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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 32 168	text stringlengths 7 145k	source stringlengths 2 105	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 32.2k	subcategories listlengths 0 27
755,647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilattice	In mathematics, a join-semilattice (or upper semilattice) is a partially ordered set that has a join (a least upper bound) for any nonempty finite subset. Dually, a meet-semilattice (or lower semilattice) is a partially ordered set which has a meet (or greatest lower bound) for any nonempty finite subset. Every join-se...	Semilattice	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,886	[ "Mathematical structures", "Lattice theory", "Mathematical objects", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic structures", "Order theory" ]
12,704,641	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tits%20alternative	In mathematics, the Tits alternative, named after Jacques Tits, is an important theorem about the structure of finitely generated linear groups. Statement The theorem, proven by Tits, is stated as follows. Consequences A linear group is not amenable if and only if it contains a non-abelian free group (thus the von ...	Tits alternative	[ "Physics" ]	417	[ "Geometric group theory", "Group actions", "Symmetry" ]
12,706,742	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive%2096/82/EC	Council Directive 96/82/EC of 9 December 1996 on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances (as amended) is a European Union law aimed at improving the safety of sites containing large quantities of dangerous substances. It is also known as the Seveso II Directive, after the Seveso disaster. I...	Directive 96/82/EC	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	201	[ "Regulation of chemicals in the European Union", "Safety engineering", "Regulation of chemicals", "Process safety", "Chemical process engineering" ]
12,706,857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft%20specific%20energy	Aircraft-specific energy is a form of specific energy applied to aircraft and missile trajectory analysis. It represents the combined kinetic and potential energy of the vehicle at any given time. It is the total energy of the vehicle (relative to the Earth's surface) per unit weight of the vehicle. Being independent o...	Aircraft specific energy	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	527	[ "Aerospace engineering", "Aerodynamics", "Fluid dynamics stubs", "Fluid dynamics" ]
12,707,594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic-activated%20cell%20sorting	Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) is a method for separation of various cell populations depending on their surface antigens (CD molecules) invented by Miltenyi Biotec. The name MACS is a registered trademark of the company. The method was developed with Miltenyi Biotec's MACS system, which uses superparamagnetic...	Magnetic-activated cell sorting	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	911	[ "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
12,711,268	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-symmetric%20operator	In quantum mechanics, a raising or lowering operator (collectively known as ladder operators) is an operator that increases or decreases the eigenvalue of another operator. In quantum mechanics, the raising operator is sometimes called the creation operator, and the lowering operator the annihilation operator. Well-kn...	Anti-symmetric operator	[ "Physics" ]	1,233	[ "Quantum field theory", "Quantum operators", "Quantum mechanics" ]
36,603	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaxane	A rotaxane () is a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture consisting of a dumbbell-shaped molecule which is threaded through a macrocycle (see graphical representation). The two components of a rotaxane are kinetically trapped since the ends of the dumbbell (often called stoppers) are larger than the internal ...	Rotaxane	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	1,394	[ "Molecular physics", "Semiconductor materials", "Molecular electronics", "Supramolecular chemistry", "Molecular topology", "Topology", "nan", "Nanotechnology", "Organic semiconductors" ]
36,605	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20electronics	Molecular electronics is the study and application of molecular building blocks for the fabrication of electronic components. It is an interdisciplinary area that spans physics, chemistry, and materials science. It provides a potential means to extend Moore's Law beyond the foreseen limits of small-scale conventional s...	Molecular electronics	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,666	[ "Organic polymers", "Molecular physics", "Semiconductor materials", "Molecular electronics", "Organic compounds", "Nanoelectronics", "Nanotechnology", "Conductive polymers", "Organic semiconductors" ]
36,680	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial%20chemistry	Combinatorial chemistry comprises chemical synthetic methods that make it possible to prepare a large number (tens to thousands or even millions) of compounds in a single process. These compound libraries can be made as mixtures, sets of individual compounds or chemical structures generated by computer software. Combin...	Combinatorial chemistry	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	5,709	[ "Combinatorial chemistry", "Discrete mathematics", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Life sciences industry", "Drug discovery", "Materials science", "Combinatorics", "Computational chemistry", "nan", "Cheminformatics", "Medicinal chemistry" ]
37,207	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20engineering	Nuclear engineering is the engineering discipline concerned with designing and applying systems that utilize the energy released by nuclear processes. The most prominent application of nuclear engineering is the generation of electricity. Worldwide, some 440 nuclear reactors in 32 countries generate 10 percent of the w...	Nuclear engineering	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,344	[ "Nuclear technology", "nan", "Nuclear physics" ]
37,232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s%20principle	Fermat's principle, also known as the principle of least time, is the link between ray optics and wave optics. Fermat's principle states that the path taken by a ray between two given points is the path that can be traveled in the least time. First proposed by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in 1662, as a me...	Fermat's principle	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	7,506	[ "Physical phenomena", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Optics", "Optical phenomena", "Waves", "Motion (physics)", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
