id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 32 168 | text stringlengths 7 145k | source stringlengths 2 105 | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 32.2k | subcategories listlengths 0 27 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
59,366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20intestine | The large intestine, also known as the large bowel, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in tetrapods. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored in the rectum as feces before being removed by defecation. The colon (progressing from the ascending colon to the... | Large intestine | [
"Biology"
] | 5,228 | [
"Digestive system",
"Organ systems"
] |
59,414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen%20cycle | The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle inclu... | Nitrogen cycle | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,787 | [
"Biogeography",
"Biogeochemical cycle",
"Nitrogen cycle",
"Biogeochemistry",
"Soil biology",
"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
59,438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20conductivity%20and%20resistivity | The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat. It is commonly denoted by , , or and is measured in W·m−1·K−1.
Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal conductivity than in materials of high thermal conductivity. For instance, metals typically have high ther... | Thermal conductivity and resistivity | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 7,090 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Physical phenomena",
"Heat transfer",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Thermodynamics",
"Heat conduction",
"Physical properties"
] |
59,442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryte | Baryte, barite or barytes ( or ) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate (BaSO4). Baryte is generally white or colorless, and is the main source of the element barium. The baryte group consists of baryte, celestine (strontium sulfate), anglesite (lead sulfate), and anhydrite (calcium sulfate). Baryte and celestine ... | Baryte | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,794 | [
"Luminescence",
"Luminescent minerals",
"Materials",
"Gemstones",
"Matter"
] |
59,444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20level | A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels. This contrasts with classical particles, which can have any amount of energy. The term is commonly used for the energy levels of the electrons in atoms, ions, or mo... | Energy level | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,181 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Computational chemistry",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"nan",
"Atomic",
"Spectroscopy",
" and optical physics"
] |
59,497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility | In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. Insolubility is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form such a solution.
The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is generally measured as the concentr... | Solubility | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 6,979 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Underwater diving physics",
"Homogeneous chemical mixtures",
"nan",
"Solutions",
"Physical properties"
] |
59,524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-Generation%20Secure%20Computing%20Base | The Next-Generation Secure Computing Base (NGSCB; codenamed Palladium and also known as Trusted Windows) is a software architecture designed by Microsoft which claimed to provide users of the Windows operating system with better privacy, security, and system integrity. NGSCB was the result of years of research and deve... | Next-Generation Secure Computing Base | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 5,595 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Cryptographic software",
"Trusted computing",
"Mathematical software"
] |
59,611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization | Ionization (or ionisation specifically in Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. The resulting electrically charged atom or molecule is called an i... | Ionization | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 4,774 | [
"Ionization",
"Physical phenomena",
"Mass",
"Phases of matter",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Physical chemistry",
"Ions",
"Phase transitions",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass spectrometry",
" molecular",
" and optical physics",
"Molecular physics... |
59,616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation%20theory | In biochemistry, fermentation theory refers to the historical study of models of natural fermentation processes, especially alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. Notable contributors to the theory include Justus Von Liebig and Louis Pasteur, the latter of whom developed a purely microbial basis for the fermentation p... | Fermentation theory | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 2,109 | [
"History of science",
"Microbiology",
"Biology theories",
"Cellular processes",
"Metabolism",
"Microscopy",
"Biochemistry",
"History of science and technology"
] |
59,656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%20number | In fluid mechanics, the Rayleigh number (, after Lord Rayleigh) for a fluid is a dimensionless number associated with buoyancy-driven flow, also known as free (or natural) convection. It characterises the fluid's flow regime: a value in a certain lower range denotes laminar flow; a value in a higher range, turbulent fl... | Rayleigh number | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,446 | [
"Transport phenomena",
"Thermodynamic properties",
"Physical phenomena",
"Physical quantities",
"Dimensionless numbers of thermodynamics",
"Chemical engineering",
"Convection",
"Thermodynamics",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
59,863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence%20principle | In physics, a correspondence principle is any one of several premises or assertions about the relationship between classical and quantum mechanics.
The physicist Niels Bohr coined the term in 1920 during the early development of quantum theory; he used it to explain how quantized classical orbitals connect to quantum ... | Correspondence principle | [
"Physics"
] | 1,970 | [
"Philosophy of physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
59,874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%20equation | The Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation that governs the wave function of a non-relativistic quantum-mechanical system. Its discovery was a significant landmark in the development of quantum mechanics. It is named after Erwin Schrödinger, an Austrian physicist, who postulated the equation in 1925 an... | Schrödinger equation | [
"Physics"
] | 7,091 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Equations of physics",
"Functions of space and time",
"Eponymous equations of physics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Waves",
"Wave mechanics",
"Schrödinger equation",
"Spacetime"
] |
59,881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal%20gas%20law | The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations. It was first stated by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of the empirical... | Ideal gas law | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,343 | [
"Thermodynamic systems",
"Equations of physics",
"Physical systems",
"Gas laws",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Equations of state",
"Ideal gas"
] |
60,162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal%20locking | Tidal locking between a pair of co-orbiting astronomical bodies occurs when one of the objects reaches a state where there is no longer any net change in its rotation rate over the course of a complete orbit. In the case where a tidally locked body possesses synchronous rotation, the object takes just as long to rotate... | Tidal locking | [
"Physics"
] | 3,641 | [
"Celestial mechanics",
"Classical mechanics",
"Astrophysics"
] |
14,719,430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iobenguane | Iobenguane, or MIBG, is an aralkylguanidine analog of the adrenergic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenaline), typically used as a radiopharmaceutical. It acts as a blocking agent for adrenergic neurons. When radiolabeled, it can be used in nuclear medicinal diagnostic and therapy techniques as well as in neuroe... | Iobenguane | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,079 | [
"Medicinal radiochemistry",
"Guanidines",
"Functional groups",
"Radiopharmaceuticals",
"Chemicals in medicine"
] |
3,106,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine%20vortex | The Rankine vortex is a simple mathematical model of a vortex in a viscous fluid. It is named after its discoverer, William John Macquorn Rankine.
