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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
616,670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical%20engineering | Biochemical engineering, also known as bioprocess engineering, is a field of study with roots stemming from chemical engineering and biological engineering. It mainly deals with the design, construction, and advancement of unit processes that involve biological organisms (such as fermentation) or organic molecules (oft... | Biochemical engineering | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,919 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Chemical engineering",
"Biological engineering",
"Biochemical engineering"
] |
616,901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyadenylation | Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA transcript, typically a messenger RNA (mRNA). The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature mRNA fo... | Polyadenylation | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,282 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
617,058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20preinitiation%20complex | The preinitiation complex (abbreviated PIC) is a complex of approximately 100 proteins that is necessary for the transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes and archaea. The preinitiation complex positions RNA polymerase II (Pol II) at gene transcription start sites, denatures the DNA, and positions the DNA in... | Transcription preinitiation complex | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 932 | [
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
9,542,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid%20axis | The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT axis for short, a.k.a. thyroid homeostasis or thyrotropic feedback control) is part of the neuroendocrine system responsible for the regulation of metabolism and also responds to stress.
As its name suggests, it depends upon the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the th... | Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis | [
"Biology"
] | 1,255 | [
"Human homeostasis",
"Homeostasis"
] |
9,544,968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%20damping | Coulomb damping is a type of constant mechanical damping in which the system's kinetic energy is absorbed via sliding friction (the friction generated by the relative motion of two surfaces that press against each other). Coulomb damping is a common damping mechanism that occurs in machinery.
History
Coulomb damping w... | Coulomb damping | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 933 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Mechanics",
"Mechanical vibrations"
] |
9,549,222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosylceramide | A galactosylceramide, or galactocerebroside is a type of cerebroside consisting of a ceramide with a galactose residue at the 1-hydroxyl moiety.
The galactose is cleaved by galactosylceramidase.
Galactosylceramide is a marker for oligodendrocytes in the brain, whether or not they form myelin.
Additional images
See... | Galactosylceramide | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 124 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Glycolipids",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biochemistry",
"Glycobiology"
] |
9,552,096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support%20polygon | For a rigid object in contact with a fixed environment and acted upon by gravity in the vertical direction, its support polygon is a horizontal region over which the center of mass must lie to achieve static stability. For example, for an object resting on a horizontal surface (e.g. a table), the support polygon is th... | Support polygon | [
"Physics"
] | 594 | [
"Mechanics",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
13,562,287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%201 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 also known as CDK1 or cell division cycle protein 2 homolog is a highly conserved protein that functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase, and is a key player in cell cycle regulation. It has been highly studied in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, and the fission yeast S. pombe, where it i... | Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,370 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Signal transduction",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Proteins",
"Cell cycle",
"Cell cycle regulators"
] |
13,563,938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20parabolic%20constant | The universal parabolic constant is a mathematical constant.
It is defined as the ratio, for any parabola, of the arc length of the parabolic segment formed by the latus rectum to the focal parameter. The focal parameter is twice the focal length. The ratio is denoted P.
In the diagram, the latus rectum is pictured in... | Universal parabolic constant | [
"Mathematics"
] | 396 | [
"Mathematical constants",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers",
"nan"
] |
13,566,263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukhin%20number | The Dukhin number () is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the contribution of the surface conductivity to various electrokinetic and electroacoustic effects, as well as to electrical conductivity and permittivity of fluid heterogeneous systems. The number was named after Stanislav and Andrei Dukhin.