37,245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide	A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess numbers of either neutrons or protons, giving it excess nuclear energy, and making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferred to one of i...	Radionuclide	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	3,056	[ "Nuclear chemistry", "Isotopes", "nan", "Nuclear physics", "Radioactivity" ]
37,257	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive%20waste	Radioactive waste is a type of hazardous waste that contains radioactive material. It is a result of many activities, including nuclear medicine, nuclear research, nuclear power generation, nuclear decommissioning, rare-earth mining, and nuclear weapons reprocessing. The storage and disposal of radioactive waste is reg...	Radioactive waste	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology" ]	12,266	[ "Hazardous waste", "Environmental impact of nuclear power", "Radioactivity", "Nuclear physics", "Radioactive waste" ]
37,411	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline%20earth%20metal	\|- ! colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" \| ↓ Period \|- ! 2 \| \|- ! 3 \| \|- ! 4 \| \|- ! 5 \| \|- ! 6 \| \|- ! 7 \| \|- \| colspan="2"\| Legend \|} The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table. They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radi...	Alkaline earth metal	[ "Chemistry" ]	6,776	[ "Periodic table", "Groups (periodic table)" ]
37,427	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Chatelier%27s%20principle	In chemistry, Le Chatelier's principle (pronounced or ) is a principle used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on chemical equilibrium. Other names include Chatelier's principle, Braun–Le Chatelier principle, Le Chatelier–Braun principle or the equilibrium law. The principle is named after French chemist...	Le Chatelier's principle	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,952	[ "Equilibrium chemistry", "Homeostasis" ]
37,461	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20of%20matter	In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as liquid crystal, and some states only exist under extreme conditions, such as Bose–Einstein con...	State of matter	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	5,048	[ "Engineering thermodynamics", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Thermodynamics", "Condensed matter physics", "Mechanical engineering", "Matter" ]
37,515	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped%20charge	A shaped charge is an explosive charge shaped to focus the effect of the explosive's energy. Different types of shaped charges are used for various purposes such as cutting and forming metal, initiating nuclear weapons, penetrating armor, or perforating wells in the oil and gas industry. A typical modern shaped charge...	Shaped charge	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	6,585	[ "Explosives engineering", "Explosives", "Explosions" ]
37,637	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophile	In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are Lewis bases. Nucleophilic describes the affinity of a nucleophile to bo...	Nucleophile	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,672	[ "Physical organic chemistry" ]
37,649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude	The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of amplitude (see below), which are all functions of the magnitude of the difference...	Amplitude	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,717	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Classical mechanics", "Waves", "Wave mechanics", "Physical properties" ]
37,706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent%20radius	The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of an atom that forms part of one covalent bond. It is usually measured either in picometres (pm) or angstroms (Å), with 1 Å = 100 pm. In principle, the sum of the two covalent radii should equal the covalent bond length between two atoms, R(AB) = r(A) + r(B). Moreov...	Covalent radius	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	684	[ "Atomic radius", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Chemical bonding", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
37,710	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy%20of%20vaporization	In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of vaporization (symbol ), also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the amount of energy (enthalpy) that must be added to a liquid substance to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure ...	Enthalpy of vaporization	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	1,105	[ "Enthalpy", "Quantity", "Physical quantities", "Thermodynamic properties" ]
37,808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalase	Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catalase has...	Catalase	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,317	[ "Catalysis", "Chemical kinetics" ]
37,831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid-propellant%20rocket	A hybrid-propellant rocket is a rocket with a rocket motor that uses rocket propellants in two different phases: one solid and the other either gas or liquid. The hybrid rocket concept can be traced back to the early 1930s. Hybrid rockets avoid some of the disadvantages of solid rockets like the dangers of propellant ...	Hybrid-propellant rocket	[ "Engineering" ]	7,603	[ "Rocketry", "Aerospace engineering" ]
37,838	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall-effect%20thruster	In spacecraft propulsion, a Hall-effect thruster (HET) is a type of ion thruster in which the propellant is accelerated by an electric field. Hall-effect thrusters (based on the discovery by Edwin Hall) are sometimes referred to as Hall thrusters or Hall-current thrusters. Hall-effect thrusters use a magnetic field to ...	Hall-effect thruster	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	4,203	[ "Physical phenomena", "Matter", "Ion engines", "Hall effect", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Electrical phenomena", "Solid state engineering", "Ions" ]
37,852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion%20rocket	A fusion rocket is a theoretical design for a rocket driven by fusion propulsion that could provide efficient and sustained acceleration in space without the need to carry a large fuel supply. The design requires fusion power technology beyond current capabilities, and much larger and more complex rockets. Fusion nucl...	Fusion rocket	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,605	[ "Nuclear fusion", "Fusion power", "Plasma physics" ]
