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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
1,503,750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling%20resistance	Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the force resisting the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface. It is mainly caused by non-elastic effects; that is, not all the energy needed for deformation (or movement) of the wheel, roadbed, etc., is recovered...	Rolling resistance	[ "Physics", "Environmental_science" ]	5,852	[ "Energy economics", "Classical mechanics", "Physical systems", "Transport", "Mechanics", "Energy in transport", "Environmental social science" ]
1,503,867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAPI	DAPI (pronounced 'DAPPY', /ˈdæpiː/), or 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, is a fluorescent stain that binds strongly to adenine–thymine-rich regions in DNA. It is used extensively in fluorescence microscopy. As DAPI can pass through an intact cell membrane, it can be used to stain both live and fixed cells, though it pas...	DAPI	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	791	[ "Genetics techniques", "Amidines", "Functional groups", "DNA-binding substances", "Bases (chemistry)" ]
1,504,065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20target	A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function. Examples of common classes of biological targets are proteins and nucleic acids. The definition is context-dependent, and...	Biological target	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	835	[ "Pharmacology", "nan", "Medicinal chemistry" ]
1,504,755	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20flight%20instrument%20system	In aviation, an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) is a flight instrument display system in an aircraft cockpit that displays flight data electronically rather than electromechanically. An EFIS normally consists of a primary flight display (PFD), multi-function display (MFD), and an engine indicating and crew a...	Electronic flight instrument system	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,558	[ "Avionics", "Measuring instruments", "Glass cockpit", "Electronic engineering", "Control engineering", "Aircraft instruments", "Display technology", "Applications of control engineering", "Navigational flight instruments" ]
1,504,792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascent%20hydrogen	Nascent hydrogen is an outdated concept in organic chemistry that was once invoked to explain dissolving-metal reactions, such as the Clemmensen reduction and the Bouveault–Blanc reduction. Since organic compounds do not react with H2, a special state of hydrogen was postulated. It is now understood that dissolving-met...	Nascent hydrogen	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	666	[ "Periodic table", "Properties of chemical elements", "Allotropes", "Electrochemistry", "Materials", "Electrolysis", "Matter" ]
1,505,128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian%20Center%20for%20Astrophysics	The Center for Astrophysics \| Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA), previously known as the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, is an astrophysics research institute jointly operated by the Harvard College Observatory and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Founded in 1973 and headquartered in Cambridge, Massachuset...	Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	3,351	[ "Astronomy organizations", "Astrophysics research institutes", "Astrophysics", "Astronomy institutes and departments" ]
1,505,215	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip%20of%20the%20red-giant%20branch	Tip of the red-giant branch (TRGB) is a primary distance indicator used in astronomy. It uses the luminosity of the brightest red-giant-branch stars in a galaxy as a standard candle to gauge the distance to that galaxy. It has been used in conjunction with observations from the Hubble Space Telescope to determine the r...	Tip of the red-giant branch	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	524	[ "Standard candles", "Theoretical physics", "Astrophysics", "Physical cosmology", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
1,505,381	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20weather%20prediction	Numerical weather prediction (NWP) uses mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather based on current weather conditions. Though first attempted in the 1920s, it was not until the advent of computer simulation in the 1950s that numerical weather predictions produced realistic results. A num...	Numerical weather prediction	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	5,123	[ "Weather prediction", "Physical phenomena", "Computational fields of study", "Weather", "Applied mathematics", "Computational science", "Computing and society" ]
1,505,811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphosilicate%20glass	Phosphosilicate glass, commonly referred to by the acronym PSG, is a silicate glass commonly used in semiconductor device fabrication for intermetal layers, i.e., insulating layers deposited between succeedingly higher metal or conducting layers, due to its effect in gettering alkali ions. Another common type of phos...	Phosphosilicate glass	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	188	[ "Glass compositions", "Glass chemistry", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Microtechnology" ]
1,505,829	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophosphosilicate%20glass	Borophosphosilicate glass, commonly known as BPSG, is a type of silicate glass that includes additives of both boron and phosphorus. Silicate glasses such as PSG and borophosphosilicate glass are commonly used in semiconductor device fabrication for intermetal layers, i.e., insulating layers deposited between succeedi...	Borophosphosilicate glass	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	212	[ "Glass compositions", "Glass chemistry", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Microtechnology" ]
8,603,211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma-enhanced%20chemical%20vapor%20deposition	Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a chemical vapor deposition process used to deposit thin films from a gas state (vapor) to a solid state on a substrate. Chemical reactions are involved in the process, which occur after creation of a plasma of the reacting gases. The plasma is generally created by r...	Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	1,665	[ "Microtechnology", "Thin film deposition", "Coatings", "Thin films", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Chemical vapor deposition", "Planes (geometry)", "Solid state engineering" ]