Overview... | Dukhin number | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 302 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Soft matter",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Colloids",
"Surface science",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
13,566,984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20layer%20%28surface%20science%29 | In surface science, a double layer (DL, also called an electrical double layer, EDL) is a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is exposed to a fluid. The object might be a solid particle, a gas bubble, a liquid droplet, or a porous body. The DL refers to two parallel layers of charge surrounding t... | Double layer (surface science) | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,100 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Soft matter",
"Surface science",
"Colloids",
"Electrochemistry",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
13,567,507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon%20Shore | The Saxon Shore () was a military command of the Late Roman Empire, consisting of a series of fortifications on both sides of the Channel. It was established in the late 3rd century and was led by the "Count of the Saxon Shore". In the late 4th century, his functions were limited to Britain, while the fortifications in... | Saxon Shore | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,703 | [
"Fortification lines",
"Saxon Shore"
] |
13,567,555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAR-related%20orphan%20receptor%20alpha | RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα), also known as NR1F1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group F, member 1) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RORA gene. RORα participates in the transcriptional regulation of some genes involved in circadian rhythm. In mice, RORα is essential for development of ... | RAR-related orphan receptor alpha | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,761 | [
"Induced stem cells",
"Gene expression",
"Transcription factors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
13,572,433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough%E2%80%93Joule%20effect | The Gough–Joule effect (a.k.a. Gow–Joule effect) is originally the tendency of elastomers to contract when heated if they are under tension. Elastomers that are not under tension do not see this effect. The term is also used more generally to refer to the dependence of the temperature of any solid on the mechanical def... | Gough–Joule effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 434 | [
"Materials science stubs",
"Synthetic materials",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Elastomers",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Condensed matter stubs",
"Matter"
] |
174,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Thompson | Colonel Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, FRS (26 March 175321 August 1814), was an American-born British military officer, scientist, inventor and nobleman. Born in Woburn, Massachusetts, he supported the Loyalist cause during the American War of Independence, commanding the King's American Dragoons during the con... | Benjamin Thompson | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,990 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamicists"
] |
174,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr%20radius | The Bohr radius () is a physical constant, approximately equal to the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state. It is named after Niels Bohr, due to its role in the Bohr model of an atom. Its value is
Definition and value
The Bohr radius is defined as
where
... | Bohr radius | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 856 | [
"Units of measurement",
"Physical quantities",
"Units of length",
"Quantity",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic radius",
"Physical constants",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Atoms",
"Matter",
" and optical physics"
] |
174,412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence | Birefringence means double refraction. It is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. These optically anisotropic materials are described as birefringent or birefractive. The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum differe... | Birefringence | [
"Physics"
] | 7,191 | [
"Astrophysics",
"Polarization (waves)",
"Symmetry",
"Asymmetry"
] |
174,431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglass | Fiberglass (American English) or fibreglass (Commonwealth English) is a common type of fiber-reinforced plastic using glass fiber. The fibers may be randomly arranged, flattened into a sheet called a chopped strand mat, or woven into glass cloth. The plastic matrix may be a thermoset polymer matrix—most often based on ... | Fiberglass | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 5,371 | [
"Composite materials",
"Fiberglass",
"Materials",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Matter"
] |
174,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%20operator | In mathematics, the Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a scalar function on Euclidean space. It is usually denoted by the symbols , (where is the nabla operator), or . In a Cartesian coordinate system, the Laplacian is given by the sum of second partial... | Laplace operator | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,160 | [
"Multivariable calculus",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Differential operators",
"Calculus"
] |
174,782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20field | In physics, a gravitational field or gravitational acceleration field is a vector field used to explain the influences that a body extends into the space around itself. A gravitational field is used to explain gravitational phenomena, such as the gravitational force field exerted on another massive body. It has dimensi... | Gravitational field | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,114 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Theory of relativity",
"General relativity",
"Theories of gravity",
"Geodesy"
] |
174,914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20units | The atomic units are a system of natural units of measurement that is especially convenient for calculations in atomic physics and related scientific fields, such as computational chemistry and atomic spectroscopy. They were originally suggested and named by the physicist Douglas Hartree.
Atomic units are often abbrevi... | Atomic units | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,426 | [
"Systems of units",
"Quantity",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Units of measurement",
" and optical physics"
] |
174,945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20charge | The elementary charge, usually denoted by , is a fundamental physical constant, defined as the electric charge carried by a single proton (+1 e) or, equivalently, the magnitude of the negative electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 .
In the SI system of units, the value of the elementary ch... | Elementary charge | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,207 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Electric charge",
"Quantity",
"Physical constants",
"Units of electrical charge",
"Units of measurement"
] |
174,955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr%20magneton | In atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol ) is a physical constant and the natural unit for expressing the magnetic moment of an electron caused by its orbital or spin angular momentum.
In SI units, the Bohr magneton is defined as
and in the Gaussian CGS units as
where
is the elementary charge,
is the reduced Pl... | Bohr magneton | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 581 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Magnetic moment",
"Quantum magnetism",
"Physical constants",
" molecular",
" and optical physics",
"Atomic physics",
"Atomic",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Moment (physics)"
] |
175,039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czochralski%20method | The Czochralski method, also Czochralski technique or Czochralski process, is a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold), salts and synthetic gemstones. The method is named after Polish scien... | Czochralski method | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,275 | [
"Crystallography",
"Crystals",
"Methods of crystal growth"
] |
175,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuga | A yuga, in Hinduism, is generally used to indicate an age of time.