37,854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter%20rocket	An antimatter rocket is a proposed class of rockets that use antimatter as their power source. There are several designs that attempt to accomplish this goal. The advantage to this class of rocket is that a large fraction of the rest mass of a matter/antimatter mixture may be converted to energy, allowing antimatter ro...	Antimatter rocket	[ "Physics" ]	2,908	[ "Antimatter", "Matter" ]
37,864	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon%20sampling%20theorem	The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem is an essential principle for digital signal processing linking the frequency range of a signal and the sample rate required to avoid a type of distortion called aliasing. The theorem states that the sample rate must be at least twice the bandwidth of the signal to avoid aliasing. I...	Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	4,755	[ "Mathematical theorems", "Telecommunications engineering", "Applied mathematics", "Computer science", "Information theory", "Articles containing proofs", "Mathematical problems", "Mathematical theorems in theoretical computer science" ]
37,910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft	A spacecraft is a vehicle that is designed to fly and operate in outer space. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. All spacecraft except single-stage-to-orbi...	Spacecraft	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	5,888	[ "Structural engineering", "Chemical equipment", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Pressure vessels" ]
38,145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Alamos%20National%20Laboratory	Los Alamos National Laboratory (often shortened as Los Alamos and LANL) is one of the sixteen research and development laboratories of the United States Department of Energy (DOE), located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the American southwest. Best known for its central role in helping develop t...	Los Alamos National Laboratory	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	4,500	[ "Nuclear research institutes", "Theoretical physics", "Nuclear organizations", "Theoretical physics institutes" ]
38,413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation%20energy	In the Arrhenius model of reaction rates, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur. The activation energy (Ea) of a reaction is measured in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol). Activation energy can be thought of ...	Activation energy	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,901	[ "Catalysis", "Reaction mechanisms", "Chemical reaction engineering", "Biochemistry terminology", "Combustion", "Physical organic chemistry", "Biochemistry", "Chemical kinetics" ]
38,415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode%20potential	In electrochemistry, electrode potential is the voltage of a galvanic cell built from a standard reference electrode and another electrode to be characterized. By convention, the reference electrode is the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). It is defined to have a potential of zero volts. It may also be defined as the ...	Electrode potential	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,044	[ "Electrochemistry", "Electrochemical potentials" ]
38,454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20constant	The gravitational constant is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. It is also known as the universal gravitational constant, the Newtonian constant of gravitation, or ...	Gravitational constant	[ "Physics" ]	2,972	[ "Physical constants", "Physical quantities", "Fundamental constants" ]
38,579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity	In physics, gravity () is a fundamental interaction primarily observed as mutual attraction between all things that have mass. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 1038 times weaker than the strong interaction, 1036 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 1029 time...	Gravity	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	5,040	[ "Physical phenomena", "Force", "Physical quantities", "Acceleration", "Quantity", "Fundamental interactions", "Particle physics", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
8,054,686	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed%20electronics	Printed electronics is a set of printing methods used to create electrical devices on various substrates. Printing typically uses common printing equipment suitable for defining patterns on material, such as screen printing, flexography, gravure, offset lithography, and inkjet. By electronic-industry standards, these a...	Printed electronics	[ "Engineering" ]	4,600	[ "Electronic engineering", "Electronics manufacturing", "Flexible electronics" ]
8,054,792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background%20selection	Background selection describes the loss of genetic diversity at a locus due to negative selection against deleterious alleles with which it is in linkage disequilibrium. The name emphasizes the fact that the genetic background, or genomic environment, of a mutation has a significant impact on whether it will be preserv...	Background selection	[ "Biology" ]	574	[ "Non-Darwinian evolution", "Neutral theory", "Biology theories", "Biodiversity" ]
8,056,148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20ideal	In the theory of differential forms, a differential ideal I is an algebraic ideal in the ring of smooth differential forms on a smooth manifold, in other words a graded ideal in the sense of ring theory, that is further closed under exterior differentiation d, meaning that for any form α in I, the exterior derivative d...	Differential ideal	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	583	[ "Differential algebra", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Tensors", "Differential forms" ]
8,057,418	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20potential	The quantum potential or quantum potentiality is a central concept of the de Broglie–Bohm formulation of quantum mechanics, introduced by David Bohm in 1952. Initially presented under the name quantum-mechanical potential, subsequently quantum potential, it was later elaborated upon by Bohm and Basil Hiley in its inte...	Quantum potential	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	4,629	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Quantum mechanics", "Quantum mechanical potentials", "Physical properties" ]