8,606,325	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutta%E2%80%93Joukowski%20theorem	The Kutta–Joukowski theorem is a fundamental theorem in aerodynamics used for the calculation of lift of an airfoil (and any two-dimensional body including circular cylinders) translating in a uniform fluid at a constant speed so large that the flow seen in the body-fixed frame is steady and unseparated. The theorem re...	Kutta–Joukowski theorem	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,449	[ "Equations of physics", "Chemical engineering", "Eponymous theorems of physics", "Piping", "Physics theorems", "Fluid dynamics" ]
39	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo	Albedo ( ; ) is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation). Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity Je to the irradian...	Albedo	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	5,083	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", " absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Telecommunications engineering", "Physical quantities", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Quantity", "Meteorological quantities", "Waves", "Scattering", "Radiation", "Radiometry" ]
612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%20mean	In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean ( ), arithmetic average, or just the mean or average (when the context is clear) is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection. The collection is often a set of results from an experiment, an observational study, or a survey. T...	Arithmetic mean	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,903	[ "Means", "Mathematical analysis", "Point (geometry)", "Geometric centers", "Symmetry" ]
639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane	In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon–carbon bonds are single. Alkanes have the general chemical form...	Alkane	[ "Chemistry" ]	8,738	[ "Organic compounds", "Hydrocarbons", "Alkanes" ]
657	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen	Bitumen ( , ) is an immensely viscous constituent of petroleum. Depending on its exact composition it can be a sticky, black liquid or an apparently solid mass that behaves as a liquid over very large time scales. In American English, the material is commonly referred to as asphalt. Whether found in natural deposits o...	Bitumen	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	11,862	[ "Petroleum products", "Building engineering", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Architecture", "Construction", "Petroleum", "Materials", "Chemical mixtures", "nan", "Asphalt", "Amorphous solids", "Matter", "Building materials" ]
673	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20number	The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of its atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number (np) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number can be used...	Atomic number	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	2,311	[ "Quantity", "Chemical quantities", "Mathematical objects", "Numbers", "Arithmetic", "nan", "Nuclear physics", "Atoms", "Dimensionless numbers of chemistry", "Matter" ]
682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe	Adobe ( ; ) is a building material made from earth and organic materials. is Spanish for mudbrick. In some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage, such as the Southwestern United States, the term is used to refer to any kind of earthen construction, or various architectural styles like Pueblo Revival or Territor...	Adobe	[ "Engineering" ]	3,030	[ "Construction", "Sustainable building", "Masonry", "Building engineering" ]
713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20%28robot%29	An android is a humanoid robot or other artificial being, often made from a flesh-like material. Historically, androids existed only in the domain of science fiction and were frequently seen in film and television, but advances in robot technology have allowed the design of functional and realistic humanoid robots. Te...	Android (robot)	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	3,597	[ "Machines", "Behavior", "Robots", "Physical systems", "Android (robot)", "Human–machine interaction", "Design", "Human behavior" ]
896	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon	Argon is a chemical element; it has symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), 23 tim...	Argon	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	3,963	[ "Noble gases", "Chemical elements", "Nonmetals", "Industrial gases", "Chemical process engineering", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
897	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic	Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As and the atomic number 33. It is a metalloid and one of the pnictogens, and therefore shares many properties with its group 15 neighbors phosphorus and antimony. Arsenic is a notoriously toxic heavy metal. It occurs naturally in many minerals, usually in combination with ...	Arsenic	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	10,952	[ "Matter", "Chemical elements", "Endocrine disruptors", "Materials", "Condensed matter physics", "Teratogens", "Atoms", "Semimetals" ]
900	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium	Americium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Am and atomic number 95. It is radioactive and a transuranic member of the actinide series in the periodic table, located under the lanthanide element europium and was thus named after the Americas by analogy. Americium was first produced in 1944 by the group of...	Americium	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	8,399	[ "Matter", "Toxicology", "Chemical elements", "Synthetic materials", "Synthetic elements", "Carcinogens", "Atoms", "Radioactivity" ]
902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom	Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms. For example, any atom that co...	Atom	[ "Physics" ]	10,285	[ "Atoms", "Matter" ]
1,200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20physics	Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned with the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus and the proces...	Atomic physics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,662	[ "Quantum mechanics", "Atomic physics", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
1,206	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20orbital	In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital () is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function describes an electron's charge distribution around the atom's nucleus, and can be used to calculate the probability of finding an electron in a specific region around the nucl...	Atomic orbital	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	10,497	[ "Electron", "Quantum chemistry", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Condensed matter physics", "Atomic physics", " molecular", "Atomic", "nan", "Chemical bonding", "Electron states", " and optical physics" ]