The vortices observed in nature are usually modelled with an irrotational (potential or free) vortex. However, in a potential vortex, the velocity becomes infinite at the v... | Rankine vortex | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 369 | [
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Equations of physics",
"Vortices",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
3,106,825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-center%20four-electron%20bond | The 3-center 4-electron (3c–4e) bond is a model used to explain bonding in certain hypervalent molecules such as tetratomic and hexatomic interhalogen compounds, sulfur tetrafluoride, the xenon fluorides, and the bifluoride ion. It is also known as the Pimentel–Rundle three-center model after the work published by Geo... | Three-center four-electron bond | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 1,269 | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
3,107,902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author%20citation%20%28zoology%29 | In zoological nomenclature, author citation is the process in which a person is credited with the creation of the scientific name of a previously unnamed taxon. When citing the author of the scientific name, one must fulfill the formal requirements listed under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ("the Co... | Author citation (zoology) | [
"Biology"
] | 3,508 | [
"Zoological nomenclature",
"Biological nomenclature"
] |
3,108,062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectromagnetics | Bioelectromagnetics, also known as bioelectromagnetism, is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and biological entities. Areas of study include electromagnetic fields produced by living cells, tissues or organisms, the effects of man-made sources of electromagnetic fields like mobile phones, and ... | Bioelectromagnetics | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,914 | [
"Radiobiology",
"Radioactivity",
"Physiology"
] |
3,108,937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landauer%27s%20principle | Landauer's principle is a physical principle pertaining to a lower theoretical limit of energy consumption of computation. It holds that an irreversible change in information stored in a computer, such as merging two computational paths, dissipates a minimum amount of heat to its surroundings. It is hypothesized that e... | Landauer's principle | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics"
] | 973 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Thermodynamic entropy",
"Entropy and information",
"Entropy",
"Thermodynamics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Limits of computation",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
3,112,392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20reactor%20core | A nuclear reactor core is the portion of a nuclear reactor containing the nuclear fuel components where the nuclear reactions take place and the heat is generated. Typically, the fuel will be low-enriched uranium contained in thousands of individual fuel pins. The core also contains structural components, the means t... | Nuclear reactor core | [
"Physics"
] | 500 | [
"Nuclear technology",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
17,549,172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnishing%20%28metal%29 | Burnishing is the plastic deformation of a surface due to sliding contact with another object. It smooths the surface and makes it shinier. Burnishing may occur on any sliding surface if the contact stress locally exceeds the yield strength of the material. The phenomenon can occur both unintentionally as a failure mod... | Burnishing (metal) | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,911 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Mechanical failure modes",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Technological failures",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Mechanical failure"
] |
17,550,575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake%20simulation | Earthquake simulation applies a real or simulated vibrational input to a structure that possesses the essential features of a real seismic event. Earthquake simulations are generally performed to study the effects of earthquakes on man-made engineered structures, or on natural features which may present a hazard durin... | Earthquake simulation | [
"Engineering"
] | 307 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Building",
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"Earthquake engineering"
] |
17,553,405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material%20failure%20theory | Material failure theory is an interdisciplinary field of materials science and solid mechanics which attempts to predict the conditions under which solid materials fail under the action of external loads. The failure of a material is usually classified into brittle failure (fracture) or ductile failure (yield). Dependi... | Material failure theory | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,421 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Solid mechanics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Fracture mechanics",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Materials science",
"Plasticity (physics)",
"Mechanics",
"nan",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Materials degradation",
"Mechanical failure"
] |
17,555,375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai%E2%80%93Wu%20failure%20criterion | The Tsai–Wu failure criterion is a phenomenological material failure theory which is widely used for anisotropic composite materials which have different strengths in tension and compression. The Tsai-Wu criterion predicts failure when the failure index in a laminate reaches 1. This failure criterion is a specializatio... | Tsai–Wu failure criterion | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 747 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Reliability engineering",
"Deformation (mechanics)",
"Technological failures",
"Plasticity (physics)",
"Engineering failures",
"Civil engineering"
] |
17,560,083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoRoT-4b | CoRoT-4b (formerly known as CoRoT-Exo-4b) is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star CoRoT-4. It is probably in synchronous orbit with stellar rotation. It was discovered by the French CoRoT mission in 2008.