15,522,867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20interpolation	Motion interpolation or motion-compensated frame interpolation (MCFI) is a form of video processing in which intermediate film, video or animation frames are generated between existing ones by means of interpolation, in an attempt to make animation more fluid, to compensate for display motion blur, and for fake slow mo...	Motion interpolation	[ "Engineering" ]	1,419	[ "Electronic engineering", "Display technology" ]
15,523,181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian%20Penrose%20inequality	In mathematical general relativity, the Penrose inequality, first conjectured by Sir Roger Penrose, estimates the mass of a spacetime in terms of the total area of its black holes and is a generalization of the positive mass theorem. The Riemannian Penrose inequality is an important special case. Specifically, if (M,...	Riemannian Penrose inequality	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	551	[ "General relativity", "Relativity stubs", "Theorems in geometry", "Theory of relativity", "Mathematical problems", "Geometry", "Inequalities (mathematics)", "Mathematical theorems", "Geometric inequalities" ]
15,524,134	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation%20function	Excitation function ( yield curve) is a term used in nuclear physics to describe a graphical plot of the yield of a radionuclide or reaction channel as a function of the bombarding projectile energy or the calculated excitation energy of the compound nucleus. The yield is the measured intensity of a particular transiti...	Excitation function	[ "Physics" ]	213	[ "Nuclear and atomic physics stubs", "Nuclear physics" ]
15,525,006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20binary%20codes	This is a list of some binary codes that are (or have been) used to represent text as a sequence of binary digits "0" and "1". Fixed-width binary codes use a set number of bits to represent each character in the text, while in variable-width binary codes, the number of bits may vary from character to character. Five-b...	List of binary codes	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	1,219	[ "Units of information", "Quantity", "Units of measurement", "Computing terminology" ]
15,533,279	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rtler%20vortices	In fluid dynamics, Görtler vortices are secondary flows that appear in a boundary layer flow along a concave wall. If the boundary layer is thin compared to the radius of curvature of the wall, the pressure remains constant across the boundary layer. On the other hand, if the boundary layer thickness is comparable to t...	Görtler vortices	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	275	[ "Fluid dynamic instabilities", "Chemical engineering", "Boundary layers", "Piping", "Fluid dynamics" ]
15,534,771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36%20Ursae%20Majoris	36 Ursae Majoris is a double star in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.8, it can be seen with the naked eye in suitable dark skies. Based upon parallax measurements, this binary lies at a distance of from Earth. The brighter star of the two is a solar analog—meaning it h...	36 Ursae Majoris	[ "Astronomy" ]	714	[ "Ursa Major", "Constellations" ]
243,134	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hess%27s%20law	Hess's law of constant heat summation, also known simply as Hess's law, is a relationship in physical chemistry and thermodynamics named after Germain Hess, a Swiss-born Russian chemist and physician who published it in 1840. The law states that the total enthalpy change during the complete course of a chemical reactio...	Hess's law	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,598	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Thermochemistry", "nan", "Chemical thermodynamics", "Physical chemistry" ]
243,420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche%20diode	In electronics, an avalanche diode is a diode (made from silicon or other semiconductor) that is designed to experience avalanche breakdown at a specified reverse bias voltage. The junction of an avalanche diode is designed to prevent current concentration and resulting hot spots, so that the diode is undamaged by the...	Avalanche diode	[ "Physics" ]	743	[ "Voltage", "Voltage stability", "Physical quantities" ]
243,561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoSCOPE	The ecoSCOPE is an optical sensor system, deployed from a small remotely operated vehicle (ROV) or fibre optic cable, to investigate behavior and microdistribution of small organisms in the ocean. Deployment Although an ROV may be very small and quiet, it is impossible to approach feeding herring closer than 40 cm. Th...	EcoSCOPE	[ "Materials_science", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,043	[ "Glass engineering and science", "Optical devices", "Marine biology" ]
244,115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorazepam	Lorazepam, sold under the brand name Ativan among others, is a benzodiazepine medication. It is used to treat anxiety (including anxiety disorders), trouble sleeping, severe agitation, active seizures including status epilepticus, alcohol withdrawal, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It is also used during ...	Lorazepam	[ "Chemistry" ]	7,630	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Chemical substances for emergency medicine" ]
244,601	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20nuclear%20explosions	The effects of a nuclear explosion on its immediate vicinity are typically much more destructive and multifaceted than those caused by conventional explosives. In most cases, the energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated within the lower atmosphere can be approximately divided into four basic categories: the blas...	Effects of nuclear explosions	[ "Physics" ]	7,410	[ "Nuclear physics" ]
244,611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s%20law%20of%20universal%20gravitation	Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. Separated objects attract and are attracted as if all their mass...	Newton's law of universal gravitation	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	3,065	[ "Concepts in astronomy", "Theoretical physics", "Mathematical objects", "Scientific laws", "Equations", "Theories of gravity" ]
245,186	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deletion%20%28genetics%29	In genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) (sign: Δ) is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome. Som...	Deletion (genetics)	[ "Biology" ]	1,259	[ "Modification of genetic information", "Molecular genetics" ]