1,207	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino%20acid	Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of life. Amino acids can be classified according to the...	Amino acid	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	7,760	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Matter", "Amino acids", "Nitrogen cycle", "Zwitterions", "Metabolism", "Ions" ]
1,260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Encryption%20Standard	The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael (), is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. AES is a variant of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joa...	Advanced Encryption Standard	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	4,686	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]
1,313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic%20compound	Aromatic compounds or arenes are organic compounds "with a chemistry typified by benzene" and "cyclically conjugated." The word "aromatic" originates from the past grouping of molecules based on odor, before their general chemical properties were understood. The current definition of aromatic compounds does not have an...	Aromatic compound	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,045	[ "Organic compounds", "Aromatic compounds" ]
1,800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine%20triphosphate	Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Found in all known forms of life, it is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellul...	Adenosine triphosphate	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	5,172	[ "Cellular respiration", "Coenzymes", "Neurotransmitters", "Organic compounds", "Biochemistry", "Neurochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
1,805	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic	An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A lim...	Antibiotic	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	9,794	[ "Biotechnology products", "Anti-infective agents", "Antibiotics", "Bactericides", "Chemicals in medicine", "Biocides" ]
1,910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarose%20gel%20electrophoresis	Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method of gel electrophoresis used in biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and clinical chemistry to separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as DNA or proteins in a matrix of agarose, one of the two main components of agar. The proteins may be separated by charge and/or...	Agarose gel electrophoresis	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	4,409	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Genetics techniques", "Polymerase chain reaction", "Instrumental analysis", "Biochemical separation processes", "Molecular biology techniques", "nan", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry", "Electrophoresis" ]
1,915	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen	In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response. Antigens can be proteins, peptides (amino acid chains), polysaccharides (chain...	Antigen	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,732	[ "Natural products", "Biochemistry", "Antigens", "Immune system", "Organic compounds", "Organ systems", "Biomolecules", "Molecular biology", "Structural biology" ]
1,941	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeon	The word aeon , also spelled eon (in American and Australian English), originally meant "life", "vital force" or "being", "generation" or "a period of time", though it tended to be translated as "age" in the sense of "ages", "forever", "timeless" or "for eternity". It is a Latin transliteration from the ancient Greek ...	Aeon	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	804	[ "Physical quantities", "Time", "Units of time", "Quantity", "Spacetime", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Units of measurement" ]
1,962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent%20magnitude	Apparent magnitude () is a measure of the brightness of a star, astronomical object or other celestial objects like artificial satellites. Its value depends on its intrinsic luminosity, its distance, and any extinction of the object's light caused by interstellar dust along the line of sight to the observer. Unless st...	Apparent magnitude	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	3,043	[ "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Observational astronomy", "Logarithmic scales of measurement", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
1,997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20geometry	Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics which uses abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, to solve geometrical problems. Classically, it studies zeros of multivariate polynomials; the modern approach generalizes this in a few different aspects. The fundamental objects of study in algebra...	Algebraic geometry	[ "Mathematics" ]	7,744	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic geometry" ]
2,039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics	Avionics (a portmanteau of aviation and electronics) are the electronic systems used on aircraft. Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions. These can be as simple as a searc...	Avionics	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	3,946	[ "Computer engineering", "Avionics", "Measuring instruments", "Electronic engineering", "Aircraft instruments", "Electrical engineering" ]
2,112	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative%20algebra	In mathematics, an associative algebra A over a commutative ring (often a field) K is a ring A together with a ring homomorphism from K into the center of A. This is thus an algebraic structure with an addition, a multiplication, and a scalar multiplication (the multiplication by the image of the ring homomorphism of ...	Associative algebra	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,551	[ "Mathematical structures", "Algebras", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic structures", "Algebraic geometry" ]
2,268	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry%20of%20ascorbic%20acid	Ascorbic acid is an organic compound with formula , originally called hexuronic acid. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves freely in water to give mildly acidic solutions. It is a mild reducing agent. Ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers (mirror-image isomers), commonly denot...	Chemistry of ascorbic acid	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,857	[ "Organic acids", "Natural products", "Acids", "Biochemistry", "Coenzymes", "Organic compounds", "Structural biology", "Biomolecules", "Corrosion inhibitors", "Process chemicals", "Molecular biology" ]