References
External links
Hot Jupiters
Transiting exoplanets
Exoplanets discovered in 2008
Giant planets
Monoc... | CoRoT-4b | [
"Astronomy"
] | 96 | [
"Monoceros",
"Constellations"
] |
17,560,128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroformate | Chloroformates are a class of organic compounds with the formula ROC(O)Cl. They are formally esters of chloroformic acid. Most are colorless, volatile liquids that degrade in moist air. A simple example is methyl chloroformate, which is commercially available.
Chloroformates are used as reagents in organic chemistry... | Chloroformate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 382 | [
"Functional groups"
] |
17,561,319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical%20gas%20sensor | Electrochemical gas sensors are gas detectors that measure the concentration of a target gas by oxidizing or reducing the target gas at an electrode and measuring the resulting current.
History
Beginning his research in 1962, Mr. Naoyoshi Taguchi became the first person in the world to develop a semiconductor device t... | Electrochemical gas sensor | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 872 | [
"Measuring instruments"
] |
17,561,681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGEM%20Sigma%2030 | The Sigma 30 is an inertial navigation system produced by SAGEM for use with artillery applications including howitzers, multiple rocket launchers, mortars and light guns. It is currently produced for more than 40 international programs, including France (CAESAR, 2R2M, M270 MLRS), Serbia (Nora B 52), Sweden (FH77 BD, ... | SAGEM Sigma 30 | [
"Technology"
] | 176 | [
"Avionics",
"Aircraft instruments"
] |
617,307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotameter | A rotameter is a device that measures the volumetric flow rate of fluid in a closed tube.
It belongs to a class of meters called variable-area flowmeters, which measure flow rate by allowing the cross-sectional area the fluid travels through to vary, causing a measurable effect.
History
The first variable area meter... | Rotameter | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,033 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Measuring instruments",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Flow meters"
] |
617,379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon | Retrotransposons (also called Class I transposable elements) are mobile elements which move in the host genome by converting their transcribed RNA into DNA through reverse transcription. Thus, they differ from Class II transposable elements, or DNA transposons, in utilizing an RNA intermediate for the transposition and... | Retrotransposon | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,110 | [
"Biochemistry",
"Molecular genetics",
"Mobile genetic elements",
"Molecular biology"
] |
617,565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GenBank | The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. It is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; a part of the National Institutes of Health in the United States) as part of the ... | GenBank | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 1,094 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological engineering",
"Biological databases"
] |
617,624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerussite | Cerussite (also known as lead carbonate or white lead ore) is a mineral consisting of lead carbonate with the chemical formula PbCO3, and is an important ore of lead. The name is from the Latin cerussa, white lead. Cerussa nativa was mentioned by Conrad Gessner in 1565, and in 1832 F. S. Beudant applied the name céruse... | Cerussite | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 676 | [
"Luminescence",
"Luminescent minerals",
"Materials",
"Gemstones",
"Matter"
] |
617,777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20deficiency | In chemistry, electron deficiency (and electron-deficient) is jargon that is used in two contexts: chemical species that violate the octet rule because they have too few valence electrons and species that happen to follow the octet rule but have electron-acceptor properties, forming donor-acceptor charge-transfer salts... | Electron deficiency | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 315 | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan"
] |
618,076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticks | Opticks: or, A Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light is a collection of three books by Isaac Newton that was published in English in 1704 (a scholarly Latin translation appeared in 1706). The treatise analyzes the fundamental nature of light by means of the refraction of light with pr... | Opticks | [
"Physics"
] | 2,411 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Light"
] |
618,077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20engineering | Power engineering, also called power systems engineering, is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric power, and the electrical apparatus connected to such systems. Although much of the field is concerned with the problems of three-phas... | Power engineering | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,795 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Energy engineering",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Power engineering",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
618,120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20power%20conversion | In electrical engineering, power conversion is the process of converting electric energy from one form to another.
A power converter is an electrical device for converting electrical energy between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). It can also change the voltage or frequency of the current.
Power conv... | Electric power conversion | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,096 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Computer engineering"
] |
618,227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpartner | In particle physics, a superpartner (also sparticle) is a class of hypothetical elementary particles predicted by supersymmetry, which, among other applications, is one of the well-studied ways to extend the standard model of high-energy physics.