245,203	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenic%20number	In number theory, a sphenic number (from , 'wedge') is a positive integer that is the product of three distinct prime numbers. Because there are infinitely many prime numbers, there are also infinitely many sphenic numbers. Definition A sphenic number is a product pqr where p, q, and r are three distinct prime numbers...	Sphenic number	[ "Mathematics" ]	573	[ "Sequences and series", "Integer sequences", "Mathematical structures", "Recreational mathematics", "Prime numbers", "Mathematical objects", "Combinatorics", "Numbers", "Number theory" ]
245,298	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcan%20formula	In quantified modal logic, the Barcan formula and the converse Barcan formula (more accurately, schemata rather than formulas) (i) syntactically state principles of interchange between quantifiers and modalities; (ii) semantically state a relation between domains of possible worlds. The formulas were introduced as axi...	Barcan formula	[ "Mathematics" ]	468	[ "Mathematical logic", "Modal logic" ]
245,466	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf%20%28mathematics%29	In mathematics, a sheaf (: sheaves) is a tool for systematically tracking data (such as sets, abelian groups, rings) attached to the open sets of a topological space and defined locally with regard to them. For example, for each open set, the data could be the ring of continuous functions defined on that open set. Such...	Sheaf (mathematics)	[ "Mathematics" ]	8,992	[ "Mathematical structures", "Algebraic topology", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Topology", "Category theory", "Sheaf theory" ]
245,552	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20function	In mathematics, a Gaussian function, often simply referred to as a Gaussian, is a function of the base form and with parametric extension for arbitrary real constants , and non-zero . It is named after the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. The graph of a Gaussian is a characteristic symmetric "bell curve" shape. T...	Gaussian function	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,185	[ "E (mathematical constant)", "Articles containing proofs", "Exponentials" ]
245,560	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric%20integral	In mathematics, trigonometric integrals are a family of nonelementary integrals involving trigonometric functions. Sine integral The different sine integral definitions are Note that the integrand is the sinc function, and also the zeroth spherical Bessel function. Since is an even entire function (holomorphic ov...	Trigonometric integral	[ "Mathematics" ]	845	[ "Special functions", "Combinatorics" ]
245,926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving%20car	A self-driving car, also known as a autonomous car (AC), driverless car, robotaxi, robotic car or robo-car, is a car that is capable of operating with reduced or no human input. Self-driving cars are responsible for all driving activities, such as perceiving the environment, monitoring important systems, and controlli...	Self-driving car	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	9,531	[ "Self-driving cars", "Transport culture", "Physical systems", "Transport", "Automotive engineering" ]
245,982	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy	Buoyancy (), or upthrust is a net upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of a partially or fully immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus, the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is greater than at the top of the...	Buoyancy	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	4,097	[ "Force", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Mass", "Classical mechanics", "Civil engineering", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Fluid mechanics", "Matter" ]
246,173	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolphthalein	Phenolphthalein ( ) is a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4 and is often written as "HIn", "HPh", "phph" or simply "Ph" in shorthand notation. Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator in acid–base titrations. For this application, it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. It belo...	Phenolphthalein	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	1,644	[ "Titration", "PH indicators", "Chromism", "Chemical tests", "Equilibrium chemistry" ]
246,267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium%20sulfate	Magnesium sulfate or magnesium sulphate is a chemical compound, a salt with the formula , consisting of magnesium cations (20.19% by mass) and sulfate anions . It is a white crystalline solid, soluble in water but not in ethanol. Magnesium sulfate is usually encountered in the form of a hydrate , for various values o...	Magnesium sulfate	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,446	[ "Sulfates", "Salts", "Desiccants", "Materials", "Matter" ]
10,405,712	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickLOAD	QuickLOAD is an internal ballistics predictor computer program for firearms. For computations apart from other parameters, the cartridge the projectile (bullet) the gun barrel length the cartridge overall length the propellant type and quantity must be entered for calculating an estimated maximum chamber gas piez...	QuickLOAD	[ "Physics" ]	1,160	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Ballistics" ]
10,410,127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20scattering%20by%20particles	Light scattering by particles is the process by which small particles (e.g. ice crystals, dust, atmospheric particulates, cosmic dust, and blood cells) scatter light causing optical phenomena such as the blue color of the sky, and halos. Maxwell's equations are the basis of theoretical and computational methods descri...	Light scattering by particles	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,174	[ "Scattering", " absorption and radiative transfer (optics)" ]
4,671,396	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomistix%20Virtual%20NanoLab	Atomistix Virtual NanoLab (VNL) is a commercial point-and-click software for simulation and analysis of physical and chemical properties of nanoscale devices. Virtual NanoLab is developed and sold commercially by QuantumWise A/S. QuantumWise was then acquired by Synopsys in 2017. Features With its graphical interface...	Atomistix Virtual NanoLab	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	314	[ "Quantum chemistry stubs", "Materials science stubs", "Quantum chemistry", "Computational chemistry software", "Chemistry software", "Theoretical chemistry stubs", "Applied mathematics", "Nanotechnology companies", "Computational physics", "Computational science", "Computational chemistry", "D...