In the Rigveda, a yuga refers to generations, a period of time (whether long or short), or a yoke (joining of two things). In the Mahabharata, the words yuga and kalpa (a day of Brahma) are used interchangeably to describe the cycle of creation and des... | Yuga | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 666 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Units of time",
"Quantity",
"Spacetime",
"Units of measurement"
] |
175,146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Clausius | Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (; 2 January 1822 – 24 August 1888) was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founding fathers of the science of thermodynamics. By his restatement of Sadi Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle, he gave the theory of heat a truer and sounder basi... | Rudolf Clausius | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,272 | [
"Thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamicists"
] |
175,217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome | In botany and dendrology, a rhizome ( ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow horizontally. The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwar... | Rhizome | [
"Biology"
] | 812 | [
"Plant physiology",
"Behavior",
"Plant reproduction",
"Plants",
"Reproduction"
] |
175,622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivation%20%28chemistry%29 | In physical chemistry and engineering, passivation is coating a material so that it becomes "passive", that is, less readily affected or corroded by the environment. Passivation involves creation of an outer layer of shield material that is applied as a microcoating, created by chemical reaction with the base material,... | Passivation (chemistry) | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,992 | [
"Corrosion prevention",
"Computer engineering",
"Microtechnology",
"Corrosion",
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Integrated circuits"
] |
175,835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biot%20number | The Biot number (Bi) is a dimensionless quantity used in heat transfer calculations, named for the eighteenth-century French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774–1862). The Biot number is the ratio of the thermal resistance for conduction inside a body to the resistance for convection at the surface of the body. This rat... | Biot number | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,373 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Heat conduction"
] |
175,875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20mass | In nuclear engineering, a critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The critical mass of a fissionable material depends upon its nuclear properties (specifically, its nuclear fission cross-section), density, shape, enrichment, purity, temperature, and surrou... | Critical mass | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,195 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Mass",
"Size",
"Nuclear technology",
"Radioactivity",
"Nuclear physics",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Matter"
] |
175,899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot%20%28camera%29 | Robot was a German imaging company known originally for clockwork cameras, later producing surveillance (Traffipax) and bank security cameras. Originally created in 1934 as a brand of Otto Berning, it became part of the Jenoptik group of optical companies in 1999, and specializes in traffic surveillance today.
The mot... | Robot (camera) | [
"Technology"
] | 2,511 | [
"Recording devices",
"Cameras"
] |
176,159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer%20physics | Polymer physics is the field of physics that studies polymers, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, as well as the kinetics of reactions involving degradation of polymers and polymerisation of monomers.
While it focuses on the perspective of condensed matter physics, polymer physics was originally a branch of st... | Polymer physics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,871 | [
"Polymer physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
176,399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeman%20effect | The Zeeman effect ( , ) is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is caused by interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic moment of the atomic electron associated to its orbital motion and spin; this interaction shifts some orbital energies more ... | Zeeman effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 3,179 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Foundational quantum physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Optical phenomena",
"Quantum magnetism",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Magneto-optic effects",
"Spe... |
176,550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20molar%20entropy | In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of pure substance at a standard state of pressure and any temperature of interest. These are often (but not necessarily) chosen to be the standard temperature and pressure.
The standard molar entropy at pressure = is usually given the symbol ... | Standard molar entropy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 684 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Intensive quantities",
"Thermodynamic entropy",
"Entropy",
"nan",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Molar quantities"
] |
11,034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20dynamics | In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids – liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including (the study of air and other gases in motion) and (the study of water and other liquids in motion). Fluid dynamics has a w... | Fluid dynamics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,710 | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Building engineering",
"Chemical engineering",
"Classical mechanics",
"Aerodynamics",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
11,149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel%20equations | The Fresnel equations (or Fresnel coefficients) describe the reflection and transmission of light (or electromagnetic radiation in general) when incident on an interface between different optical media. They were deduced by French engineer and physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel () who was the first to understand that ligh... | Fresnel equations | [
"Physics"
] | 7,360 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Equations of physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Astrophysics",
"Waves",
"Light",
"Polarization (waves)"
] |
11,180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20analysis | Functional analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-related structure (for example, inner product, norm, or topology) and the linear functions defined on these spaces and suitably respecting these structures. The historical ... | Functional analysis | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,301 | [
"Functional analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
11,274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20particle | In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. The Standard Model presently recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons. As a consequence of flavor and color combinations and antimatter, the fermions and bo... | Elementary particle | [
"Physics"
] | 3,663 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Matter",
"Elementary particles",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Atoms",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
11,344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order%20predicate | In mathematical logic, a first-order predicate is a predicate that takes only individual(s) constants or variables as argument(s). Compare second-order predicate and higher-order predicate.
This is not to be confused with a one-place predicate or monad, which is a predicate that takes only one argument. For example, t... | First-order predicate | [
"Mathematics"
] | 128 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Predicate logic",
"Basic concepts in set theory"
] |
11,350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall%20%28construction%29 | A firewall is a fire-resistant barrier used to prevent the spread of fire. Firewalls are built between or through buildings, structures, or electrical substation transformers, or within an aircraft or vehicle.