When considering extensions of the Standard Model, the s- prefix from sp... | Superpartner | [
"Physics"
] | 610 | [
"Supersymmetric quantum field theory",
"Supersymmetry",
"Symmetry",
"Particle physics"
] |
618,241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorber | In high energy physics experiments, an absorber is a block of material used to absorb some of the energy of an incident particle in an experiment. Absorbers can be made of a variety of materials, depending on the purpose; lead, tungsten and liquid hydrogen are common choices. Most absorbers are used as part of a partic... | Absorber | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 200 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Measuring instruments",
"Particle detectors",
"Experimental physics",
"Particle physics",
"Particle physics stubs",
"Accelerator physics"
] |
619,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase | Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a predominant group of serine/threonine protein kinases involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and its progression, ensuring the integrity and functionality of cellular machinery. These regulatory enzymes play a crucial role in the regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle and transc... | Cyclin-dependent kinase | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,033 | [
"Protein families",
"Cell cycle regulators",
"Protein classification",
"Signal transduction"
] |
619,201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebulizer | In medicine, a nebulizer (American English) or nebuliser (British English) is a drug delivery device used to administer medication in the form of a mist inhaled into the lungs. Nebulizers are commonly used for the treatment of asthma, cystic fibrosis, COPD and other respiratory diseases or disorders. They use oxygen, c... | Nebulizer | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,831 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Drug delivery devices",
"Colloids",
"Medical equipment",
"Aerosols",
"Medical technology"
] |
619,215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%20complex | A cyclin-dependent kinase complex (CDKC, cyclin-CDK) is a protein complex formed by the association of an inactive catalytic subunit of a protein kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), with a regulatory subunit, cyclin. Once cyclin-dependent kinases bind to cyclin, the formed complex is in an activated state. Substra... | Cyclin-dependent kinase complex | [
"Biology"
] | 2,620 | [
"Cell cycle",
"Cellular processes"
] |
619,632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfection | Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. It may also refer to other methods and cell types, although other terms are often preferred: "transformation" is typically used to describe non-viral DNA transfer in bacteria and non-animal eukaryotic cells, i... | Transfection | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 3,393 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Biotechnology",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"nan",
"Molecular biology",
"Biochemistry",
"Gene delivery"
] |
620,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuvABC | RuvABC is a complex of three proteins that mediate branch migration and resolve the Holliday junction created during homologous recombination in bacteria. As such, RuvABC is critical to bacterial DNA repair.
RuvA and RuvB bind to the four strand DNA structure formed in the Holliday junction intermediate, and migrate ... | RuvABC | [
"Chemistry"
] | 711 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Proteins",
"Molecular biology"
] |
1,606,353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroll%20process | The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium from titanium tetrachloride. As of 2001 William Justin Kroll's process replaced the Hunter process for almost all commercial production.
Process
In the Kroll process, titanium tetrachloride is reduced by liquid magnesium to ... | Kroll process | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 770 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy",
"Materials science",
"Titanium processes",
"Chemical processes",
"nan",
"Chemical process engineering"
] |
1,607,648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postulates%20of%20special%20relativity | Albert Einstein derived the theory of special relativity in 1905, from principle now called the postulates of special relativity. Einstein's formulation is said to only require two postulates, though his derivation implies a few more assumptions.
The idea that special relativity depended only on two postulates, both ... | Postulates of special relativity | [
"Physics"
] | 2,783 | [
"Special relativity",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
1,608,886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tests%20of%20special%20relativity | Special relativity is a physical theory that plays a fundamental role in the description of all physical phenomena, as long as gravitation is not significant. Many experiments played (and still play) an important role in its development and justification. The strength of the theory lies in its unique ability to correct... | Tests of special relativity | [
"Physics"
] | 3,895 | [
"Special relativity",
"Experimental physics",
"Physics experiments",
"Theory of relativity"
] |
1,609,504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%A8te%27s%20formula | In mathematics, Viète's formula is the following infinite product of nested radicals representing twice the reciprocal of the mathematical constant :
It can also be represented as
The formula is named after François Viète, who published it in 1593. As the first formula of European mathematics to represent an infinite... | Viète's formula | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,341 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Pi algorithms",
"Infinite products",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Pi"
] |
1,609,767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser-induced%20breakdown%20spectroscopy | Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which uses a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source. The laser is focused to form a plasma, which atomizes and excites samples. The formation of the plasma only begins when the focused laser achieves a certain threshold... | Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,215 | [
"Molecular physics",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Emission spectroscopy",
"Spectroscopy"
] |
1,609,956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex%20shedding | In fluid dynamics, vortex shedding is an oscillating flow that takes place when a fluid such as air or water flows past a bluff (as opposed to streamlined) body at certain velocities, depending on the size and shape of the body. In this flow, vortices are created at the back of the body and detach periodically from eit... | Vortex shedding | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 854 | [
"Vortices",
"Chemical engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,610,231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20density | In physics, energy density is the quotient between the amount of energy stored in a given system or contained in a given region of space and the volume of the system or region considered. Often only the useful or extractable energy is measured. It is sometimes confused with stored energy per unit mass, which is called ... | Energy density | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,766 | [
"Physical cosmological concepts",
"Physical phenomena",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Physical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Intensive quantities",
"Mass",
"Volume-specific quantities",
"Energy (physics)",
"Energy",
"Density",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Physical prop... |
9,564,150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones%27%20stain | Jones' stain, also Jones stain, is a methenamine silver–periodic acid–Schiff stain used in pathology. It is also referred to as methenamine PAS which is commonly abbreviated MPAS.
It stains for basement membrane and is widely used in the investigation of medical kidney diseases.
