Nusselt number (, after Wilhelm Nusselt) is the ratio of total heat transfer to conductive heat transfer at a boundary in a fluid. Total heat transfer combines conduction and convection. Convection includes both advection (fluid motion) and diffusion (conduction). The conductive component... | Nusselt number | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,792 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Physical quantities",
"Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Convection",
"Thermodynamics",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
58,287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grashof%20number | In fluid mechanics (especially fluid thermodynamics), the Grashof number (, after Franz Grashof) is a dimensionless number which approximates the ratio of the buoyancy to viscous forces acting on a fluid. It frequently arises in the study of situations involving natural convection and is analogous to the Reynolds numbe... | Grashof number | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,767 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Physical quantities",
"Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Convection",
"Thermodynamics",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
17,490,047 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow%20vertex%20response | The slow vertex response (also called SVR or V potential) is an electrochemical signal associated with electrophysiological recordings of the auditory system, specifically Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). The SVR of a normal human being recorded with surface electrodes can be found at the end of a recorded AEP wavefo... | Slow vertex response | [
"Biology"
] | 94 | [
"Physiology"
] |
17,490,264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo%20Stirling%20cycle | The pseudo Stirling cycle, also known as the adiabatic Stirling cycle, is a thermodynamic cycle with an adiabatic working volume and isothermal heater and cooler, in contrast to the ideal Stirling cycle with an isothermal working space. The working fluid has no bearing on the maximum thermal efficiencies of the pseudo... | Pseudo Stirling cycle | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 212 | [
"Thermodynamics stubs",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
17,494,135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-efficiency%20hybrid%20cycle | The high-efficiency hybrid cycle (HEHC) is a new 4-stroke thermodynamic cycle combining elements of the Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Atkinson cycle and Rankine cycle.
HEHC engines
The 3rd generation design of the Liquidpiston Engine currently in development is the only engine currently designed around the HEHC. It is a ... | High-efficiency hybrid cycle | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 117 | [
"Thermodynamics stubs",
"Physical chemistry stubs",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
1,032,998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20centrifuge | A gas centrifuge is a device that performs isotope separation of gases. A centrifuge relies on the principles of centrifugal force accelerating molecules so that particles of different masses are physically separated in a gradient along the radius of a rotating container. A prominent use of gas centrifuges is for the s... | Gas centrifuge | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,540 | [
"Centrifugation",
"Chemical equipment",
"Nuclear chemistry",
"nan",
"Nuclear physics",
"Centrifuges"
] |
1,033,045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcinkiewicz%20interpolation%20theorem | In mathematics, the Marcinkiewicz interpolation theorem, discovered by , is a result bounding the norms of non-linear operators acting on Lp spaces.
Marcinkiewicz' theorem is similar to the Riesz–Thorin theorem about linear operators, but also applies to non-linear operators.
Preliminaries
Let f be a measurable func... | Marcinkiewicz interpolation theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,170 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in functional analysis"
] |
1,033,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morava%20K-theory | In stable homotopy theory, a branch of mathematics, Morava K-theory is one of a collection of cohomology theories introduced in algebraic topology by Jack Morava in unpublished preprints in the early 1970s. For every prime number p (which is suppressed in the notation), it consists of theories K(n) for each nonnegative... | Morava K-theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 424 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Algebraic topology"
] |
1,033,666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20cobordism | In mathematics, complex cobordism is a generalized cohomology theory related to cobordism of manifolds. Its spectrum is denoted by MU. It is an exceptionally powerful cohomology theory, but can be quite hard to compute, so often instead of using it directly one uses some slightly weaker theories derived from it, such a... | Complex cobordism | [
"Mathematics"
] | 990 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology",
"Algebraic topology"
] |
1,033,847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient%20receptor%20potential%20channel | Transient receptor potential channels (TRP channels) are a group of ion channels located mostly on the plasma membrane of numerous animal cell types. Most of these are grouped into two broad groups: Group 1 includes TRPC ( "C" for canonical), TRPV ("V" for vanilloid), TRPVL ("VL" for vanilloid-like), TRPM ("M" for mela... | Transient receptor potential channel | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,994 | [
"Neurochemistry",
"Membrane biology",
"Ion channels",
"Molecular biology"
] |
1,034,009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanine | Solanine is a glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family within the genus Solanum, such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It can occur naturally in any part of the plant, including the leaves, fruit, and tubers. Solanine has pesticidal properties, and it is one of the plant's natural defenses. Sola... | Solanine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,927 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Chemical ecology",
"Natural products",
"Steroidal alkaloids",
"Plant toxins",
"Alkaloids by chemical classification",
"Saponins"
] |
1,034,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufentanil | Sufentanil, sold under the brand names Sufenta among others, is a synthetic opioid analgesic drug approximately 5 to 10 times as potent as its parent drug, fentanyl, and 500 to 1,000 times as potent as morphine. Structurally, sufentanil differs from fentanyl through the addition of a methoxymethyl group on the piperidi... | Sufentanil | [
"Chemistry"
] | 577 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Functional groups",
"Ethers"
] |
1,034,358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirplet%20transform | In signal processing, the chirplet transform is an inner product of an input signal with a family of analysis primitives called chirplets.