Applications
Firewalls can be used to subdivide a building into separate fire areas and are constructed in ac... | Firewall (construction) | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,099 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Types of wall"
] |
11,490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20frequency | The fundamental frequency, often referred to simply as the fundamental (abbreviated as 0 or 1 ), is defined as the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. In music, the fundamental is the musical pitch of a note that is perceived as the lowest partial present. In terms of a superposition of sinusoids, the fundamental ... | Fundamental frequency | [
"Physics"
] | 1,110 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics",
"Waves"
] |
11,529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion | In particle physics, a fermion is a subatomic particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermions have a half-odd-integer spin (spin , spin , etc.) and obey the Pauli exclusion principle. These particles include all quarks and leptons and all composite particles made of an odd number of these, such as all baryons an... | Fermion | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,083 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Fermions",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Subatomic particles",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Matter"
] |
11,617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman%20diagram | In theoretical physics, a Feynman diagram is a pictorial representation of the mathematical expressions describing the behavior and interaction of subatomic particles. The scheme is named after American physicist Richard Feynman, who introduced the diagrams in 1948.
The calculation of probability amplitudes in theore... | Feynman diagram | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 13,017 | [
"Quantum field theory",
"Scattering theory",
"Equations of physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Eponymous theorems of physics",
"Scattering",
"nan",
"Physics theorems"
] |
11,671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick%27s%20laws%20of%20diffusion | Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were first posited by Adolf Fick in 1855 on the basis of largely experimental results. They can be used to solve for the diffusion coefficient, . Fick's first law can be used to derive his second law which in turn is identical to the diffusion equation.
Fick's first law:... | Fick's laws of diffusion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 7,467 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Diffusion",
"Applied mathematics",
"nan",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Mathematics in medicine",
"Physical chemistry"
] |
11,712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitated%20diffusion | Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. Being passive, facilitated transport does not directl... | Facilitated diffusion | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,727 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Diffusion"
] |
12,024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20relativity | General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics. General relativity generalizes special relativity and refines Newton's law... | General relativity | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 12,128 | [
"Concepts in astronomy",
"General relativity",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
12,100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton | In theories of quantum gravity, the graviton is the hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitational interaction. There is no complete quantum field theory of gravitons due to an outstanding mathematical problem with renormalization in general relativity. In string theory, believed by some to b... | Graviton | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,688 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Force carriers",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Bosons",
"Quantum gravity",
"Subatomic particles",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Hypothetical elementary particles",
"String theory",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Matter"
] |
12,240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold | Gold is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals. It is one of the least reactive chemica... | Gold | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 13,115 | [
"Dental materials",
"Chemical elements",
"Coinage metals and alloys",
"Materials",
"Alloys",
"Electrical conductors",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
12,241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium | Gallium is a chemical element; it has the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Discovered by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, gallium is in group 13 of the periodic table and is similar to the other metals of the group (aluminium, indium, and thallium).
Elemental gallium is a relatively soft, sil... | Gallium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 7,869 | [
"Periodic table",
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Chemical elements",
"Materials",
"Materials that expand upon freezing",
"Atoms",
"Matter",
"Chemical elements predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev"
] |
12,339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically%20modified%20organism | A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur natura... | Genetically modified organism | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 12,613 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Genetic engineering",
"Genetically modified organisms",
"Molecular biology"
] |
12,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20code | The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), usin... | Genetic code | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 5,418 | [
"Protein biosynthesis",
"Genetics",
"Gene expression",
"Molecular genetics",
"Biosynthesis",
"Cellular processes",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry"
] |
12,450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s%20completeness%20theorem | Gödel's completeness theorem is a fundamental theorem in mathematical logic that establishes a correspondence between semantic truth and syntactic provability in first-order logic.