4,671,692	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20electronic%20substrate	The role of the substrate in power electronics is to provide the interconnections to form an electric circuit (like a printed circuit board), and to cool the components. Compared to materials and techniques used in lower power microelectronics, these substrates must carry higher currents and provide a higher voltage is...	Power electronic substrate	[ "Engineering" ]	1,104	[ "Electronic engineering", "Power electronics" ]
4,672,258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need%20to%20know	The term "need to know" (alternatively spelled need-to-know), when used by governments and other organizations (particularly those related to military or intelligence), describes the restriction of data which is considered very confidential and sensitive. Under need-to-know restrictions, even if one has all the necessa...	Need to know	[ "Engineering" ]	624	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer security procedures" ]
4,674,032	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic%20management	Traffic management is a key branch within logistics. It concerns the planning, control and purchasing of transport services needed to physically move vehicles (for example aircraft, road vehicles, rolling stock and watercraft) and freight. Traffic management is implemented by people working with different job titles i...	Traffic management	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	193	[ "Systems engineering", "Traffic management", "Transport stubs", "Physical systems", "Transport" ]
4,675,617	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopiazonic%20acid	Cyclopiazonic acid (α-CPA), a mycotoxin and a fungal neurotoxin, is made by the molds Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is an indole-tetramic acid that serves as a toxin due to its ability to inhibit calcium-dependent ATPases found in the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum. This inhibition disrupts the muscle contrac...	Cyclopiazonic acid	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,519	[ "Enols", "Tryptamine alkaloids", "Ketones", "Functional groups", "Alkaloids by chemical classification" ]
4,676,311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE%20chart	An ICE table or RICE box or RICE chart is a tabular system of keeping track of changing concentrations in an equilibrium reaction. ICE stands for initial, change, equilibrium. It is used in chemistry to keep track of the changes in amount of substance of the reactants and also organize a set of conditions that one want...	RICE chart	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	630	[ "Equilibrium chemistry", "Physical chemistry", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "nan" ]
4,677,186	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien%20approximation	Wien's approximation (also sometimes called Wien's law or the Wien distribution law) is a law of physics used to describe the spectrum of thermal radiation (frequently called the blackbody function). This law was first derived by Wilhelm Wien in 1896. The equation does accurately describe the short-wavelength (high-f...	Wien approximation	[ "Physics" ]	521	[ "Electromagnetic radiation", "Physical phenomena", "Radiation", "Statistical mechanics" ]
4,677,237	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20cassette	In biology, a gene cassette is a type of mobile genetic element that contains a gene and a recombination site. Each cassette usually contains a single gene and tends to be very small; on the order of 500–1,000 base pairs. They may exist incorporated into an integron or freely as circular DNA. Gene cassettes can move ar...	Gene cassette	[ "Biology" ]	961	[ "Genetics" ]
2,521,540	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picrite%20basalt	Picrite basalt or picrobasalt is a variety of high-magnesium olivine basalt that is very rich in the mineral olivine. It is dark with yellow-green olivine phenocrysts (20-50%) and black to dark brown pyroxene, mostly augite. The olivine-rich picrite basalts that occur with the more common tholeiitic basalts of Kīlauea...	Picrite basalt	[ "Chemistry" ]	699	[ "Mafic rocks", "Ultramafic rocks", "Igneous rocks by composition" ]
2,522,070	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiferroics	Multiferroics are defined as materials that exhibit more than one of the primary ferroic properties in the same phase: ferromagnetism – a magnetisation that is switchable by an applied magnetic field ferroelectricity – an electric polarisation that is switchable by an applied electric field ferroelasticity – a defo...	Multiferroics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	6,712	[ "Physical phenomena", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Hysteresis", "Matter" ]
2,522,890	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction%20authentication%20number	A transaction authentication number (TAN) is used by some online banking services as a form of single use one-time passwords (OTPs) to authorize financial transactions. TANs are a second layer of security above and beyond the traditional single-password authentication. TANs provide additional security because they ac...	Transaction authentication number	[ "Engineering" ]	2,066	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer access control" ]
2,523,077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20AIDS%20Vaccine%20Initiative	The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) is a global not-for-profit, public-private partnership working to accelerate the development of vaccines to prevent HIV infection and AIDS. IAVI researches and develops vaccine candidates, conducts policy analyses, serves as an advocate for the HIV prevention field and e...	International AIDS Vaccine Initiative	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	647	[ "HIV vaccine research", "Vaccination", "Vaccination-related organizations", "Drug discovery" ]
2,523,262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket%20protein%20family	Pocket protein family consists of three proteins: RB – Retinoblastoma protein p107 – Retinoblastoma-like protein 1 p130 – Retinoblastoma-like protein 2 They play crucial roles in the metazoan cell cycle through interaction with members of the E2F transcription factors family. References Protein families	Pocket protein family	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	71	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Protein families", "Protein stubs", "Protein classification" ]
2,523,359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zein	Zein ( ) is a class of prolamine protein found in maize. It is usually manufactured as a powder from corn gluten meal. Zein is one of the best understood plant proteins. Pure zein is clear, odorless, tasteless, hard, water-insoluble, and edible, and it has a variety of industrial and food uses. Commercial uses Histori...	Zein	[ "Biology" ]	1,000	[ "Protein families", "Protein classification" ]