Similar to the wavelet transform, chirplets are usually generated from (or can be expressed as being from) a single mother chirplet (analogous to the so-called mother wavelet of wa... | Chirplet transform | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 783 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Time–frequency analysis",
"Frequency-domain analysis",
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical relations",
"Transforms"
] |
1,034,470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering%20amplitude | In quantum physics, the scattering amplitude is the probability amplitude of the outgoing spherical wave relative to the incoming plane wave in a stationary-state scattering process. At large distances from the centrally symmetric scattering center, the plane wave is described by the wavefunction
where is the positio... | Scattering amplitude | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 485 | [
"Electron",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"X-rays",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Scattering",
"Diffraction",
"Crystallography",
"Particle physics",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
1,034,699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive%20equation | In physics and engineering, a constitutive equation or constitutive relation is a relation between two or more physical quantities (especially kinetic quantities as related to kinematic quantities) that is specific to a material or substance or field, and approximates its response to external stimuli, usually as applie... | Constitutive equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,987 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Equations of physics",
"Elasticity (physics)",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Mathematical objects",
"Classical mechanics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Equations",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Physical properties"
] |
3,088,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profinet | Profinet (usually styled as PROFINET, as a portmanteau for Process Field Network) is an industry technical standard for data communication over Industrial Ethernet, designed for collecting data from, and controlling equipment in industrial systems, with a particular strength in delivering data under tight time constrai... | Profinet | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,961 | [
"Industrial Ethernet"
] |
3,091,815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strecker%20amino%20acid%20synthesis | The Strecker amino acid synthesis, also known simply as the Strecker synthesis, is a method for the synthesis of amino acids by the reaction of an aldehyde with cyanide in the presence of ammonia. The condensation reaction yields an α-aminonitrile, which is subsequently hydrolyzed to give the desired amino acid. The m... | Strecker amino acid synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 833 | [
"Name reactions"
] |
3,092,216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic%20testing | Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most common UT applications, very short ultrasonic pulse waves with centre frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz and occasionally up to 50 MHz, are transmitted into m... | Ultrasonic testing | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,325 | [
"Nondestructive testing",
"Materials testing",
"Welding",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
3,092,994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate%20Jacobian | In mathematics, the intermediate Jacobian of a compact Kähler manifold or Hodge structure is a complex torus that is a common generalization of the Jacobian variety of a curve and the Picard variety and the Albanese variety. It is obtained by putting a complex structure on the torus for n odd. There are several diffe... | Intermediate Jacobian | [
"Engineering"
] | 274 | [
"Tensors",
"Differential forms",
"Hodge theory"
] |
3,093,327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium-137 | Caesium-137 (), cesium-137 (US), or radiocaesium, is a radioactive isotope of caesium that is formed as one of the more common fission products by the nuclear fission of uranium-235 and other fissionable isotopes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Trace quantities also originate from spontaneous fission of uraniu... | Caesium-137 | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 3,537 | [
"Isotopes of caesium",
"Nuclear fission",
"Radioactive contamination",
"Isotopes",
"Fission products",
"Nuclear fallout",
"Environmental impact of nuclear power"
] |
7,354,807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger%20car%20equivalent | Passenger car equivalent (PCE) or passenger car unit (PCU) is a metric used in transportation engineering to assess traffic-flow rate on a highway.