The completeness theorem applies to any first-order theory: If T is such a theory, and φ is a sentence (in the same language) and every mo... | Gödel's completeness theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,718 | [
"Foundations of mathematics",
"Proof theory",
"Mathematical logic",
"Model theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in the foundations of mathematics"
] |
12,543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupoid | In mathematics, especially in category theory and homotopy theory, a groupoid (less often Brandt groupoid or virtual group) generalises the notion of group in several equivalent ways. A groupoid can be seen as a:
Group with a partial function replacing the binary operation;
Category in which every morphism is inverti... | Groupoid | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,952 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mathematical relations",
"Algebraic structures",
"Category theory"
] |
12,558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy | A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity. The word is derived from the Greek (), literally 'milky', a reference to the Milky Way galaxy that contains the Solar System. Galaxies, averaging an estimated 100 million stars, range in size from dwarfs... | Galaxy | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 10,515 | [
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Galaxies",
"Astronomical objects"
] |
12,581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass | Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid. Because it is often transparent and chemically inert, glass has found widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in window panes, tableware, and optics. Some common objects made of glass are named after the material, e.g., a "glass" for drinking, "glasses" for... | Glass | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 7,224 | [
"Glass",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Homogeneous chemical mixtures",
"Materials",
"Dielectrics",
"Amorphous solids",
"Matter"
] |
12,582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%20electrophoresis | Gel electrophoresis is an electrophoresis method for separation and analysis of biomacromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) and their fragments, based on their size and charge through a gel. It is used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge or size (IEF agarose, essentially size independent) and in bioch... | Gel electrophoresis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 5,552 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
"Genetics techniques",
"Biochemistry",
"Polymerase chain reaction",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Protein methods",
"Protein biochemistry",
"Colloids",
"Biochemical separation processes",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Gels",
"Molecular biology",
"nan",
"Electrophores... |
12,608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy | Geodesy or geodetics is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D. It is called planetary geodesy when studying other astronomical bodies, such as planets or circumplanetary systems. Geodesy is an earth science and many consider the st... | Geodesy | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 5,099 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Applied mathematics",
"Quantity",
"Measurement",
"Size",
"nan",
"Geophysics",
"Geodesy"
] |
12,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Unified%20Theory | A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is any model in particle physics that merges the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces (the three gauge interactions of the Standard Model) into a single force at high energies. Although this unified force has not been directly observed, many GUT models theorize its existence. If the uni... | Grand Unified Theory | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,962 | [
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Particle physics",
"Grand Unified Theory",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
12,644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis | Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose () into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glyco... | Glycolysis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 10,402 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Carbohydrates",
"Cellular respiration",
"Biochemistry",
"Glycolysis",
"Biochemical reactions",
"Organic compounds",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"Metabolic pathways",
"Metabolism"
] |
12,666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon | A gluon ( ) is a type of massless elementary particle that mediates the strong interaction between quarks, acting as the exchange particle for the interaction. Gluons are massless vector bosons, thereby having a spin of 1. Through the strong interaction, gluons bind quarks into groups according to quantum chromodynamic... | Gluon | [
"Physics"
] | 2,174 | [
"Matter",
"Elementary particles",
"Physical phenomena",
"Force carriers",
"Bosons",
"Fundamental interactions",
"Subatomic particles"
] |
12,718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith%27s%20experiment | Griffith's experiment, performed by Frederick Griffith and reported in 1928, was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation. Griffith's findings were followed by research in the late 1930s and early 40s that isolated DNA as th... | Griffith's experiment | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 566 | [
"Microbiology",
"Microscopy"
] |
12,778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20velocity | The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall envelope shape of the wave's amplitudes—known as the modulation or envelope of the wave—propagates through space.
For example, if a stone is thrown into the middle of a very still pond, a circular pattern of waves with a quiescent center appears in th... | Group velocity | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,010 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Physical quantities",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Applied mathematics",
"Quantity",
"Theoretical physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics",
"Optical quantities",
"Mathematical physics",
... |
12,832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%20protein-coupled%20receptor | G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell... | G protein-coupled receptor | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 9,970 | [
"Protein classification",
"Signal transduction",
"G protein-coupled receptors",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Protein families",
"Neurochemistry",
"Protein superfamilies"
] |
12,841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%20protein | G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrol... | G protein | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,990 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Neurochemistry",
"G proteins",
"Signal transduction"
] |
12,858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanization | Galvanization (also spelled galvanisation) is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which the parts are coated by submerging them in a bath of hot, molten zinc.
Protective action
The zinc coating, when intact, prevents ... | Galvanization | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 782 | [
"Corrosion prevention",
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy",
"Coatings",
"Corrosion",
"Bimetal",
"Chemical processes",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Metal plating"
] |
12,891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20therapy | Gene therapy is a medical technology that aims to produce a therapeutic effect through the manipulation of gene expression or through altering the biological properties of living cells.
The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980, by Martin Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in hu... | Gene therapy | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 12,502 | [
"Bioethics",
"Genetics techniques",
"Biological engineering",
"Biochemistry",
"Genetic engineering",
"Biotechnology",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"Molecular genetics",
"Gene therapy",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Ethics of science and technology",
"Gene delivery"
] |
17,521,962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified%20wireless%20network%20expert | The Certified Wireless Network Expert (CWNE) is the highest level certification in the CWNP program started in 2001 by Planet3 Wireless. It certifies the ability to design, install, secure, optimize and troubleshoot IEEE 802.11 wireless networks.