2,308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinide	The actinide () or actinoid () series encompasses at least the 14 metallic chemical elements in the 5f series, with atomic numbers from 89 to 102, actinium through nobelium. Number 103, lawrencium, is also generally included despite being part of the 6d transition series. The actinide series derives its name from the f...	Actinide	[ "Chemistry" ]	12,900	[ "Periodic table" ]
2,322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20signal%20processing	Audio signal processing is a subfield of signal processing that is concerned with the electronic manipulation of audio signals. Audio signals are electronic representations of sound waves—longitudinal waves which travel through air, consisting of compressions and rarefactions. The energy contained in audio signals or s...	Audio signal processing	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,282	[ "Audio electronics", "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing", "Audio engineering" ]
2,362	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody	An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y-shaped protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize antigens such as bacteria and viruses, including those that cause disease. Antibodies can recognize virtually any size antigen, able to perceive ...	Antibody	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	11,074	[ "Reagents for biochemistry", "Biochemistry methods", "Biochemistry", "Immunology", "Glycoproteins", "Glycobiology" ]
2,389	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger%20effect	The Auger effect (; ) or Auger−Meitner effect is a physical phenomenon in which atoms eject electrons. It occurs when an inner-shell vacancy in an atom is filled by an electron, releasing energy that causes the emission of another electron from a different shell of the same atom. When a core electron is removed, leavi...	Auger effect	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	596	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electron spectroscopy", "Foundational quantum physics", "Quantum mechanics", "Atomic physics", " molecular", "Atomic", "Spectroscopy", " and optical physics" ]
2,408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical%20chemistry	Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods to separate, identify, and quantify matter. In practice, separation, identification or quantification may constitute the entire analysis or be combined with another method. Separation isolates analytes. Qualitative analysis identifies analytes, while quantit...	Analytical chemistry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	4,040	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Materials science", "nan" ]
2,443	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleration	In mechanics, acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time. Acceleration is one of several components of kinematics, the study of motion. Accelerations are vector quantities (in that they have magnitude and direction). The orientation of an object's acceleration is given by the o...	Acceleration	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	2,292	[ "Physical phenomena", "Mechanical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Acceleration", "Quantity", "Classical mechanics", "Motion (physics)", "Kinematic properties", "Dynamics (mechanics)", "Vector physical quantities", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
2,457	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis	Apoptosis (from ) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin ...	Apoptosis	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	9,058	[ "Signal transduction", "Senescence", "Cellular senescence", "Immunology", "Cellular processes", "Apoptosis", "Programmed cell death" ]
2,504	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine	Amphetamine (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity; it is also used to treat binge eating disorder in the form of its inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine...	Amphetamine	[ "Chemistry" ]	13,240	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Human drug metabolites" ]
4,083,646	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrofusion	Electrofusion is a method of joining MDPE, HDPE and other plastic pipes using special fittings that have built-in electric heating elements which are used to weld the joint together. The pipes to be joined are cleaned, inserted into the electrofusion fitting and then alignment clamps and a voltage (typically 40V) is a...	Electrofusion	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	470	[ "Building engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Plumbing", "Construction", "Mechanical engineering", "Piping" ]
4,085,687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic%20elastomer	Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), sometimes referred to as thermoplastic rubbers (TPR), are a class of copolymers or a physical mix of polymers (usually a plastic and a rubber) that consist of materials with both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties. While most elastomers are thermosets, thermoplastic elastomers ar...	Thermoplastic elastomer	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Biology" ]	1,941	[ "Biomaterials", "Materials", "Polymer chemistry", "Polymers", "Matter", "Medical technology" ]
567,472	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud%20condensation%20nuclei	Cloud condensation nuclei (CCNs), also known as cloud seeds, are small particles typically 0.2 μm, or one hundredth the size of a cloud droplet. CCNs are a unique subset of aerosols in the atmosphere on which water vapour condenses. This can affect the radiative properties of clouds and the overall atmosphere. Water va...	Cloud condensation nuclei	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,625	[ "Particulates", "Particle technology" ]
567,580	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20integral	The Gaussian integral, also known as the Euler–Poisson integral, is the integral of the Gaussian function over the entire real line. Named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, the integral is Abraham de Moivre originally discovered this type of integral in 1733, while Gauss published the precise integ...	Gaussian integral	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,578	[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical theorems", "Articles containing proofs", "Mathematical problems" ]