A passenger car equivalent is essentially the impact that a mode of transport has on traffic variables (such as headway, speed, density) compared to a single car.
Traffi... | Passenger car equivalent | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 408 | [
"Equivalent quantities",
"Quantity",
"Industrial engineering",
"Equivalent units",
"Civil engineering",
"Transportation engineering",
"Units of measurement"
] |
7,357,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM%20A500 | ASTM A500 is a standard specification published by the ASTM for cold-formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tubing in round, square, and rectangular shapes. It is commonly specified in the US for hollow structural sections, but the more stringent CSA G40.21 is preferred in Canada. Another related standard i... | ASTM A500 | [
"Engineering"
] | 250 | [
"Steels",
"Structural engineering",
"Alloys",
"Structural engineering standards"
] |
11,989,478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBX1 | Chromobox protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CBX1 gene.
Function
The protein is localized at heterochromatin sites, where it mediates gene silencing.
Interactions
CBX1 has been shown to interact with:
C11orf30,
CBX3 and
CBX5, and
SUV39H1.
See also
Heterochromatin protein 1
R... | CBX1 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 98 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
11,989,499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBX3 | Chromobox protein homolog 3 is a protein that is encoded by the CBX3 gene in humans.
At the nuclear envelope, the nuclear lamina and heterochromatin are adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane. The protein encoded by this gene binds DNA and is a component of heterochromatin. This protein also can bind lamin B receptor,... | CBX3 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 182 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
11,991,342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetobiology | Magnetobiology is the study of biological effects of mainly weak static and low-frequency magnetic fields, which do not cause heating of tissues. Magnetobiological effects have unique features that obviously distinguish them from thermal effects; often they are observed for alternating magnetic fields just in separat... | Magnetobiology | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,216 | [
"Radiobiology",
"Radioactivity"
] |
11,991,996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalophane | Hyalophane or jaloallofane is a crystalline mineral, part of the feldspar group of tectosilicates. It is considered a barium-rich potassium feldspar. Its chemical formula is , and it has a hardness of 6 to . The name hyalophane comes from the Greek , meaning "glass", and meaning "to appear".
An occurrence of hyalopha... | Hyalophane | [
"Physics"
] | 319 | [
"Materials",
"Gemstones",
"Matter"
] |
11,993,641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocollator | The hydrocollator, first introduced in 1947 by the Chattanooga Pharmaceutical Company, consists of a thermostatically controlled water bath for placing bentonite-filled cloth heating pads. When the pads are removed from the bath, they are placed in covers and placed on the patient. The device is primarily used by athle... | Hydrocollator | [
"Biology"
] | 160 | [
"Medical equipment",
"Medical technology"
] |
11,993,854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Data%20Link | Common Data Link (CDL) is a secure U.S. military communication protocol. It was established by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1991 as the military's primary protocol for imagery and signals intelligence. CDL operates within the at data rates up to 274 Mbit/s. CDL allows for full duplex data exchange. CDL signals ar... | Common Data Link | [
"Engineering"
] | 442 | [
"Military communications",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
11,994,387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederdorla | Niederdorla is a village and a former municipality in the Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis district of Thuringia, Germany. One of the possible geographical centres of Germany is within its area. The nearest city is Erfurt, which also is the capital city of Thuringia. Since 31 December 2012, it has been part of the municipality of... | Niederdorla | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 207 | [
"Point (geometry)",
"Geometric centers",
"Geographical centres",
"Symmetry"
] |
11,996,151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic%20cooling | Sympathetic cooling is a process in which particles of one type cool particles of another type.