Certification track
The CWNE credential is the final step in a four-lev... | Certified wireless network expert | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 354 | [
"Wireless networking",
"Computer occupations",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Information technology qualifications"
] |
2,249,718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation%20theory%20of%20the%20Lorentz%20group | The Lorentz group is a Lie group of symmetries of the spacetime of special relativity. This group can be realized as a collection of matrices, linear transformations, or unitary operators on some Hilbert space; it has a variety of representations. This group is significant because special relativity together with qua... | Representation theory of the Lorentz group | [
"Physics"
] | 11,399 | [
"Special relativity",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
2,252,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-cooled%20engine | Air-cooled engines rely on the circulation of air directly over heat dissipation fins or hot areas of the engine to cool them in order to keep the engine within operating temperatures. Air-cooled designs are far simpler than their liquid-cooled counterparts, which require a separate radiator, coolant reservoir, piping... | Air-cooled engine | [
"Physics",
"Technology"
] | 2,210 | [
"Physical systems",
"Machines",
"Engines"
] |
2,252,898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinet%20dioxindole%20synthesis | The Martinet dioxindole synthesis was first reported in 1913 by J. Martinet. It is a chemical reaction in which a primary or secondary aniline or substituted aromatic amine is condensed with ethyl or methyl ester of mesoxalic acid to make a dioxindole in the absence of oxygen.
Proposed mechanism
In the first step, t... | Martinet dioxindole synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 702 | [
"Name reactions"
] |
2,253,446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coking | Coking is the process of heating coal in the absence of oxygen to a temperature above to drive off the volatile components of the raw coal, leaving behind a hard, strong, porous material with a high carbon content called coke. Coke is predominantly carbon. Its porous structure provides a high surface area, allowing it... | Coking | [
"Chemistry"
] | 477 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics"
] |
12,008,648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatic%20zone | The phreatic zone, saturated zone, or zone of saturation, is the part of an aquifer, below the water table, in which relatively all pores and fractures are saturated with water. The part above the water table is the vadose zone (also called unsaturated zone).
The phreatic zone size, color, and depth may fluctuate with... | Phreatic zone | [
"Physics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 244 | [
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Soil physics",
"Hydrology stubs",
"Aquifers",
"Hydrogeology"
] |
12,008,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction%20temperature | Junction temperature, short for transistor junction temperature, is the highest operating temperature of the actual semiconductor in an electronic device. In operation, it is higher than case temperature and the temperature of the part's exterior. The difference is equal to the amount of heat transferred from the junct... | Junction temperature | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 740 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
12,009,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames%20process | The Ames process is a process by which pure uranium metal is obtained. It can be achieved by mixing any of the uranium halides (commonly uranium tetrafluoride) with magnesium metal powder or aluminium metal powder.
History
The Ames process was used on August 3, 1942, by a group of chemists led by Frank Spedding and ... | Ames process | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 580 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy",
"Chemical processes",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
12,010,787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorotational%20instability | The magnetorotational instability (MRI) is a fluid instability that causes an accretion disk orbiting a massive central object to become turbulent. It arises when the angular velocity of a conducting fluid in a magnetic field decreases as the distance from the rotation center increases. It is also known as the Velikho... | Magnetorotational instability | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 4,296 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Magnetohydrodynamics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Plasma phenomena",
"Plasma instabilities",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
12,013,342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20transport%20reaction | In chemistry, a chemical transport reaction describes a process for purification and crystallization of non-volatile solids. The process is also responsible for certain aspects of mineral growth from the effluent of volcanoes. The technique is distinct from chemical vapor deposition, which usually entails decompositi... | Chemical transport reaction | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 650 | [
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Solid-state chemistry"
] |
12,017,057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-focusing | Self-focusing is a non-linear optical process induced by the change in refractive index of materials exposed to intense electromagnetic radiation. A medium whose refractive index increases with the electric field intensity acts as a focusing lens for an electromagnetic wave characterized by an initial transverse intens... | Self-focusing | [
"Physics"
] | 1,701 | [
"Plasma phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Plasma physics"
] |
8,865,790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Congress%20of%20Quantum%20Chemistry | The International Congress of Quantum Chemistry (ICQC), is an international conference dedicated to the field of quantum chemistry. It is organized by the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. The first conference was held from July 4 to 10, 1973 in Menton, France. The first conference marked the "50th an... | International Congress of Quantum Chemistry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 190 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
8,867,314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20number | The Stefan number (St or Ste) is defined as the ratio of sensible heat to latent heat. It is given by the formula
where
cp is the specific heat,
cp is the specific heat of solid phase in the freezing process while cp is the specific heat of liquid phase in the melting process.