The Jones stain demonstrates the sp... | Jones' stain | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 96 | [
"Staining",
"Microbiology techniques",
"Cell imaging",
"Microscopy"
] |
9,564,185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Gieson%27s%20stain | Van Gieson's stain is a mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin. It is the simplest method of differential staining of collagen and other connective tissue. It was introduced to histology by American neuropsychiatrist and pathologist Ira Van Gieson.
HvG stain generally refers to the combination of hematoxylin and Van ... | Van Gieson's stain | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 144 | [
"Staining",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Histology",
"Microbiology techniques",
"Microscopy",
"Biochemistry",
"Cell imaging"
] |
9,564,390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20cheese%20model | The Swiss cheese model of accident causation is a model used in risk analysis and risk management. It likens human systems to multiple slices of Swiss cheese, which has randomly placed and sized holes in each slice, stacked side by side, in which the risk of a threat becoming a reality is mitigated by the differing lay... | Swiss cheese model | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,007 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Systems engineering",
"Safety engineering",
"Process safety"
] |
9,567,916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20screening | Mechanical screening, often just called screening, is the practice of taking granulated or crushed ore material and separating it into multiple grades by particle size.
This practice occurs in a variety of industries such as mining and mineral processing, agriculture, pharmaceutical, food, plastics, and recycling.
A ... | Mechanical screening | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,158 | [
"Solid-solid separation",
"Mining equipment",
"Separation processes by phases",
"Metallurgical processes",
"Metallurgy"
] |
12,033,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis%E2%80%93gas%20chromatography%E2%80%93mass%20spectrometry | Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis in which the sample is heated to decomposition to produce smaller molecules that are separated by gas chromatography and detected using mass spectrometry.
How it works
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials in an inert atmosph... | Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 530 | [
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Instrumental analysis",
"Mass",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Matter"
] |
12,034,118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20IT%20Skills%20Diploma | The Cambridge IT Skills Diploma is a certificate that is based on the Microsoft Office software, this certificate assesses a range of the most important IT skills required and is available at two levels: Foundation and Standard.
Exam methodology
These Online based examinations consist of two levels from which the can... | Cambridge IT Skills Diploma | [
"Technology"
] | 419 | [
"Computer occupations",
"Information technology qualifications"
] |
12,035,083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Signal%20Corporation | Federal Signal Corporation is an American manufacturer headquartered in Downers Grove, Illinois. Federal Signal manufactures street sweeper vehicles, public address systems, emergency vehicle equipment, and emergency vehicle lighting.
The company operates two groups: Federal Signal Environmental Solutions and Federal ... | Federal Signal Corporation | [
"Technology"
] | 786 | [
"Warning systems",
"Emergency population warning systems"
] |
12,036,119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromov%27s%20inequality%20for%20complex%20projective%20space | In Riemannian geometry, Gromov's optimal stable 2-systolic inequality is the inequality
,
valid for an arbitrary Riemannian metric on the complex projective space, where the optimal bound is attained
by the symmetric Fubini–Study metric, providing a natural geometrisation of quantum mechanics. Here is the stable 2... | Gromov's inequality for complex projective space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 314 | [
"Geometric inequalities",
"Inequalities (mathematics)",
"Theorems in geometry"
] |
12,037,838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens%20clock | A lens clock is a mechanical dial indicator that is used to measure the dioptric power of a lens. It is a specialized version of a spherometer. A lens clock measures the curvature of a surface, but gives the result as an optical power in diopters, assuming the lens is made of a material with a particular refractive in... | Lens clock | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 780 | [
"Quantity",
"Dimensional instruments",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
13,590,437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenidap | Tenidap was a COX/5-LOX inhibitor and cytokine-modulating anti-inflammatory drug candidate that was under development by Pfizer as a promising potential treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, but Pfizer halted development after marketing approval was rejected by the FDA in 1996 due to liver and kidney toxicity, which was... | Tenidap | [
"Chemistry"
] | 137 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Ureas",
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
13,603,155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20process%20imaging | Industrial process imaging, or industrial process tomography or process tomography are methods used to form an image of a cross-section of vessel or pipe in a chemical engineering or mineral processing, or petroleum extraction or refining plant.
Process imaging is used for the development of process equipment such as... | Industrial process imaging | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 314 | [
"Chemical process engineering",
"Chemical engineering"
] |
7,389,351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMS%20electrothermal%20actuator | A MEMS electrothermal actuator is a microelectromechanical device that typically generates motion by thermal expansion. It relies on the equilibrium between the thermal energy produced by an applied electric current and the heat dissipated into the environment or the substrate. Its working principle is based on resist... | MEMS electrothermal actuator | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 2,098 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Microtechnology",
"Materials science",
"Nanoelectronics",
"nan",
"Nanotechnology"
] |
7,391,012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combes%20quinoline%20synthesis | The Combes quinoline synthesis is a chemical reaction, which was first reported by Combes in 1888. Further studies and reviews of the Combes quinoline synthesis and its variations have been published by Alyamkina et al., Bergstrom and Franklin, Born, and Johnson and Mathews.