Typically, atomic ions that can be directly laser cooled are used to cool nearby ions or atoms, by way of their mutual Coulomb interaction. This technique is used to cool ions and atoms that cannot be cooled directly by las... | Sympathetic cooling | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 229 | [
"Dynamical systems",
"Nuclear and atomic physics stubs",
" molecular",
"Thermodynamics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
11,996,219 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooseneck%20%28piping%29 | A gooseneck (or goose neck) is a 180° pipe fitting at the top of a vertical pipe that prevents entry of water. Common implementations of goosenecks are ventilator piping or ducting for bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans, ship holds, landfill methane vent pipes, or any other piping implementation exposed to the weather w... | Gooseneck (piping) | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 390 | [
"Piping",
"Chemical engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Building engineering"
] |
11,996,462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashiwazaki-Kariwa%20Nuclear%20Power%20Plant | The is a large, modern (housing the world's first advanced boiling water reactor or ABWR) nuclear power plant on a site. The campus spans the towns of Kashiwazaki and Kariwa in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, on the coast of the Sea of Japan, where it gets cooling water. The plant is owned and operated by Tokyo Electric P... | Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,066 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Earthquake engineering",
"Civil engineering"
] |
5,624,034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20compound%20microarray | A chemical compound microarray is a collection of organic chemical compounds spotted on a solid surface, such as glass and plastic. This microarray format is very similar to DNA microarray, protein microarray and antibody microarray. In chemical genetics research, they are routinely used for searching proteins that bin... | Chemical compound microarray | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 710 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Genetics techniques",
"Microtechnology",
"Microarrays",
"Materials science",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
5,625,309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20gap | In solid-state physics, an energy gap or band gap is an energy range in a solid where no electron states exist, i.e. an energy range where the density of states vanishes.
Especially in condensed matter physics, an energy gap is often known more abstractly as a spectral gap, a term which need not be specific to electro... | Energy gap | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 492 | [
"Electron",
"Physical quantities",
"Superconductivity",
"Materials science",
"Electronic band structures",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Electrical resistance and conductance"
] |
5,629,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrast | Yrast ( , ) is a technical term in nuclear physics that refers to a state of a nucleus with a minimum of energy (when it is least excited) for a given angular momentum. Yr is a Swedish adjective sharing the same root as the English whirl. Yrast is the superlative of yr and can be translated whirlingest, although it lit... | Yrast | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 739 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Nuclear physics",
"Angular momentum",
"Momentum",
"Moment (physics)"
] |
5,630,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiot%E2%80%93Chodkiewicz%20coupling | The Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling in organic chemistry is a coupling reaction between a terminal alkyne and a haloalkyne catalyzed by a copper(I) salt such as copper(I) bromide and an amine base. The reaction product is a 1,3-diyne or di-alkyne.
The reaction mechanism involves deprotonation by base of the terminal alkyn... | Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling | [
"Chemistry"
] | 390 | [
"Coupling reactions",
"Name reactions",
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
4,226,265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine-18 | Fluorine-18 (18F, also called radiofluorine) is a fluorine radioisotope which is an important source of positrons. It has a mass of 18.0009380(6) u and its half-life is 109.771(20) minutes. It decays by positron emission 96.7% of the time and electron capture 3.3% of the time. Both modes of decay yield stable oxygen-18... | Fluorine-18 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 785 | [
"Medicinal radiochemistry",
"Isotopes of fluorine",
"Isotopes",
"Medicinal chemistry",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Medical isotopes"
] |
11,009,466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine%20diphosphate%20galactose | Uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) is an intermediate in the production of polysaccharides. It is important in nucleotide sugars metabolism, and is the substrate for the transferase B4GALT5.