∆T is the temperature difference bet... | Stefan number | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 185 | [
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics"
] |
8,868,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axenic | In biology, axenic (, ) describes the state of a culture in which only a single species, variety, or strain of organism is present and entirely free of all other contaminating organisms. The earliest axenic cultures were of bacteria or unicellular eukaryotes, but axenic cultures of many multicellular organisms are al... | Axenic | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 566 | [
"Cell biology",
"Prokaryotes",
"Biotechnology",
"Model organisms",
"Microbiology techniques",
"Bacteria",
"nan",
"Microbiology terms",
"Cell culture",
"Microorganisms"
] |
8,874,934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL13 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13), also known as B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) or B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), is a protein ligand that in humans is encoded by the CXCL13 gene.
Function
CXCL13 is a small chemokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. As its other names suggest, this chemo... | CXCL13 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 336 | [
"Cytokines",
"Signal transduction"
] |
16,280,475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyfi%20Furnace | Dyfi Furnace is a restored mid 18th century charcoal fired blast furnace used for smelting iron ore. It has given its name to the adjoining hamlet of Furnace ().
Location
The Dyfi Furnace is in the village of Furnace, Ceredigion, Wales, adjoining the A487 trunk road from Machynlleth to Aberystwyth, near Eglwysfach.
H... | Dyfi Furnace | [
"Engineering"
] | 498 | [
"Furnaces",
"Combustion engineering"
] |
16,285,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93ligand%20multiple%20bond | In organometallic chemistry, a metal–ligand multiple bond describes the interaction of certain ligands with a metal with a bond order greater than one. Coordination complexes featuring multiply bonded ligands are of both scholarly and practical interest. transition metal carbene complexes catalyze the olefin metathesis... | Metal–ligand multiple bond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,435 | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
7,373,540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote%20manipulator | A remote manipulator, also known as a telefactor, telemanipulator, or waldo (after the 1942 short story "Waldo" by Robert A. Heinlein which features a man who invents and uses such devices), is a device which, through electronic, hydraulic, or mechanical linkages, allows a hand-like mechanism to be controlled by a huma... | Remote manipulator | [
"Physics"
] | 422 | [
"Nuclear technology",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
7,376,733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20pair | In chemistry, an electron pair or Lewis pair consists of two electrons that occupy the same molecular orbital but have opposite spins. Gilbert N. Lewis introduced the concepts of both the electron pair and the covalent bond in a landmark paper he published in 1916.
Because electrons are fermions, the Pauli exclusion p... | Electron pair | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 315 | [
"Quantum chemistry",
"Molecular physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
" molecular",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Atomic",
"Chemical bonding",
" and optical physics"
] |
7,378,151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Ocean%20Circulation%20Experiment | The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was a component of the international World Climate Research Program, and aimed to establish the role of the World Ocean in the Earth's climate system. WOCE's field phase ran between 1990 and 1998, and was followed by an analysis and modeling phase that ran until 2002. When ... | World Ocean Circulation Experiment | [
"Physics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 1,366 | [
"Oceanography",
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical oceanography"
] |
11,036,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-tied%20electrical%20system | A grid-tied electrical system, also called tied to grid or grid tie system, is a semi-autonomous electrical generation or grid energy storage system which links to the mains to feed excess capacity back to the local mains electrical grid. When insufficient electricity is available, electricity drawn from the mains grid... | Grid-tied electrical system | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 608 | [
"Power (physics)",
"Electrical engineering",
"Electric power",
"Physical quantities"
] |
11,038,447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20tissue%20engineering | Neural tissue engineering is a specific sub-field of tissue engineering. Neural tissue engineering is primarily a search for strategies to eliminate inflammation and fibrosis upon implantation of foreign substances. Often foreign substances in the form of grafts and scaffolds are implanted to promote nerve regeneration... | Neural tissue engineering | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 4,866 | [
"Organ systems",
"Biological engineering",
"Nervous system"
] |
11,041,514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial%20shuttle | The mitochondrial shuttles are biochemical transport systems used to transport reducing agents across the inner mitochondrial membrane. NADH as well as NAD+ cannot cross the membrane, but it can reduce another molecule like FAD and [QH2] that can cross the membrane, so that its electrons can reach the electron transpor... | Mitochondrial shuttle | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 702 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Cellular respiration",
"Metabolism"
] |
11,042,546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen%20enhancement%20ratio | The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) or oxygen enhancement effect in radiobiology refers to the enhancement of therapeutic or detrimental effect of ionizing radiation due to the presence of oxygen. This so-called oxygen effect is most notable when cells are exposed to an ionizing radiation dose.