2,523,651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambrel	A gambrel or gambrel roof is a usually symmetrical two-sided roof with two slopes on each side. The upper slope is positioned at a shallow angle, while the lower slope is steep. This design provides the advantages of a sloped roof while maximizing headroom inside the building's upper level and shortening what would oth...	Gambrel	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	850	[ "Structural system", "Structural engineering", "Roofs", "Building engineering" ]
2,523,979	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Reading%20Refinery	Port Reading Refinery, also known as Hess Refinery (photo), was an oil refinery located in Perth Amboy and Port Reading, New Jersey. It was constructed by Hess Oil under Leon Hess in 1958. It was a simple refinery which further processed other refinery's product which began with heavy sour crude. It was owned by the He...	Port Reading Refinery	[ "Chemistry" ]	211	[ "Petroleum", "Petroleum stubs" ]
2,524,095	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain%20model	In software engineering, a domain model is a conceptual model of the domain that incorporates both behavior and data. In ontology engineering, a domain model is a formal representation of a knowledge domain with concepts, roles, datatypes, individuals, and rules, typically grounded in a description logic. Overview In...	Domain model	[ "Engineering" ]	794	[ "Data modeling", "Data engineering", "Software engineering", "Software requirements" ]
2,524,890	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium%20nitride	Zirconium nitride () is an inorganic compound used in a variety of ways due to its properties. Properties ZrN grown by physical vapor deposition (PVD) is a light gold color similar to elemental gold. ZrN has a room-temperature electrical resistivity of 12.0 μΩ·cm, a temperature coefficient of resistivity of 5.6·10−8 Ω...	Zirconium nitride	[ "Physics" ]	271	[ "Refractory materials", "Materials", "Superhard materials", "Matter" ]
2,524,938	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium%20nitride	Beryllium nitride, Be3N2, is a nitride of beryllium. It can be prepared from the elements at high temperature (1100–1500 °C); unlike beryllium azide or BeN6, it decomposes in vacuum into beryllium and nitrogen. It is readily hydrolysed forming beryllium hydroxide and ammonia. It has two polymorphic forms cubic α-Be3N2 ...	Beryllium nitride	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	406	[ "Inorganic compounds", "Refractory materials", "Inorganic compound stubs", "Materials", "Matter" ]
2,525,165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferoxamine	{{Infobox drug \| drug_name = \| INN = \| type = \| IUPAC_name = N-{5-[Acetyl(hydroxy)amino]pentyl}-N-[5-({4-[(5-aminopentyl)(hydroxy)amino]-4-oxobutanoyl}amino)pentyl]-N-hydroxysuccinamide \| image = Deferoxamine-2D-skeletal.png \| image_class = skin-invert-image...	Deferoxamine	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,906	[ "Functional groups", "Organic compounds", "Amines", "Bases (chemistry)", "Hydroxamic acids" ]
2,526,456	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical%20technology	Biomedical technology is the application of engineering and technology principles to the domain of living or biological systems, with an emphasis on human health and diseases. Biomedical engineering and Biotechnology alike are often loosely called Biomedical Technology or Bioengineering. The Biomedical technology fiel...	Biomedical technology	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	132	[ "Biological engineering", "Biotechnology stubs", "Bioengineering stubs" ]
2,526,554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation%20Fieldbus	Foundation Fieldbus (styled Fieldbus) is an all-digital, serial, two-way communications system that serves as the base-level network in a plant or factory automation environment. It is an open architecture, developed and administered by FieldComm Group. It is targeted for applications using basic and advanced regulat...	Foundation Fieldbus	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	739	[ "Industrial computing", "Industrial engineering", "Automation" ]
2,526,950	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20barium	Naturally occurring barium (56Ba) is a mix of six stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioactive primordial isotope, barium-130, identified as being unstable by geochemical means (from analysis of the presence of its daughter xenon-130 in rocks) in 2001. This nuclide decays by double electron capture (absorbing tw...	Isotopes of barium	[ "Chemistry" ]	5,051	[ "Lists of isotopes by element", "Isotopes", "Isotopes of barium" ]
2,526,955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20tellurium	There are 39 known isotopes and 17 nuclear isomers of tellurium (52Te), with atomic masses that range from 104 to 142. These are listed in the table below. Naturally-occurring tellurium on Earth consists of eight isotopes. Two of these have been found to be radioactive: 128Te and 130Te undergo double beta decay with h...	Isotopes of tellurium	[ "Chemistry" ]	5,912	[ "Lists of isotopes by element", "Isotopes", "Isotopes of tellurium" ]
2,527,017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20krypton	There are 34 known isotopes of krypton (36Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 67 to 103. Naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable isotopes and one () which is slightly radioactive with an extremely long half-life, plus traces of radioisotopes that are produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere. List of isotopes...	Isotopes of krypton	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,965	[ "Lists of isotopes by element", "Isotopes of krypton", "Isotopes" ]
2,527,020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20selenium	Selenium (34Se) has six natural isotopes that occur in significant quantities, along with the trace isotope 79Se, which occurs in minute quantities in uranium ores. Five of these isotopes are stable: 74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, and 80Se. The last three also occur as fission products, along with 79Se, which has a half-life ...	Isotopes of selenium	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,685	[ "Lists of isotopes by element", "Isotopes of selenium", "Isotopes" ]
2,527,021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20bromine	Bromine (35Br) has two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br, and 35 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is 77Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours. Like the radioactive isotopes of iodine, radioisotopes of bromine, collectively radiobromine, can be used to label biomolecules for nuclear medicine; for example, the p...	Isotopes of bromine	[ "Chemistry" ]	5,304	[ "Lists of isotopes by element", "Isotopes", "Isotopes of bromine" ]