The Combes quinoline synthesis is often use... | Combes quinoline synthesis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,122 | [
"Name reactions",
"Condensation reactions",
"Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
7,391,204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20hub | A transport hub is a place where passengers and cargo are exchanged between vehicles and/or between transport modes. Public transport hubs include railway stations, rapid transit stations, bus stops, tram stops, airports, and ferry slips. Freight hubs include classification yards, airports, seaports, and truck termina... | Transport hub | [
"Physics"
] | 795 | [
"Physical systems",
"Transport",
"Transportation geography"
] |
7,392,872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble%20interpretation | The ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics considers the quantum state description to apply only to an ensemble of similarly prepared systems, rather than supposing that it exhaustively represents an individual physical system.
The advocates of the ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics claim that it is mi... | Ensemble interpretation | [
"Physics"
] | 4,851 | [
"Interpretations of quantum mechanics",
"Quantum measurement",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
7,394,916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun%20data%20computer | The gun data computer was a series of artillery computers used by the U.S. Army for coastal artillery, field artillery and anti-aircraft artillery applications. For antiaircraft applications they were used in conjunction with a director computer.
Variations
M1: This was used by seacoast artillery for major-caliber s... | Gun data computer | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,535 | [
"Control engineering",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Ballistics",
"Applications of control engineering"
] |
7,395,352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixiviant | A lixiviant is a chemical used in hydrometallurgy to extract elements from its ore. One of the most famous lixiviants is cyanide, which is used in extracting 90% of mined gold. The combination of cyanide and air converts gold particles into a soluble salt. Once separated from the bulk gangue, the solution is proces... | Lixiviant | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 161 | [
"Metallurgical processes",
"Materials science stubs",
"Materials science",
"Metallurgy"
] |
8,888,246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeSSI | NeSSI (for New Sampling/Sensor Initiative) is a global and open initiative sponsored by the Center for Process Analysis and Control (CPAC) at the University of Washington, in Seattle.
The NeSSI initiative was begun to simplify the tasks and reduce the overall costs associated with engineering, installing, and maintain... | NeSSI | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 3,631 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"nan"
] |
8,890,014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20totient%20number | In number theory, a perfect totient number is an integer that is equal to the sum of its iterated totients. That is, one applies the totient function to a number n, apply it again to the resulting totient, and so on, until the number 1 is reached, and adds together the resulting sequence of numbers; if the sum equals ... | Perfect totient number | [
"Mathematics"
] | 551 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Integer sequences",
"Mathematical structures",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
8,891,344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%E2%80%93Duhem%20equation | In thermodynamics, the Gibbs–Duhem equation describes the relationship between changes in chemical potential for components in a thermodynamic system:
where is the number of moles of component the infinitesimal increase in chemical potential for this component, the entropy, the absolute temperature, volume and t... | Gibbs–Duhem equation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,146 | [
"Chemical thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamic equations",
"Equations of physics",
"Thermodynamics"
] |
8,892,966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon%20dew%20point | The hydrocarbon dew point is the temperature (at a given pressure) at which the hydrocarbon components of any hydrocarbon-rich gas mixture, such as natural gas, will start to condense out of the gaseous phase. It is often also referred to as the HDP or the HCDP. The maximum temperature at which such condensation takes... | Hydrocarbon dew point | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 2,459 | [
"Hydrocarbons",
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Engineering thermodynamics",
"Threshold temperatures",
"Organic compounds",
"Thermodynamics",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
351,769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson%E2%80%93Seymour%20theorem | In graph theory, the Robertson–Seymour theorem (also called the graph minor theorem) states that the undirected graphs, partially ordered by the graph minor relationship, form a well-quasi-ordering. Equivalently, every family of graphs that is closed under minors can be defined by a finite set of forbidden minors, in t... | Robertson–Seymour theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,689 | [
"Mathematical induction",
"Wellfoundedness",
"Graph theory",
"Theorems in graph theory",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Order theory",
"Graph minor theory"
] |
351,806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionating%20column | A fractionating column or fractional column is equipment used in the distillation of liquid mixtures to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on their differences in volatility. Fractionating columns are used in small-scale laboratory distillations as well as large-scale industrial distilla... | Fractionating column | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,501 | [
"Fractionation",
"Separation processes",
"Chemical equipment",
"Distillation",
"nan"
] |
352,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov%20function | In the theory of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), Lyapunov functions, named after Aleksandr Lyapunov, are scalar functions that may be used to prove the stability of an equilibrium of an ODE. Lyapunov functions (also called Lyapunov’s second method for stability) are important to stability theory of dynamical s... | Lyapunov function | [
"Mathematics"
] | 819 | [
"Stability theory",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
352,353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit%20level | A spirit level, bubble level, or simply a level, is an instrument designed to indicate whether a surface is horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb).
Two basic designs exist: tubular (or linear) and bull's eye (or circular).
Different types of spirit levels may be used by carpenters, stonemasons, bricklayers, other buil... | Spirit level | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,901 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Civil engineering",
"Surveying",
"Geodesy"
] |
352,905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-process | In nuclear astrophysics, the rapid neutron-capture process, also known as the r-process, is a set of nuclear reactions that is responsible for the creation of approximately half of the atomic nuclei heavier than iron, the "heavy elements", with the other half produced by the p-process and s-process. The r-process usual... | R-process | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,442 | [
"Supernovae",
"Nuclear fission",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Astronomical events",
"Astrophysics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Explosions",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear fusion"
] |
352,908 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-process | The slow neutron-capture process, or s-process, is a series of reactions in nuclear astrophysics that occur in stars, particularly asymptotic giant branch stars. The s-process is responsible for the creation (nucleosynthesis) of approximately half the atomic nuclei heavier than iron.