567,946	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz%20instability	The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (after Lord Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz) is a fluid instability that occurs when there is velocity shear in a single continuous fluid or a velocity difference across the interface between two fluids. Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities are visible in the atmospheres of planets and moons...	Kelvin–Helmholtz instability	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	791	[ "Physical phenomena", "Fluid dynamic instabilities", "Chemical engineering", "Plasma phenomena", "Plasma instabilities", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
568,674	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence%20electron	In chemistry and physics, valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outermost shell is not closed. In a single covalent bond, a shared pair forms with both atoms in the bond each contributing one valence electron. The presence...	Valence electron	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	2,651	[ "Electron", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Chemical bonding", "Electron states" ]
568,824	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert%20Research%20Institute	Desert Research Institute (DRI) is a nonprofit research campus of the Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE) and a sister property of the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), the organization that oversees all publicly supported higher education in the U.S. state of Nevada. At DRI, approximately 500 research faculty and...	Desert Research Institute	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	734	[ "Nuclear research institutes", "Nuclear organizations", "Environmental research institutes", "Atmospheric dispersion modeling", "Environmental engineering", "Environmental modelling", "Environmental research" ]
569,263	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute-phase%20protein	Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are a class of proteins whose concentrations in blood plasma either increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation. This response is called the acute-phase reaction (also called acute-phase response). The acute-phase reaction ...	Acute-phase protein	[ "Biology" ]	924	[ "Immune system", "Organ systems" ]
569,403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic%20du%20Midi%20de%20Bigorre	The Pic du Midi de Bigorre or simply the Pic du Midi (elevation ) is a mountain in the French Pyrenees. It is the site of the Pic du Midi Observatory. Pic du Midi Observatory The Pic du Midi Observatory () is an astronomical observatory located at 2,877 meters on top of the Pic du Midi de Bigorre in the French Pyren...	Pic du Midi de Bigorre	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,411	[ "International Dark Sky Reserves", "Dark-sky preserves" ]
569,480	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20%28biochemistry%29	In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems. These signals are typically chemical messengers which bind to a receptor and produce physiological responses such as change in the electrical activ...	Receptor (biochemistry)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,857	[ "Cell biology", "Membrane biology", "Signal transduction", "Receptors", "Molecular biology" ]
2,151,656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%20tank	A wave tank is a laboratory setup for observing the behavior of surface waves. The typical wave tank is a box filled with liquid, usually water, leaving open or air-filled space on top. At one end of the tank, an actuator generates waves; the other end usually has a wave-absorbing surface. A similar device is the rippl...	Wave tank	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	600	[ "Scale modeling", "Physical phenomena", "Water waves", "Hydrodynamics", "Waves", "Experimental physics", "Physical objects", "Physical models", "Matter", "Fluid dynamics" ]
2,151,949	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mott%20problem	The Mott problem is an iconic challenge to quantum mechanics theory: how can the prediction of spherically symmetric wave function result in linear tracks seen in a cloud chamber. The problem was first formulated in 1927 by Albert Einstein and Max Born and solved in 1929 by Nevill Francis Mott. Mott's solution notably ...	Mott problem	[ "Physics" ]	1,334	[ "Quantum measurement", "Quantum mechanics" ]
2,152,181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20chemical%20elements	118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z). The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of...	List of chemical elements	[ "Chemistry" ]	266	[ "Lists of chemical elements" ]
2,154,371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20ultraviolet%20lithography	Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL, also known simply as EUV) is a technology used in the semiconductor industry for manufacturing integrated circuits (ICs). It is a type of photolithography that uses 13.5 nm extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light from a laser-pulsed tin (Sn) plasma to create intricate patterns on semicond...	Extreme ultraviolet lithography	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	12,510	[ "Microtechnology", "Ultraviolet radiation", "Extreme ultraviolet", "Nanotechnology", "Lithography (microfabrication)" ]
2,154,436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation%20lithography	Next-generation lithography or NGL is a term used in integrated circuit manufacturing to describe the lithography technologies in development which are intended to replace current techniques. Driven by Moore's law in the semiconductor industries, the shrinking of the chip size and critical dimension continues. The term...	Next-generation lithography	[ "Materials_science" ]	1,318	[ "Nanotechnology", "Microtechnology", "Lithography (microfabrication)" ]
2,154,572	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanobiotechnology	Nanobiotechnology, bionanotechnology, and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology. Given that the subject is one that has only emerged very recently, bionanotechnology and nanobiotechnology serve as blanket terms for various related technologies. This discipline helps to indi...	Nanobiotechnology	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	4,320	[ "Materials science", "Biotechnology", "Nanomedicine", "nan", "Nanotechnology" ]