The OER is traditionally... | Oxygen enhancement ratio | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 429 | [
"Radiobiology",
"Radioactivity"
] |
11,044,649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoring%20functions%20for%20docking | In the fields of computational chemistry and molecular modelling, scoring functions are mathematical functions used to approximately predict the binding affinity between two molecules after they have been docked. Most commonly one of the molecules is a small organic compound such as a drug and the second is the drug's... | Scoring functions for docking | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,249 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Molecular physics",
"Bioinformatics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry",
"Molecular modelling",
"Cheminformatics",
"Structural biology",
"nan",
"Protein structure"
] |
11,044,843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayashi%20limit | The Hayashi limit is a theoretical constraint upon the maximum radius of a star for a given mass. When a star is fully within hydrostatic equilibrium—a condition where the inward force of gravity is matched by the outward pressure of the gas—the star can not exceed the radius defined by the Hayashi limit. This has impo... | Hayashi limit | [
"Physics"
] | 1,276 | [
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Astrophysics",
"Stellar evolution"
] |
3,100,521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation%20chemistry | Radiation chemistry is a subdivision of nuclear chemistry which studies the chemical effects of ionizing radiation on matter. This is quite different from radiochemistry, as no radioactivity needs to be present in the material which is being chemically changed by the radiation. An example is the conversion of water int... | Radiation chemistry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,324 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Nuclear chemistry",
"Materials science",
"Radiation",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radiation effects"
] |
3,101,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl%20sulfoxide | Diethyl sulfoxide, C4H10OS, is a sulfur-containing organic compound.
References
Sulfoxides | Diethyl sulfoxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 27 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Organic compound stubs",
"Organic chemistry stubs"
] |
3,104,065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-closing%20metathesis | Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) is a widely used variation of olefin metathesis in organic chemistry for the synthesis of various unsaturated rings via the intramolecular metathesis of two terminal alkenes, which forms the cycloalkene as the E- or Z- isomers and volatile ethylene.
The most commonly synthesized ring siz... | Ring-closing metathesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,335 | [
"Catalysis",
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Rearrangement reactions",
"Organic reactions",
"Homogeneous catalysis",
"Organometallic chemistry",
"Ring forming reactions"
] |
3,104,166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Phosphoglyceric%20acid | 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (3PG, 3-PGA, or PGA) is the conjugate acid of 3-phosphoglycerate or glycerate 3-phosphate (GP or G3P). This glycerate is a biochemically significant metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin-Benson cycle. The anion is often termed as PGA when referring to the Calvin-Benson cycle. ... | 3-Phosphoglyceric acid | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 751 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Natural products",
"Biochemistry",
"Glycolysis",
"Photosynthesis",
"Organic compounds",
"Metabolic intermediates",
"Biomolecules",
"Molecular biology",
"Structural biology",
"Metabolism"
] |
3,104,807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal%20mean | The temporal mean is the arithmetic mean of a series of values over a time period. Assuming equidistant measuring or sampling times, it can be computed as the sum of the values over a period divided by the number of values. A simple moving average can be considered to be a sequence of temporal means over periods of e... | Temporal mean | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 109 | [
"Means",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Point (geometry)",
"Geometric centers",
"Symmetry"
] |
3,105,253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20transportation | Water transportation is the international movement of water over large distances. Methods of transportation fall into three categories:
Aqueducts, which include pipelines, canals, tunnels and bridges
Container shipment, which includes transport by tank truck, tank car, and tank ship.
Towing, where a tugboat is used... | Water transportation | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 434 | [
"Hydrology",
"Water supply",
"Environmental engineering"
] |
3,105,510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezochromism | Piezochromism, from the Greek piezô "to squeeze, to press" and chromos "color", describes the tendency of certain materials to change color with the application of pressure. This effect is closely related to the electronic band gap change, which can be found in plastics, semiconductors (e.g. hybrid perovskites) and hyd... | Piezochromism | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Astronomy",
"Engineering"
] | 159 | [
"Spectroscopy stubs",
"Materials science stubs",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Chromism",
"Astronomy stubs",
"Materials science",
"Smart materials",
"Molecular physics stubs",
"Spectroscopy",
"Physical chemistry stubs"
] |
1,601,998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20field-effect%20transistor | An organic field-effect transistor (OFET) is a field-effect transistor using an organic semiconductor in its channel. OFETs can be prepared either by vacuum evaporation of small molecules, by solution-casting of polymers or small molecules, or by mechanical transfer of a peeled single-crystalline organic layer onto a s... | Organic field-effect transistor | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,283 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Molecular electronics",
"Flexible displays",
"Nanotechnology",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Thin films"
] |
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