In the s-process, a seed nucleus u... | S-process | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 2,259 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Astrophysics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Nuclear physics",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines"
] |
352,912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-process | The term p-process (p for proton) is used in two ways in the scientific literature concerning the astrophysical origin of the elements (nucleosynthesis). Originally it referred to a proton capture process which was proposed to be the source of certain, naturally occurring, neutron-deficient isotopes of the elements fro... | P-process | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 856 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Supernovae",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Astronomical events",
"Astrophysics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Explosions",
"Nuclear physics",
"Concepts in stellar astronomy",
"Nuclear fusion"
] |
352,950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20general%20topology%20topics | This is a list of general topology topics.
Basic concepts
Topological space
Topological property
Open set, closed set
Clopen set
Closure (topology)
Boundary (topology)
Dense (topology)
G-delta set, F-sigma set
closeness (mathematics)
neighbourhood (mathematics)
Continuity (topology)
Homeomorphism
Local homeomorphism
... | List of general topology topics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 648 | [
"General topology",
"Topology",
"nan"
] |
353,021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism%20%28graph%20theory%29 | In graph theory, two graphs and are homeomorphic if there is a graph isomorphism from some subdivision of to some subdivision of . If the edges of a graph are thought of as lines drawn from one vertex to another (as they are usually depicted in diagrams), then two graphs are homeomorphic to each other in the graph-... | Homeomorphism (graph theory) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 817 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Homeomorphisms",
"Graph theory",
"Computational problems",
"Combinatorics",
"Topology",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical problems",
"NP-complete problems"
] |
353,022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CW%20complex | In mathematics, and specifically in topology, a CW complex (also cellular complex or cell complex) is a topological space that is built by gluing together topological balls (so-called cells) of different dimensions in specific ways. It generalizes both manifolds and simplicial complexes and has particular significance ... | CW complex | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,024 | [
"Mathematical structures",
"Algebraic topology",
"Space (mathematics)",
"Topological spaces",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Topology"
] |
353,070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiglottis | The epiglottis (: epiglottises or epiglottides) is a leaf-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food and water from entering the trachea and the lungs. It stays open during breathing, allowing air into the larynx. During swallowing, it closes to prevent aspiration of food into the lungs, forcing the swallowed liquids... | Epiglottis | [
"Biology"
] | 1,605 | [
"Digestive system",
"Organ systems"
] |
353,697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic%20hedgehog%20protein | Sonic hedgehog protein (SHH) is encoded for by the SHH gene. The protein is named after the video game character Sonic the Hedgehog.
This signaling molecule is key in regulating embryonic morphogenesis in all animals. SHH controls organogenesis and the organization of the central nervous system, limbs, digits and many... | Sonic hedgehog protein | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,899 | [
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Signal transduction",
"Ligands (biochemistry)",
"Molecular biology",
"Proteins",
"Morphogens",
"Induced stem cells"
] |
353,805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogenolysis | Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-1-phosphate and glycogen (n-1). Glycogen branches are catabolized by the sequential removal of glucose monomers via phosphorolysis, by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.
Mechanism
In the muscles, glycogenosis begins due to the binding of cAMP to phosphorylate... | Glycogenolysis | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 928 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Biochemical reactions",
"Carbohydrate chemistry",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
353,849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20mining | Hydraulic mining is a form of mining that uses high-pressure jets of water to dislodge rock material or move sediment. In the placer mining of gold or tin, the resulting water-sediment slurry is directed through sluice boxes to remove the gold. It is also used in mining kaolin and coal.