2,154,737	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention%20basin	A detention basin or retarding basin is an excavated area installed on, or adjacent to, tributaries of rivers, streams, lakes or bays to protect against flooding and, in some cases, downstream erosion by storing water for a limited period of time. These basins are also called dry ponds, holding ponds or dry detention b...	Detention basin	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	598	[ "Hydrology", "Water treatment", "Stormwater management", "Chemical engineering", "Water supply", "Water pollution", "Physical systems", "Construction", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering", "Water technology", "Hydraulic engineering", "Infrastructure" ]
13,229,499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochner%20identity	In mathematics — specifically, differential geometry — the Bochner identity is an identity concerning harmonic maps between Riemannian manifolds. The identity is named after the American mathematician Salomon Bochner. Statement of the result Let M and N be Riemannian manifolds and let u : M → N be a harmonic map. Let ...	Bochner identity	[ "Mathematics" ]	130	[ "Mathematical theorems", "Mathematical identities", "Mathematical problems", "Algebra" ]
13,230,920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furstenberg%27s%20proof%20of%20the%20infinitude%20of%20primes	In mathematics, particularly in number theory, Hillel Furstenberg's proof of the infinitude of primes is a topological proof that the integers contain infinitely many prime numbers. When examined closely, the proof is less a statement about topology than a statement about certain properties of arithmetic sequences. U...	Furstenberg's proof of the infinitude of primes	[ "Mathematics" ]	701	[ "General topology", "Prime numbers", "Mathematical objects", "Article proofs", "Topology", "Numbers", "Number theory" ]
13,232,165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-redundancy%20actuation	High-redundancy actuation (HRA) is a new approach to fault-tolerant control in the area of mechanical actuation. Overview The basic idea is to use a lot of small actuation elements, so that a fault of one element has only a minor effect on the overall system. This way, a High Redundancy Actuator can remain functional...	High-redundancy actuation	[ "Engineering" ]	1,330	[ "Control engineering" ]
13,235,454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Mass%20Spectrometry%20Foundation	The International Mass Spectrometry Foundation (IMSF) is a non-profit scientific organization in the field of mass spectrometry. It operates the International Mass Spectrometry Society, which consists of 37 member societies and sponsors the International Mass Spectrometry Conference that is held once every two years. ...	International Mass Spectrometry Foundation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	349	[ "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Instrumental analysis", "Mass", "Mass spectrometry", "nan", "Chemistry societies", "Matter" ]
15,910,901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptotope	A cryptotope is an antigenic site or epitope hidden in a protein or virion by surface subunits. Cryptotopes are antigenically active only after the dissociation of protein aggregates and virions. Some infectious pathogens are known to escape immunological targeting by B-cells by masking antigen-binding sites as cryptot...	Cryptotope	[ "Biology" ]	133	[ "Immune system", "Organ systems" ]
7,111,308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular%20NDT	Tubular NDT (nondestructive testing) is the application of various technologies to detect anomalies such as corrosion and manufacturing defects in metallic tubes. Tubing can be found in such equipment as boilers and heat exchangers. To carry out an examination in situ (i.e., examination of the tubes in position, where ...	Tubular NDT	[ "Materials_science" ]	484	[ "Nondestructive testing", "Materials testing" ]
7,111,771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UVB-induced%20apoptosis	UVB-induced apoptosis is the programmed cell death of cells that become damaged by ultraviolet rays. This is notable in skin cells, to prevent melanoma. Some studies have shown that exercise accelerates this process. Description Apoptosis is a physiological process, that promotes the active suicide of cells, resulting...	UVB-induced apoptosis	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,394	[ "Immune system", "Signal transduction", "Senescence", "Organ systems", "Programmed cell death" ]
7,112,300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barberpole%20illusion	The barberpole illusion is a visual illusion that reveals biases in the processing of visual motion in the human brain. This visual illusion occurs when a diagonally striped pole is rotated around its vertical axis (horizontally), it appears as though the stripes are moving in the direction of its vertical axis (downwa...	Barberpole illusion	[ "Physics" ]	604	[ "Optical phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Optical illusions" ]
7,115,718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-and-stick%20model	In chemistry, the ball-and-stick model is a molecular model of a chemical substance which displays both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them. The atoms are typically represented by spheres, connected by rods which represent the bonds. Double and triple bonds are usually represented by ...	Ball-and-stick model	[ "Chemistry" ]	560	[ "Theoretical chemistry", "Molecular modelling", "Molecular physics" ]
7,116,205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APM%2008279%2B5255	APM 08279+5255 is a very distant, broad absorption line quasar located in the constellation Lynx. It is magnified and split into multiple images by the gravitational lensing effect of a foreground galaxy through which its light passes. It appears to be a giant elliptical galaxy with a supermassive black hole and associ...	APM 08279+5255	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	952	[ "Black holes", "Lynx (constellation)", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Supermassive black holes", "Constellations" ]
14,383,139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes%20of%20sulfur	The element sulfur exists as many allotropes. In number of allotropes, sulfur is second only to carbon. In addition to the allotropes, each allotrope often exists in polymorphs (different crystal structures of the same covalently bonded Sn molecules) delineated by Greek prefixes (α, β, etc.). Furthermore, because elem...	Allotropes of sulfur	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,769	[ "Amorphous solids", "Allotropes of sulfur", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Allotropes" ]
14,385,549	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly%20minimal%20theory	In model theory—a branch of mathematical logic—a minimal structure is an infinite one-sorted structure such that every subset of its domain that is definable with parameters is either finite or cofinite. A strongly minimal theory is a complete theory all models of which are minimal. A strongly minimal structure is a st...	Strongly minimal theory	[ "Mathematics" ]	455	[ "Mathematical logic", "Model theory" ]