Sugar metabolism
Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose is relevant in glycolysis. UDP-galactose is the activated form ... | Uridine diphosphate galactose | [
"Chemistry"
] | 388 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Coenzymes"
] |
11,009,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizability | In mathematical logic, realizability is a collection of methods in proof theory used to study constructive proofs and extract additional information from them. Formulas from a formal theory are "realized" by objects, known as "realizers", in a way that knowledge of the realizer gives knowledge about the truth of the fo... | Realizability | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,317 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Constructivism (mathematics)",
"Proof theory"
] |
11,012,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioenergetic%20systems | Bioenergetic systems are metabolic processes that relate to the flow of energy in living organisms. Those processes convert energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the form suitable for muscular activity. There are two main forms of synthesis of ATP: aerobic, which uses oxygen from the bloodstream, and anaer... | Bioenergetic systems | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,041 | [
"Exercise biochemistry",
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical energy sources"
] |
11,014,361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Society%20for%20Mass%20Spectrometry | The American Society for Mass Spectrometry (ASMS) is a professional association based in the United States that supports the scientific field of mass spectrometry. As of 2018, the society had approximately 10,000 members primarily from the US, but also from around the world. The society holds a large annual meeting, ty... | American Society for Mass Spectrometry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 364 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Mass spectrometry",
"nan",
"Chemistry societies",
"Matter"
] |
11,015,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20element%20exterior%20calculus | Finite element exterior calculus (FEEC) is a mathematical framework that formulates finite element methods using chain complexes. Its main application has been a comprehensive theory for finite element methods in computational electromagnetism, computational solid and fluid mechanics. FEEC was developed in the early 20... | Finite element exterior calculus | [
"Mathematics"
] | 411 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Applied mathematics stubs"
] |
11,018,121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion-K%C3%A4hler%20symmetric%20space | In differential geometry, a quaternion-Kähler symmetric space or Wolf space is a quaternion-Kähler manifold which, as a Riemannian manifold, is a Riemannian symmetric space. Any quaternion-Kähler symmetric space with positive Ricci curvature is compact and simply connected, and is a Riemannian product of quaternion-Käh... | Quaternion-Kähler symmetric space | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 325 | [
"Lie groups",
"Mathematical structures",
"Group actions",
"Homogeneous spaces",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Algebraic structures",
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
11,018,224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative%20Tracking%20Index | The Comparative Tracking Index (CTI) is used to measure the electrical breakdown (tracking) properties of an insulating material. Tracking is an electrical breakdown on the surface of an insulating material wherein an initial exposure to electrical arcing heat carbonizes the material. The carbonized areas are more con... | Comparative Tracking Index | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 687 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Quantity",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Electrical breakdown",
"Units of measurement"
] |
11,020,249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity%20%28chemistry%29 | In spectroscopy and quantum chemistry, the multiplicity of an energy level is defined as 2S+1, where S is the total spin angular momentum. States with multiplicity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are respectively called singlets, doublets, triplets, quartets and quintets.
In the ground state of an atom or molecule, the unpaired electro... | Multiplicity (chemistry) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 917 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
11,021,990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoecdysteroid | Phytoecdysteroids are plant-derived ecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids are a class of chemicals that plants synthesize for defense against phytophagous (plant eating) insects. These compounds are mimics of hormones used by arthropods in the molting process known as ecdysis. It is presumed that these chemicals act as endo... | Phytoecdysteroid | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 669 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical ecology"
] |
11,022,628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20space%20groups | There are 230 space groups in three dimensions, given by a number index, and a full name in Hermann–Mauguin notation, and a short name (international short symbol). The long names are given with spaces for readability. The groups each have a point group of the unit cell.
Symbols
In Hermann–Mauguin notation, space grou... | List of space groups | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,027 | [
"Materials science",
"Crystallography",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
9,528,907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20quantitation | In molecular biology, quantitation of nucleic acids is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. Reactions that use nucleic acids often require particular amounts and purity for optimum performance. To date, there are two main approaches used... | Nucleic acid quantitation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,092 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Biochemistry",
"Spectroscopy",
"Nucleic acids"
] |
9,536,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic%20chain | In mechanical engineering, a kinematic chain is an assembly of rigid bodies connected by joints to provide constrained motion that is the mathematical model for a mechanical system. As the word chain suggests, the rigid bodies, or links, are constrained by their connections to other links. An example is the simple op... | Kinematic chain | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,007 | [
"Robotics engineering",
"Classical mechanics",
"Computational physics",
"Mechanics",
"Robot kinematics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Mechanisms (engineering)"
] |
9,538,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation%20of%20seismic%20motion | Mitigation of seismic motion is an important factor in earthquake engineering and construction in earthquake-prone areas. The destabilizing action of an earthquake on constructions may be direct (seismic motion of the ground) or indirect (earthquake-induced landslides, liquefaction of the foundation soils and waves of ... | Mitigation of seismic motion | [
"Engineering"
] | 237 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Building engineering",
"Civil engineering",
"Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation",
"Architecture"
] |
13,550,433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20VELUX%20Award%20for%20Students%20of%20Architecture | The International VELUX Award is for students of architecture in the theme of sunlight and daylight. The award is biennial and was first presented in 2004.