Hydraulic mining developed from... | Hydraulic mining | [
"Physics",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,512 | [
"Hydrology",
"Physical systems",
"Hydraulics",
"Civil engineering",
"Hydraulic engineering"
] |
353,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universality%20class | In statistical mechanics, a universality class is a collection of mathematical models which share a single scale-invariant limit under the process of renormalization group flow. While the models within a class may differ dramatically at finite scales, their behavior will become increasingly similar as the limit scale i... | Universality class | [
"Physics",
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 714 | [
"Scaling symmetries",
"Physical phenomena",
"Critical phenomena",
"Renormalization group",
"Scale-invariant systems",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Symmetry",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
354,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution%20of%20Civil%20Engineers | The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) is an independent professional association for civil engineers and a charitable body in the United Kingdom. Based in London, ICE has over 92,000 members, of whom three-quarters are located in the UK, while the rest are located in more than 150 other countries. The ICE aims to su... | Institution of Civil Engineers | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,643 | [
"Civil engineering professional associations",
"Civil engineering organizations"
] |
5,663,769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enormous%20Toroidal%20Plasma%20Device | The Enormous Toroidal Plasma Device (ETPD) is an experimental physics device housed at the Basic Plasma Science Facility at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). It previously operated as the Electric Tokamak (ET) between 1999 and 2006 and was noted for being the world's largest tokamak before being decommissio... | Enormous Toroidal Plasma Device | [
"Physics"
] | 859 | [
"Plasma physics facilities",
"Plasma physics"
] |
5,664,494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral-beam%20injection | Neutral-beam injection (NBI) is one method used to heat plasma inside a fusion device consisting in a beam of high-energy neutral particles that can enter the magnetic confinement field. When these neutral particles are ionized by collision with the plasma particles, they are kept in the plasma by the confining magneti... | Neutral-beam injection | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,896 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Fusion power",
"Plasma physics"
] |
16,312,085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Washizu%20principle | In continuum mechanics, and in particular in finite element analysis, the Hu–Washizu principle is a variational principle which says that the action
is stationary, where is the elastic stiffness tensor. The Hu–Washizu principle is used to develop mixed finite element methods. The principle is named after Hu Haichang ... | Hu–Washizu principle | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 160 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Continuum mechanics",
"Applied mathematics",
"Structural analysis",
"Classical mechanics",
"Applied mathematics stubs",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Aerospace engineering"
] |
16,321,447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex%20lattice%20method | The Vortex lattice method, (VLM), is a numerical method used in computational fluid dynamics, mainly in the early stages of aircraft design and in aerodynamic education at university level. The VLM models the lifting surfaces, such as a wing, of an aircraft as an infinitely thin sheet of discrete vortices to compute li... | Vortex lattice method | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,929 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Aerodynamics",
"Aerospace engineering",
"Piping",
"Fluid dynamics"
] |
4,244,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Graphics%20Project | The Open Graphics Project (OGP) was founded with the goal to design an open-source hardware / open architecture and standard for graphics cards, primarily targeting free software / open-source operating systems. The project created a reprogrammable development and prototyping board and had aimed to eventually produce a... | Open Graphics Project | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 943 | [
"Information technology",
"Information technology projects"
] |
4,244,144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel-C | Handel-C is a high-level hardware description language aimed at low-level hardware and is most commonly used in programming FPGAs. Handel-C is to hardware design what the first high-level programming languages were to programming CPUs. It is a turing-complete rich subset of the C programming language, with an emphasis ... | Handel-C | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,151 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Hardware description languages"
] |
4,245,290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danubit | Danubit was an industrial plastic explosive produced by the Slovak company .
It had been used for many decades intended primarily as a rock blasting explosive for surface and underground mass mining of mineral raw materials. Underwater blasting applications were possible as well.
The producer of Danubit, Istrochem, is... | Danubit | [
"Chemistry"
] | 125 | [
"Explosives",
"Explosions"
] |
4,245,349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpotential | In electrochemistry, overpotential is the potential difference (voltage) between a half-reaction's thermodynamically determined reduction potential and the potential at which the redox event is experimentally observed. The term is directly related to a cell's voltage efficiency. In an electrolytic cell the existence o... | Overpotential | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,285 | [
"Electrochemistry",
"Electrochemical concepts",
"Electrochemical potentials"
] |
4,245,815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic%20gold | Mosaic gold or bronze powder refers to tin(IV) sulfide as used as a pigment in bronzing and gilding wood and metal work. It is obtained as a yellow scaly crystalline powder. The alchemists referred to it as aurum musivum, or aurum mosaicum. The term mosaic gold has also been used to refer to ormolu and to cut shapes of... | Mosaic gold | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 371 | [
"Inorganic compounds",
"Alchemical substances",
"Inorganic pigments",
"Materials",
"Powders",
"Matter"
] |
4,246,442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout%20PlayPump | The Roundabout PlayPump is a system that uses the energy created by children playing to operate a water pump. It is manufactured by the South African company Roundabout Outdoor. It operates in a similar way to a windmill-driven water pump.
The PlayPump received heavy publicity and funding when first introduced, but ha... | Roundabout PlayPump | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Environmental_science"
] | 699 | [
"Pumps",
"Hydrology",
"Physical quantities",
"Turbomachinery",
"Physical systems",
"Power (physics)",
"Hydraulics",
"Human power",
"Environmental engineering",
"Water supply"
] |
4,246,605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna%20rotator | An antenna rotator (or antenna rotor) is a device used to change the orientation, within the horizontal plane, of a directional antenna. Most antenna rotators have two parts, the rotator unit and the controller. The controller is normally placed near the equipment which the antenna is connected to, while the rotator is... | Antenna rotator | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 744 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Antennas",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Motion (physics)"
] |
4,248,265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimm%E2%80%93Bragg%20model | In statistical mechanics, the Zimm–Bragg model is a helix-coil transition model that describes helix-coil transitions of macromolecules, usually polymer chains. Most models provide a reasonable approximation of the fractional helicity of a given polypeptide; the Zimm–Bragg model differs by incorporating the ease of pro... | Zimm–Bragg model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 846 | [
"Polymer physics",
"Thermodynamic models",
"Thermodynamics",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Structural biology",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Protein structure"
] |
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