14,391,787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes%20linear%20statistics	Bayes linear statistics is a subjectivist statistical methodology and framework. Traditional subjective Bayesian analysis is based upon fully specified probability distributions, which are very difficult to specify at the necessary level of detail. Bayes linear analysis attempts to solve this problem by developing th...	Bayes linear statistics	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,133	[ "Probability interpretations" ]
14,393,992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F2%20propagation	F2 propagation (F2-skip) is the reflection of VHF signals off the F2 layer of the ionosphere. The phenomenon is rare compared to other forms of propagation (such as sporadic E propagation, or E-skip) but can reflect signals thousands of miles beyond their intended broadcast area, substantially farther than E-skip. F2-s...	F2 propagation	[ "Physics" ]	1,461	[ "Physical phenomena", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Radio frequency propagation", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Waves" ]
9,245,403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuse%20detection	Misuse detection actively works against potential insider threats to vulnerable computer data. Misuse Misuse detection is an approach to detecting computer attacks. In a misuse detection approach, abnormal system behaviour is defined first, and then all other behaviour is defined as normal. It stands against the anoma...	Misuse detection	[ "Engineering" ]	166	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Data security" ]
9,248,456	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterated%20chloroform	Deuterated chloroform, also known as chloroform-d, is the organic compound with the formula . Deuterated chloroform is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. The properties of (chloroform) are virtually identical. Deuterochloroform was first made in 1935 during the years of research on deuterium. Preparation Deu...	Deuterated chloroform	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	691	[ "Deuterated solvents", "Nuclear magnetic resonance", "Nuclear physics" ]
9,250,002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20planning	Energy planning has a number of different meanings, but the most common meaning of the term is the process of developing long-range policies to help guide the future of a local, national, regional or even the global energy system. Energy planning is often conducted within governmental organizations but may also be carr...	Energy planning	[ "Environmental_science" ]	2,176	[ "Environmental social science", "Energy policy" ]
9,250,314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective%20adsorption	In surface science, selective adsorption is the effect when minima associated with bound-state resonances occur in specular intensity in atom-surface scattering. In crystal growth, selective adsorption refers to the phenomenon where adsorbing molecules attach preferentially to certain crystal faces. An example of sel...	Selective adsorption	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	267	[ "Physical chemistry stubs", "Condensed matter physics", "Surface science" ]
5,445,341	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum%28IV%29%20sulfide	Tantalum(IV) sulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula TaS2. It is a layered compound with three-coordinate sulfide centres and trigonal prismatic or octahedral metal centres. It is structurally similar to molybdenum disulfide MoS2, and numerous other transition metal dichalcogenides. Tantalum disulfide has thr...	Tantalum(IV) sulfide	[ "Physics" ]	1,466	[ "Monolayers", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
5,445,365	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum%20trialuminide	Tantalum trialuminide (TaAl3) is an inorganic chemical compound. This compound and Ta3Al are stable, refractory, and reflective, and they have been proposed as coatings for use in infrared wave mirrors. References Aluminides Tantalum compounds	Tantalum trialuminide	[ "Chemistry" ]	60	[ "Intermetallics", "Inorganic compounds", "Aluminides", "Inorganic compound stubs" ]
5,445,371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum%28V%29%20bromide	Tantalum(V) bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ta2Br10. Its name comes from the compound's empirical formula, TaBr5. It is a diamagnetic, orange solid that hydrolyses readily. The compound adopts an edge-shared bioctahedral structure, which means that two TaBr5 units are joined by a pair of bromide br...	Tantalum(V) bromide	[ "Chemistry" ]	343	[ "Bromides", "Inorganic compounds", "Metal halides", "Salts" ]
5,445,429	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium%28III%29%20iodide	Terbium(III) iodide (TbI3) is an inorganic chemical compound. Preparation Terbium(III) iodide can be produced by reacting terbium and iodine. Terbium iodide hydrate can be crystallized from solution by reacting hydriodic acid with terbium, terbium(III) oxide, terbium hydroxide or terbium carbonate: An alternative me...	Terbium(III) iodide	[ "Chemistry" ]	172	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Inorganic compound stubs" ]
5,445,445	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium%28III%29%20oxide	Terbium(III) oxide, also known as terbium sesquioxide, is a sesquioxide of the rare earth metal terbium, having chemical formula . It is a p-type semiconductor, which conducts protons, which is enhanced when doped with calcium. It may be prepared by the reduction of in hydrogen at 1300 °C for 24 hours. It is a basic ...	Terbium(III) oxide	[ "Chemistry" ]	150	[ "Semiconductor materials", "Inorganic compounds", "Inorganic compound stubs" ]
5,447,381	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20pumping	Spin pumping is the dynamical generation of pure spin current by the coherent precession of magnetic moments, which can efficiently inject spin from a magnetic material into an adjacent non-magnetic material. The non-magnetic material usually hosts the spin Hall effect that can convert the injected spin current into a ...	Spin pumping	[ "Physics", "Materials_science" ]	512	[ "Spintronics", "Condensed matter physics" ]
5,450,517	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion%20in%20space	Corrosion in space is the corrosion of materials occurring in outer space. Instead of moisture and oxygen acting as the primary corrosion causes, the materials exposed to outer space are subjected to vacuum, bombardment by ultraviolet and X-rays, solar energetic particles (mostly electrons and protons from solar wind),...	Corrosion in space	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Astronomy" ]	705	[ "Outer space", "Metallurgy", "Corrosion", "Electrochemistry", "Materials degradation", "Spaceflight" ]