2,527,022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20arsenic	Arsenic (33As) has 32 known isotopes and at least 10 isomers. Only one of these isotopes, 75As, is stable; as such, it is considered a monoisotopic element. The longest-lived radioisotope is 73As with a half-life of 80 days. List of isotopes \|-id=Arsenic-64 \| rowspan=2 \|64As \| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" \| 33...	Isotopes of arsenic	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,536	[ "Isotopes of arsenic", "Lists of isotopes by element", "Isotopes" ]
2,527,023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20germanium	Germanium (32Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, and 76Ge. Of these, 76Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 × 1021 years (130 billion times the age of the universe). Stable 74Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of a...	Isotopes of germanium	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,081	[ "Lists of isotopes by element", "Isotopes of germanium", "Isotopes" ]
2,527,034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20zinc	Naturally occurring zinc (30Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, and 70Zn with 64Zn being the most abundant (48.6% natural abundance). Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being 65Zn with a half-life of 244.26 days, and then 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 ho...	Isotopes of zinc	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,400	[ "Lists of isotopes by element", "Isotopes", "Isotopes of zinc" ]
2,527,035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20gallium	Natural gallium (31Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. Twenty-nine radioisotopes are known, all synthetic, with atomic masses ranging from 60 to 89; along with three nuclear isomers, 64mGa, 72mGa and 74mGa. Most of the isotopes with atomic mass numbers below 69 decay to isotope...	Isotopes of gallium	[ "Chemistry" ]	4,217	[ "Isotopes of gallium", "Lists of isotopes by element", "Isotopes" ]
2,527,036	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20copper	Copper (29Cu) has two stable isotopes, 63Cu and 65Cu, along with 28 radioisotopes. The most stable radioisotope is 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours. Most of the others have half-lives under a minute. Unstable copper isotopes with atomic masses below 63 tend to undergo β+ decay, while isotopes with atomic masses abo...	Isotopes of copper	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,945	[ "Isotopes of copper", "Lists of isotopes by element", "Isotopes" ]
2,527,039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20nickel	Naturally occurring nickel (28Ni) is composed of five stable isotopes; , , , and , with being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance). 26 radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being with a half-life of 81,000 years, with a half-life of 100.1 years, and with a half-life of 6.077 days. All...	Isotopes of nickel	[ "Chemistry" ]	5,208	[ "Isotopes of nickel", "Lists of isotopes by element", "Isotopes" ]
17,253,501	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite%20image%20filter	A composite image filter is an electronic filter consisting of multiple image filter sections of two or more different types. The image method of filter design determines the properties of filter sections by calculating the properties they would have in an infinite chain of identical sections. In this, the analysis pa...	Composite image filter	[ "Engineering" ]	2,984	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Electronic design", "Analog circuits", "Filter theory", "Electronic engineering", "Design" ]
17,254,254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20equation	In mathematics, the Ernst equation is an integrable non-linear partial differential equation, named after the American physicist . The Ernst equation The equation reads: where is the real part of . For its Lax pair and other features see e.g. and references therein. Usage The Ernst equation is employed in order ...	Ernst equation	[ "Physics" ]	92	[ "Integrable systems", "Theoretical physics", "Theory of relativity", "General relativity", "Theoretical physics stubs" ]
17,257,316	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal%20algebra	In algebra and logic, a modal algebra is a structure such that is a Boolean algebra, is a unary operation on A satisfying and for all x, y in A. Modal algebras provide models of propositional modal logics in the same way as Boolean algebras are models of classical logic. In particular, the variety of all modal alg...	Modal algebra	[ "Mathematics" ]	234	[ "Boolean algebra", "Algebra stubs", "Mathematical logic", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Modal logic", "Algebra" ]
1,822,395	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20versus%20kinetic%20reaction%20control	Thermodynamic reaction control or kinetic reaction control in a chemical reaction can decide the composition in a reaction product mixture when competing pathways lead to different products and the reaction conditions influence the selectivity or stereoselectivity. The distinction is relevant when product A forms faste...	Thermodynamic versus kinetic reaction control	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	2,755	[ "Chemical thermodynamics", "Thermodynamics", "nan", "Dynamical systems" ]
1,822,961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20crystallography	Electron crystallography is a subset of methods in electron diffraction focusing upon detailed determination of the positions of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It can involve the use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images, electron diffraction patterns including conv...	Electron crystallography	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	2,841	[ "Materials science", "Crystallography", "Condensed matter physics", "Structural biology", "Protein structure" ]
1,823,952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion%20capacitance	Diffusion Capacitance is the capacitance that happens due to transport of charge carriers between two terminals of a device, for example, the diffusion of carriers from anode to cathode in a forward biased diode or from emitter to base in a forward-biased junction of a transistor. In a semiconductor device with a curr...	Diffusion capacitance	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	417	[ "Electrical resistance and conductance", "Physical quantities", "Semiconductors", "Quantity", "Electrical engineering", "Materials", "Electronic engineering", "Condensed matter physics", "Capacitance", "Voltage", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Solid state engineering"...

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