The award is for completed works on any scale from a small scale component to large urban contexts or abstract concepts and experimentation. The award is presented... | International VELUX Award for Students of Architecture | [
"Engineering"
] | 507 | [
"Architectural education",
"Architectural competitions",
"Architecture"
] |
13,553,180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal%20microspectroscopy | Photothermal microspectroscopy (PTMS), alternatively known as photothermal temperature fluctuation (PTTF), is derived from two parent instrumental techniques: infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In one particular type of AFM, known as scanning thermal microscopy (SThM), the imaging probe is a sub-m... | Photothermal microspectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 656 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Scanning probe microscopy",
"Microscopy",
"Nanotechnology",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
2,243,424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20crystal | In materials science, a single crystal (or single-crystal solid or monocrystalline solid) is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries can give monocrystals uni... | Single crystal | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,673 | [
"Crystallography",
"Crystals"
] |
2,243,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20Hall%20effect | In solid-state physics, the thermal Hall effect, also known as the Righi–Leduc effect, named after independent co-discoverers Augusto Righi and Sylvestre Anatole Leduc, is the thermal analog of the Hall effect. Given a thermal gradient across a solid, this effect describes the appearance of an orthogonal temperature gr... | Thermal Hall effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 502 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Materials science stubs",
"Physical quantities",
"Hall effect",
"Superconductivity",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Electrical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Condensed matter stubs",
"Solid state engineering",
"Electrical resist... |
2,243,964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium%20oxide | Titanium oxide may refer to:
Titanium dioxide (titanium(IV) oxide), TiO2
Titanium(II) oxide (titanium monoxide), TiO, a non-stoichiometric oxide
Titanium(III) oxide (dititanium trioxide), Ti2O3
Ti3O
Ti2O
δ-TiOx (x= 0.68–0.75)
TinO2n−1 where n ranges from 3–9 inclusive, e.g. Ti3O5, Ti4O7, etc.
Reduced titanium ... | Titanium oxide | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 240 | [
"Computer engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Materials",
"Electrical engineering",
"Dielectrics",
"Matter"
] |
2,244,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit%20ratio | A risk–benefit ratio (or benefit-risk ratio) is the ratio of the risk of an action to its potential benefits. Risk–benefit analysis (or benefit-risk analysis) is analysis that seeks to quantify the risk and benefits and hence their ratio.
Analyzing a risk can be heavily dependent on the human factor. A certain level ... | Risk–benefit ratio | [
"Technology"
] | 401 | [
"Ethics and statistics",
"Ethics of science and technology"
] |
2,244,399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton-second | The newton-second (also newton second; symbol: N⋅s or N s) is the unit of impulse in the International System of Units (SI). It is dimensionally equivalent to the momentum unit kilogram-metre per second (kg⋅m/s). One newton-second corresponds to a one-newton force applied for one second.
It can be used to identify ... | Newton-second | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 204 | [
"Quantity",
"Classical mechanics stubs",
"Classical mechanics",
"Mechanics",
"Units of measurement"
] |
2,245,430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic%20semiconductor | An intrinsic semiconductor, also called a pure semiconductor, undoped semiconductor or i-type semiconductor, is a semiconductor without any significant dopant species present. The number of charge carriers is therefore determined by the properties of the material itself instead of the amount of impurities. In intrinsic... | Intrinsic semiconductor | [
"Chemistry"
] | 731 | [
"Semiconductor material types",
"Semiconductor materials"
] |
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