5,451,403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel%20hull	A tunnel hull is a type of boat hull that uses two typically planing hulls with a solid centre that traps air. This entrapment then creates aerodynamic lift in addition to the planing (hydrodynamic) lift from the hulls. Many times this is attributed to ground effect. Theoretical research and full-scale testing of tunne...	Tunnel hull	[ "Engineering" ]	182	[ "Shipbuilding", "Marine engineering" ]
10,749,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactarius%20rubrilacteus	Lactarius rubrilacteus is a species of mushroom of the genus Lactarius. It is also known as the bleeding milkcap, as is at least one other member of the genus, Lactarius sanguifluus. Description The mushroom can have either a bluish green or an orangy brown hue, with creamy white or yellow spores that are ellipsoid in...	Lactarius rubrilacteus	[ "Biology" ]	497	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
10,751,045	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novozymes	Novozymes A/S was a global biotechnology company headquartered in Bagsværd, outside of Copenhagen, Denmark. The company's focus was the research, development and production of industrial enzymes, microorganisms, and biopharmaceutical ingredients. The company merged with Chr. Hansen to form Novonesis in January 2024. P...	Novozymes	[ "Biology" ]	604	[ "Life sciences industry", "Life science companies based in Copenhagen" ]
10,757,955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20Internet%20device	A mobile Internet device (MID) is a multimedia capable mobile device providing wireless Internet access. They are designed to provide entertainment, information and location-based services for personal or business use. They allow 2-way communication and real-time sharing. They have been described as filling a niche bet...	Mobile Internet device	[ "Technology" ]	832	[ "Mobile web", "Wireless networking", "Computer systems", "Computers", "Classes of computers" ]
10,759,380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GADGET	GADGET is free software for cosmological N-body/SPH simulations written by Volker Springel at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics. The name is an acronym of "GAlaxies with Dark matter and Gas intEracT". It is released under the GNU GPL. It can be used to study for example galaxy formation and dark matter. Descri...	GADGET	[ "Physics" ]	497	[ "Cosmological simulation", "Computational physics" ]
10,761,967	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s%20experiment	The Eötvös experiment was a physics experiment that measured the correlation between inertial mass and gravitational mass, demonstrating that the two were one and the same, something that had long been suspected but never demonstrated with the same accuracy. The earliest experiments were done by Isaac Newton (1642–1727...	Eötvös experiment	[ "Physics" ]	1,366	[ "Experimental physics", "Physics experiments" ]
8,612,907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20interior	In mathematics, the relative interior of a set is a refinement of the concept of the interior, which is often more useful when dealing with low-dimensional sets placed in higher-dimensional spaces. Formally, the relative interior of a set (denoted ) is defined as its interior within the affine hull of In other words...	Relative interior	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	277	[ "Spacetime", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry" ]
8,614,012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra%201	The Ultra 1 is a family of Sun Microsystems workstations based on the 64-bit UltraSPARC microprocessor. It was the first model in the Ultra series of Sun computers, which succeeded the SPARCstation series. It launched in November 1995 alongside the MP-capable Ultra 2 and shipped with Solaris 2.5. It is capable of runni...	Ultra 1	[ "Technology" ]	352	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
972,005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofrettage	Autofrettage is a work-hardening process in which a pressure vessel (thick walled) is subjected to enormous pressure, causing internal portions of the part to yield plastically, resulting in internal compressive residual stresses once the pressure is released. The goal of autofrettage is to increase the pressure-carry...	Autofrettage	[ "Engineering" ]	1,078	[ "Firearm construction", "Mechanical engineering" ]
972,312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20air	Liquid air is air that has been cooled to very low temperatures (cryogenic temperatures), so that it has condensed into a pale blue mobile liquid. It is stored in specialized containers, such as vacuum flasks, to insulate it from room temperature. Liquid air can absorb heat rapidly and revert to its gaseous state. It i...	Liquid air	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	966	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Engineering thermodynamics", "Phases of matter", "Cryogenics", "Industrial gases", "Thermodynamics", "Mechanical engineering", "Chemical process engineering", "Matter" ]
972,328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedderburn%E2%80%93Etherington%20number	In mathematics and computer science, the Wedderburn–Etherington numbers are an integer sequence named after Ivor Malcolm Haddon Etherington and Joseph Wedderburn that can be used to count certain kinds of binary trees. The first few numbers in the sequence are 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 23, 46, 98, 207, 451, 983, 2179, 4...	Wedderburn–Etherington number	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,034	[ "Sequences and series", "Integer sequences", "Mathematical structures", "Graph enumeration", "Recreational mathematics", "Mathematical objects", "Graph theory", "Combinatorics", "Mathematical relations", "Numbers", "Number theory" ]
972,333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly%20totient%20number	A highly totient number is an integer that has more solutions to the equation , where is Euler's totient function, than any integer smaller than it. The first few highly totient numbers are 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 144, 240, 432, 480, 576, 720, 1152, 1440 , with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 17, 21, 31, 34, 37, 38, 49, ...	Highly totient number	[ "Mathematics" ]	365	[ "Sequences and series", "Integer sequences", "Mathematical structures", "Recreational mathematics", "Mathematical objects", "Combinatorics", "Numbers", "Number theory" ]

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